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Samant SB, Yadav N, Swain J, Joseph J, Kumari A, Praveen A, Sahoo RK, Manjunatha G, Seth CS, Singla-Pareek SL, Foyer CH, Pareek A, Gupta KJ. Nitric oxide, energy, and redox-dependent responses to hypoxia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4573-4588. [PMID: 38557811 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs when oxygen levels fall below the levels required for mitochondria to support respiration. Regulated hypoxia is associated with quiescence, particularly in storage organs (seeds) and stem cell niches. In contrast, environmentally induced hypoxia poses significant challenges for metabolically active cells that are adapted to aerobic respiration. The perception of oxygen availability through cysteine oxidases, which function as oxygen-sensing enzymes in plants that control the N-degron pathway, and the regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes and processes is essential to survival. Functioning together with reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide (·NO), nitrogen dioxide (·NO2), S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), hypoxia signaling pathways trigger anatomical adaptations such as formation of aerenchyma, mobilization of sugar reserves for anaerobic germination, formation of aerial adventitious roots, and the hyponastic response. NO and H2O2 participate in local and systemic signaling pathways that facilitate acclimation to changing energetic requirements, controlling glycolytic fermentation, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, and amino acid synthesis. NO enhances antioxidant capacity and contributes to the recycling of redox equivalents in energy metabolism through the phytoglobin (Pgb)-NO cycle. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the central role of NO and redox regulation in adaptive responses that prevent hypoxia-induced death in challenging conditions such as flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Bal Samant
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jagannath Swain
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Josepheena Joseph
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Afsana Praveen
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | | | | | - Sneh Lata Singla-Pareek
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
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Guo J, Xue J, Yin Y, Pedersen O, Hua J. Response of underwater photosynthesis to light, CO 2, temperature, and submergence time of Taxodium distichum, a flood-tolerant tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1355729. [PMID: 38567140 PMCID: PMC10985249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1355729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Partial or complete submergence of trees can occur in natural wetlands during times of high waters, but the submergence events have increased in severity and frequency over the past decades. Taxodium distichum is well-known for its waterlogging tolerance, but there are also numerous observations of this species becoming partially or complete submerged for longer periods of time. Consequently, the aims of the present study were to characterize underwater net photosynthesis (PN) and leaf anatomy of T. distichum with time of submergence. Methods We completely submerged 6 months old seedling of T. distichum and diagnosed underwater (PN), hydrophobicity, gas film thickness, Chlorophyll concentration and needles anatomy at discrete time points during a 30-day submergence event. We also constructed response curves of underwater PN to CO2, light and temperature. Results During the 30-day submergence period, no growth or formation new leaves were observed, and therefore T. distichum shows a quiescence response to submergence. The hydrophobicity of the needles declined during the submergence event resulting in complete loss of gas films. However, the Chlorophyll concentration of the needles also declined significantly, and it was there not possible to identify the main cause of the corresponding significant decline in underwater PN. Nevertheless, even after 30 days of complete submergence, the needles still retained some capacity for underwater photosynthesis under optimal light and CO2 conditions. Discussion However, to fully understand the stunning submergence tolerance of T. distichum, we propose that future research concentrate on unravelling the finer details in needle anatomy and biochemistry as these changes occur during submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Guo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhui Xue
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlong Yin
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
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3
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Lin C, Zhang Z, Shen X, Liu D, Pedersen O. Flooding-adaptive root and shoot traits in rice. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23226. [PMID: 38167593 DOI: 10.1071/fp23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Wetland plants, including rice (Oryza spp.), have developed multiple functional adaptive traits to survive soil flooding, partial submergence or even complete submergence. In waterlogged soils and under water, diffusion of O2 and CO2 is extremely slow with severe impacts on photosynthesis and respiration. As a response to shallow floods or rising floodwater, several rice varieties, including deepwater rice, elongate their stems to keep their leaves above the water surface so that photosynthesis can occur unhindered during partial submergence. In stark contrast, some other varieties hardly elongate even if they become completely submerged. Instead, their metabolism is reduced to an absolute minimum so that carbohydrates are conserved enabling fast regrowth once the floodwater recedes. This review focuses on the fascinating functional adaptive traits conferring tolerance to soil flooding, partial or complete submergence. We provide a general analysis of these traits focusing on molecular, anatomical and morphological, physiological and ecological levels. Some of these key traits have already been introgressed into modern high-yielding genotypes improving flood tolerance of several cultivars used by millions of farmers in Asia. However, with the ongoing changes in climate, we propose that even more emphasis should be placed on improving flood tolerance of rice by breeding for rice that can tolerate longer periods of complete submergence or stagnant flooding. Such tolerance could be achieved via additional tissues; i.e. aquatic adventitious roots relevant during partial submergence, and leaves with higher underwater photosynthesis caused by a longer gas film retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; and Plant Developmental Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 5, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuwen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Plant Developmental Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 5, Kiel 24118, Germany; and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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4
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Bansal S, Creed IF, Tangen BA, Bridgham SD, Desai AR, Krauss KW, Neubauer SC, Noe GB, Rosenberry DO, Trettin C, Wickland KP, Allen ST, Arias-Ortiz A, Armitage AR, Baldocchi D, Banerjee K, Bastviken D, Berg P, Bogard MJ, Chow AT, Conner WH, Craft C, Creamer C, DelSontro T, Duberstein JA, Eagle M, Fennessy MS, Finkelstein SA, Göckede M, Grunwald S, Halabisky M, Herbert E, Jahangir MMR, Johnson OF, Jones MC, Kelleway JJ, Knox S, Kroeger KD, Kuehn KA, Lobb D, Loder AL, Ma S, Maher DT, McNicol G, Meier J, Middleton BA, Mills C, Mistry P, Mitra A, Mobilian C, Nahlik AM, Newman S, O’Connell JL, Oikawa P, van der Burg MP, Schutte CA, Song C, Stagg CL, Turner J, Vargas R, Waldrop MP, Wallin MB, Wang ZA, Ward EJ, Willard DA, Yarwood S, Zhu X. Practical Guide to Measuring Wetland Carbon Pools and Fluxes. WETLANDS (WILMINGTON, N.C.) 2023; 43:105. [PMID: 38037553 PMCID: PMC10684704 DOI: 10.1007/s13157-023-01722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands cover a small portion of the world, but have disproportionate influence on global carbon (C) sequestration, carbon dioxide and methane emissions, and aquatic C fluxes. However, the underlying biogeochemical processes that affect wetland C pools and fluxes are complex and dynamic, making measurements of wetland C challenging. Over decades of research, many observational, experimental, and analytical approaches have been developed to understand and quantify pools and fluxes of wetland C. Sampling approaches range in their representation of wetland C from short to long timeframes and local to landscape spatial scales. This review summarizes common and cutting-edge methodological approaches for quantifying wetland C pools and fluxes. We first define each of the major C pools and fluxes and provide rationale for their importance to wetland C dynamics. For each approach, we clarify what component of wetland C is measured and its spatial and temporal representativeness and constraints. We describe practical considerations for each approach, such as where and when an approach is typically used, who can conduct the measurements (expertise, training requirements), and how approaches are conducted, including considerations on equipment complexity and costs. Finally, we review key covariates and ancillary measurements that enhance the interpretation of findings and facilitate model development. The protocols that we describe to measure soil, water, vegetation, and gases are also relevant for related disciplines such as ecology. Improved quality and consistency of data collection and reporting across studies will help reduce global uncertainties and develop management strategies to use wetlands as nature-based climate solutions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13157-023-01722-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheel Bansal
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Irena F. Creed
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Brian A. Tangen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Scott D. Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA
| | - Ankur R. Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Ken W. Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Scott C. Neubauer
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Gregory B. Noe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | | | - Carl Trettin
- U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA USA
| | - Kimberly P. Wickland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Scott T. Allen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV USA
| | - Ariane Arias-Ortiz
- Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Anna R. Armitage
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Kakoli Banerjee
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Odisha, Koraput, Odisha India
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Berg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Matthew J. Bogard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Alex T. Chow
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - William H. Conner
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC USA
| | - Christopher Craft
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Courtney Creamer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Tonya DelSontro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - Jamie A. Duberstein
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC USA
| | - Meagan Eagle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | | | | | - Mathias Göckede
- Department for Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Grunwald
- Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Meghan Halabisky
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Olivia F. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | - Miriam C. Jones
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Kelleway
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences and Environmental Futures Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kevin D. Kroeger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Kevin A. Kuehn
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA
| | - David Lobb
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Amanda L. Loder
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shizhou Ma
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Damien T. Maher
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW Australia
| | - Gavin McNicol
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jacob Meier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Beth A. Middleton
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Christopher Mills
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Purbasha Mistry
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Courtney Mobilian
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Amanda M. Nahlik
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Sue Newman
- South Florida Water Management District, Everglades Systems Assessment Section, West Palm Beach, FL USA
| | - Jessica L. O’Connell
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Patty Oikawa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA USA
| | - Max Post van der Burg
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Charles A. Schutte
- Department of Environmental Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Changchun Song
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Camille L. Stagg
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Jessica Turner
- Freshwater and Marine Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
| | - Mark P. Waldrop
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Marcus B. Wallin
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhaohui Aleck Wang
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Eric J. Ward
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Debra A. Willard
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | - Stephanie Yarwood
- Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
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Herzog M, Pellegrini E, Pedersen O. A meta-analysis of plant tissue O 2 dynamics. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:519-531. [PMID: 37160400 DOI: 10.1071/fp22294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Adequate tissue O2 supply is crucial for plant function. We aimed to identify the environmental conditions and plant characteristics that affect plant tissue O2 status. We extracted data and performed meta-analysis on >1500 published tissue O2 measurements from 112 species. Tissue O2 status ranged from anoxic conditions in roots to >53kPa in submerged, photosynthesising shoots. Using information-theoretic model selection, we identified 'submergence', 'light', 'tissue type' as well as 'light×submergence' interaction as significant drivers of tissue O2 status. Median O2 status were especially low (Solanum tuberosum ) tubers and root nodules. Mean shoot and root O2 were ~25% higher in light than in dark when shoots had atmospheric contact. However, light showed a significant interaction with submergence on plant O2 , with a submergence-induced 44% increase in light, compared with a 42% decline in dark, relative to plants with atmospheric contact. During submergence, ambient water column O2 and shoot tissue O2 correlated stronger in darkness than in light conditions. Although use of miniaturised Clark-type O2 electrodes has enhanced understanding of plant O2 dynamics, application of non-invasive methods in plants is still lacking behind its widespread use in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Herzog
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and Department of Food, Agricultural, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, Udine, Italy
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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6
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Qu M, Wang L, Xu Q, An J, Mei Y, Liu G. Influence of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid on aquatic plants in different ecological niches. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114155. [PMID: 36206639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) draw great concern due to their potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. The individual and combined effects of glyphosate and AMPA on aquatic plants in different ecological niches need to be explored. This study aimed to investigate the ecotoxicity of glyphosate and AMPA on the emergent macrophyte Acorus calamus, phytoplankton Chlorella vulgaris, and submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans after their exposure to glyphosate and AMPA alone and to their mixture. Medium and low concentrations of glyphosate (≤ 0.5 mg L-1) significantly inhibited the growth of V. natans and promoted the growth of C. vulgaris (P < 0.05) but had no significant effect on the growth of A. calamus (P > 0.05). AMPA (≤ 5.0 mg L-1) did not significantly influence the relative growth rate (except C. vulgaris) or malonaldehyde levels but significantly altered the expression levels of chlorophyll-related genes and superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] genes in the aquatic plants examined. AMPA mainly affected the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in V. natans and not those in other two plants, indicating that V. natans was more sensitive to AMPA-induced oxidative damage. Moreover, antagonistic effects on plant growth were observed when plants were exposed to low concentrations of glyphosate + AMPA (≤ 0.1 + 0.1 mg L-1). When the concentration of glyphosate + AMPA reached 0.5 + 0.5 and 5.0 + 5.0 mg L-1, the growth of the submerged macrophyte was additively or synergistically inhibited, but the growth of the emergent macrophyte and phytoplankton was antagonistically inhibited. Our results indicated that both the individual and combined effects of glyphosate and AMPA might alter the vertical structure of shallow lakes and accelerate the conversion of shallow lakes from grass-based to algal-based lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Qu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Longtao Wang
- CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Company LTD, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- BOE Environmental Energy Technology Company LTD, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jiaqi An
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunjun Mei
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Guanglong Liu
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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7
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Yamauchi T, Nakazono M. Modeling-based age-dependent analysis reveals the net patterns of ethylene-dependent and -independent aerenchyma formation in rice and maize roots. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111340. [PMID: 35696932 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants require oxygen for the functioning of roots, and thus the establishment of a long-distance diffusion path from above-water tissues to the submerged roots is essential to survive flooding. Rice (Oryza sativa) constitutively forms aerenchyma (gas spaces) under aerobic conditions, and induces its formation in response to low-oxygen conditions. Constitutive aerenchyma formation in rice roots is regulated by the phytohormone auxin, whereas ethylene stimulates inducible aerenchyma formation. However, the net patterns of the ethylene-dependent and -independent (auxin-dependent) aerenchyma formation remain unclear. In the present study, we used a modeling approach to determine age-dependent aerenchyma formation in the wild-type rice and reduced culm number 1 mutant, in which ethylene production is reduced, to reveal the net patterns of ethylene-dependent and -independent aerenchyma formation. Subsequent comparison of age-dependent aerenchyma formation between rice and maize roots suggested that more rapid induction of ethylene-dependent aerenchyma formation and more aerenchyma in rice roots are essential to achieve efficient oxygen diffusion under low-oxygen conditions. Moreover, rice roots showed rapid increase in the expression levels of ethylene biosynthesis and responsive genes, suggesting that the local ethylene production at an early time point after root-cell emergence contributes to the rapid induction of the ethylene-dependent aerenchyma formation in rice. DATA AVAILABILITY: All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Underwater photosynthesis is the most important metabolic activity for submerged plants since it could utilize carbon fixation to replenish lost carbohydrates and improve internal aeration by producing O2. The present study used bibliometric methods to quantify the annual number of publications related to underwater photosynthesis. CiteSpace, as a visual analytic software for the literature, was employed to analyze the distribution of the subject categories, author collaborations, institution collaborations, international (regional) collaborations, and cocitation and keyword burst. The results show the basic characteristics of the literature, the main intellectual base, and the main research powers of underwater photosynthesis. Meanwhile, this paper revealed the research hotspots and trends of this field. This study provides an objective and comprehensive analysis of underwater photosynthesis from a bibliometric perspective. It is expected to provide reference information for scholars in related fields to refine the research direction, solve specific scientific problems, and assist scholars in seeking/establishing relevant collaborations in their areas of interest.
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9
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Baho DL, Arnott D, Myrstad KD, Schneider SC, Moe TF. Rapid colonization of aquatic communities in an urban stream after daylighting. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didier L. Baho
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS Science Park, Gaustadalléen 21 Oslo N‐0349 Norway
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 7050 Uppsala SE‐750‐07 Sweden
| | - David Arnott
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 Ås N‐1430 Norway
| | - Karoline D. Myrstad
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 Ås N‐1430 Norway
| | - Susanne C. Schneider
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS Science Park, Gaustadalléen 21 Oslo N‐0349 Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 Ås N‐1430 Norway
| | - Therese F. Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS Science Park, Gaustadalléen 21 Oslo N‐0349 Norway
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10
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Wittig PR, Ambros S, Müller JT, Bammer B, Álvarez-Cansino L, Konnerup D, Pedersen O, Mustroph A. Two Brassica napus cultivars differ in gene expression, but not in their response to submergence. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:400-415. [PMID: 33099772 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy rainfall causes flooding of natural ecosystems as well as farmland, negatively affecting plant performance. While the responses of the wild model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to such stress conditions is well understood, little is known about the responses of its relative, the important oil crop plant Brassica napus. For the first time, we analyzed the molecular response of Brassica napus seedlings to full submergence in a natural light-dark cycle. We used two cultivars in this study, a European hybrid cultivar and an Asian flood-tolerant cultivar. Despite their genomic differences, those genotypes showed no major differences in their responses to submergence. The molecular responses to submergence included the induction of defense- and hormone-related pathways and the repression of biosynthetic processes. Furthermore, RNAseq revealed a strong carbohydrate-starvation response under submergence in daylight, which corresponded with a fast depletion of sugars. Consequently, both B. napus cultivars exhibited a strong growth repression under water, but there was no indication of a low-oxygen response. The ability of the European hybrid cultivar to form a short-lived leaf gas film neither increased underwater net photosynthesis, underwater dark respiration nor growth during submergence. Due to the high sensitivity of both cultivars, the analysis of other cultivars or related species with higher submergence tolerance is required in order to improve flood tolerance of this crop species. One major target could be the improvement of underwater photosynthesis efficiency in order to enhance submergence survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Wittig
- Department of Plant Physiology, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ambros
- Department of Plant Physiology, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jana T Müller
- Department of Plant Physiology, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bettina Bammer
- Department of Plant Physiology, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Konnerup
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angelika Mustroph
- Department of Plant Physiology, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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11
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Xie LJ, Zhou Y, Chen QF, Xiao S. New insights into the role of lipids in plant hypoxia responses. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101072. [PMID: 33188800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In plants, hypoxia (low-oxygen stress) is induced by soil waterlogging or submergence and this major abiotic stress has detrimental effects on plant growth, development, distribution, and productivity. To survive low-oxygen stress, plants have evolved a set of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations. These adaptations integrate metabolic acclimation and signaling networks allowing plants to endure or escape from low-oxygen environments by altering their metabolism and growth. Lipids are ubiquitously involved in regulating plant responses to hypoxia and post-hypoxic reoxygenation. In particular, the polyunsaturation of long-chain acyl-CoAs regulates hypoxia sensing in plants by modulating acyl-CoA-binding protein-Group VII ethylene response factor dynamics. Moreover, unsaturated very-long-chain ceramide species protect plants from hypoxia-induced cellular damage by regulating the kinase activity of CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 in the ethylene signaling pathway. Finally, the oxylipin jasmonate specifically regulates plant responses to reoxygenation stress by transcriptionally modulating antioxidant biosynthesis. Here we provide an overview of the roles of lipid remodeling and signaling in plant responses to hypoxia/reoxygenation and their effects on the downstream events affecting plant survival. In addition, we highlight the key remaining challenges in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qin-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Schindler M, Jungmann L, Donath TW, Ludewig K. Influence of flooding duration and aeration on saplings of ten hardwood floodplain forest species. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234936. [PMID: 32603350 PMCID: PMC7326170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alluvial floodplain forests have been reduced drastically in many parts of Europe, due to deforestation, the transformation to settlement and expansion of agricultural areas. Although they have been heavily modified for centuries, generalized frameworks for their management are scarce and the complex interactions between the physical environment and biological processes are often not fully understood. As the zonation of woody species in floodplains is mainly determined by hydrological conditions, flooding tolerance can be regarded as a key factor for the successful establishment of woody species. Furthermore, the oxygen level of the flooding water might affect the responses to flooding. We examined the influence of flooding duration in combination with oxygen supply by aeration on the foliar injury and growth of six-week-old saplings of ten woody species, under controlled common garden conditions. Six of them are considered to be flooding tolerant whereas four are intolerant. In addition, seven are native whereas three are non-native species. During the experiment, the saplings were exposed to partial flooding of different durations (k = 3; three, six and nine weeks) and oxygen levels (k = 2; aerated and not aerated). For comparison, we included an unflooded control. We recorded foliar injury, plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter. We also included a long-term recovery period. Whereas foliar injury decreased for most species with increasing flooding duration, the typical floodplain forest species, classified as flooding tolerant developed better. The differences in species response to flooding could be most likely explained by their ability to react to the resulting stress in morphological, physiological and metabolic terms irrespective whether they are native or not. In addition, the inclusion of a recovery period seems to be important for the assessment of flooding tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schindler
- Division of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, Research Centre of Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa Jungmann
- Division of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, Research Centre of Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias W. Donath
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristin Ludewig
- Division of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, Research Centre of Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Applied Plant Ecology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Nakamura M, Noguchi K. Tolerant mechanisms to O 2 deficiency under submergence conditions in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:343-371. [PMID: 32185673 PMCID: PMC7214491 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Wetland plants can tolerate long-term strict hypoxia and anoxic conditions and the subsequent re-oxidative stress compared to terrestrial plants. During O2 deficiency, both wetland and terrestrial plants use NAD(P)+ and ATP that are produced during ethanol fermentation, sucrose degradation, and major amino acid metabolisms. The oxidation of NADH by non-phosphorylating pathways in the mitochondrial respiratory chain is common in both terrestrial and wetland plants. As the wetland plants enhance and combine these traits especially in their roots, they can survive under long-term hypoxic and anoxic stresses. Wetland plants show two contrasting strategies, low O2 escape and low O2 quiescence strategies (LOES and LOQS, respectively). Differences between two strategies are ascribed to the different signaling networks related to phytohormones. During O2 deficiency, LOES-type plants show several unique traits such as shoot elongation, aerenchyma formation and leaf acclimation, whereas the LOQS-type plants cease their growth and save carbohydrate reserves. Many wetland plants utilize NH4+ as the nitrogen (N) source without NH4+-dependent respiratory increase, leading to efficient respiratory O2 consumption in roots. In contrast, some wetland plants with high O2 supply system efficiently use NO3- from the soil where nitrification occurs. The differences in the N utilization strategies relate to the different systems of anaerobic ATP production, the NO2--driven ATP production and fermentation. The different N utilization strategies are functionally related to the hypoxia or anoxia tolerance in the wetland plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoka Nakamura
- Department of Bio-Production, Faculty of Bio-Industry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan.
| | - Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
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14
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Nylén T, Kasvi E, Salmela J, Kaartinen H, Kukko A, Jaakkola A, Hyyppä J, Alho P. Improving distribution models of riparian vegetation with mobile laser scanning and hydraulic modelling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225936. [PMID: 31805122 PMCID: PMC6894786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at illustrating how direct measurements, mobile laser scanning and hydraulic modelling can be combined to quantify environmental drivers, improve vegetation models and increase our understanding of vegetation patterns in a sub-arctic river valley. Our results indicate that the resultant vegetation models successfully predict riparian vegetation patterns (Rho = 0.8 for total species richness, AUC = 0.97 for distribution) and highlight differences between eight functional species groups (Rho 0.46-0.84; AUC 0.79-0.93; functional group-specific effects). In our study setting, replacing the laser scanning-based and hydraulic modelling-based variables with a proxy variable elevation did not significantly weaken the models. However, using directly measured and modelled variables allows relating species patterns to e.g. stream power or the length of the flood-free period. Substituting these biologically relevant variables with proxies mask important processes and may reduce the transferability of the results into other sites. At the local scale, the amount of litter is a highly important driver of total species richness, distribution and abundance patterns (relative influences 49, 72 and 83%, respectively) and across all functional groups (13-57%; excluding lichen species richness) in the sub-arctic river valley. Moreover, soil organic matter and soil water content shape vegetation patterns (on average 16 and 7%, respectively). Fluvial disturbance is a key limiting factor only for lichen, bryophyte and dwarf shrub species in this environment (on average 37, 6 and 10%, respectively). Fluvial disturbance intensity is the most important component of disturbance for most functional groups while the length of the disturbance-free period is more relevant for lichens. We conclude that striving for as accurate quantifications of environmental drivers as possible may reveal important processes and functional group differences and help anticipate future changes in vegetation. Mobile laser scanning, high-resolution digital elevation models and hydraulic modelling offer useful methodology for improving correlative vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tua Nylén
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Elina Kasvi
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Jouni Salmela
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Harri Kaartinen
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Finland
- Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, Masala, Finland
| | - Antero Kukko
- Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, Masala, Finland
- Aalto University, Department of Built Environment, Aalto, Finland
| | - Anttoni Jaakkola
- Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, Masala, Finland
| | - Juha Hyyppä
- Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, Masala, Finland
| | - Petteri Alho
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Finland
- Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, Masala, Finland
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15
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Mori Y, Kurokawa Y, Koike M, Malik AI, Colmer TD, Ashikari M, Pedersen O, Nagai K. Diel O2 Dynamics in Partially and Completely Submerged Deepwater Rice: Leaf Gas Films Enhance Internodal O2 Status, Influence Gene Expression and Accelerate Stem Elongation for 'Snorkelling' during Submergence. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:973-985. [PMID: 30668838 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deepwater rice has a remarkable shoot elongation response to partial submergence. Shoot elongation to maintain air-contact enables 'snorkelling' of O2 to submerged organs. Previous research has focused on partial submergence of deepwater rice. We tested the hypothesis that leaf gas films enhance internode O2 status and stem elongation of deepwater rice when completely submerged. Diel patterns of O2 partial pressure (pO2) were measured in internodes of deepwater rice when partially or completely submerged, and with or without gas films on leaves, for the completely submerged plants. We also took measurements for paddy rice. Deepwater rice elongated during complete submergence and the shoot tops emerged. Leaf gas films improved O2 entry during the night, preventing anoxia in stems, which is of importance for elongation of the submerged shoots. Expressions of O2 deprivation inducible genes were upregulated in completely submerged plants during the night, and more so when gas films were removed from the leaves. Diel O2 dynamics showed similar patterns in paddy and deepwater rice. We demonstrated that shoot tops in air enabled 'snorkelling' and increased O2 in internodes of both rice ecotypes; however, 'snorkelling' was achieved only by rapid shoot elongation by deepwater rice, but not by paddy rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Mori
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurokawa
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaya Koike
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Al Imran Malik
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ole Pedersen
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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16
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Horiguchi G, Nemoto K, Yokoyama T, Hirotsu N. Photosynthetic acclimation of terrestrial and submerged leaves in the amphibious plant Hygrophila difformis. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz009. [PMID: 30911367 PMCID: PMC6426153 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hygrophila difformis, a heterophyllous amphibious plant, develops serrated or dissected leaves when grown in terrestrial or submerged conditions, respectively. In this study, we tested whether submerged leaves and ethylene-induced leaves of the heterophyllous, amphibious plant H. difformis have improved photosynthetic ability under submerged conditions. Also, we investigated how this amphibious plant photosynthesizes underwater and whether a HCO3 - transport system is present. We have analysed leaf morphology, measured underwater photosynthetic rates and HCO3 - affinity in H. difformis to determine if there are differences in acclimation ability dependent on growth conditions: terrestrial, submerged, terrestrial treated with ethylene and submerged treated with an ethylene inhibitor. Moreover, we measured time courses for changes in leaf anatomical characteristics and underwater photosynthesis in terrestrial leaves after submersion. Compared with the leaves of terrestrially grown plants, leaf thickness of submerged plants was significantly thinner. The stomatal density on the abaxial surface of submerged leaves was also reduced, and submerged plants had a significantly higher O2 evolution rate. When the leaves of terrestrially grown plants were treated with ethylene, their leaf morphology and underwater photosynthesis increased to levels comparable to those of submerged leaves. Underwater photosynthesis of terrestrial leaves was significantly higher by 5 days after submersion. In contrast, leaf morphology did not change after submergence. Submerged leaves and submerged terrestrial leaves were able to use bicarbonate but submerged terrestrial leaves had an intermediate ability to use HCO3 - that was between terrestrial leaves and submerged leaves. Ethoxyzolamide, an inhibitor of intracellular carbonic anhydrase, significantly inhibited underwater photosynthesis in submerged leaves. This amphibious plant acclimates to the submerged condition by changing leaf morphology and inducing a HCO3 - utilizing system, two processes that are regulated by ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Horiguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nemoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
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17
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Striker GG, Kotula L, Colmer TD. Tolerance to partial and complete submergence in the forage legume Melilotus siculus: an evaluation of 15 accessions for petiole hyponastic response and gas-filled spaces, leaf hydrophobicity and gas films, and root phellem. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:169-180. [PMID: 30124766 PMCID: PMC6344098 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Submergence is a severe stress for most plants. Melilotus siculus is a waterlogging- (i.e. root zone hypoxia) tolerant annual forage legume, but data were lacking for the effects of partial and full submergence of the shoots. The aim was to compare the tolerance to partial and full submergence of 15 M. siculus accessions and to assess variation in traits possibly contributing to tolerance. Recovery ability post-submergence was also evaluated. Methods A factorial experiment imposed treatments of water level [aerated root zone with shoots in air as controls, stagnant root zone with shoots in air, stagnant root zone with partial (75 %) or full shoot submergence] on 15 accessions, for 7 d on 4-week-old plants in a 20/15 °C day/night phytotron. Measurements included: shoot and root growth, hyponastic petiole responses, petiole gas-filled spaces, leaflet sugars, leaflet surface hydrophobicity, leaflet gas film thickness and phellem area near the base of the main root. Recovery following full submergence was also assessed. Key Results Accessions differed in shoot and root growth during partial and full shoot submergence. Traits differing among accessions and associated with tolerance were leaflet gas film thickness upon submergence, gas-filled spaces in petioles and phellem tissue area near the base of the main root. All accessions were able to re-orientate petioles towards the vertical under both partial and full submergence. Petiole extension rates were maintained during partial submergence, but decreased during full submergence. Leaflet sugars accumulated during partial submergence, but were depleted during full submergence. Growth resumption after full submergence differed among accessions and was positively correlated with the number of green leaves retained at desubmergence. Conclusions Melilotus siculus is able to tolerate partial and full submergence of at least 7 d. Leaflet surface hydrophobicity and associated gas film retention, petiole gas-filled porosity and root phellem abundance are important traits contributing to tolerance. Post-submergence recovery growth differs among accessions. The ability to retain green leaves is essential to succeed during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G Striker
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kotula
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub on Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub on Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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18
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Herzog M, Fukao T, Winkel A, Konnerup D, Lamichhane S, Alpuerto JB, Hasler-Sheetal H, Pedersen O. Physiology, gene expression, and metabolome of two wheat cultivars with contrasting submergence tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1632-1644. [PMID: 29664146 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to complete submergence are not well understood as research has focused on waterlogging (soil flooding). The aim of this study was to characterize the responses of 2 wheat cultivars differing vastly in submergence tolerance to test if submergence tolerance was linked to shoot carbohydrate consumption as seen in rice. Eighteen-day-old wheat cultivars Frument (intolerant) and Jackson (tolerant) grown in soil were completely submerged for up to 19 days while assessing responses in physiology, gene expression, and shoot metabolome. Results revealed 50% mortality after 9.3 and 15.9 days of submergence in intolerant Frument and tolerant Jackson, respectively, and significantly higher growth in Jackson during recovery. Frument displayed faster leaf degradation as evident from leaf tissue porosity, chlorophylla , and metabolomic fingerprinting. Surprisingly, shoot soluble carbohydrates, starch, and individual sugars declined to similarly low levels in both cultivars by day 5, showing that cultivar Jackson tolerated longer periods of low shoot carbohydrate levels than Frument. Moreover, intolerant Frument showed higher levels of phytol and the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde relative to tolerant Jackson. Consequently, we propose to further investigate the role of ethylene sensitivity and deprivation of reactive O2 species in submerged wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Herzog
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Takeshi Fukao
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1880 Pratt Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Anders Winkel
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Dennis Konnerup
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Suman Lamichhane
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1880 Pratt Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Jasper Benedict Alpuerto
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1880 Pratt Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Harald Hasler-Sheetal
- Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense, 5230, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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19
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Kurokawa Y, Nagai K, Huan PD, Shimazaki K, Qu H, Mori Y, Toda Y, Kuroha T, Hayashi N, Aiga S, Itoh JI, Yoshimura A, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Ohta H, Shimojima M, Malik AI, Pedersen O, Colmer TD, Ashikari M. Rice leaf hydrophobicity and gas films are conferred by a wax synthesis gene (LGF1) and contribute to flood tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1558-1569. [PMID: 29498045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Floods impede gas (O2 and CO2 ) exchange between plants and the environment. A mechanism to enhance plant gas exchange under water comprises gas films on hydrophobic leaves, but the genetic regulation of this mechanism is unknown. We used a rice mutant (dripping wet leaf 7, drp7) which does not retain gas films on leaves, and its wild-type (Kinmaze), in gene discovery for this trait. Gene complementation was tested in transgenic lines. Functional properties of leaves as related to gas film retention and underwater photosynthesis were evaluated. Leaf Gas Film 1 (LGF1) was identified as the gene determining leaf gas films. LGF1 regulates C30 primary alcohol synthesis, which is necessary for abundant epicuticular wax platelets, leaf hydrophobicity and gas films on submerged leaves. This trait enhanced underwater photosynthesis 8.2-fold and contributes to submergence tolerance. Gene function was verified by a complementation test of LGF1 expressed in the drp7 mutant background, which restored C30 primary alcohol synthesis, wax platelet abundance, leaf hydrophobicity, gas film retention, and underwater photosynthesis. The discovery of LGF1 provides an opportunity to better understand variation amongst rice genotypes for gas film retention ability and to target various alleles in breeding for improved submergence tolerance for yield stability in flood-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Phung Danh Huan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
- Crops Research and Development Institute, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Kousuke Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Huangqi Qu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Mori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yosuke Toda
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nagao Hayashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Saori Aiga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Itoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Al Imran Malik
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
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Yamauchi T, Colmer TD, Pedersen O, Nakazono M. Regulation of Root Traits for Internal Aeration and Tolerance to Soil Waterlogging-Flooding Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1118-1130. [PMID: 29118247 PMCID: PMC5812745 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ole Pedersen
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Gill MB, Zeng F, Shabala L, Zhang G, Fan Y, Shabala S, Zhou M. Cell-Based Phenotyping Reveals QTL for Membrane Potential Maintenance Associated with Hypoxia and Salinity Stress Tolerance in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1941. [PMID: 29201033 PMCID: PMC5696338 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging and salinity are two major abiotic stresses that hamper crop production world-wide resulting in multibillion losses. Plant abiotic stress tolerance is conferred by many interrelated mechanisms. Amongst these, the cell's ability to maintain membrane potential (MP) is considered to be amongst the most crucial traits, a positive relationship between the ability of plants to maintain highly negative MP and its tolerance to both salinity and waterlogging stress. However, no attempts have been made to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring this trait. In this study, the microelectrode MIFE technique was used to measure the plasma membrane potential of epidermal root cells of 150 double haploid (DH) lines of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from a cross between a Chinese landrace TX9425 and Japanese malting cultivar Naso Nijo under hypoxic conditions. A major QTL for the MP in the epidermal root cells in hypoxia-exposed plants was identified. This QTL was located on 2H, at a similar position to the QTL for waterlogging and salinity tolerance reported in previous studies. Further analysis confirmed that MP showed a significant contribution to both waterlogging and salinity tolerance. The fact that the QTL for MP was controlled by a single major QTL illustrates the power of the single-cell phenotyping approach and opens prospects for fine mapping this QTL and thus being more effective in marker assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad B. Gill
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lana Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Fan
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Konnerup D, Pedersen O. Flood tolerance of Glyceria fluitans: the importance of cuticle hydrophobicity, permeability and leaf gas films for underwater gas exchange. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:521-528. [PMID: 29059317 PMCID: PMC5737359 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Floating sweet-grass ( Glyceria fluitans ) can form aerial as well as floating leaves, and these both possess superhydrophobic cuticles, so that gas films are retained when submerged. However, only the adaxial side of the floating leaves is superhydrophobic, so the abaxial side is directly in contact with the water. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of these different gas films on underwater net photosynthesis ( P N ) and dark respiration ( R D ). Methods Evolution of O 2 was used to measure underwater P N in relation to dissolved CO 2 on leaf segments with or without gas films, and O 2 microelectrodes were used to assess cuticle resistance of floating leaves to O 2 uptake in the dark. Key Results The adaxial side of aerial leaves was more hydrophobic than the abaxial side and also initially retained a thicker gas film when submerged. Underwater P N vs. dissolved CO 2 of aerial leaf segments with gas films had a K m of 172 mmol CO 2 m -3 and a P max of 7·1 μmol O 2 m -2 s -1 , and the leaf gas films reduced the apparent resistance to CO 2 uptake 12-fold. Underwater P N of floating leaves measured at 700 mmol CO 2 m -3 was 1·5-fold higher than P N of aerial leaves. The floating leaves had significantly lower cuticle resistance to dark O 2 uptake on the wettable abaxial side compared with the superhydrophobic adaxial side. Conclusions Glyceria fluitans showed high rates of underwater P N and these were obtained at environmentally relevant CO 2 concentrations. It appears that the floating leaves possess both aquatic and terrestrial properties and thus have 'the best of both worlds' so that floating leaves are particularly adapted to situations where the plant is partially submerged and occasionally experiences complete submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Konnerup
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Winkel A, Herzog M, Konnerup D, Floytrup AH, Pedersen O. Flood tolerance of wheat - the importance of leaf gas films during complete submergence. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:888-898. [PMID: 32480617 DOI: 10.1071/fp16395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Submergence invokes a range of stressors to plants with impeded gas exchange between tissues and floodwater being the greatest challenge. Many terrestrial plants including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), possess superhydrophobic leaf cuticles that retain a thin gas film when submerged, and the gas films enhance gas exchange with the floodwater. However, leaf hydrophobicity is lost during submergence and the gas films disappear accordingly. Here, we completely submerged wheat (with or without gas films) for up to 14 days and found that plants with gas films survived significantly longer (13 days) than plants without (10 days). Plants with gas films also had less dead tissue following a period of recovery. However, this study also revealed that reflections by gas films resulted in a higher light compensation point for underwater net photosynthesis for leaves with gas films compared with leaves without (IC=52 vs 35µmol photons m-2 s-1 with or without gas films, respectively). Still, already at ~5% of full sunlight the beneficial effect of gas films overcame the negative under ecologically relevant CO2 concentrations. Our study showed that dryland crops also benefit from leaf gas films during submergence and that this trait should be incorporated to improve flood tolerance of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Winkel
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max Herzog
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Konnerup
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Heidi Floytrup
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Konnerup D, Winkel A, Herzog M, Pedersen O. Leaf gas film retention during submergence of 14 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:877-887. [PMID: 32480616 DOI: 10.1071/fp16401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flooding of fields after sudden rainfall events can result in crops being completely submerged. Some terrestrial plants, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), possess superhydrophobic leaf surfaces that retain a thin gas film when submerged, and the gas films enhance gas exchange with the floodwater. However, the leaves lose their hydrophobicity during submergence, and the gas films subsequently disappear. We tested gas film retention time of 14 different wheat cultivars and found that wheat could retain the gas films for a minimum of 2 days, whereas the wild wetland grass Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. had thicker gas films and could retain its gas films for a minimum of 4 days. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the wheat cultivars and G. fluitans possessed high densities of epicuticular wax platelets, which could explain their superhydrophobicity. However, G. fluitans also had papillae that contributed to higher hydrophobicity during the initial submergence and could explain why G. fluitans retained gas films for a longer period of time. The loss of gas films was associated with the leaves being covered by an unidentified substance. We suggest that leaf gas film is a relevant trait to use as a selection criterion to improve the flood tolerance of crops that become temporarily submerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Konnerup
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Winkel
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max Herzog
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Bejarano MD, Jansson R, Nilsson C. The effects of hydropeaking on riverine plants: a review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:658-673. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María D. Bejarano
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Landscape Ecology Group; Umeå University, SE-901 87; Umeå Sweden
| | - Roland Jansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Landscape Ecology Group; Umeå University, SE-901 87; Umeå Sweden
| | - Christer Nilsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Landscape Ecology Group; Umeå University, SE-901 87; Umeå Sweden
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Striker GG, Colmer TD. Flooding tolerance of forage legumes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1851-1872. [PMID: 27325893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We review waterlogging and submergence tolerances of forage (pasture) legumes. Growth reductions from waterlogging in perennial species ranged from >50% for Medicago sativa and Trifolium pratense to <25% for Lotus corniculatus, L. tenuis, and T. fragiferum. For annual species, waterlogging reduced Medicago truncatula by ~50%, whereas Melilotus siculus and T. michelianum were not reduced. Tolerant species have higher root porosity (gas-filled volume in tissues) owing to aerenchyma formation. Plant dry mass (waterlogged relative to control) had a positive (hyperbolic) relationship to root porosity across eight species. Metabolism in hypoxic roots was influenced by internal aeration. Sugars accumulate in M. sativa due to growth inhibition from limited respiration and low energy in roots of low porosity (i.e. 4.5%). In contrast, L. corniculatus, with higher root porosity (i.e. 17.2%) and O2 supply allowing respiration, maintained growth better and sugars did not accumulate. Tolerant legumes form nodules, and internal O2 diffusion along roots can sustain metabolism, including N2 fixation, in submerged nodules. Shoot physiology depends on species tolerance. In M. sativa, photosynthesis soon declines and in the longer term (>10 d) leaves suffer chlorophyll degradation, damage, and N, P, and K deficiencies. In tolerant L. corniculatus and L. tenuis, photosynthesis is maintained longer, shoot N is less affected, and shoot P can even increase during waterlogging. Species also differ in tolerance of partial and complete shoot submergence. Gaps in knowledge include anoxia tolerance of roots, N2 fixation during field waterlogging, and identification of traits conferring the ability to recover after water subsides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G Striker
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenida San Martín 4453, CPA 1417, DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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Wu J, Zhao HB, Yu D, Xu X. Transcriptome profiling of the floating-leaved aquatic plant Nymphoides peltata in response to flooding stress. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:119. [PMID: 28143394 PMCID: PMC5282827 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterlogging or flooding is one of the most challenging abiotic stresses experienced by plants. Unlike many flooding-tolerant plants, floating-leaved aquatic plants respond actively to flooding stress by fast growth and elongation of its petioles to make leaves re-floating. However, the molecular mechanisms of this plant group responding to flood have not been investigated before. Here, we investigated the genetic basis of this adaptive response by characterizing the petiole transcriptomes of a floating-leaved species Nymphoides peltata under normal and flooding conditions. RESULTS Clean reads under normal and flooding conditions with pooled sampling strategy were assembled into 124,302 unigenes. A total of 8883 unigenes were revealed to be differentially expressed between normal and flooding conditions. Among them, top ranked differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in antioxidant process, photosynthesis process and carbohydrate metabolism, including the glycolysis and a modified tricarboxylic acid cycle - alanine metabolism. Eight selected unigenes with significantly differentiated expression changes between normal and flooding conditions were validated by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Among these processes, antioxidant process and glycolysis are commonly induced by waterlogging or flooding environment in plants, whereas photosynthesis and alanine metabolism are rarely occurred in other flooding-tolerant plants, suggesting the significant contributions of the two processes in the active response of N. peltata to flooding stress. Our results provide a valuable genomic resource for future studies on N. peltata and deepen our understanding of the genetic basis underlying the response to flooding stress in aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Wu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hua-Bin Zhao
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xinwei Xu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Ayi Q, Zeng B, Liu J, Li S, van Bodegom PM, Cornelissen JHC. Oxygen absorption by adventitious roots promotes the survival of completely submerged terrestrial plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:675-683. [PMID: 27063366 PMCID: PMC5055620 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Flooding imposes stress upon terrestrial plants because it results in oxygen deficiency, which is considered a major problem for submerged plants. A common response of terrestrial plants to flooding is the formation of aquatic adventitious roots. Some studies have shown that adventitious roots on submerged plants are capable of absorbing water and nutrients. However, there is no experimental evidence for the possible oxygen uptake function of adventitious roots or for how important this function might be for the survival of plants during prolonged submergence. This study aims to investigate whether adventitious roots absorb oxygen from the water column, and whether this new function is beneficial to the survival of completely submerged plants. Methods Taking Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. as a representative species, the profiling of the underwater oxygen gradient towards living and dead adventitious roots on completely submerged plants was conducted, the oxygen concentration in stem nodes with and without adventitious roots was measured, and the growth, survival and non-structural carbohydrate content of completely submerged plants with and without adventitious roots was investigated. Key Results Oxygen profiles in the water column of adventitious roots showed that adventitious roots absorbed oxygen from water. It is found that the oxygen concentration in stem nodes having adventitious roots was higher than that in stem nodes without adventitious roots, which implies that the oxygen absorbed by adventitious roots from water was subsequently transported from the roots to other plant tissues. Compared with plants whose adventitious roots had been pruned, those with intact adventitious roots had slower leaf shedding, slower plant mass reduction, more efficient carbohydrate economy and prolonged survival when completely submerged. Conclusions The adventitious roots of A. philoxeroides formed upon submergence can absorb oxygen from ambient water, thereby alleviating the adverse effects of oxygen deficiency, enabling efficient utilization of carbohydrates and delaying the death of completely submerged plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Ayi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
- Department of Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Siqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Peter M. van Bodegom
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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29
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Winkel A, Visser EJW, Colmer TD, Brodersen KP, Voesenek LACJ, Sand-Jensen K, Pedersen O. Leaf gas films, underwater photosynthesis and plant species distributions in a flood gradient. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1537-1548. [PMID: 26846194 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Traits for survival during flooding of terrestrial plants include stimulation or inhibition of shoot elongation, aerenchyma formation and efficient gas exchange. Leaf gas films form on superhydrophobic cuticles during submergence and enhance underwater gas exchange. The main hypothesis tested was that the presence of leaf gas films influences the distribution of plant species along a natural flood gradient. We conducted laboratory experiments and field observations on species distributed along a natural flood gradient. We measured presence or absence of leaf gas films and specific leaf area of 95 species. We also measured, gas film retention time during submergence and underwater net photosynthesis and dark respiration of 25 target species. The presence of a leaf gas film was inversely correlated to flood frequency and duration and reached a maximum value of 80% of the species in the rarely flooded locations. This relationship was primarily driven by grasses that all, independently of their field location along the flood gradient, possess gas films when submerged. Although the present study and earlier experiments have shown that leaf gas films enhance gas exchange of submerged plants, the ability of species to form leaf gas films did not show the hypothesized relationship with species composition along the flood gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Winkel
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric J W Visser
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Klaus P Brodersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaj Sand-Jensen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Advanced Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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30
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Zhang Q, Visser EJW, de Kroon H, Huber H. Life cycle stage and water depth affect flooding-induced adventitious root formation in the terrestrial species Solanum dulcamara. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:279-90. [PMID: 26105188 PMCID: PMC4512197 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Flooding can occur at any stage of the life cycle of a plant, but often adaptive responses of plants are only studied at a single developmental stage. It may be anticipated that juvenile plants may respond differently from mature plants, as the amount of stored resources may differ and morphological changes can be constrained. Moreover, different water depths may require different strategies to cope with the flooding stress, the expression of which may also depend on developmental stage. This study investigated whether flooding-induced adventitious root formation and plant growth were affected by flooding depth in Solanum dulcamara plants at different developmental stages. METHODS Juvenile plants without pre-formed adventitious root primordia and mature plants with primordia were subjected to shallow flooding or deep flooding for 5 weeks. Plant growth and the timing of adventitious root formation were monitored during the flooding treatments. KEY RESULTS Adventitious root formation in response to shallow flooding was significantly constrained in juvenile S. dulcamara plants compared with mature plants, and was delayed by deep flooding compared with shallow flooding. Complete submergence suppressed adventitious root formation until up to 2 weeks after shoots restored contact with the atmosphere. Independent of developmental stage, a strong positive correlation was found between adventitious root formation and total biomass accumulation during shallow flooding. CONCLUSIONS The potential to deploy an escape strategy (i.e. adventitious root formation) may change throughout a plant's life cycle, and is largely dependent on flooding depth. Adaptive responses at a given stage of the life cycle thus do not necessarily predict how the plant responds to flooding in another growth stage. As variation in adventitious root formation also correlates with finally attained biomass, this variation may form the basis for variation in resistance to shallow flooding among plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J W Visser
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Voesenek LACJ, Bailey-Serres J. Flood adaptive traits and processes: an overview. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:57-73. [PMID: 25580769 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Unanticipated flooding challenges plant growth and fitness in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Here we describe mechanisms of developmental plasticity and metabolic modulation that underpin adaptive traits and acclimation responses to waterlogging of root systems and submergence of aerial tissues. This includes insights into processes that enhance ventilation of submerged organs. At the intersection between metabolism and growth, submergence survival strategies have evolved involving an ethylene-driven and gibberellin-enhanced module that regulates growth of submerged organs. Opposing regulation of this pathway is facilitated by a subgroup of ethylene-response transcription factors (ERFs), which include members that require low O₂ or low nitric oxide (NO) conditions for their stabilization. These transcription factors control genes encoding enzymes required for anaerobic metabolism as well as proteins that fine-tune their function in transcription and turnover. Other mechanisms that control metabolism and growth at seed, seedling and mature stages under flooding conditions are reviewed, as well as findings demonstrating that true endurance of submergence includes an ability to restore growth following the deluge. Finally, we highlight molecular insights obtained from natural variation of domesticated and wild species that occupy different hydrological niches, emphasizing the value of understanding natural flooding survival strategies in efforts to stabilize crop yields in flood-prone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Konnerup D, Moir-Barnetson L, Pedersen O, Veneklaas EJ, Colmer TD. Contrasting submergence tolerance in two species of stem-succulent halophytes is not determined by differences in stem internal oxygen dynamics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:409-18. [PMID: 25471094 PMCID: PMC4332606 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many stem-succulent halophytes experience regular or episodic flooding events, which may compromise gas exchange and reduce survival rates. This study assesses submergence tolerance, gas exchange and tissue oxygen (O2) status of two stem-succulent halophytes with different stem diameters and from different elevations of an inland marsh. METHODS Responses to complete submergence in terms of stem internal O2 dynamics, photosynthesis and respiration were studied for the two halophytic stem-succulents Tecticornia auriculata and T. medusa. Plants were submerged in a glasshouse experiment for 3, 6 and 12 d and O2 levels within stems were measured with microelectrodes. Photosynthesis by stems in air after de-submergence was also measured. KEY RESULTS Tecticornia medusa showed 100 % survival in all submergence durations whereas T. auriculata did not survive longer than 6 d of submergence. O2 profiles and time traces showed that when submerged in water at air-equilibrium, the thicker stems of T. medusa were severely hypoxic (close to anoxic) when in darkness, whereas the smaller diameter stems of T. auriculata were moderately hypoxic. During light periods, underwater photosynthesis increased the internal O2 concentrations in the succulent stems of both species. Stems of T. auriculata temporally retained a gas film when first submerged, whereas T. medusa did not. The lower O2 in T. medusa than in T. auriculata when submerged in darkness was largely attributed to a less permeable epidermis. The submergence sensitivity of T. auriculata was associated with swelling and rupturing of the succulent stem tissues, which did not occur in T. medusa. CONCLUSIONS The higher submergence tolerance of T. medusa was not associated with better internal aeration of stems. Rather, this species has poor internal aeration of the succulent stems due to its less permeable epidermis; the low epidermal permeability might be related to resistance to swelling of succulent stem tissues when submerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Konnerup
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Advances Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louis Moir-Barnetson
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Advances Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Advances Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark School of Plant Biology and Institute of Advances Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark School of Plant Biology and Institute of Advances Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Advances Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Advances Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Teakle NL, Colmer TD, Pedersen O. Leaf gas films delay salt entry and enhance underwater photosynthesis and internal aeration of Melilotus siculus submerged in saline water. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2339-2349. [PMID: 24393094 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A combination of flooding and salinity is detrimental to most plants. We studied tolerance of complete submergence in saline water for Melilotus siculus, an annual legume with superhydrophobic leaf surfaces that retain gas films when under water. M. siculus survived complete submergence of 1 week at low salinity (up to 50 mol m(-3) NaCl), but did not recover following de-submergence from 100 mol m(-3) NaCl. The leaf gas films protected against direct salt ingress into the leaves when submerged in saline water, enabling underwater photosynthesis even after 3 d of complete submergence. By contrast, leaves with the gas films experimentally removed suffered from substantial Na(+) and Cl(-) intrusion and lost the capacity for underwater photosynthesis. Similarly, plants in saline water and without gas films lost more K(+) than those with intact gas films. This study has demonstrated that leaf gas films reduce Na(+) and Cl(-) ingress into leaves when submerged by saline water - the thin gas layer physically separates the floodwater from the leaf surface. This feature aids survival of plants exposed to short-term saline submergence, as well as the previously recognized beneficial effects of gas exchange under water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Lea Teakle
- School of Plant Biology (M084), UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Centre for Ecohydrology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Graduate Research School, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia
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Herzog M, Pedersen O. Partial versus complete submergence: snorkelling aids root aeration in Rumex palustris but not in R. acetosa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2381-2390. [PMID: 24450988 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The root and shoot tissues of flood-tolerant wetland plants are highly porous to enable internal gas phase diffusion of O2 during waterlogging or submergence. In the case of only partial submergence (snorkelling), the atmosphere can act as source of O2 . The aim of this study was to assess the effect of waterlogging, partial submergence and complete submergence in the dark as well as in light on O2 partial pressure (pO2 ) in roots of Rumex palustris (flood tolerant) and R. acetosa (flood intolerant). We used O2 microelectrodes to measure pO2 of adventitious roots during manipulations of the water level around the shoot. Root pO2 in both species declined significantly upon submergence but remained oxic also when shoots were completely submerged in the dark (0.8 and 4.6 kPa in R. acetosa and R. palustris, respectively). The snorkelling effect was substantial in R. palustris only. Submergence in light had less impact on root pO2 and the effect of snorkelling was also minor. Hence, the benefits of light (underwater photosynthesis) and air contact (snorkelling) upon growth and survival in submerged wetland plants can now be linked to enhanced internal aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Herzog
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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Verboven P, Pedersen O, Ho QT, Nicolai BM, Colmer TD. The mechanism of improved aeration due to gas films on leaves of submerged rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2433-52. [PMID: 24548021 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some terrestrial wetland plants, such as rice, have super-hydrophobic leaf surfaces which retain a gas film when submerged. O2 movement through the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) of floodwater, gas film and stomata into leaf mesophyll was explored by means of a reaction-diffusion model that was solved in a three-dimensional leaf anatomy model. The anatomy and dark respiration of leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were measured and used to compute O2 fluxes and partial pressure of O2 (pO2 ) in the DBL, gas film and leaf when submerged. The effects of floodwater pO2 , DBL thickness, cuticle permeability, presence of gas film and stomatal opening were explored. Under O2 -limiting conditions of the bulk water (pO2 < 10 kPa), the gas film significantly increases the O2 flux into submerged leaves regardless of whether stomata are fully or partly open. With a gas film, tissue pO2 substantially increases, even for the slightest stomatal opening, but not when stomata are completely closed. The effect of gas films increases with decreasing cuticle permeability. O2 flux and tissue pO2 decrease with increasing DBL thickness. The present modelling analysis provides a mechanistic understanding of how leaf gas films facilitate O2 entry into submerged plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Verboven
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Bailey-Serres J, Colmer TD. Plant tolerance of flooding stress--recent advances. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2211-2215. [PMID: 25074340 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Tamang BG, Magliozzi JO, Maroof MAS, Fukao T. Physiological and transcriptomic characterization of submergence and reoxygenation responses in soybean seedlings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2350-65. [PMID: 24433575 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Complete inundation at the early seedling stage is a common environmental constraint for soybean production throughout the world. As floodwaters subside, submerged seedlings are subsequently exposed to reoxygenation stress in the natural progression of a flood event. Here, we characterized the fundamental acclimation responses to submergence and reoxygenation in soybean at the seedling establishment stage. Approximately 90% of seedlings succumbed during 3 d of inundation under constant darkness, whereas 10 d of submergence were lethal to over 90% of seedlings under 12 h light/12 h dark cycles, indicating the significance of underwater photosynthesis in seedling survival. Submergence rapidly decreased the abundance of carbohydrate reserves and ATP in aerial tissue of seedlings although chlorophyll breakdown was not observed. The carbohydrate and ATP contents were recovered upon de-submergence, but sudden exposure to oxygen also induced lipid peroxidation, confirming that reoxygenation induced oxidative stress. Whole transcriptome analysis recognized genome-scale reconfiguration of gene expression that regulates various signalling and metabolic pathways under submergence and reoxygenation. Comparative analysis of differentially regulated genes in shoots and roots of soybean and other plants defines conserved, organ-specific and species-specific adjustments which enhance adaptability to submergence and reoxygenation through different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal G Tamang
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Lauridsen T, Glavina K, Colmer TD, Winkel A, Irvine S, Lefmann K, Feidenhans'l R, Pedersen O. Visualisation by high resolution synchrotron X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography of gas films on submerged superhydrophobic leaves. J Struct Biol 2014; 188:61-70. [PMID: 25175398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Floods can completely submerge terrestrial plants but some wetland species can sustain O2 and CO2 exchange with the environment via gas films forming on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces. We used high resolution synchrotron X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography in a novel approach to visualise gas films on submerged leaves of common cordgrass (Spartina anglica). 3D tomograms enabled a hitherto unmatched level of detail regarding the micro-topography of leaf gas films. Gas films formed only on the superhydrophobic adaxial leaf side (water droplet contact angle, Φ=162°) but not on the abaxial side (Φ=135°). The adaxial side of the leaves of common cordgrass is plicate with a longitudinal system of parallel grooves and ridges and the vast majority of the gas film volume was found in large ∼180μm deep elongated triangular volumes in the grooves and these volumes were connected to each neighbouring groove via a fine network of gas tubules (∼1.7μm diameter) across the ridges. In addition to the gas film retained on the leaf exterior, the X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography also successfully distinguished gas spaces internally in the leaf tissues, and the tissue porosity (gas volume per unit tissue volume) ranged from 6.3% to 20.3% in tip and base leaf segments, respectively. We conclude that X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography is a powerful tool to obtain quantitative data of exterior gas features on biological samples because of the significant difference in electron density between air, biological tissues and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lauridsen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kyriaki Glavina
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Anders Winkel
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia; The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Irvine
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory for Dynamic Imaging, Monash University, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Lefmann
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Feidenhans'l
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia; The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Advanced Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia.
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Winkel A, Pedersen O, Ella E, Ismail AM, Colmer TD. Gas film retention and underwater photosynthesis during field submergence of four contrasting rice genotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3225-33. [PMID: 24759881 PMCID: PMC4071835 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Floods can completely submerge some rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. Leaves of rice have gas films that aid O2 and CO2 exchange under water. The present study explored the relationship between gas film persistence and underwater net photosynthesis (PN) as influenced by genotype and submergence duration. Four contrasting genotypes (FR13A, IR42, Swarna, and Swarna-Sub1) were submerged for 13 days in the field and leaf gas films, chlorophyll, and the capacity for underwater PN at near ambient and high CO2 were assessed with time of submergence. At high CO2 during the PN assay, all genotypes initially showed high rates of underwater PN, and this rate was not affected by time of submergence in FR13A. This superior photosynthetic performance of FR13A was not evident in Swarna-Sub1 (carrying the SUB1 QTL) and the declines in underwater PN in both Swarna-Sub1 and Swarna were equal to that in IR42. At near ambient CO2 concentration, underwater PN declined in all four genotypes and this corresponded with loss of leaf gas films with time of submergence. FR13A retained leaf gas films moderately longer than the other genotypes, but gas film retention was not linked to SUB1. Diverse rice germplasm should be screened for gas film persistence during submergence, as this trait could potentially increase carbohydrate status and internal aeration owing to increased underwater PN, which contributes to submergence tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Winkel
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Institute of Advanced Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evangelina Ella
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, the Philippines
| | - Abdelbagi M Ismail
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, the Philippines
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Klecker M, Gasch P, Peisker H, Dörmann P, Schlicke H, Grimm B, Mustroph A. A Shoot-Specific Hypoxic Response of Arabidopsis Sheds Light on the Role of the Phosphate-Responsive Transcription Factor PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:774-790. [PMID: 24753539 PMCID: PMC4044847 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.237990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses are often very specific, but signal transduction pathways can partially or completely overlap. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the transcriptional responses to phosphate starvation and oxygen deficiency stress comprise a set of commonly induced genes. While the phosphate deficiency response is systemic, under oxygen deficiency, most of the commonly induced genes are found only in illuminated shoots. This jointly induced response to the two stresses is under control of the transcription factor PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE1 (PHR1), but not of the oxygen-sensing N-end rule pathway, and includes genes encoding proteins for the synthesis of galactolipids, which replace phospholipids in plant membranes under phosphate starvation. Despite the induction of galactolipid synthesis genes, total galactolipid content and plant survival are not severely affected by the up-regulation of galactolipid gene expression in illuminated leaves during hypoxia. However, changes in galactolipid molecular species composition point to an adaptation of lipid fluxes through the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast pathways during hypoxia. PHR1-mediated signaling of phosphate deprivation was also light dependent. Because a photoreceptor-mediated PHR1 activation was not detectable under hypoxia, our data suggest that a chloroplast-derived retrograde signal, potentially arising from metabolic changes, regulates PHR1 activity under both oxygen and phosphate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klecker
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Philipp Gasch
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Helga Peisker
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Hagen Schlicke
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Angelika Mustroph
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
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Takahashi H, Greenway H, Matsumura H, Tsutsumi N, Nakazono M. Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:851-9. [PMID: 24431339 PMCID: PMC3962239 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rice (Oryza sativa) has the rare ability to germinate and elongate a coleoptile under oxygen-deficient conditions, which include both hypoxia and anoxia. It has previously been shown that ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (ADH1) is required for cell division and cell elongation in the coleoptile of submerged rice seedlings by means of studies using a rice ADH1-deficient mutant, reduced adh activity (rad). The aim of this study was to understand how low ADH1 in rice affects carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm, and lactate and alanine synthesis in the embryo during germination and subsequent coleoptile growth in submerged seedlings. METHODS Wild-type and rad mutant rice seeds were germinated and grown under complete submergence. At 1, 3, 5 and 7 d after imbibition, the embryo and endosperm were separated and several of their metabolites were measured and compared. KEY RESULTS In the rad embryo, the rate of ethanol fermentation was halved, while lactate and alanine concentrations were 2·4- and 5·7- fold higher in the mutant than in the wild type. Glucose and fructose concentrations in the embryos increased with time in the wild type, but not in the rad mutant. The rad mutant endosperm had lower amounts of the α-amylases RAMY1A and RAMY3D, resulting in less starch degradation and lower glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ADH1 is essential for sugar metabolism via glycolysis to ethanol fermentation in both the embryo and endosperm. In the endosperm, energy is presumably needed for synthesis of the amylases and for sucrose synthesis in the endosperm, as well as for sugar transport to the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hank Greenway
- Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawly, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Hideo Matsumura
- Gene Research Center, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokita, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Colmer TD, Armstrong W, Greenway H, Ismail AM, Kirk GJD, Atwell BJ. Physiological Mechanisms of Flooding Tolerance in Rice: Transient Complete Submergence and Prolonged Standing Water. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38797-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pedersen O, Colmer TD, Sand-Jensen K. Underwater photosynthesis of submerged plants - recent advances and methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:140. [PMID: 23734154 PMCID: PMC3659369 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the general background and the recent advances in research on underwater photosynthesis of leaf segments, whole communities, and plant dominated aquatic ecosystems and present contemporary methods tailor made to quantify photosynthesis and carbon fixation under water. The majority of studies of aquatic photosynthesis have been carried out with detached leaves or thalli and this selectiveness influences the perception of the regulation of aquatic photosynthesis. We thus recommend assessing the influence of inorganic carbon and temperature on natural aquatic communities of variable density in addition to studying detached leaves in the scenarios of rising CO2 and temperature. Moreover, a growing number of researchers are interested in tolerance of terrestrial plants during flooding as torrential rains sometimes result in overland floods that inundate terrestrial plants. We propose to undertake studies to elucidate the importance of leaf acclimation of terrestrial plants to facilitate gas exchange and light utilization under water as these acclimations influence underwater photosynthesis as well as internal aeration of plant tissues during submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenHillerød, Denmark
- Institute of Advanced Studies, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kaj Sand-Jensen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenHillerød, Denmark
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Voesenek LACJ, Sasidharan R. Ethylene--and oxygen signalling--drive plant survival during flooding. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:426-35. [PMID: 23574304 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is a widely occurring environmental stress both for natural and cultivated plant species. The primary problems associated with flooding arise due to restricted gas diffusion underwater. This hampers gas exchange needed for the critical processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Plant acclimation to flooding includes the adaptation of a suite of traits that helps alleviate or avoid these stressful conditions and improves or restores exchange of O2 and CO2 . The manifestation of these traits is, however, reliant on the timely perception of signals that convey the underwater status. Flooding-associated reduced gas diffusion imposes a drastic change in the internal gas composition within submerged plant organs. One of the earliest changes is an increase in the levels of the gaseous plant hormone ethylene. Depending on the species, organ, flooding conditions and time of the day, plants will also subsequently experience a reduction in oxygen levels. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the roles of ethylene and oxygen as critical signals of flooding stress. It includes a discussion of the dynamics of these gases in plants when underwater, their interaction, current knowledge of their perception mechanisms and the resulting downstream changes that mediate important acclimative processes that allow endurance and survival under flooded conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sasidharan R, Voesenek LACJ. Lowland rice: high-end submergence tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1029-1031. [PMID: 23373859 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708, PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708, PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Winkel A, Colmer TD, Ismail AM, Pedersen O. Internal aeration of paddy field rice (Oryza sativa) during complete submergence---importance of light and floodwater O2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1193-1203. [PMID: 23215967 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flash floods can submerge paddy field rice (Oryza sativa), with adverse effects on internal aeration, sugar status and survival. Here, we investigated the in situ aeration of roots of rice during complete submergence, and elucidated how underwater photosynthesis and floodwater pO(2) influence root aeration in anoxic soil. In the field, root pO(2) was measured using microelectrodes during 2 d of complete submergence. Leaf gas films that formed on the superhydrophobic leaves were left intact, or experimentally removed, to elucidate their effect on internal aeration. In darkness, root pO(2) declined to very low concentrations (0.24 kPa) and was strongly correlated with floodwater pO(2). In light, root pO(2) was high (14 kPa) and primarily a function of the incident light determining the rates of underwater net photosynthesis. Plants with intact leaf gas films maintained higher underwater net photosynthesis relative to plants without gas films when the submerged shoots were in light. During complete submergence, internal aeration of rice in the field relies on underwater photosynthesis during the day and entry of O(2) from the floodwater during the night. Leaf gas films enhance photosynthesis during submergence leading to improved O(2) production and sugar status, and therefore contribute to the submergence tolerance of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Winkel
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, DK-3400, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Abdelbagi M Ismail
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, the Philippines
| | - Ole Pedersen
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, DK-3400, Hillerød, Denmark
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Rich SM, Pedersen O, Ludwig M, Colmer TD. Shoot atmospheric contact is of little importance to aeration of deeper portions of the wetland plant Meionectes brownii; submerged organs mainly acquire O2 from the water column or produce it endogenously in underwater photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:213-23. [PMID: 22734500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Partial shoot submergence is considered less stressful than complete submergence of plants, as aerial contact allows gas exchange with the atmosphere. In situ microelectrode studies of the wetland plant Meionectes brownii showed that O(2) dynamics in the submerged stems and aquatic roots of partially submerged plants were similar to those of completely submerged plants, with internal O(2) concentrations in both organs dropping to less than 5 kPa by dawn regardless of submergence level. The anatomy at the nodes and the relationship between tissue porosity and rates of O(2) diffusion through stems were studied. Stem internodes contained aerenchyma and had mean gas space area of 17.7% per cross section, whereas nodes had 8.2%, but nodal porosity was highly variable, some nodes had very low porosity or were completely occluded (ca. 23% of nodes sampled). The cumulative effect of these low porosity nodes would have impeded internal O(2) movement down stems. Therefore, regardless of the presence of an aerial connection, the deeper portions of submerged organs sourced most of their O(2) via inwards diffusion from the water column during the night, and endogenous production in underwater photosynthesis during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Meghan Rich
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences School of Chemistry and Biochemistry. (M310), The University of Western Australia (M081), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Bailey-Serres J, Lee SC, Brinton E. Waterproofing crops: effective flooding survival strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1698-709. [PMID: 23093359 PMCID: PMC3510103 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124, USA.
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Fukao T, Yeung E, Bailey-Serres J. The submergence tolerance gene SUB1A delays leaf senescence under prolonged darkness through hormonal regulation in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1795-807. [PMID: 23073696 PMCID: PMC3510111 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.207738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a natural age-dependent process that is induced prematurely by various environmental stresses. Typical alterations during leaf senescence include breakdown of chlorophyll, a shift to catabolism of energy reserves, and induction of senescence-associated genes, all of which can occur during submergence, drought, and constant darkness. Here, we evaluated the influence of the submergence tolerance regulator, SUBMERGENCE1A (SUB1A), in the acclimation responses during leaf senescence caused by prolonged darkness in rice (Oryza sativa). SUB1A messenger RNA was highly induced by prolonged darkness in a near-isogenic line containing SUB1A. Genotypes with conditional and ectopic overexpression of SUB1A significantly delayed loss of leaf color and enhanced recovery from dark stress. Physiological analysis revealed that SUB1A postpones dark-induced senescence through the maintenance of chlorophyll and carbohydrate reserves in photosynthetic tissue. This delay allowed leaves of SUB1A genotypes to recover photosynthetic activity more quickly upon reexposure to light. SUB1A also restricted the transcript accumulation of representative senescence-associated genes. Jasmonate and salicylic acid are positive regulators of leaf senescence, but ectopic overexpression of SUB1A dampened responsiveness to both hormones in the context of senescence. We found that ethylene accelerated senescence stimulated by darkness and jasmonate, although SUB1A significantly restrained dark-induced ethylene accumulation. Overall, SUB1A genotypes displayed altered responses to prolonged darkness by limiting ethylene production and responsiveness to jasmonate and salicylic acid, thereby dampening the breakdown of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and the accumulation of senescence-associated messenger RNAs. A delay of leaf senescence conferred by SUB1A can contribute to the enhancement of tolerance to submergence, drought, and oxidative stress.
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Striker GG. Time is on our side: the importance of considering a recovery period when assessing flooding tolerance in plants. Ecol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-012-0978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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