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Nedday S, Naji Y, Assardoun M, Laadami S, Adali N. Double Cortex Syndrome: An Unusual Cause of Seizures. Cureus 2024; 16:e63507. [PMID: 39081427 PMCID: PMC11288217 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gray matter heterotopia (GMH) is caused by abnormal neuronal migration during brain development. Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), or double cortex, is a rare variant of GMH that mainly affects female patients with epilepsy (PWE) with different degrees of mental retardation. We present the case of a 25-year-old woman who was admitted to the neurology department of our tertiary hospital with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Her mother had a normal antenatal period and a history of labor. There was a history of immediate crying and normal appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (APGAR) scores. She had delayed milestones, which affected various categories of child development. Physical examination revealed a global developmental delay. Laboratory values, including complete blood count, serum calcium, and arterial blood gas tests, were all within normal limits. An EEG showed significant abnormalities suggestive of epilepsy. An MRI of the brain showed a continuous band of gray matter located deep and parallel to the cortex in both cerebral hemispheres, suggesting double cortex syndrome (DCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia Nedday
- Department of Neurology, Agadir University Hospital, Agadir, MAR
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Innovation Cognition Ethique (NICE) Research Team, Rein Endocrinologie Gastroentérologie Neurosciences Ethique (REGNE) Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, MAR
| | - Yahya Naji
- Department of Neurology, Agadir Medical School, Agadir, MAR
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Innovation Cognition Ethique (NICE) Research Team, Rein Endocrinologie Gastroentérologie Neurosciences Ethique (REGNE) Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, MAR
| | - Mariam Assardoun
- Department of Neurology, Agadir University Hospital, Agadir, MAR
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Innovation Cognition Ethique (NICE) Research Team, Rein Endocrinologie Gastroentérologie Neurosciences Ethique (REGNE) Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, MAR
| | - Sara Laadami
- Department of Neurology, Agadir University Hospital, Agadir, MAR
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Innovation Cognition Ethique (NICE) Research Team, Rein Endocrinologie Gastroentérologie Neurosciences Ethique (REGNE) Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, MAR
| | - Nawal Adali
- Department of Neurology, Agadir University Hospital, Agadir, MAR
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Innovation Cognition Ethique (NICE) Research Team, Rein Endocrinologie Gastroentérologie Neurosciences Ethique (REGNE) Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, MAR
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Procopio R, Fortunato F, Gagliardi M, Talarico M, Sammarra I, Sarubbi MC, Malanga D, Annesi G, Gambardella A. Phenotypic Variability in Novel Doublecortin Gene Variants Associated with Subcortical Band Heterotopia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5505. [PMID: 38791543 PMCID: PMC11122195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin, encoded by the DCX gene, plays a crucial role in the neuronal migration process during brain development. Pathogenic variants of the DCX gene are the major causes of the "lissencephaly (LIS) spectrum", which comprehends a milder phenotype like Subcortical Band Heterotopia (SBH) in heterozygous female subjects. We performed targeted sequencing in three unrelated female cases with SBH. We identified three DCX-related variants: a novel missense (c.601A>G: p.Lys201Glu), a novel nonsense (c.210C>G: p.Tyr70*), and a previously identified nonsense (c.907C>T: p.Arg303*) variant. The novel c.601A>G: p.Lys201Glu variant shows a mother-daughter transmission pattern across four generations. The proband exhibits focal epilepsy and achieved seizure freedom with a combination of oxcarbazepine and levetiracetam. All other affected members have no history of epileptic seizures. Brain MRIs of the affected members shows predominant fronto-central SBH with mixed pachygyria on the overlying cortex. The two nonsense variants were identified in two unrelated probands with SBH, severe drug-resistant epilepsy and intellectual disability. These novel DCX variants further expand the genotypic-phenotypic correlations of lissencephaly spectrum disorders. Our documented phenotypic descriptions of three unrelated families provide valuable insights and stimulate further discussions on DCX-SBH cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Procopio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (M.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Monica Gagliardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mariagrazia Talarico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (M.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilaria Sammarra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (M.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Maria Chiara Sarubbi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Donatella Malanga
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.S.); (D.M.)
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (M.T.); (I.S.)
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Bernardo P, Cuccurullo C, Rubino M, De Vita G, Terrone G, Bilo L, Coppola A. X-Linked Epilepsies: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4110. [PMID: 38612920 PMCID: PMC11012983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
X-linked epilepsies are a heterogeneous group of epileptic conditions, which often overlap with X-linked intellectual disability. To date, various X-linked genes responsible for epilepsy syndromes and/or developmental and epileptic encephalopathies have been recognized. The electro-clinical phenotype is well described for some genes in which epilepsy represents the core symptom, while less phenotypic details have been reported for other recently identified genes. In this review, we comprehensively describe the main features of both X-linked epileptic syndromes thoroughly characterized to date (PCDH19-related DEE, CDKL5-related DEE, MECP2-related disorders), forms of epilepsy related to X-linked neuronal migration disorders (e.g., ARX, DCX, FLNA) and DEEs associated with recently recognized genes (e.g., SLC9A6, SLC35A2, SYN1, ARHGEF9, ATP6AP2, IQSEC2, NEXMIF, PIGA, ALG13, FGF13, GRIA3, SMC1A). It is often difficult to suspect an X-linked mode of transmission in an epilepsy syndrome. Indeed, different models of X-linked inheritance and modifying factors, including epigenetic regulation and X-chromosome inactivation in females, may further complicate genotype-phenotype correlations. The purpose of this work is to provide an extensive and updated narrative review of X-linked epilepsies. This review could support clinicians in the genetic diagnosis and treatment of patients with epilepsy featuring X-linked inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Bernardo
- Pediatric Psychiatry and Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Cuccurullo
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, Ospedale del Mare Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marica Rubino
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Gabriella De Vita
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Units, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Leonilda Bilo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
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Kasper BS, Archer J, Bernhardt BC, Caciagli L, Cendes F, Chinvarun Y, Concha L, Federico P, Gaillard W, Kobayashi E, Ogbole G, Vaudano AE, Wang I, Wang S, Winston GP, Rampp S. ILAE neuroimaging task force highlight: Subcortical laminar heterotopia. Epileptic Disord 2024; 26:225-232. [PMID: 38353525 DOI: 10.1002/epd2.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The ILAE Neuroimaging Task Force publishes educational case reports that highlight basic aspects of neuroimaging in epilepsy consistent with the ILAE's educational mission. Subcortical laminar heterotopia, also known as subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) or "double cortex," is an intriguing and rare congenital malformation of cortical development. SBH lesions are part of a continuum best designated as agyria-pachygyria-band-spectrum. The malformation is associated with epilepsy that is often refractory, as well as variable degrees of developmental delay. Moreover, in an increasing proportion of cases, a distinct molecular-genetic background can be found. Diagnosing SBH can be a major challenge for many reasons, including more subtle lesions, and "non-classic" or unusual MRI-appearances. By presenting an illustrative case, we address the challenges and needs of diagnosing and treating SBH patients in epilepsy, especially the value of high-resolution imaging and specialized MRI-protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard S Kasper
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - John Archer
- Department Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yotin Chinvarun
- Department of Neurology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Luis Concha
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paolo Federico
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - William Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Godwin Ogbole
- Department of Radiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Irene Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gavin P Winston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Rampp
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Indiran V. Double Cortex Syndrome (Subcortical Band Heterotopia). Neurol India 2024; 72:468-469. [PMID: 38817190 DOI: 10.4103/neurol-india.neurol-india-d-24-00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Indiran
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, 7, Works Road Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dema A, Charafeddine RA, van Haren J, Rahgozar S, Viola G, Jacobs KA, Kutys ML, Wittmann T. Doublecortin reinforces microtubules to promote growth cone advance in soft environments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582626. [PMID: 38464100 PMCID: PMC10925279 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein critical for brain development. Although most highly expressed in the developing central nervous system, the molecular function of DCX in neuron morphogenesis remains unknown and controversial. We demonstrate that DCX function is intimately linked to its microtubule-binding activity. By using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)- derived cortical i 3 Neurons genome engineered to express mEmerald-tagged DCX from the endogenous locus, we find that DCX-MT interactions become highly polarized very early during neuron morphogenesis. DCX becomes enriched only on straight microtubules in advancing growth cones with approximately 120 DCX molecules bound per micrometer of growth cone microtubule. At a similar saturation, microtubule-bound DCX molecules begin to impede lysosome transport, and thus can potentially control growth cone organelle entry. In addition, by comparing control, DCX-mEmerald and knockout DCX -/Y i 3 Neurons, we find that DCX stabilizes microtubules in the growth cone peripheral domain by reducing the microtubule catastrophe frequency and the depolymerization rate. DCX -/Y i 3 Neuron morphogenesis was inhibited in soft microenvironments that mimic the viscoelasticity of brain tissue and DCX -/Y neurites failed to grow toward brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gradients. Together with high resolution traction force microscopy data, we propose a model in which DCX-decorated, rigid growth cone microtubules provide intracellular mechanical resistance to actomyosin generated contractile forces in soft physiological environments in which weak and transient adhesion-mediated forces in the growth cone periphery may be insufficient for productive growth cone advance. These data provide a new mechanistic understanding of how DCX mutations cause lissencephaly-spectrum brain malformations by impacting growth cone dynamics during neuron morphogenesis in physiological environments.
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Gao C, Liu N, Ma J, Zhao J, Zhao B, Song F, Dong R, Li Z, Lv Y, Liu Y, Gai Z. DCX variants in two unrelated Chinese families with subcortical band heterotopia: Two case reports and review of literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22323. [PMID: 38045215 PMCID: PMC10692899 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a rare brain developmental malformation caused by deficient neuronal migration during embryogenesis. Published literature on pediatric SBH cases caused by DCX mutations is limited. Methods The detailed clinical and genetic features of two pediatric SBH with DCX mutations were analyzed. The available literature on DCX mutations was reviewed. Results Both patients were girls with varying degrees of developmental delay. Patient 1 was short in stature with peculiar facial features. Patient 2 had an early seizure onset and developed drug-resistant epilepsy. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed two de novo heterozygous variants of DCX (NM_178153.3), including a novel missense variant of c.568A > G (p.K190E) in P1 and a reported nonsense variant of c.814C > T (p.R272*) in P2. We reviewed all the available literature regarding DCX mutations. A total of 153 different mutations have been reported, with the majority of 99 (64.7 %) being missense mutations. Conclusion Our study expanded the mutational spectrum of DCX, which has important implications for the study of genotype-phenotype correlations. Furthermore, it provided insights to better understand SBH and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlai Gao
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Jianshe Zhao
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Fengling Song
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Yuqiang Lv
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
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Edey J, Soleimani-Nouri P, Dawson-Kavanagh A, Imran Azeem MS, Episkopou V. X-linked neuronal migration disorders: Gender differences and insights for genetic screening. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:581-599. [PMID: 37574439 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical development depends on neuronal migration of both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are conditions characterised by anatomical cortical defects leading to varying degrees of neurocognitive impairment, developmental delay and seizures. Refractory epilepsy affects 15 million people worldwide, and it is thought that cortical developmental disorders are responsible for 25% of childhood cases. However, little is known about the epidemiology of these disorders, nor are their aetiologies fully understood, though many are associated with sporadic genetic mutations. In this review, we aim to highlight X-linked NMDs including lissencephaly, periventricular nodular heterotopia and polymicrogyria because of their mostly familial inheritance pattern. We focus on the most prominent genes responsible: including DCX, ARX, FLNA, FMR1, L1CAM, SRPX2, DDX3X, NSHDL, CUL4B and OFD1, outlining what is known about their prevalence among NMDs, and the underlying pathophysiology. X-linked disorders are important to recognise clinically, as females often have milder phenotypes. Consequently, there is a greater chance they survive to reproductive age and risk passing the mutations down. Effective genetic screening is important to prevent and treat these conditions, and for this, we need to know gene mutations and have a clear understanding of the function of the genes involved. This review summarises the knowledge base and provides clear direction for future work by both scientists and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Edey
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Payam Soleimani-Nouri
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | | | | | - Vasso Episkopou
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Ghosh R, León-Ruiz M, Jana A, Roy D, Ghosh T, Benito-León J. Bálint syndrome in a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy having underlying X-linked lissencephaly with subcortical band heterotopia/"double cortex" syndrome. NEUROLOGY PERSPECTIVES 2023; 3:100135. [PMID: 38124709 PMCID: PMC10732260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurop.2023.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ghosh
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - M. León-Ruiz
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Jana
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - D. Roy
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Humanities, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
| | - T. Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - J. Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Atkins M, Nicol X, Fassier C. Microtubule remodelling as a driving force of axon guidance and pruning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:35-53. [PMID: 35710759 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal connectivity relies on the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, which provides mechanical support, roads for axonal transport and mediates signalling events. Fine-tuned spatiotemporal regulation of MT functions by tubulin post-translational modifications and MT-associated proteins is critical for the coarse wiring and subsequent refinement of neuronal connectivity. The defective regulation of these processes causes a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with connectivity defects. This review focuses on recent studies unravelling how MT composition, post-translational modifications and associated proteins influence MT functions in axon guidance and/or pruning to build functional neuronal circuits. We here summarise experimental evidence supporting the key role of this network as a driving force for growth cone steering and branch-specific axon elimination. We further provide a global overview of the MT-interactors that tune developing axon behaviours, with a special emphasis on their emerging versatility in the regulation of MT dynamics/structure. Recent studies establishing the key and highly selective role of the tubulin code in the regulation of MT functions in axon pathfinding are also reported. Finally, our review highlights the emerging molecular links between these MT regulation processes and guidance signals that wire the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France.
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Toldo I, Brunello F, Cavasin P, Nosadini M, Sartori S, Frigo AC, Mai R, Pelliccia V, Mancardi MM, Striano P, Severino M, Zara F, Rizzi R, Casellato S, Di Rosa G, Mastrangelo M, Spalice A, Budetta M, De Palma L, Guerrini R, Pruna D, Cordelli DM, Sofia V, Papa A, Chiesa V, Ragona F, Parisi P, D'Aniello A, Veggiotti P, Dainese F, Giordano L, Licchetta L, Tinuper P, D'Orsi G, Cassina M, Manara R. Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale to Evaluate the Functional Impairment of Patients With Subcortical Band Heterotopia: A Multicentric Cross-sectional Study. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 141:58-64. [PMID: 36773408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a rare malformation of the cortical development characterized by a heterotopic band of gray matter between cortex and ventricles. The clinical presentation typically includes intellectual disability and epilepsy. PURPOSE To evaluate if the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale-pediatric version (EGOS-ped) is a feasible tool for evaluating the functional disability of patients with (SBH). METHOD Cross-sectional multicenter study of a cohort of 49 patients with SBH (female n = 30, 61%), recruited from 23 Italian centers. RESULTS Thirty-nine of 49 (80%) cases showed high functional disability at EGOS-ped assessment. In the poor result subgroup (EGOS-ped >3) motor deficit, language impairment, and lower intelligence quotient were more frequent (P < 0.001, P = 0.02, and P = 0.01, respectively); the age at epilepsy onset was remarkably lower (P < 0.001); and the prevalence of epileptic encephalopathy (West syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut-like encephalopathy) was higher (P = 0.04). The thickness and the extension of the heterotopic band were associated with EGOS-ped score (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02). Pachygyria was found exclusively among patients with poor outcome (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The EGOS-ped proved to be a reliable tool for stratifying the functional disability of patients with SBH. According to this score, patients could be dichotomized: group 1 (80%) is characterized by a poor overall functionality with early epilepsy onset, thick heterotopic band, and pachygyria, whereas group 2 (20%) is characterized by a good overall functionality with later epilepsy onset and thinner heterotopic band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Toldo
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesco Brunello
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Cavasin
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Margherita Nosadini
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Frigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Mai
- 'Claudio Munari' Centre for Epilepsy Surgery, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Pelliccia
- 'Claudio Munari' Centre for Epilepsy Surgery, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Margherita Mancardi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Marisavina Severino
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Romana Rizzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuro-Motor Diseases, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Susanna Casellato
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Mastrangelo
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Budetta
- Pediatric and Child Neurology Unit, Cava de' Tirreni AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggiero d'Aragona Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luca De Palma
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Pruna
- Pediatric Neurology and Epileptology Unit, "Brotzu" Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, UOC Neuropsychiatry of the Pediatric Age, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vito Sofia
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Amanda Papa
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, AOU Maggiore della Carità Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiesa
- Epilepsy Centre-Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Filippo Dainese
- Epilepsy Centre, SS. Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Lucio Giordano
- Child Neuropsychiatric Division, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Orsi
- Epilepsy Centre, Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, Ospedali Riuniti, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassina
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Renzo Manara
- Neuroradiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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12
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Kurzbuch AR, Cooper B, Israni A, Ellenbogen JR. Non-pharmacological treatment options of drug-resistant epilepsy in subcortical band heterotopia: systematic review and illustrative case. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:451-462. [PMID: 35933521 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subcortical band heterotopia is a rare X-linked neuronal migration disorder primarily in females often associated with drug-resistant epilepsy. The aim of this study is to review the literature for non-pharmacological treatment options of drug-resistant epilepsy in subcortical band heterotopia. MATERIAL AND METHODS In accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we performed a systematic review. Entering the keywords "double cortex," "subcortical band heterotopia," and "subcortical laminar heterotopia," we searched Scopus and PubMed databases. We paid particular attention to type of invasive and non-invasive treatment, radiological presentation, and outcome. We also describe a related case report, managed at Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool. RESULTS The systematic literature review yielded 25 patients with subcortical band heterotopia and drug-resistant epilepsy who underwent non-pharmacological treatment. Including our patient, 26 patients were reported. The patients' mean age at seizure onset was 6.5 years (range 0.2-23) with a female sex predilection (5.25:1). The patients' mean age at invasive or non-invasive treatment was 21.5 years (range 6.5-51). The 26 patients underwent 29 non-pharmacological treatments. Ten patients underwent corpus callosotomy; 8 patients had a formal temporal lobectomy. Three patients had focal cortical resection. Two patients respectively had multiple subpial transections, insertion of a vagal nerve stimulator, or deep brain stimulation of the bilateral anterior nuclei of the thalamus. One patient underwent responsive focal neurostimulation. Another patient had transcutaneous stimulation of the vagal nerve. Sixteen patients reported a reduction or the disappearance of the seizures; 1 patient had no improvement. The outcome of 2 patients was classified class I, of 1 patient class II, of 1 patient class III, and of 5 patients class IV according to the Engel Epilepsy Surgery Outcome Scale. CONCLUSION Mainly corpus callosotomy and formal temporal lobectomy have been performed as non-pharmacological treatment with few cases published overall. Several other invasive procedures and one non-invasive technique are based on case reports. The small number of reported cases prevents drawing a firm conclusion as to which non-pharmacological treatment is the best treatment option for refractive epilepsy in patients with subcortical band heterotopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Kurzbuch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Ben Cooper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anil Israni
- Department of Neurology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan R Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Hardy D, Buhler E, Suchkov D, Vinck A, Fortoul A, Watrin F, Represa A, Minlebaev M, Manent JB. Early suppression of excitability in subcortical band heterotopia modifies epileptogenesis in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:106002. [PMID: 36649744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development represent a major cause of epilepsy in childhood. However, the pathological substrate and dynamic changes leading to the development and progression of epilepsy remain unclear. Here, we characterized an etiology-relevant rat model of subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), a diffuse type of cortical malformation associated with drug-resistant seizures in humans. We used longitudinal electrographic recordings to monitor the age-dependent evolution of epileptiform discharges during the course of epileptogenesis in this model. We found both quantitative and qualitative age-related changes in seizures properties and patterns, accompanying a gradual progression towards a fully developed seizure pattern seen in adulthood. We also dissected the relative contribution of the band heterotopia and the overlying cortex to the development and age-dependent progression of epilepsy using timed and spatially targeted manipulation of neuronal excitability. We found that an early suppression of neuronal excitability in SBH slows down epileptogenesis in juvenile rats, whereas epileptogenesis is paradoxically exacerbated when excitability is suppressed in the overlying cortex. However, in rats with active epilepsy, similar manipulations of excitability have no effect on chronic spontaneous seizures. Together, our data support the notion that complex developmental alterations occurring in both the SBH and the overlying cortex concur to creating pathogenic circuits prone to generate seizures. Our study also suggests that early and targeted interventions could potentially influence the course of these altered developmental trajectories, and favorably modify epileptogenesis in malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Hardy
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Dmitrii Suchkov
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Antonin Vinck
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélien Fortoul
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Watrin
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Alfonso Represa
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Marat Minlebaev
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Manent
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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14
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Afzal F, Tabassum S, Naeem A, Naeem F, Ahmad RU. Double cortex syndrome (subcortical band heterotopia): A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 18:671-674. [PMID: 36484065 PMCID: PMC9723648 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double cortex syndrome is an uncommon familial syndrome with X-linked dominant inheritance and most commonly presents with developmental delay and seizures. We present a case of a 14-year-old girl who came to neurology department of the hospital with severe generalized tonic-clonic fits and loss of consciousness. The mother of child gave history of uneventful antenatal period and labor. There was history of immediate cry and normal APGAR score. She was achieving milestones normally until at the age of 3 years when she suffered decline in her speech and vision. She had problems with learning with lack of concentration during her schooling. Physical examination was also unremarkable. Her lab values including complete blood count, serum calcium, and arterial blood gas tests, all were within normal limits. Electroencephalogram showed significant changes suggestive of epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain showed continuous band of gray matter that was located deep and paralleling the cortex in both cerebral hemispheres suggestive of band heterotopia or double cortex syndrome. She was discharged and prescribed antiepileptics; and was advised regular outpatient follow-up.
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15
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Hoff KJ, Neumann AJ, Moore JK. The molecular biology of tubulinopathies: Understanding the impact of variants on tubulin structure and microtubule regulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1023267. [PMID: 36406756 PMCID: PMC9666403 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1023267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous, missense mutations in both α- and β-tubulin genes have been linked to an array of neurodevelopment disorders, commonly referred to as "tubulinopathies." To date, tubulinopathy mutations have been identified in three β-tubulin isotypes and one α-tubulin isotype. These mutations occur throughout the different genetic domains and protein structures of these tubulin isotypes, and the field is working to address how this molecular-level diversity results in different cellular and tissue-level pathologies. Studies from many groups have focused on elucidating the consequences of individual mutations; however, the field lacks comprehensive models for the molecular etiology of different types of tubulinopathies, presenting a major gap in diagnosis and treatment. This review highlights recent advances in understanding tubulin structural dynamics, the roles microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) play in microtubule regulation, and how these are inextricably linked. We emphasize the value of investigating interactions between tubulin structures, microtubules, and MAPs to understand and predict the impact of tubulinopathy mutations at the cell and tissue levels. Microtubule regulation is multifaceted and provides a complex set of controls for generating a functional cytoskeleton at the right place and right time during neurodevelopment. Understanding how tubulinopathy mutations disrupt distinct subsets of those controls, and how that ultimately disrupts neurodevelopment, will be important for establishing mechanistic themes among tubulinopathies that may lead to insights in other neurodevelopment disorders and normal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey K. Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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16
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Promoting Immortalized Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Transdifferentiation and Proliferation into Neuronal-Like Cells through Consecutive 525 nm and 825 nm Photobiomodulation. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2744789. [PMID: 36106176 PMCID: PMC9467736 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2744789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells can be generated from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) through biological or chemical inducers. Research has shown that this process may be optimized by the introduction of laser irradiation in the form of photobiomodulation (PBM) to cells. This in vitro study is aimed at generating neuronal-like cells with inducers, chemical or biological, and at furthermore treating these transdifferentiating cells with consecutive PBM of a 525 nm green (G) laser and 825 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser light with a fluence of 10 J/cm2. Cells were exposed to induction type 1 (IT1): 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) (0.5 mM)+indomethacin (200 μM)+insulin (5 μg/ml) for 14 days, preinduced with β-mercaptoethanol (BME) (1 mM) for two days, and then incubated with IT2: β-hydroxyanisole (BHA) (100 μM)+retinoic acid (RA) (10-6 M)+epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 ng/ml)+basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (10 ng/ml) for 14 days and preinduced with β-mercaptoethanol (BME) (1 mM) for two days and then incubated with indomethacin (200 μM)+RA (1 μM)+forskolin (10 μM) for 14 days. The results were evaluated through morphological observations, viability, proliferation, and migration studies, 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days post-PBM. The protein detection of an early neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and late, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The genetic expression was also explored through real-time PCR. Results indicated differentiation in all experimental groups; however, cells that were preinduced showed higher proliferation and a higher differentiation rate than the group that was not preinduced. Within the preinduced groups, results indicated that cells treated with IT2 and consecutive PBM upregulated differentiation the most morphologically and physiologically.
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17
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Novel DCX pathogenic variant in a girl with subcortical band heterotopia. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), is a brain malformation defined by symmetrical and bilateral heterotopic gray matter bands localized deep within the white matter, between the cortex and lateral ventricles. SBH is the result of abnormal neuronal migration, with improper positioning of the cortical neurons. DCX gene (doublecortin), a microtubule-associated protein with essential roles in neuronal migration and differentiation during brain development, is one of the main contributors to the X-linked Lissencephaly spectrum pathogenesis (OMIM #300067). DCX variants are responsible for SBH in females and isolated lissencephaly in males. Herein, we present a 7-year-old girl with a de novo frameshift variant in DCX gene, unreported by date. The patient has focal complex seizures with onset at 23 months of age, fully controlled with medication, mild tremor and coordination impairment of fine movements and some learning difficulties, otherwise with normal development. The brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed the presence of thick SBH. Direct sequencing of DCX gene revealed a pathogenic heterozygous cytosine duplication in exon 3; this frameshift variant leads to a premature stop codon in position 164 (p.Gln160Profs*5). The variant type and its predicted consequence at protein level correlates with the severity of radiological findings. The clinical presentation of our patient is, however, milder than expected. Our research expands the mutational spectrum of DCX gene in SBH females and provides a detailed clinical and imagistic description of the patient. This paper highlights the utility of single gene sequencing as a first-tier diagnostic test of patients with gene-specific phenotypic features.
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18
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Delprato A, Xiao E, Manoj D. Connecting DCX, COMT and FMR1 in social behavior and cognitive impairment. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2022; 18:7. [PMID: 35590332 PMCID: PMC9121553 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-022-00191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants of DCX, COMT and FMR1 have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders related to intellectual disability and social behavior. In this systematic review we examine the roles of the DCX, COMT and FMR1 genes in the context of hippocampal neurogenesis with respect to these disorders with the aim of identifying important hubs and signaling pathways that may bridge these conditions. Taken together our findings indicate that factors connecting DCX, COMT, and FMR1 in intellectual disability and social behavior may converge at Wnt signaling, neuron migration, and axon and dendrite morphogenesis. Data derived from genomic research has identified a multitude of genes that are linked to brain disorders and developmental differences. Information about where and how these genes function and cooperate is lagging behind. The approach used here may help to shed light on the biological underpinnings in which key genes interface and may prove useful for the testing of specific hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Delprato
- Department of Research and Education, BioScience Project, Wakefield, MA, 01880, USA.
| | - Emily Xiao
- Department of Research and Education, BioScience Project, Wakefield, MA, 01880, USA.,Alexander Mackenzie High School, Richmond Hill, ON, 14519, Canada
| | - Devika Manoj
- Department of Research and Education, BioScience Project, Wakefield, MA, 01880, USA.,Lambert High School, Suwanee, GA, 30024, USA
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19
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Stouffer MA, Khalaf-Nazzal R, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Albertini G, Bandet E, Grannec G, Lavilla V, Deleuze JF, Olaso R, Nosten-Bertrand M, Francis F. Doublecortin mutation leads to persistent defects in the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in adult hippocampal pyramidal cells. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105702. [PMID: 35339680 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human doublecortin (DCX) mutations are associated with severe brain malformations leading to aberrant neuron positioning (heterotopia), intellectual disability and epilepsy. DCX is a microtubule-associated protein which plays a key role during neurodevelopment in neuronal migration and differentiation. Dcx knockout (KO) mice show disorganized hippocampal pyramidal neurons. The CA2/CA3 pyramidal cell layer is present as two abnormal layers and disorganized CA3 KO pyramidal neurons are also more excitable than wild-type (WT) cells. To further identify abnormalities, we characterized Dcx KO hippocampal neurons at subcellular, molecular and ultrastructural levels. Severe defects were observed in mitochondria, affecting number and distribution. Also, the Golgi apparatus was visibly abnormal, increased in volume and abnormally organized. Transcriptome analyses from laser microdissected hippocampal tissue at postnatal day 60 (P60) highlighted organelle abnormalities. Ultrastructural studies of CA3 cells performed in P60 (young adult) and > 9 months (mature) tissue showed that organelle defects are persistent throughout life. Locomotor activity and fear memory of young and mature adults were also abnormal: Dcx KO mice consistently performed less well than WT littermates, with defects becoming more severe with age. Thus, we show that disruption of a neurodevelopmentally-regulated gene can lead to permanent organelle anomalies contributing to abnormal adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Stouffer
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - R Khalaf-Nazzal
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - C Cifuentes-Diaz
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - G Albertini
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - E Bandet
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - G Grannec
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - V Lavilla
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - J-F Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - R Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - M Nosten-Bertrand
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - F Francis
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France.
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20
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Lin JR, Cheng JF, Liu YT, Hsu TR, Lin KM, Chen C, Lin CL, Tsai MH, Tsai JW. Novel lissencephaly-associated DCX variants in the C-terminal DCX domain affect microtubule binding and dynamics. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1253-1265. [PMID: 35213059 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathogenic variants in DCX on the X chromosome lead to lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), brain malformations caused by neuronal migration defects. Its product doublecortin (DCX) binds to microtubules to modulate microtubule polymerization. How pathogenic DCX variants affect these activities remains not fully investigated. METHODS DCX variants were identified using whole exome and Sanger sequencing from six families with lissencephaly/SBH. We examined how these variants affect DCX functions using microtubule binding, regrowth, and colocalization assays. RESULTS We found novel DCX variants p.Val177AlafsTer31 and p.Gly188Trp, as well as reported variants p.Arg196His, p.Lys202Met, and p.Thr203Ala. Incidentally, all of the missense variants were clustered on the C-terminal DCX domain. The microtubule binding ability was significantly decreased in p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Gly188Trp, p.Lys202Met, and previously reported p.Asp262Gly variants. Furthermore, expression of p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Gly188Trp, p.Arg196His, p.Lys202Met, and p.Asp262Gly variants hindered microtubule growth in cells. There were also decreases in the colocalization of p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Thr203Ala, and p.Asp262Gly variants to microtubules. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that these variants in the C-terminal DCX domain altered microtubule binding and dynamics, which may underlie neuronal migration defects during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ru Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Tsen Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Epilepsy, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Rong Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Min Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chien Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Epilepsy, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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21
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Matsuhashi A, Matsuo T, Kumada S. Incremental changes in interhemispheric functional connectivity after two-stage corpus callosotomy in a patient with subcortical band heterotopia. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2022; 18:100525. [PMID: 35146404 PMCID: PMC8818921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2022.100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherence calculated from scalp EEG may be utilized to evaluate functional connectivity. Functional connectivity decreased stepwise after anterior/posterior callosotomy. Correlation was seen between functional connectivity and seizure frequency change. Functional connectivity may reflect seizure outcome of callosotomy.
Corpus callosotomy (CC) has been reported to be effective in reducing generalized seizures in patients with drug-resistant epilepsies. However, efficacy is measured only by seizure frequency, without any electrophysiological guidance. Herein, we conducted a quantitative analysis of interhemispheric functional connectivity using inter-electrode coherence of scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) in a clinical case of subcortical band heterotopia to evaluate its relationship with seizure frequency. In our case, seizure frequency decreased significantly after posterior CC but not after anterior CC. Inter-electrode coherence also decreased after posterior CC, suggesting it correlated with seizure frequency. This case study supports the use of inter-electrode coherence as an electrophysiological tool that is useful as predictive factor in evaluating the effectiveness of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ako Matsuhashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Satoko Kumada
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan
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22
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Sánchez-Huertas C, Herrera E. With the Permission of Microtubules: An Updated Overview on Microtubule Function During Axon Pathfinding. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:759404. [PMID: 34924953 PMCID: PMC8675249 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.759404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the establishment of neural circuitry axons often need to cover long distances to reach remote targets. The stereotyped navigation of these axons defines the connectivity between brain regions and cellular subtypes. This chemotrophic guidance process mostly relies on the spatio-temporal expression patterns of extracellular proteins and the selective expression of their receptors in projection neurons. Axon guidance is stimulated by guidance proteins and implemented by neuronal traction forces at the growth cones, which engage local cytoskeleton regulators and cell adhesion proteins. Different layers of guidance signaling regulation, such as the cleavage and processing of receptors, the expression of co-receptors and a wide variety of intracellular cascades downstream of receptors activation, have been progressively unveiled. Also, in the last decades, the regulation of microtubule (MT) assembly, stability and interactions with the submembranous actin network in the growth cone have emerged as crucial effector mechanisms in axon pathfinding. In this review, we will delve into the intracellular signaling cascades downstream of guidance receptors that converge on the MT cytoskeleton of the growing axon. In particular, we will focus on the microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) network responsible of MT dynamics in the axon and growth cone. Complementarily, we will discuss new evidences that connect defects in MT scaffold proteins, MAPs or MT-based motors and axon misrouting during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
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23
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Budisteanu M, Papuc S, Erbescu A, Iliescu C, Dobre M, Barca D, Tarta‑arsene O, Motoescu C, Dica A, Sandu C, Anghelescu C, Craiu D, Arghir A. Clinical and genomic findings in brain heterotopia: Report of a pediatric patient cohort from Romania. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:101. [PMID: 34976143 PMCID: PMC8674960 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain heterotopia is a group of rare malformations with a heterogeneous phenotype, ranging from asymptomatic to a severe clinical picture (drug-resistant epilepsy, severe developmental delay). The etiology is multifactorial, including both genetic and environmental factors. In the present study, a cohort of 15 pediatric patients with brain heterotopia were investigated by clinical examination, electroencephalographic studies, brain imaging, and genomic tests. Most of the patients had epileptic seizures, often difficult to control with one antiepileptic drug; another frequent characteristic in the cohort was developmental delay or intellectual disability, in some cases associated with behavioral problems. The genomic studies revealed an interstitial 22q11.2 microduplication, an anomaly not reported previously in heterotopia patients. Comparing the cohort of the present study with that of a previous series of heterotopia patients, both adult and pediatric, similar aspects, such as the high frequency of drug-resistant epilepsy were observed as well as some differences, such as no systemic malformations and no cases with fatal evolution. The current findings add new data to existing knowledge on a rare heterogeneous disorder. The detailed clinical description, including the epilepsy phenotypes, and genomic profiles bring new insights into a group of disorders, yet to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Budisteanu
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Papuc
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Erbescu
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catrinel Iliescu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Dobre
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Barca
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Tarta‑arsene
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Motoescu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alice Dica
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Sandu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Anghelescu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Craiu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Arghir
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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24
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Mahmud R. Subcortical Band Heterotopia Presented With Refractory Epilepsy and Reversible Aphasia. Cureus 2021; 13:e16990. [PMID: 34540393 PMCID: PMC8422252 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder due to mutation in the DCX or LIS1 gene. It is predominantly a disease of females. Its presentation varied widely, ranging from mild epilepsy and mental retardation to refractory epilepsy and severe mental retardation. Here, a case of a 22-year-old lady with refractory seizure is reported. She also had expressive aphasia which had reversed after adjustment of the anti-epileptic drugs and control of the seizure. Her MRI of the brain revealed a band of complete gray matter deep to the pachygyric cortex and an electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed bi-frontal slow waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reaz Mahmud
- Neurology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, BGD
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25
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Multiple Sclerosis-Associated hnRNPA1 Mutations Alter hnRNPA1 Dynamics and Influence Stress Granule Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062909. [PMID: 33809384 PMCID: PMC7998649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that dysfunctional heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1; A1) contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Understanding molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis may result in novel therapies that attenuate neurodegeneration, thereby improving the lives of MS patients with multiple sclerosis. Using an in vitro, blue light induced, optogenetic protein expression system containing the optogene Cryptochrome 2 and a fluorescent mCherry reporter, we examined the effects of multiple sclerosis-associated somatic A1 mutations (P275S and F281L) in A1 localization, cluster kinetics and stress granule formation in real-time. We show that A1 mutations caused cytoplasmic mislocalization, and significantly altered the kinetics of A1 cluster formation/dissociation, and the quantity and size of clusters. A1 mutations also caused stress granule formation to occur more quickly and frequently in response to blue light stimulation. This study establishes a live cell optogenetics imaging system to probe localization and association characteristics of A1. It also demonstrates that somatic mutations in A1 alter its function and promote stress granule formation, which supports the hypothesis that A1 dysfunction may exacerbate neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis.
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26
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Excitatory/Inhibitory Synaptic Ratios in Polymicrogyria and Down Syndrome Help Explain Epileptogenesis in Malformations. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 116:41-54. [PMID: 33450624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio between excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs into maturing individual cortical neurons influences their epileptic potential. Structural factors during development that alter synaptic inputs can be demonstrated neuropathologically. Increased mitochondrial activity identifies neurons with excessive discharge rates. METHODS This study focuses on the neuropathological examinaion of surgical resections for epilepsy and at autopsy, in fetuses, infants, and children, using immunocytochemical markers, and electron microscopy in selected cases. Polymicrogyria and Down syndrome are highlighted. RESULTS Factors influencing afferent synaptic ratios include the following: (1) synaptic short-circuitry in fused molecular zones of adjacent gyri (polymicrogyria); (2) impaired development of dendritic spines decreasing excitation (Down syndrome); (3) extracellular keratan sulfate proteoglycan binding to somatic membranes but not dendritic spines may be focally diminished (cerebral atrophy, schizencephaly, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria) or augmented, ensheathing individual axons (holoprosencephaly), or acting as a barrier to axonal passage in the U-fiber layer. If keratan is diminished, glutamate receptors on the neuronal soma enable ectopic axosomatic excitatory synapses to form; (4) dysplastic, megalocytic neurons and balloon cells in mammalian target of rapamycin disorders; (5) satellitosis of glial cells displacing axosomatic synapses; (6) peri-neuronal inflammation (tuberous sclerosis) and heat-shock proteins. CONCLUSIONS Synaptic ratio of excitatory/inhibitory afferents is a major fundamental basis of epileptogenesis at the neuronal level. Neuropathology can demonstrate subcellular changes that help explain either epilepsy or lack of seizures in immature brains. Synaptic ratios in malformations influence postnatal epileptogenesis. Single neurons can be hypermetabolic and potentially epileptogenic.
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27
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Brock S, Cools F, Jansen AC. Neuropathology of genetically defined malformations of cortical development-A systematic literature review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:585-602. [PMID: 33480109 PMCID: PMC8359484 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Malformations of cortical development (MCD) include a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical, imaging, molecular and histopathological entities. While the understanding of genetic causes of MCD has improved with the availability of next-generation sequencing modalities, genotype-histopathological correlations remain limited. This is the first systematic review of molecular and neuropathological findings in patients with MCD to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature. METHODS A systematic review was performed between November 2019 and February 2020. A MEDLINE search was conducted for 132 genes previously linked to MCD in order to identify studies reporting macroscopic and/or microscopic findings in patients with a confirmed genetic cause. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included in this review reporting neuropathological features associated with pathogenic variants in 46 genes (46/132 genes, 34.8%). Four groups emerged, consisting of (1) 13 genes with well-defined histological-genotype correlations, (2) 27 genes for which neuropathological reports were limited, (3) 5 genes with conflicting neuropathological features, and (4) 87 genes for which no histological data were available. Lissencephaly and polymicrogyria were reported most frequently. Associated brain malformations were variably present, with abnormalities of the corpus callosum as most common associated feature. CONCLUSIONS Neuropathological data in patients with MCD with a defined genetic cause are available only for a small number of genes. As each genetic cause might lead to unique histopathological features of MCD, standardised thorough neuropathological assessment and reporting should be encouraged. Histological features can help improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of MCD and generate hypotheses with impact on further research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brock
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium.,Neurogenetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Cools
- Department of Neonatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna C Jansen
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Manka SW, Moores CA. Pseudo-repeats in doublecortin make distinct mechanistic contributions to microtubule regulation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e51534. [PMID: 33051979 PMCID: PMC7726794 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is a neuronal microtubule-associated protein (MAP) indispensable for brain development. Its flexibly linked doublecortin (DC) domains-NDC and CDC-mediate microtubule (MT) nucleation and stabilization, but it is unclear how. Using high-resolution time-resolved cryo-EM, we mapped NDC and CDC interactions with tubulin at different MT polymerization stages and studied their functional effects on MT dynamics using TIRF microscopy. Although coupled, each DC repeat within DCX appears to have a distinct role in MT nucleation and stabilization: CDC is a conformationally plastic module that appears to facilitate MT nucleation and stabilize tubulin-tubulin contacts in the nascent MT lattice, while NDC appears to be favored along the mature lattice, providing MT stabilization. Our structures of MT-bound DC domains also explain in unprecedented detail the DCX mutation-related brain defects observed in the clinic. This modular composition of DCX reflects a common design principle among MAPs where pseudo-repeats of tubulin/MT binding elements chaperone or stabilize distinct conformational transitions to regulate distinct stages of MT dynamic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon W Manka
- Institute of Structural and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, BirkbeckUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, BirkbeckUniversity of LondonLondonUK
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29
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Castello MA, Gleeson JG. Insight into developmental mechanisms of global and focal migration disorders of cortical development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:77-84. [PMID: 33099181 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortical development involves neurogenesis followed by migration, maturation, and myelination of immature neurons. Disruptions in these processes can cause malformations of cortical development (MCD). Radial glia (RG) are the stem cells of the brain, both generating neurons and providing the scaffold upon which immature neurons radially migrate. Germline mutations in genes required for cell migration, or cell-cell contact, often lead to global MCDs. Somatic mutations in RG in genes involved in homeostatic function, like mTOR signaling, often lead to focal MCDs. Two different mutations occurring in the same patient can combine in ways we are just beginning to understand. Our growing knowledge about MCD suggests mTOR inhibitors may have expanded utility in treatment-resistant epilepsy, while imaging techniques can better delineate the type and extent of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Castello
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Child Neurology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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30
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Plantier V, Watrin F, Buhler E, Martineau FS, Sahu S, Manent JB, Bureau I, Represa A. Direct and Collateral Alterations of Functional Cortical Circuits in a Rat Model of Subcortical Band Heterotopia. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4253-4262. [PMID: 30534979 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), also known as double-cortex syndrome, is a neuronal migration disorder characterized by an accumulation of neurons in a heterotopic band below the normotopic cortex. The majority of patients with SBH have mild to moderate intellectual disability and intractable epilepsy. However, it is still not clear how cortical networks are organized in SBH patients and how this abnormal organization contributes to improper brain function. In this study, cortical networks were investigated in the barrel cortex in an animal model of SBH induced by in utero knockdown of Dcx, main causative gene of this condition in human patients. When the SBH was localized below the Barrel Field (BF), layer (L) four projection to correctly positioned L2/3 pyramidal cells was weakened due to lower connectivity. Conversely, when the SBH was below an adjacent cortical region, the excitatory L4 to L2/3 projection was stronger due to increased L4 neuron excitability, synaptic strength and excitation/inhibition ratio of L4 to L2/3 connection. We propose that these developmental alterations contribute to the spectrum of clinical dysfunctions reported in patients with SBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Plantier
- INMED, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Françoise Watrin
- INMED, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- INMED, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, Marseille 13009, France
| | | | - Surajit Sahu
- INMED, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, Marseille 13009, France
| | | | - Ingrid Bureau
- INMED, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Alfonso Represa
- INMED, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, Marseille 13009, France
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31
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Panda PK, Sharawat IK, Joshi K, Dawman L, Bolia R. Clinical spectrum of KIAA2022/NEXMIF pathogenic variants in males and females: Report of three patients from Indian kindred with a review of published patients. Brain Dev 2020; 42:646-654. [PMID: 32600841 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, with the advent of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, supplemented with linkage analysis, more than 150 genes responsible for X-linked intellectual disability have been identified. Some genes like NEXMIF remain an enigmatic entity, as often the carrier females show wide phenotypic diversity ranging from completely asymptomatic to severe intellectual disability and drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS We report three patients with pathogenic NEXMIF variants from an Indian family. All of them had language predominant developmental delay and later progressed to moderate intellectual disability with autistic features. We also reviewed the previously published reports of patients with pathogenic NEXMIF variants. RESULTS Together with the presented cases, 45 cases (24 symptomatic females) were identified from 15 relevant research items for analysis. Males have demonstrated a more severe intellectual disability and increasingly delayed walking age, autistic features, central hypotonia, and gastroesophageal reflux. In contrast, females have shown a predominant presentation with drug-resistant epilepsy and mild to moderate intellectual impairment. Notably, the affected females demonstrate a higher incidence of myoclonic, absence, and atonic seizures. The majority of the variants reported are nonsense or frameshift mutations, causing loss of function of the NEXMIF gene, while a considerable proportion possesses chromosomal translocations, microdeletions, and duplications. CONCLUSIONS NEXMIF gene mutations should be suspected in all cases of X-linked ID and autism cases in males or even in refractory epilepsy cases in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Kumar Panda
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, India
| | - Indar Kumar Sharawat
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, India.
| | - Kriti Joshi
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, India
| | - Lesa Dawman
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rishi Bolia
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, India
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32
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Gavrilovici C, Jiang Y, Kiroski I, Teskey GC, Rho JM, Nguyen MD. Postnatal Role of the Cytoskeleton in Adult Epileptogenesis. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa024. [PMID: 32864616 PMCID: PMC7446231 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cytoskeletal proteins can cause early infantile and childhood epilepsies by misplacing newly born neurons and altering neuronal connectivity. In the adult epileptic brain, cytoskeletal disruption is often viewed as being secondary to aberrant neuronal activity and/or death, and hence simply represents an epiphenomenon. Here, we review the emerging evidence collected in animal models and human studies implicating the cytoskeleton as a potential causative factor in adult epileptogenesis. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose that cytoskeletal disruption may be an important pathogenic mechanism in the mature epileptic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Gavrilovici
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Yulan Jiang
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ivana Kiroski
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
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33
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Miller D, Kremer K. Frequent Awakenings and Fits With Aerobics. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 106:72-73. [PMID: 32127224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derryl Miller
- Department of Child Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Kelly Kremer
- Department of Child Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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34
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Nestin Selectively Facilitates the Phosphorylation of the Lissencephaly-Linked Protein Doublecortin (DCX) by cdk5/p35 to Regulate Growth Cone Morphology and Sema3a Sensitivity in Developing Neurons. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3720-3740. [PMID: 32273484 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2471-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin, an intermediate filament protein widely used as a marker of neural progenitors, was recently found to be expressed transiently in developing cortical neurons in culture and in developing mouse cortex. In young cortical cultures, nestin regulates axonal growth cone morphology. In addition, nestin, which is known to bind the neuronal cdk5/p35 kinase, affects responses to axon guidance cues upstream of cdk5, specifically, to Sema3a. Changes in growth cone morphology require rearrangements of cytoskeletal networks, and changes in microtubules and actin filaments are well studied. In contrast, the roles of intermediate filament proteins in this process are poorly understood, even in cultured neurons. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism by which nestin affects growth cone morphology and Sema3a sensitivity. We find that nestin selectively facilitates the phosphorylation of the lissencephaly-linked protein doublecortin (DCX) by cdk5/p35, but the phosphorylation of other cdk5 substrates is not affected by nestin. We uncover that this substrate selectivity is based on the ability of nestin to interact with DCX, but not with other cdk5 substrates. Nestin thus creates a selective scaffold for DCX with activated cdk5/p35. Last, we use cortical cultures derived from Dcx KO mice to show that the effects of nestin on growth cone morphology and on Sema3a sensitivity are DCX-dependent, thus suggesting a functional role for the DCX-nestin complex in neurons. We propose that nestin changes growth cone behavior by regulating the intracellular kinase signaling environment in developing neurons. The sex of animal subjects is unknown.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nestin, an intermediate filament protein highly expressed in neural progenitors, was recently identified in developing neurons where it regulates growth cone morphology and responsiveness to the guidance cue Sema3a. Changes in growth cone morphology require rearrangements of cytoskeletal networks, but the roles of intermediate filaments in this process are poorly understood. We now report that nestin selectively facilitates phosphorylation of the lissencephaly-linked doublecortin (DCX) by cdk5/p35, but the phosphorylation of other cdk5 substrates is not affected. This substrate selectivity is based on preferential scaffolding of DCX, cdk5, and p35 by nestin. Additionally, we demonstrate a functional role for the DCX-nestin complex in neurons. We propose that nestin changes growth cone behavior by regulating intracellular kinase signaling in developing neurons.
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Rivero Rodríguez D, Scherle Matamoros C, Dicapua Sacoto D, Maldonado Samaniego N. Double cortex syndrome in a male patient without lissencephaly. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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36
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Síndrome de doble corteza en paciente masculino adulto sin lisencefalia. Neurologia 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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37
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Moustaki K, Buhler E, Martinez R, Watrin F, Represa A, Manent JB. Size of Subcortical Band Heterotopia Influences the Susceptibility to Hyperthermia-Induced Seizures in a Rat Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:473. [PMID: 31680876 PMCID: PMC6813413 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in human and rodent models have suggested that preexisting neurodevelopmental defects could predispose immature brains to febrile seizures (FS). However, the impact of the anatomical extent of preexisting cortical malformations on FS susceptibility was never assessed. Here, we induced hyperthermic seizures (HS) in rats with bilateral subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and found variable degrees of HS susceptibility depending on inter-individual anatomical differences in size and extent of SBH. This indicates that an association exists between the overall extent or location of a cortical malformation, and the predisposition to FS. This also suggests that various predisposing factors and underlying causes may contribute to the etiology of complex FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Moustaki
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée INMED, INSERM UMR 1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée INMED, INSERM UMR 1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Robert Martinez
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée INMED, INSERM UMR 1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Watrin
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée INMED, INSERM UMR 1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alfonso Represa
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée INMED, INSERM UMR 1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Manent
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée INMED, INSERM UMR 1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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38
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Martineau FS, Sahu S, Plantier V, Buhler E, Schaller F, Fournier L, Chazal G, Kawasaki H, Represa A, Watrin F, Manent JB. Correct Laminar Positioning in the Neocortex Influences Proper Dendritic and Synaptic Development. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2976-2990. [PMID: 29788228 PMCID: PMC6041803 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is a 6-layered laminated structure with a precise anatomical and functional organization ensuring proper function. Laminar positioning of cortical neurons, as determined by termination of neuronal migration, is a key determinant of their ability to assemble into functional circuits. However, the exact contribution of laminar placement to dendrite morphogenesis and synapse formation remains unclear. Here we manipulated the laminar position of cortical neurons by knocking down doublecortin (Dcx), a crucial effector of migration, and show that misplaced neurons fail to properly form dendrites, spines, and functional glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. We further show that knocking down Dcx in properly positioned neurons induces similar but milder defects, suggesting that the laminar misplacement is the primary cause of altered neuronal development. Thus, the specific laminar environment of their fated layers is crucial for the maturation of cortical neurons, and influences their functional integration into developing cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surajit Sahu
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U901, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Alfonso Represa
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U901, Marseille, France
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39
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Collins SC, Uzquiano A, Selloum M, Wendling O, Gaborit M, Osipenko M, Birling MC, Yalcin B, Francis F. The neuroanatomy of Eml1 knockout mice, a model of subcortical heterotopia. J Anat 2019; 235:637-650. [PMID: 31173351 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a highly organized structure responsible for advanced cognitive functions. Its development relies on a series of steps including neural progenitor cell proliferation, neuronal migration, axonal outgrowth and brain wiring. Disruption of these steps leads to cortical malformations, often associated with intellectual disability and epilepsy. We have generated a new resource to shed further light on subcortical heterotopia, a malformation characterized by abnormal neuronal position. We describe here the generation and characterization of a knockout (KO) mouse model for Eml1, a microtubule-associated protein showing mutations in human ribbon-like subcortical heterotopia. As previously reported for a spontaneous mouse mutant showing a mutation in Eml1, we observe severe cortical heterotopia in the KO. We also observe abnormal progenitor cells in early corticogenesis, likely to be the origin of the defects. EML1 KO mice on the C57BL/6N genetic background also appear to present a wider phenotype than the original mouse mutant, showing additional brain anomalies, such as corpus callosum abnormalities. We compare the anatomy of male and female mice and also study heterozygote animals. This new resource will help unravel roles for Eml1 in brain development and tissue architecture, as well as the mechanisms leading to severe subcortical heterotopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Collins
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Olivia Wendling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marion Gaborit
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Maria Osipenko
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Binnaz Yalcin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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40
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Martineau FS, Fournier L, Buhler E, Watrin F, Sargolini F, Manent JB, Poucet B, Represa A. Spared cognitive and behavioral functions prior to epilepsy onset in a rat model of subcortical band heterotopia. Brain Res 2019; 1711:146-155. [PMID: 30689978 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), also known as doublecortex syndrome, is a malformation of cortical development resulting from mutations in the doublecortin gene (DCX). It is characterized by a lack of migration of cortical neurons that accumulate in the white matter forming a heterotopic band. Patients with SBH may present mild to moderate intellectual disability as well as epilepsy. The SBH condition can be modeled in rats by in utero knockdown (KD) of Dcx. The affected cells form an SBH reminiscent of that observed in human patients and the animals develop a chronic epileptic condition in adulthood. Here, we investigated if the presence of a SBH is sufficient to induce cognitive impairment in juvenile Dcx-KD rats, before the onset of epilepsy. Using a wide range of behavioral tests, we found that the presence of SBH did not appear to affect motor control or somatosensory processing. In addition, cognitive abilities such as learning, short-term and long-term memory, were normal in pre-epileptic Dcx-KD rats. We suggest that the SBH presence is not sufficient to impair these behavioral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauriane Fournier
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1249, Marseille 13273 CEDEX 09, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1249, Marseille 13273 CEDEX 09, France
| | - Françoise Watrin
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1249, Marseille 13273 CEDEX 09, France
| | - Francesca Sargolini
- LNC - Fédération de recherche 3C, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR7291, Marseille 13331 CEDEX 03, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Manent
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1249, Marseille 13273 CEDEX 09, France
| | - Bruno Poucet
- LNC - Fédération de recherche 3C, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR7291, Marseille 13331 CEDEX 03, France
| | - Alfonso Represa
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1249, Marseille 13273 CEDEX 09, France.
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41
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Malformazioni dello sviluppo corticale. Neurologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(19)42019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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42
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Represa A. Why Malformations of Cortical Development Cause Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:250. [PMID: 30983952 PMCID: PMC6450262 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs), a complex family of rare disorders, result from alterations of one or combined developmental steps, including progenitors proliferation, neuronal migration and differentiation. They are an important cause of childhood epilepsy and frequently associate cognitive deficits and behavioral alterations. Though the physiopathological mechanisms of epilepsy in MCD patients remain poorly elucidated, research during the past decade highlighted the contribution of some factors that will be reviewed in this paper and that include: (i) the genes that caused the malformation, that can be responsible for a significant reduction of inhibitory cells (e.g., ARX gene) or be inducing cell-autonomous epileptogenic changes in affected neurons (e.g., mutations on the mTOR pathway); (ii) the alteration of cortical networks development induced by the malformation that will also involve adjacent or distal cortical areas apparently sane so that the epileptogenic focus might be more extended that the malformation or even localized at distance from it; (iii) the normal developmental processes that would influence and determine the onset of epilepsy in MCD patients, particularly precocious in most of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Represa
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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43
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How Cells Fold the Cerebral Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 38:776-783. [PMID: 29367288 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1106-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Folding of the cerebral cortex is as highly intriguing as poorly understood. At first sight, this may appear as simple tissue crumpling inside an excessively small cranium, but the process is clearly much more complex and developmentally predetermined. Whereas theoretical modeling supports a critical role for biomechanics, experimental evidence demonstrates the fundamental role of specific progenitor cell types, cellular processes, and genetic programs on cortical folding.Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: How Forces Fold the Cerebral Cortex, by Christopher D. Kroenke and Philip V. Bayly.
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44
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Buchsbaum IY, Cappello S. Neuronal migration in the CNS during development and disease: insights from in vivo and in vitro models. Development 2019; 146:146/1/dev163766. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.163766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Neuronal migration is a fundamental process that governs embryonic brain development. As such, mutations that affect essential neuronal migration processes lead to severe brain malformations, which can cause complex and heterogeneous developmental and neuronal migration disorders. Our fragmented knowledge about the aetiology of these disorders raises numerous issues. However, many of these can now be addressed through studies of in vivo and in vitro models that attempt to recapitulate human-specific mechanisms of cortical development. In this Review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these model systems and suggest that a complementary approach, using combinations of in vivo and in vitro models, will broaden our knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie defective neuronal positioning in the human cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Yasmin Buchsbaum
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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45
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Broix L, Asselin L, Silva CG, Ivanova EL, Tilly P, Gilet JG, Lebrun N, Jagline H, Muraca G, Saillour Y, Drouot N, Reilly ML, Francis F, Benmerah A, Bahi-Buisson N, Belvindrah R, Nguyen L, Godin JD, Chelly J, Hinckelmann MV. Ciliogenesis and cell cycle alterations contribute to KIF2A-related malformations of cortical development. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:224-238. [PMID: 29077851 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic findings reported by our group and others showed that de novo missense variants in the KIF2A gene underlie malformations of brain development called pachygyria and microcephaly. Though KIF2A is known as member of the Kinesin-13 family involved in the regulation of microtubule end dynamics through its ATP dependent MT-depolymerase activity, how KIF2A variants lead to brain malformations is still largely unknown. Using cellular and in utero electroporation approaches, we show here that KIF2A disease-causing variants disrupts projection neuron positioning and interneuron migration, as well as progenitors proliferation. Interestingly, further dissection of this latter process revealed that ciliogenesis regulation is also altered during progenitors cell cycle. Altogether, our data suggest that deregulation of the coupling between ciliogenesis and cell cycle might contribute to the pathogenesis of KIF2A-related brain malformations. They also raise the issue whether ciliogenesis defects are a hallmark of other brain malformations, such as those related to tubulins and MT-motor proteins variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Broix
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France.,Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS U8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75000, France
| | - Laure Asselin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Carla G Silva
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina L Ivanova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Peggy Tilly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Johan G Gilet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS U8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75000, France
| | - Hélène Jagline
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Giuseppe Muraca
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS U8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75000, France
| | - Yoann Saillour
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS U8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75000, France
| | - Nathalie Drouot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Madeline Louise Reilly
- Paris Diderot University, Paris 75013, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm UMR-S 839, Paris 75005, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75000, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75000, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Paris Diderot University, Paris 75013, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Richard Belvindrah
- Inserm UMR-S 839, Paris 75005, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75000, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75000, France
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Juliette D Godin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France.,Service de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Maria-Victoria Hinckelmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67400, France.,CNRS U7104, Illkirch 67400, France.,INSERM U964, Illkirch 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
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46
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Sahu S, Buhler E, Vermoyal JC, Watrin F, Represa A, Manent JB. Spontaneous epileptiform activity in a rat model of bilateral subcortical band heterotopia. Epilepsia 2018; 60:337-348. [PMID: 30597542 PMCID: PMC7027481 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malformations of cortical development are common causes of intellectual disability and epilepsy, yet there is a crucial lack of relevant preclinical models associating seizures and cortical malformations. Here, we describe a novel rat model with bilateral subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and examine whether this model develops spontaneous epileptic seizures. METHODS To generate bilateral SBH in rats, we combined RNAi-mediated knockdown of Dcx and in utero electroporation with a tripolar electrode configuration enabling simultaneous transfection of the two brain hemispheres. To determine whether bilateral SBH leads to epileptiform activity, rats of various ages were implanted for telemetric electrocorticographic recordings and histopathological examination was carried out at the end of the recording sessions. RESULTS By 2 months, rats with bilateral SBH showed nonconvulsive spontaneous seizures consisting of spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) with dominant frequencies in the alpha and theta bands and secondarily in higher-frequency bands. SWDs occurred during both the dark and the light period, but were more frequent during quiet awake state than during sleep. Also, SWDs were more frequent and lasted longer at older ages. No sex differences were found. Although frequencies and durations of SWDs were found to be uncorrelated with the size of SBH, SWDs were initiated in some occasions from brain hemispheres comprising a larger SBH. Lastly, SWDs exhibited absence-like pharmacological properties, being temporarily alleviated by ethosuximide administration. SIGNIFICANCE This novel model of bilateral SBH with spontaneous epilepsy may potentially provide valuable new insights into causality between cortical malformations and seizures, and help translational research aiming at designing novel treatment strategies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Sahu
- Neurobiology Institute of the Mediterranean (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR1249, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- Neurobiology Institute of the Mediterranean (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR1249, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Vermoyal
- Neurobiology Institute of the Mediterranean (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR1249, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Watrin
- Neurobiology Institute of the Mediterranean (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR1249, Marseille, France
| | - Alfonso Represa
- Neurobiology Institute of the Mediterranean (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR1249, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Manent
- Neurobiology Institute of the Mediterranean (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR1249, Marseille, France
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47
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Lambert N, Dauve C, Ranza E, Makrythanasis P, Santoni F, Sloan-Béna F, Gimelli S, Blouin JL, Guipponi M, Bottani A, Antonarakis SE, Kosel MM, Fluss J, Paoloni-Giacobino A. Novel NEXMIF pathogenic variant in a boy with severe autistic features, intellectual disability, and epilepsy, and his mildly affected mother. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:847-850. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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48
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Genetics and mechanisms leading to human cortical malformations. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 76:33-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Teplyshova AM, Gaskin VV, Kustov GV, Gudkova AA, Luzin RV, Trifonov IS, Lebedeva AV. [Subcortical laminar heterotopia 'double cortex syndrome']. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:75-79. [PMID: 29213043 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171179275-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a clinical case of a 29-year-old patient with 'Double cortex syndrome' with epilepsy, intellectual and mental disorders. Subcortical band heterotopia is a rare disorder of neuronal migration. Such patients typically present with epilepsy and variable degrees of mental retardation and behavioral and intellectual disturbances. The main diagnostic method is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Teplyshova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Gaskin
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Kustov
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Gudkova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - R V Luzin
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia, Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - I S Trifonov
- Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Lebedeva
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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50
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González-Morón D, Vishnopolska S, Consalvo D, Medina N, Marti M, Córdoba M, Vazquez-Dusefante C, Claverie S, Rodríguez-Quiroga SA, Vega P, Silva W, Kochen S, Kauffman MA. Germline and somatic mutations in cortical malformations: Molecular defects in Argentinean patients with neuronal migration disorders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185103. [PMID: 28953922 PMCID: PMC5617183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration disorders are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of malformations of cortical development, frequently responsible for severe disability. Despite the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying this group of diseases, their genetic diagnosis remains unattainable in a high proportion of cases. Here, we present the results of 38 patients with lissencephaly, periventricular heterotopia and subcortical band heterotopia from Argentina. We performed Sanger and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of DCX, FLNA and ARX and searched for copy number variations by MLPA in PAFAH1B1, DCX, POMT1, and POMGNT1. Additionally, somatic mosaicism at 5% or higher was investigated by means of targeted high coverage NGS of DCX, ARX, and PAFAH1B1. Our approach had a diagnostic yield of 36%. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 14 patients, including 10 germline (five novel) and 4 somatic mutations in FLNA, DCX, ARX and PAFAH1B1 genes. This study represents the largest series of patients comprehensively characterized in our population. Our findings reinforce the importance of somatic mutations in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of neuronal migration disorders and contribute to expand their phenotype-genotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores González-Morón
- Consultorio y laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IBCN "Eduardo de Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Vishnopolska
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Consalvo
- Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Medina
- Consultorio y laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Marti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Córdoba
- Consultorio y laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IBCN "Eduardo de Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Vazquez-Dusefante
- Consultorio y laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Claverie
- Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Alejandro Rodríguez-Quiroga
- Consultorio y laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Vega
- Consultorio y laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Silva
- Sección Neurofisiología y Epilepsia, Consultorio de Epilepsias Refractarias, Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Kochen
- Centro de Epilepsia, División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Andrés Kauffman
- Consultorio y laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Programa de Medicina de Precisión y Genómica Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Derqui, Argentina
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