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Chen C, Zhang Y, Loomis MM, Upton MP, Lohavanichbutr P, Houck JR, Doody DR, Mendez E, Futran N, Schwartz SM, Wang P. Genome-Wide Loss of Heterozygosity and DNA Copy Number Aberration in HPV-Negative Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Associations with Disease-Specific Survival. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135074. [PMID: 26247464 PMCID: PMC4527746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx (OSCC) is associated with high case-fatality. For reasons that are largely unknown, patients with the same clinical and pathologic staging have heterogeneous response to treatment and different probability of recurrence and survival, with patients with Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal tumors having the most favorable survival. To gain insight into the complexity of OSCC and to identify potential chromosomal changes that may be associated with OSCC mortality, we used Affymtrix 6.0 SNP arrays to examine paired DNA from peripheral blood and tumor cell populations isolated by laser capture microdissection to assess genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and DNA copy number aberration (CNA) and their associations with risk factors, tumor characteristics, and oral cancer-specific mortality among 75 patients with HPV-negative OSCC. We found a highly heterogeneous and complex genomic landscape of HPV-negative tumors, and identified regions in 4q, 8p, 9p and 11q that seem to play an important role in oral cancer biology and survival from this disease. If confirmed, these findings could assist in designing personalized treatment or in the creation of models to predict survival in patients with HPV-negative OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuzheng Zhang
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Loomis
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa P. Upton
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pawadee Lohavanichbutr
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John R. Houck
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David R. Doody
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Mendez
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Neal Futran
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pei Wang
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Gunduz E, Gunduz M, Ali MAS, Beder L, Tamamura R, Katase N, Tominaga S, Yamanaka N, Shimizu K, Nagatsuka H. Loss of Heterozygosity at the 9p21–24 Region and Identification of BRM as a Candidate Tumor Suppressor Gene in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:661-8. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900802563010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Czerninski R, Krichevsky S, Ashhab Y, Gazit D, Patel V, Ben-Yehuda D. Promoter hypermethylation of mismatch repair genes, hMLH1 and hMSH2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2009; 15:206-13. [PMID: 19207881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Major risk factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are environmental and can lead to DNA mutagenesis. Mismatch repair (MMR) system functions to repair small DNA lesions, which can be targeted for promoter hypermethylation. We therefore wanted to test whether hypermethylation of MMR genes (hMLH1, hMSH2) could contribute to oral carcinogenesis by correlating the information to patient clinical data. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from 28 OSCC and six normal oral epithelium samples. The methylation status of the two MMR genes was assessed using Methylation Specific PCR after DNA modification with sodium bisulfite. Serial sections of the same tissues were immunostained with antibodies against hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein. RESULTS Promoter hypermethylation was observed in 14/28 OSCC cases. Remarkably, 100% of patients with multiple oral malignancies showed hypermethylation in hMLH1 or hMSH2 compared with 31.5% of single tumor patients. In 10 cancer cases, expression of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes by immunostaining showed reduced or absence of expression of one of the genes, although some did not reflect the methylation status. CONCLUSIONS Hypermethylation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 might play a role in oral carcinogenesis and may be correlated with a tendency to develop multiple oral malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Czerninski
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Rivero ERC, Horta MCR, Silva Guerra EN, Ferraz AR, Nunes FD. Loss of heterozygosity of the APC gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:793-7. [PMID: 18617334 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the APC tumor suppressor gene loci, using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) in 40 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Observed informativity was 72.5% for APC exon 11 and 82.5% for APC exon 15. LOH at APC exon 11 was observed in 2 (6.9%) of 29 informative cases, and no LOH was observed for APC exon 15. Our results suggest that inactivation of the APC gene plays a minor role in the carcinogenesis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R C Rivero
- Department of Pathology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-370, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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De Schutter H, Spaepen M, Mc Bride WH, Nuyts S. The clinical relevance of microsatellite alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a critical review. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:734-41. [PMID: 17473833 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggered by the existing confusion in the field, the current paper aimed to review the current knowledge of both microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) detected by microsatellite markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and to provide the reader with an assessment of their prognostic and predictive value in this tumor type. For both MSI and LOH, various detection methods were included such as mono- and polynucleotidemarkers and gel- as well as automated analyses. Only studies based on PCR techniques with microsatellite markers were considered. Taking the methodological problems occurring in investigations with microsatellite markers into account, LOH seems to be more common than MSI in HNSCC. Although both types of microsatellite alterations have been correlated with clinicopathological features of this tumor type, only LOH seems to have a clear prognostic value. The predictive value of both MSI and LOH is debatable. More research has to be performed to clearly establish LOH detection as a translational application in the HNSCC field, aiming to predict response to treatments or outcome, and eventually to use as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlinde De Schutter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lab of Experimental Radiotherapy, UH Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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Ogawa K, Tanuma JI, Hirano M, Hirayama Y, Semba I, Shisa H, Kitano M. Selective loss of resistant alleles at p15INK4B and p16INK4A genes in chemically-induced rat tongue cancers. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:710-7. [PMID: 16527513 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that susceptibility to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced tongue cancer in Dark-Agouti (DA) and Wistar/Furth (WF) rats was determined by a number of quantitative trait loci. In this article, we further scrutinized one of the quantitative trait loci at a suggestive level on rat chromosome 5. Analyzing a DNA panel of 130 (DAxWF) F2 rats treated with 4NQO showed a quantitative trait loci, containing p15INK4B and p16INK4A. To study the possible relevance of these genes in the development of tongue cancer, we examined 45 4NQO-induced tongue cancers in 100 (DAxWF) F1 rats for loss of heterozygosity. The incidence of loss of heterozygosity at p15INK4B and p16INK4A genes in large advanced tongue cancers was 37.8% and 40.0%, respectively, and the WF allele was selectively lost. Accumulation of loss of heterozygosity and methylation of the promoter regions in the tumour suppressor genes in advanced tumours suggests that they may play a role in tongue cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Ogawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Field of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Fowler MH, Fowler J, Ducatman B, Barnes L, Hunt JL. Malignant mixed tumors of the salivary gland: a study of loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor genes. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:350-5. [PMID: 16400327 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carcinosarcomas and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands are rare tumors that fit into the broader category of malignant mixed tumors. Although most evidence has suggested that the different morphologic components arise from a common clonal origin, there are very few studies that have provided molecular evidence for this clonality. In this study, we examined a set of seven carcinosarcomas and four carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma for tumor suppressor gene loss of heterozygosity, in order to assess the clonal patterns in the varying components. Microdissection was performed to obtain each morphological component and tumor suppressor gene loci on 3p, 5q, 9p, 17p, 17q, and 18q were analyzed. The fractional allelic loss (FAL) was calculated for each area, and the different targets were compared for their molecular profile. The overall mean FAL of the malignant targets was 42%. In carcinosarcomas, the sarcomatous targets had a higher mean FAL than the carcinomatous targets (68 vs 46%, respectively) and in carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma, the mean FAL in the benign component was 11 vs 46% seen in the carcinomatous component. The most frequently lost genetic loci were p53 (17p13, 73%), nm23-H1 (17q21, 55%), and DCC (18q21, 50%). Loss of heterozygosity of 17q21 and 9p21 only occurred in carcinosarcomas and not in carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma. Within the carcinosarcomas, the mutational profiles were conserved between epithelial and sarcomatous areas. In carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma, loss of heterozygosity was uncommon in the benign component, but the mutations were conserved in the corresponding malignant areas. These results support the hypothesis that the carcinomatous and sarcomatous components of carcinosarcomas are clonally related. Furthermore, these data support prior studies that suggest a common clonal origin for the benign and malignant components of carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Female
- Genes, DCC/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mixed Tumor, Malignant/genetics
- Mixed Tumor, Malignant/pathology
- NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases
- Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase/genetics
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/genetics
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Fowler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Tran TN, Liu Y, Takagi M, Yamaguchi A, Fujii H. Frequent promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A and p16INK4a and infrequent allelic loss other than 9p21 in betel-associated oral carcinoma in a Vietnamese non-smoking/non-drinking female population. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34:150-6. [PMID: 15689228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betel-chewing, a risk factor for oral carcinoma, is a common habit of elderly Vietnamese females, but concomitant habits of tobacco and alcohol are uncommon. METHODS In the present study, 36 paraffin-embedded betel-associated oral carcinoma samples including 27 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and nine verrucous carcinomas (VC) were analyzed for the hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of important TSG loci. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was used to identify promoter hypermethylation of p16INK4a and RASSF1A. For LOH analysis, 39 microsatellite markers at 12 chromosomal arms were examined by p olymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based microsatellite assay. RESULTS Hypermethylation of p16IKN4a was detected in 63% of SCC and 67% of VC. In addition, LOH at 9p21 (locus for p16INK4a) was 58% for SCC and 22% for VC, and hypermethylation of RASSF1A was 93% for SCC and 100% for VC. LOH at 3p21.3-3p22.1 (where RASSF1A is located) was detected in only 12% of SCC and 0% of VC. LOH of other chromosomal arms were infrequent. CONCLUSION As LOH for chromosomes other than 9p was uncommon, epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A and p16INK4a gene expression by promoter hypermethylation may play a critical role in betel-associated oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Ngoc Tran
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wan M, Chow J, Lei K, Chan W. Allelotyping of gastrointestinal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. Leuk Res 2004; 28:339-43. [PMID: 15109531 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 08/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKL) is a rare but distinct malignancy that often involves the mid-facial region and the gastrointestinal tract. This study is the first genome-wide allelotyping analysis on this rare lymphoma. We applied 382 microsatellite markers covering loci which spanned 22 autosomes to screen for allelic imbalances (AI) in six intestinal NKL. The most common chromosomal regions of allelic imbalances were found in 11p, 9q and 13q. Novel spots of allelic losses spots found at 2p21, 2q37.22, 18p11.21 and 18q12.1. In spite of presence of a few recurrent loci of imbalances, the allelotyping results show that NKL is heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Wan
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong SAR, China
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Nakayama K, Takebayashi Y, Hata K, Fujiwaki R, Iida K, Fukumoto M, Miyazaki K. Allelic loss at 19q12 and Xq11-12 predict an adverse clinical outcome in patients with mucinous ovarian tumours of low malignant potential. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:1204-10. [PMID: 15026802 PMCID: PMC2409654 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian tumours of low malignant potential (LMP) are intermediate between adenomas and ovarian carcinomas. These tumours are often associated with a significantly better prognosis than ovarian carcinomas. However, a subset of these tumours can progress and become lethal. In order to seek sensitive diagnostic tools for monitoring patients after surgical operation, we performed a genome-wide scan for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 41 mucinous LMPs using 91 polymorphic microsatellite markers at an average interval of 50 cM across all of the human chromosomes and 25 LOH markers reportedly associated with ovarian carcinoma. In addition, we assessed whether clinicopathological parameters, microvessel density, Ki-67 labeling index, apoptotic index or p53 overexpression would be useful for predicting the postoperative outcome of LMP patients. Of the 116 markers examined, 19q12 and Xq11-12 showed significant correlation between postoperative progression-free survival time and LOH status (P<0.05). Patients with a high Ki-67 labeling index had a significantly poorer progression-free survival time than those with lower levels (P=0.042). Other clinicopathological factors and immunohistochemical analysis had no correlation with progression-free survival time in this series of patients. When the combination of LOH at 19q12 and/or Xq11-12 was assessed using Cox's regression analysis, patients with tumours that showed LOH at these positions were at greatest risk of progression (P=0.0073). These findings suggest that the identification of LOH at 19q12 and/or Xq11-12 in former mucinous LMP sites should alert the clinician to the presence of a potentially aggressive lesion in the coelomic epithelium, even if a distinction between second primary tumours or recurrence could not be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane Medical University, Enyacho 89-1, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.
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Papagerakis S, Shabana AH, Depondt J, Pibouin L, Blin-Wakkach C, Berdal A. Altered plakoglobin expression at mRNA and protein levels correlates with clinical outcome in patients with oropharynx squamous carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:75-85. [PMID: 14745728 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2003.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that expression of plakoglobin is down-regulated during malignant transformation. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the expression of plakoglobin at the mRNA and protein levels in primary oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and determine the extent to which the patterns of expression correlated with clinical parameters. Plakoglobin expression was evaluated in 37 new tumor cases and normal oral epithelium using immunofluorescence, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Northern and Western blotting analysis. The results indicated that the steady-state levels of plakoglobin protein were down-regulated in all tumors compared with normal epithelium. Furthermore, in 87.1% of the tumors, plakoglobin immunoreactivity displayed an abnormal cytoplasmic localization that was inversely correlated with tumor size and directly correlated with a poor clinical outcome for the patient. Northern blotting analysis revealed that down-regulation of mRNA expression occurred in only 65.6% of the tumors, with plakoglobin mRNA levels similar to normal epithelium in the remaining cases. In the tumors expressing mRNA levels similar to those of normal tissue, a 3.7-kb transcript was detected in addition to the expected 3.4-kb transcript observed in normal epithelium. RT-PCR analysis of the 3' untranslated region of the 3.7-kb plakoglobin mRNA transcript identified a 297-base insertion from +2369 to +2666 that had been previously reported only in transformed cell lines (GenBank M23410). Interestingly, the prognosis was poor for patients with tumors expressing both RNA transcripts. These results are consistent with the concept that complex regulation of plakoglobin expression and intracellular routing may contribute to malignant transformation. The study also shows evidence that the level of expression and intracellular localization of plakoglobin may be useful in predicting the course of disease in patients with oropharyngeal SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Papagerakis
- Laboratory of Orofacial Biology and Pathology, INSERM EMI-U 0110, University of Paris 7, IFR 58, Institut Biomedical des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Tremmel SC, Götte K, Popp S, Weber S, Hörmann K, Bartram CR, Jauch A. Intratumoral genomic heterogeneity in advanced head and neck cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 144:165-74. [PMID: 12850380 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(03)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the extent of intratumoral genetic heterogeneity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We therefore examined 79 stage III and IV primary HNSCCs (P) and matched lymph node metastases (M) for over- and underrepresentation of specific chromosome regions by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The overall ratio of gains and losses was higher in metastases than in primary tumors (4/1 vs. 2.5/1). Gains of 3q (78.1% P vs. 87.5% M) and 11q (78.1% P vs. 62.5% M) and deletions of 3p (43.8% P vs. 34.4% M) and 9p (31.3% P vs. 15.6% M) were most frequently detected. The highest rate of intratumoral discordance was observed for primary tumors and corresponding metastases (32.8%) compared with matched pairs of two metastases (26.5%) and of two anatomically distinct sides of one primary tumor (24.3%). Furthermore, the discordance rate was dependent on the primary tumor site (oral cavity 49.2%, oropharynx 31%, hypopharynx 30.3%, and larynx 27.3%). In some tumors, the extent of genomic discordance argues against a monoclonal origin. In conclusion, we found a high individual variation of intratumoral genomic heterogeneity depending on the localization and selection of matched pairs. These findings are of specific importance in view of establishing prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C Tremmel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Nunn J, Nagini S, Risk JM, Prime W, Maloney P, Liloglou T, Jones AS, Rogers SR, Gosney JR, Woolgar J, Field JK. Allelic imbalance at the DNA mismatch repair loci, hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1, hPMS2 and hMSH3, in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:115-29. [PMID: 12509964 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is one of the 10 most frequently occurring cancers in the world. Defective mismatch repair, as exhibited by the phenomenon of microsatellite instability, has been observed in SCCHN although no reports of mismatch repair gene mutations or altered protein expression have been published. In a variety of microsatellite instability (MSI) positive cancers where mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes were not observed, allelic imbalance at the loci of the MMR genes was prevalent. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether allelic imbalance at the MMR genetic loci contributes to the development of SCCHN. MATERIALS AND METHODS 35 matched normal/tumour SCCHN pairs were studied using 29 microsatellite markers located within and adjacent to six known DNA mismatch repair genes. In addition, mutational analysis and protein expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 were investigated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that 36 and 17% of the analysed SCCHN specimens exhibited allele imbalance at the hMLH1 and hMSH3 genetic loci, respectively. Allelic instability at these two loci was found to be correlated with the MSI status of the SCCHN tumours. Allelic instability was found to be uncommon at the other MMR gene loci analysed. One mutation was found in hMSH2 and none in hMLH1 in this series of tumours. 23 of 24 (96%) of the examined SCCHN tumours showed reduced expression of either hMSH2 or hMCH1 genes. Allelic instability in the MMR genes, hMLH1 and hMSH3, is proposed to be involved in the aetiology of SCCHN tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nunn
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Department of Clinical Dental Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Katoh M. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of RNF26 on Human Chromosome 11q23 Region, Encoding a Novel RING Finger Protein with Leucine Zipper. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282:1038-44. [PMID: 11352657 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations of RING finger genes, encoding an ubiquitin-protein ligase, are implicated in several types of human cancer through dysregulation of growth regulators. Here, a novel RING finger gene, RNF26, was cloned and characterized. The RNF26 gene on human chromosome 11q23 region was found to encode a polypeptide of 433 amino acids with the N-terminal leucine zipper domain and the C-terminal RING finger domain. Among the RING finger protein family, RING finger domains of RNF26, CGR19, NEURL, KIAA0554, and AK022937 were found to constitute a novel C3HC5 subfamily, which is distinct from C3H2C3 or C3HC4 subfamilies. RING finger domain of RNF26 was most homologous to that of CGR19 (49% amino-acid identity). The 3.2-kb RNF26 mRNA was expressed ubiquitously in normal human tissues, but was upregulated in several human cancer cell lines, including HL-60 (promyelocytic leukemia), HeLa S3 (cervical uterus cancer), SW480 (colorectal cancer), and MKN7 (gastric cancer). In addition, RNF26 was upregulated in 50% of primary gastric cancer examined in this study. Although substrates of ubiquitination mediated by RNF26 remain to be elucidated, RNF26 upregulation in several types of human cancer might be implicated in carcinogenesis through dysregulation of its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katoh
- Genetics and Cell Biology Section, Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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Scully C, Field JK, Tanzawa H. Genetic aberrations in oral or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCCHN): 1. Carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair and cell cycle control. Oral Oncol 2000; 36:256-63. [PMID: 10793327 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to metabolise carcinogens or pro-carcinogens, repair DNA damage, and control cell signalling and the cell cycle are fundamental to homeostasis. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (oral cancer) and many squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) may, under appropriate exposure to mutagens, arise if these mechanisms are defective. SCCHN arise as a consequence of multiple molecular events induced by the effects of various carcinogens from habits such as tobacco use, influenced by environmental factors, possibly viruses in some instances, against a background of heritable resistance or susceptibility. Consequent genetic damage affects many chromosomes and genes, and it is the accumulation of these changes that appears to lead to carcinoma in some instances, sometimes via a clinically evident pre-malignant, or potentially malignant, lesion. Although lifestyle factors play a prominent role in aetiology, some patients appear susceptible because of an inherited trait in their ability or inability to metabolise carcinogens or pro-carcinogens, possibly along with an impaired ability to repair the DNA damage. This is the first of a series of three papers reviewing the advances in the understanding of this area of research since our last review [Scully C, Field JK. Genetic aberrations in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), with reference to oral carcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 1977;10:5-21] and discusses mainly oral carcinoma in the context of SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scully
- Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, University of London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, UK.
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