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Dąbrowski A, Nowicki M, Budzyńska A, Suchodolski J, Ogórek R, Chabowski M, Przywara K. Analysis of CYP1B1 Polymorphisms in Lung Cancer Patients Using Novel, Quick and Easy Methods Based on CAPS and ACRS-PCR Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6676. [PMID: 38928381 PMCID: PMC11203417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the sequence of the CYP1B1 gene, more than 50 polymorphisms, resulting from single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been described. Some of them play an important role as specific genetic markers in the process of carcinogenesis and for therapeutic purposes. In this publication, we present methods we have developed that enable the specific and unambiguous identification of four polymorphisms that result in amino acid changes: c. 142C > G, c. 355G > T, c. 1294C > G, and c. 1358A > G. Our studies are based on cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPSs) and artificially created restriction site (ACRS) PCR techniques; therefore, they require only basic laboratory equipment and low financial outlays. Utilizing the described methods allows for the reduction of research time and cost, and the minimization of errors. Their effectiveness and efficiency depend on the careful design of appropriate primers and the precise selection of suitable restriction enzymes. As a result, further confirmation by sequencing is not necessary. Using the developed method, we examined 63 patients diagnosed with lung cancer and observed a 1.5 to 2.1 times higher frequency of the analyzed single-nucleotide polymorphisms compared to the frequency in the European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dąbrowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics “Bio-Genetik” NZOZ, 50-525 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Maciej Nowicki
- Department of Surgery, 4th Military Teaching Hospital, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Budzyńska
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (A.B.); (J.S.); (R.O.)
| | - Jakub Suchodolski
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (A.B.); (J.S.); (R.O.)
| | - Rafał Ogórek
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (A.B.); (J.S.); (R.O.)
| | - Mariusz Chabowski
- Department of Surgery, 4th Military Teaching Hospital, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.C.)
- Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Division of Anesthesiological and Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 51-377 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Przywara
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (A.B.); (J.S.); (R.O.)
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2
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Flor LS, Anderson JA, Ahmad N, Aravkin A, Carr S, Dai X, Gil GF, Hay SI, Malloy MJ, McLaughlin SA, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, O'Connell EM, Okereke C, Sorensen RJD, Whisnant J, Zheng P, Gakidou E. Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study. Nat Med 2024; 30:149-167. [PMID: 38195750 PMCID: PMC10803272 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Despite a gradual decline in smoking rates over time, exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) continues to cause harm to nonsmokers, who are disproportionately children and women living in low- and middle-income countries. We comprehensively reviewed the literature published by July 2022 concerning the adverse impacts of SHS exposure on nine health outcomes. Following, we quantified each exposure-response association accounting for various sources of uncertainty and evaluated the strength of the evidence supporting our analyses using the Burden of Proof Risk Function methodology. We found all nine health outcomes to be associated with SHS exposure. We conservatively estimated that SHS increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and lung cancer by at least around 8%, 5%, 1% and 1%, respectively, with the evidence supporting these harmful associations rated as weak (two stars). The evidence supporting the harmful associations between SHS and otitis media, asthma, lower respiratory infections, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was weaker (one star). Despite the weak underlying evidence for these associations, our results reinforce the harmful effects of SHS on health and the need to prioritize advancing efforts to reduce active and passive smoking through a combination of public health policies and education initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa S Flor
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jason A Anderson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Ahmad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Aravkin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sinclair Carr
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Dai
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabriela F Gil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew J Malloy
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan A McLaughlin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin C Mullany
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin M O'Connell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chukwuma Okereke
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reed J D Sorensen
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanna Whisnant
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peng Zheng
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emmanuela Gakidou
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Jin M, Chen H, Na J, An H, Li Z, Li N. Passive smoking and insomnia in rural Chinese nonsmoking housewives: An environmental and genetic perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107569. [PMID: 36219910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Active smoking has been a risk factor for insomnia, however, little is known about the effect of passive smoking on insomnia. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potential contents in tobacco smoke. We aimed to investigate the association between passive smoking exposure and insomnia, plus the modification effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to PAHs metabolism. A cross-sectional study with 392 nonsmoking women was conducted in a rural area of Shanxi Province, China. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the information on passive smoking exposure, insomnia and other health-related factors via face-to-face interviews. We simultaneously collected participants' hair samples to measure the concentrations of 26 PAHs. Whole blood samples were collected to test 9 SNPs related to PAHs metabolism. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between passive smoking and insomnia, as well as the relation between passive smoking and PAHs concentrations. We further examined the potential interaction effects between passive smoking and SNPs on insomnia. 118 (30.1 %) were exposed to passive smoking and 128 (32.7 %) suffered from insomnia. Passive smoking nearly doubled the probability of insomnia with adjusted odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval of (1.99: 1.16, 3.39). Dose-response association between passive smoking and insomnia was observed by passive smoking frequency (P trend < 0.001). Among the 7 PAHs measured with detection rates > 70 %, no specific PAH was detected to be associated with passive smoking exposure after Bonferroni correction. The mutant genotypes of CYP1B1 (rs1056836), AHR (rs2066853), and AHRR (rs2292596) were detected to have synergetic effects with passive smoking on insomnia after multivariate adjustment. We found a positive association between passive smoking status and insomnia among nonsmoking women. This association could be modified by SNPs related to PAHs metabolism. PAHs might not be the environmentally potential mechanism involved in the insomnia caused by tobacco smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jin
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/ Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, PR China
| | - Huiting Chen
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/ Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, PR China
| | - Jigen Na
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/ Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, PR China
| | - Hang An
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/ Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/ Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, PR China.
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/ Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, PR China.
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Ortuzar N, Karu K, Presa D, Morais GR, Sheldrake HM, Shnyder SD, Barnieh FM, Loadman PM, Patterson LH, Pors K, Searcey M. Probing cytochrome P450 (CYP) bioactivation with chloromethylindoline bioprecursors derived from the duocarmycin family of compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 40:116167. [PMID: 33932713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The duocarmycins belong to a class of agent which has great potential for use in cancer therapy. Their exquisite potency means they are too toxic for systemic use, and targeted approaches are required to unlock their clinical potential. In this study, we have explored seco-OH-chloromethylindoline (CI) duocarmycin-based bioprecursors for their potential for cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated cancer cell kill. We report on synthetic and biological explorations of racemic seco-CI-MI, where MI is a 5-methoxy indole motif, and dehydroxylated analogues. We show up to a 10-fold bioactivation of de-OH CI-MI and a fluoro bioprecursor analogue in CYP1A1-transfected cells. Using CYP bactosomes, we also demonstrate that CYP1A2 but not CYP1B1 or CYP3A4 has propensity for potentiating these compounds, indicating preference for CYP1A bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ortuzar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Kersti Karu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Daniela Presa
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Goreti R Morais
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Helen M Sheldrake
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Steve D Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Francis M Barnieh
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Laurence H Patterson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Mark Searcey
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Pathak AK, Husain N, Kant S, Bala L. Relevance of genetic polymorphisms in tobacco-related detoxifying enzymes in non-small cell lung carcinoma susceptibility. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Waterpipe tobacco smoking and gene variants of CYP1A1-Ile462Val and -MspI polymorphisms are possibly associated with the risk of lung cancer in the Iraqi population. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Hester J, Ventetuolo C, Lahm T. Sex, Gender, and Sex Hormones in Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:125-170. [PMID: 31853950 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) encompasses a syndrome of diseases that are characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular remodeling and that frequently lead to right ventricular (RV) failure and death. Several types of PH exhibit sexually dimorphic features in disease penetrance, presentation, and progression. Most sexually dimorphic features in PH have been described in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a devastating and progressive pulmonary vasculopathy with a 3-year survival rate <60%. While patient registries show that women are more susceptible to development of PAH, female PAH patients display better RV function and increased survival compared to their male counterparts, a phenomenon referred to as the "estrogen paradox" or "estrogen puzzle" of PAH. Recent advances in the field have demonstrated that multiple sex hormones, receptors, and metabolites play a role in the estrogen puzzle and that the effects of hormone signaling may be time and compartment specific. While the underlying physiological mechanisms are complex, unraveling the estrogen puzzle may reveal novel therapeutic strategies to treat and reverse the effects of PAH/PH. In this article, we (i) review PH classification and pathophysiology; (ii) discuss sex/gender differences observed in patients and animal models; (iii) review sex hormone synthesis and metabolism; (iv) review in detail the scientific literature of sex hormone signaling in PAH/PH, particularly estrogen-, testosterone-, progesterone-, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-mediated effects in the pulmonary vasculature and RV; (v) discuss hormone-independent variables contributing to sexually dimorphic disease presentation; and (vi) identify knowledge gaps and pathways forward. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:125-170, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, Occupational and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Corey Ventetuolo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tim Lahm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, Occupational and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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8
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Madeen E, Siddens LK, Uesugi S, McQuistan T, Corley RA, Smith J, Waters KM, Tilton SC, Anderson KA, Ognibene T, Turteltaub K, Williams DE. Toxicokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in humans: Extensive metabolism as determined by UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry following oral micro-dosing. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 364:97-105. [PMID: 30582946 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), is a known human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) class 1). The remarkable sensitivity (zepto-attomole 14C in biological samples) of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) makes possible, with de minimus risk, pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis following [14C]-BaP micro-dosing of humans. A 46 ng (5 nCi) dose was given thrice to 5 volunteers with minimum 2 weeks between dosing and plasma collected over 72 h. [14C]-BaPeq PK analysis gave plasma Tmax and Cmax values of 1.25 h and 29-82 fg/mL, respectively. PK parameters were assessed by non- compartment and compartment models. Intervals between dosing ranged from 20 to 420 days and had little impact on intra-individual variation. DNA, extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 4 volunteers, showed measurable levels (LOD ~ 0.5 adducts/1011 nucleotides) in two individuals 2-3 h post-dose, approximately three orders of magnitude lower than smokers or occupationally-exposed individuals. Little or no DNA binding was detectable at 48-72 h. In volunteers the allelic variants CYP1B1*1/*⁎1, *1/*3 or *3/*3 and GSTM1*0/0 or *1 had no impact on [14C]-BaPeq PK or DNA adduction with this very limited sample. Plasma metabolites over 72 h from two individuals (one CYP1B1*1/*1 and one CYP1B1*3/*3) were analyzed by UPLC-AMS. In both individuals, parent [14C]-BaP was a minor constituent even at the earliest time points and metabolite profiles markedly distinct. AMS, coupled with UPLC, could be used in humans to enhance the accuracy of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics and risk assessment of environmental carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Madeen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sandra Uesugi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Richard A Corley
- NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Chemical Biology and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jordan Smith
- NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Chemical Biology and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Katrina M Waters
- NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Chemical Biology and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ted Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Turteltaub
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA; Biology and Biotechnology Research Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Jin X, Liu X, Zhang Z, Guan Y, Xv R, Li J. Identification of key pathways and genes in lung carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4185-4192. [PMID: 30250533 PMCID: PMC6144915 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify key pathways and genes in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The GSE10072 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Protein-protein interaction data were collected from Human Protein Reference Database, and 201 pathways were downloaded from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Signaling network impact analysis was performed to identify enriched pathways, followed by the construction of a pathway-pathway crosstalk network. Benzopyrene was used to treat normal human lung cells at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 µM, and cell viability was measured. Furthermore, growth arrest and DNA damage inducible β (GADD45B), p53, cyclin B, Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-κB protein levels were also measured via western blotting. Impact analysis identified 11 enriched lung cancer-associated KEGG pathways, including 'complement and coagulation cascades', 'ECM-receptor interaction', 'P53 signaling pathway', 'cell adhesion molecules' and 'focal adhesion'. In addition, cell cycle, 'drug metabolism-cytochrome P450', 'metabolic pathways', 'pathways in cancer', 'focal adhesion' and 'antigen processing and presentation' were central in the pathway-pathway cross-talk network. Furthermore, the upregulated gene GADD45B was associated with three of the pathways, including an activated pathway ('MAPK signaling pathway') and two repressed pathways ('cell cycle' and 'P53 pathway'). Western blotting demonstrated that the expression of NF-κB, Akt and GADD45B increased over time in lung cells treated with benzopyrene, whereas the expression levels of cyclin B and P53 decreased. In conclusion, GADD45B may contribute to lung carcinogenesis via affecting the MAPK, P53 signaling and cell cycle pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jin
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Department of ICU, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of PICU, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Guan
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ren Xv
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pneumology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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Elfaki I, Mir R, Almutairi FM, Duhier FMA. Cytochrome P450: Polymorphisms and Roles in Cancer, Diabetes and Atherosclerosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2057-2070. [PMID: 30139042 PMCID: PMC6171375 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.8.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450s (CYPs) constitute a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of drugs and other substances. Endogenous substrates of CYPs include eicosanoids, estradiol, arachidonic acids, cholesterol, vitamin D and neurotransmitters. Exogenous substrates of CYPs include the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and about 80% of currently used drugs. Some isoforms can activate procarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens. Genetic polymorphisms of CYPs may affect the enzyme catalytic activity and have been reported among different populations to be associated with various diseases and adverse drug reactions. With regard of drug metabolism, phenotypes for CYP polymorphism range from ultrarapid to poor metabolizers. In this review, we discuss some of the most clinically important CYPs isoforms (CYP2D6, CYP2A6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP1B1 and CYP1A2) with respect to gene polymorphisms and drug metabolism. Moreover, we review the role of CYPs in renal, lung, breast and prostate cancers and also discuss their significance for atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin Elfaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Sawrycki P, Domagalski K, Cechowska M, Gąsior M, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Tretyn A. Relationship between CYP1B1 polymorphisms (c.142C > G, c.355G > T, c.1294C > G) and lung cancer risk in Polish smokers. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1569-1577. [PMID: 29938532 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether three of CYP1B1 single nucleotide polymorphisms, c.142C > G, c.355G > T and c.1294C > G are associated with a lung cancer risk. PATIENTS & METHODS A total of 112 lung cancer patients and 100 controls were genotyped using the RFLP-PCR. RESULTS In the c.142C > G polymorphisms, G allele was more frequent in lung cancer patients than in controls (p < 0.001), while in the c.1294C > G polymorphisms, C allele was more frequent in lung cancer patients, than in controls (p = 0.012). In the c.355G > T polymorphism, the distribution of alleles in both analyzed groups was similar. The GTC haplotype turned out to be correlated with the increased lung cancer risk, compared with the most common CGG haplotype (OR: 2.38; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION CYP1B1 gene polymorphisms appear to influence lung cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sawrycki
- Department of Cancer Chemotherapy, Provincial Hospital, Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Domagalski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Department of Plant Physiology & Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prevalence and outcome differences between women and men with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) raise questions about the role of sex hormones in disease pathobiology. This review will summarize the current understanding of sex and sex hormone pathways and their influence on heart-lung function in health and in disease. RECENT FINDINGS Female sex has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of PAH, but women have improved survival compared to men with PAH. These paradoxical observations are likely driven in part by complex sex hormone signaling and processing pathways and their interaction with the pulmonary vasculature and the right ventricle. These relationships may vary depending on an individual's underlying sex, age, and/or genetic substrate. The study of the connections between sex, sex hormones, the pulmonary circulation, and the right ventricle may improve our understanding of disease epidemiology and outcomes and lead to new treatment strategies for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Foderaro
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Corey E Ventetuolo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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13
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Ramirez MI, Arevalo AP, Sotomayor S, Bailon-Moscoso N. Contamination by oil crude extraction - Refinement and their effects on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:415-425. [PMID: 28826075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The harmful effects of oil on various species of flora and fauna have been studied extensively; however, few studies have studied the effects of oil exposure on human health. The objective of this research was to collect information on the acute health effects and serious psychological symptoms of the possible consequences of such exposure to crude oil. Some studies focused on the composition of different chemicals used in the extraction process, and wastes generated proved to be highly harmful to human health. Thus, studies have shown that individuals who live near oil fields or wells - or who take part in activities of cleaning oil spills - have presented health conditions, such as irritation to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, kidney damage, liver, reproductive, among others. In Ecuador, this reality is not different from other countries, and some studies have shown increased diseases related with oil crude and oil spills, like skin irritation, throat, liver, lung, infertility, and abortions, and it has been linked to childhood leukemia. Other studies suggest a direct relationship between DNA damage because of oil resulting in a genetic instability of the main enzymes of cellular metabolism as well as a relationship with some cancers, such as leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Ramirez
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja, 11-01-608, Ecuador.
| | - Ana Paulina Arevalo
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja, 11-01-608, Ecuador.
| | - Santiago Sotomayor
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja, 11-01-608, Ecuador.
| | - Natalia Bailon-Moscoso
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja, 11-01-608, Ecuador.
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Chalela R, Curull V, Enríquez C, Pijuan L, Bellosillo B, Gea J. Lung adenocarcinoma: from molecular basis to genome-guided therapy and immunotherapy. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:2142-2158. [PMID: 28840016 PMCID: PMC5542927 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.06.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although adenocarcinoma (ADC) is the most frequent lung cancer, its diagnosis is often late, when the local invasion is important and/or the metastases have already appeared. Therefore, the mortality at 5 years is still very high, ranging from 51% to 99%, depending on the stage. The implementation of different molecular techniques has allowed genomic studies even in relatively small histological samples such as obtained with non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques, facilitating a better phenotyping of lung ADC. Thus, current classification differentiates between preinvasive lesions (atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and in situ ADC), minimally invasive ADC (MIA) and invasive ADC. 'Field cancerization' is a concept that refers to progressive loco-regional changes occurring in tissues exposed to carcinogens, due to the interaction of the latter with a predisposing genetic background and an appropriate tissue microenvironment. Somatic genetic alterations, including mutations but also other changes, are necessary for oncogenesis, being especially frequent in lung ADC. Changes in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), gene encoding neurofibromin (NF1), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and ROS1 are the main genes that suffer alterations in the tumors of patients with ADC. Molecular profiling of these tumors allows more targeted treatments through two distinct strategies, genome-guided therapy and immunotherapy. The former, targets the aberrant pathways secondary to the genomic alteration, whereas the latter may be based on the administration of antibodies [such as those against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) or the programmed cell death ligand 1/protein 1 pathway (PD-L1/PD-1)] or the stimulation of the patient's own immune system to produce a specific response. These strategies are obtaining better results in selected ADC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chalela
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar; and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Curull
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar; and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lara Pijuan
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bellosillo
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar; and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Ezzeldin N, El-Lebedy D, Darwish A, El-Bastawisy A, Hassan M, Abd El-Aziz S, Abdel-Hamid M, Saad-Hussein A. Genetic polymorphisms of human cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 in an Egyptian population and tobacco-induced lung cancer. Genes Environ 2017; 39:7. [PMID: 28074113 PMCID: PMC5219678 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 helps detoxify the potential carcinogens in tobacco smoke, it was reported that polymorphisms in the coding gene result in variation in the expression and activity levels which alter metabolism and clearance of carcinogens and therefore modify cancer risk. In this work, we aimed to identify CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms associated with lung cancer in Egyptian population and to examine the interaction effect with Tobacco smoking in modulating disease risk. Methods A case–control study was conducted on 150 unrelated lung cancer patients and 150 unrelated control subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted and sequencing analysis of CYP1A1 gene was performed on ABI PRISM 3100 genetic analyzer. Results Three variants in CYP1A1 gene were identified in heterozygous forms in lung cancer patients I462V, T461N and I286T. A combined variant T461N/ I462V associated with lung cancer and those who carried this variant were 2-times more likely to develop lung cancer (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.81-2.29, P = 0.04), specially the non-small cell type (NSCLC) (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.93–2.50, P = 0.02). Wild type was more frequent among smoker controls (83.3%) compared to smoker lung cancer patients (54.8%), P = 0.03. Association studies to examine the interaction effect of identified variants with Tobacco smoking in modulating disease risk showed no significant associations. Identified polymorphisms showed no significant implication on the stage or the prognosis of the disease. Conclusion Our findings support that CYP1A1 polymorphisms play a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. In Egyptian population, CYP1A1 I462V, T461N and I286T variants were identified among lung cancer patients and combined T461N/ I462V was a risk variant for NSCLC in non smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Ezzeldin
- Chest Diseases, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia El-Lebedy
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira Darwish
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Bastawisy
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mirhane Hassan
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amal Saad-Hussein
- Department of Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Lung cancer is predominantly associated with cigarette smoking; however, a substantial minority of patients with the disease have never smoked. In the US it is estimated there are 17,000-26,000 annual deaths from lung cancer in never smokers, which as a separate entity would be the seventh leading cause of cancer mortality. Controversy surrounds the question of whether or not the incidence of lung cancer in never-smokers is increasing, with more data to support this observation in Asia. There are several factors associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer in never smokers including second hand smoke, indoor air pollution, occupational exposures, and genetic susceptibility among others. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histology of lung cancer in never smokers and in comparison to lung cancer in smokers appears less complex with a higher likelihood to have targetable driver mutations.
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17
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Ventetuolo CE, Mitra N, Wan F, Manichaikul A, Barr RG, Johnson C, Bluemke DA, Lima JAC, Tandri H, Ouyang P, Kawut SM. Oestradiol metabolism and androgen receptor genotypes are associated with right ventricular function. Eur Respir J 2015; 47:553-63. [PMID: 26647441 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01083-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones are linked to right ventricular (RV) function, but the relationship between genetic variation in these pathways and RV function is unknown.We performed a cross-sectional study of 2761 genotyped adults without cardiovascular disease. The relationships between RV measures and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10 candidate genes were assessed. Urinary oestradiol (E2) metabolites produced by cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) and serum testosterone were measured in women and men respectively.In African-American (AA) women, the CYP1B1 SNP rs162561 was associated with RV ejection fraction (RVEF), such that each copy of the A allele was associated with a 2.0% increase in RVEF. Haplotype analysis revealed associations with RVEF in AA (global p<7.2×10(-6)) and white (global p=0.05) women. In white subjects, higher E2 metabolite levels were associated with significantly higher RVEF. In men, androgen receptors SNPs (rs1337080; rs5918764) were significantly associated with all RV measures and modified the relationship between testosterone and RVEF.Genetic variation in E2 metabolism and androgen signalling was associated with RV morphology in a sex-specific manner. The CYP1B1 SNP identified is in tight linkage disequilibrium with SNPs associated with pulmonary hypertension and oncogenesis, suggesting these pathways may underpin sexual dimorphism in RV failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey E Ventetuolo
- Depts of Medicine and Health Services, Policy and Practice, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Dept of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fei Wan
- Dept of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Graham Barr
- Dept of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig Johnson
- Dept of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Bluemke
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health/Clinical Center, National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joao A C Lima
- Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hari Tandri
- Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Ouyang
- Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Kawut
- Dept of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Dept of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Chen PF, He XF, Huang GH, Wang W, Qiu ZH. Association Between the CYP1B1 Polymorphisms and Lung Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2015; 15:NP73-82. [PMID: 26283052 DOI: 10.1177/1533034615598866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The previously published data on the association between the cytochrome P450 1B1 Leu432Val, Asn453Ser, and Ala119Ser polymorphisms and lung cancer risk have remained controversial. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between cytochrome P450 1B1 Leu432Val, Asn453Ser, and Ala119Ser polymorphisms and lung cancer risk under different inheritance models. A total of 22 studies were identified, including 2881 cases and 3653 controls for Leu432Val polymorphism (from 13 studies), 3009 cases and 3887 controls for Asn453Ser polymorphism (from 5 studies), and 1301 cases and 2045 controls for Ala119Ser polymorphism (from 4 studies). Overall, significant association was observed between cytochrome P450 1B1 Leu432Val polymorphism and lung cancer risk (dominant model: odds ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.08-1.53; recessive model: odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.05-1.39; additive model: odds ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval = 1.21-1.69) when all the eligible studies were pooled into the meta-analysis. In the further stratified and sensitivity analyses, significantly increased lung cancer risk was also observed in caucasians and smokers. No significant association was observed between cytochrome P450 1B1Asn453Ser and Ala119Ser polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in overall analysis. In summary, this meta-analysis suggests that cytochrome P450 1B1Leu432Val polymorphism is associated with increased lung cancer risk in caucasians and smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fen Chen
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Feng He
- Department of Research, Peace Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Guo-Hua Huang
- Department of Respiration, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Qiu
- Department of Gastroscope Room, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Wang Y, Ren BU, Zhang L, Guo Z. Correlation between metabolic enzyme GSTP1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1521-1527. [PMID: 26622518 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency distribution and characteristics of polymorphic alleles and genotypes in glutathione S-transferase π 1 (GSTP1) exon 5, and to explore the correlation between GSTP1 exon 5 polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Patients were diagnosed with lung cancer from May 2006 to October 2008 by postoperative pathological examination. A total of 150 patients, including 115 males and 35 females, aged 31-76 years (mean, 57.1 years) were enrolled. The control group consisted of 152 healthy volunteers who received physical examination at outpatient clinics. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood of the 302 subjects, and the GSTP1 genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP and restricted enzyme digestion of PCR products. GSTP1 polymorphisms were analyzed in the 302 subjects. The C and G allele frequencies of GSTP1 in the control and lung cancer groups showed no significant difference (P=0.135); the frequencies of three different genotypes, A/A, A/G and G/G, of GSTP1 in the control and lung cancer groups exhibited no significant differences between the two groups (P=0.223). GSTP1 genotype frequencies in the study population fitted the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, demonstrating that the genotype results of this study conform to this genetic law. Overall, 50.7% of the subjects in the lung cancer group carried the non-A/A genotype of GSTP1, which was higher than the 43.4% of the control group. The risk of lung cancer in subjects with the non-A/A genotype was 1.43-fold higher than that in those with the A/A genotype, but no statistical significance was found (P=0.138). GSTP1 exon 5 polymorphisms were demonstrated to be associated with lung cancer susceptibility on the whole. However, stratified analysis suggested the correlation of GSTP1 exon 5 polymorphisms with lung squamous cell carcinoma risk, and that exon 5 polymorphisms might increase the risk of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Exon 5 GSTP1 polymorphisms were not found to be a strong influencing factor in lung cancer risk, but may play a certain role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010059, P.R. China
| | - B U Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010059, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010059, P.R. China
| | - Zhanlin Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010059, P.R. China
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20
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Badavi E, Safavi B, Jalali A, Shahriary GM, Mohammadi-Asl J, Babaei J. Association of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms with Iranian breast cancer patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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21
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Association between the CYP1B1 polymorphisms and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:739-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Takiguchi Y, Sekine I, Iwasawa S, Kurimoto R, Tatsumi K. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for lung cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:660-6. [PMID: 25300704 PMCID: PMC4129530 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer has long been a subject of intense debate. The high prevalence of COPD in elderly smokers inevitably strengthens their coincidence. In addition to this contingent coincidence, recent studies have revealed a close association between the two diseases that is independent of the smoking history; that is, the existence of COPD is an independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer. Molecular-based evidence has been accumulating as a result of the efforts to explain the underlying mechanisms of this association. These mechanisms may include the following: the retention of airborne carcinogens followed by the activation of oncogenes and the suppression of tumor suppressor genes; the complex molecular mechanism associated with chronic inflammation in the distal airways of patients with COPD; the possible involvement of putative distal airway stem cells; and genetic factors that are common to both COPD and lung cancer. The existence of COPD in patients with lung cancer may potentially affect the process of diagnosis, surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and end-of-life care. The comprehensive management of COPD is extremely important for the appropriate treatment of lung cancer. Surgical resections with the aid of early interventions for COPD are often possible, even for patients with mild-to-moderate COPD. New challenges, such as lung cancer CT screening for individuals at high risk, are now in the process of being implemented. Evaluating the risk of lung cancer in patients with COPD may be warranted in community-based lung cancer screening.
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23
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Lao X, Qin X, Peng Q, Chen Z, Lu Y, Liu Y, Li S. Association of CYP1B1 Leu432Val polymorphism and lung cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis. Lung 2014; 192:739-48. [PMID: 24989113 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-014-9618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) a phase I enzyme, is involved in the activation of a broad spectrum of procarcinogens. Impacts on the catalytic activity of the CYP1B1 enzyme, as well as an association of the Leu432Val polymorphism with the risk of lung cancer, have been described; however, the results remain controversial. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of all available studies to clarify the effects of the Leu432Val polymorphism on lung cancer risks basing on 2,543 lung cancer cases and 3,304 controls from ten separate comparisons. We also performed subgroup analyses by ethnicity (categorized as Caucasian, Asian and African-American), gender, smoking status ,and histological type. A pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS A significantly increased risk was found in our meta-analysis in the overall population (Val/Val vs. Leu/Leu: OR = 1.371, 95% CI 1.137-1.652, P = 0.001). In subgroup analysis, significant associations with lung cancer susceptibility were also found in Caucasians (Val/Val vs. Leu/Leu: OR = 1.312, 95% CI 1.075-1.602, P = 0.008), females (Val/Val vs. Leu/Leu: OR = 1.472, 95% CI 1.097-1.976, P = 0.010), and smokers (dominant model Leu/Val + Val/Val vs. Leu/Leu: OR = 1.257, 95% CI 1.016-1.554, P = 0.035). Null results were noted in the subgroup analysis by histological type under different genetic models. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the CYP1B1 Leu432Val polymorphism acts as a risk factor for the carcinogenesis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Lao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
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24
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Association between the CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphism and risk of cancer: Evidence from 268 case–control studies. Gene 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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CYP1B1 L432V Polymorphism and Lung Cancer Risk in the Iranian Population. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/ijb.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Sheldrake HM, Travica S, Johansson I, Loadman PM, Sutherland M, Elsalem L, Illingworth N, Cresswell AJ, Reuillon T, Shnyder SD, Mkrtchian S, Searcey M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Patterson LH, Pors K. Re-engineering of the Duocarmycin Structural Architecture Enables Bioprecursor Development Targeting CYP1A1 and CYP2W1 for Biological Activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6273-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Sheldrake
- Institute
of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Sandra Travica
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Johansson
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul M. Loadman
- Institute
of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Mark Sutherland
- Institute
of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Lina Elsalem
- Institute
of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Nicola Illingworth
- Institute
of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | | | - Tristan Reuillon
- Institute
of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Steven D. Shnyder
- Institute
of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Searcey
- School
of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia,
Norwich Research Park, Norwich
NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | | | | | - Klaus Pors
- Institute
of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
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27
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Xu CH, Wang Q, Qian Q, Zhan P, Yu LK. CYP1A1 exon7 polymorphism is associated with lung cancer risk among the female population and among smokers: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3901-11. [PMID: 23832578 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic polymorphism of the CYP1A1 exon7 (rs1048943) gene is thought to have a significant effect on lung cancer risk, but the results are inconsistent. To assess this relationship more precisely, a meta-analysis was performed. Ultimately, 45 case-control studies, involving 19,689 subjects were included. A significantly increased lung cancer risk was associated with two exon7 genotype variants (for Val/Val vs Ile/Ile: odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10-1.43; for (Ile/Val + Val/Val) vs Ile/Ile: OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.08-1.24) in the overall population. In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, gender, and smoking status, a significant association was found in Asians, Caucasians, and the female population, not the male population. Additionally, a significant association was found in the smoker population, not in the nonsmoker population. This meta-analysis suggests that the exon7 polymorphisms of CYP1A1 correlate with increased lung cancer susceptibility and there is an interaction between CYP1A1 exon7 polymorphisms and smoking, but these associations vary in different genders of the case and control populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-hua Xu
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
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CYP1B1 C4326G polymorphism and susceptibility to cervical cancer in Chinese Han women. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3561-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Hsu NY, Lee H, Cheng YW, Yen Y. [Ribonucleotide reductase and non-small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2012; 15:619-23. [PMID: 23092586 PMCID: PMC6000032 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2012.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Yung Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, China
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López-Cima MF, Álvarez-Avellón SM, Pascual T, Fernández-Somoano A, Tardón A. Genetic polymorphisms in CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 metabolic genes and risk of lung cancer in Asturias. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:433. [PMID: 23013535 PMCID: PMC3518149 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic genes have been associated with the function of metabolizing and detoxifying environmental carcinogens. Polymorphisms present in these genes could lead to changes in their metabolizing and detoxifying ability and thus may contribute to individual susceptibility to different types of cancer. We investigated if the individual and/or combined modifying effects of the CYP1A1 MspI T6235C, GSTM1 present/null, GSTT1 present/null and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms are related to the risk of developing lung cancer in relation to tobacco consumption and occupation in Asturias, Northern Spain. METHODS A hospital-based case-control study (CAPUA Study) was designed including 789 lung cancer patients and 789 control subjects matched in ethnicity, age, sex, and hospital. Genotypes were determined by PCR or PCR-RFLP. Individual and combination effects were analysed using an unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age, pack-years, family history of any cancer and occupation. RESULTS No statistically significant main effects were observed for the carcinogen metabolism genes in relation to lung cancer risk. In addition, the analysis did not reveal any significant gene-gene, gene-tobacco smoking or gene-occupational exposure interactions relative to lung cancer susceptibility. Lastly, no significant gene-gene combination effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genetic polymorphisms in the CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 metabolic genes were not significantly associated with lung cancer risk in the current study. The results of the analysis of gene-gene interactions of CYP1A1 MspI T6235C, GSTM1 present/null, GSTT1 present/null and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms in lung cancer risk indicate that these genes do not interact in lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Felicitas López-Cima
- Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University Institute of Oncology, University of Oviedo, C/Fernando Bongera, s/n, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5. Pabellón 9, planta baja, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara M Álvarez-Avellón
- Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University Institute of Oncology, University of Oviedo, C/Fernando Bongera, s/n, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5. Pabellón 9, planta baja, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Pascual
- Pneumology Department, Cabueñes Hospital, Cabueñes, s/n, Gijón, 33394, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University Institute of Oncology, University of Oviedo, C/Fernando Bongera, s/n, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5. Pabellón 9, planta baja, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University Institute of Oncology, University of Oviedo, C/Fernando Bongera, s/n, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5. Pabellón 9, planta baja, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Ji YN, Wang Q, Suo LJ. CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism contributes to lung cancer susceptibility among lung squamous carcinoma and smokers: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43397. [PMID: 22952673 PMCID: PMC3429471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have examined the association between the CYP1A1 Ile462Val gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in various populations, but their results have been inconsistent. To assess this relationship more precisely, a meta-analysis was performed. Ultimately, 43 case-control studies, comprising 19,228 subjects were included. A significantly elevated lung cancer risk was associated with 2 Ile462Val genotype variants (for Val/Val vs Ile/Ile: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.08-1.40; for (Ile/Val +Val/Val) vs Ile/Ile: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07-1.23) in overall population. In the stratified analysis, a significant association was found in Asians, Caucasians and lung SCC, not lung AC and lung SCLC. Additionally, a significant association was found in smoker population and not found in non-smoker populations. This meta-analysis suggests that the Ile462Val polymorphisms of CYP1A1 correlate with increased lung cancer susceptibility in Asian and Caucasian populations and there is an interaction with smoking status, but these associations vary in different histological types of lung caner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Ji
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Atinkaya C, Taspinar M, Sakiragaoglu O, Oz G, Yazici U, Oztuna D, Tastepe I, Sunguroglu A. The effect of CYP1A1, GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms on the risk of lung cancer: a case-control study. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:1074-80. [PMID: 22893352 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111428630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer, which is mainly affected by environmental factors, is a lethal malignancy. It is also important to investigate the effect of genetic factors on lung cancer aetiology. In this study, we aimed to investigate the distribution of CYP1A1*2C, GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms in Turkish lung cancer patients to determine whether any promoting effect of polymorphisms could cause development of lung cancer. For this purpose, genomic DNA samples obtained from peripheral blood of 128 patients with lung cancer and 122 healthy subjects were analyzed. Genotyping of polymorphic enzymes were carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Although there were no significant differences between groups in terms of CYP1A1 polymorphism, the carriers of CYP1A1 Ile/Val genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 1.224, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.585-2.564) or CYP1A1 Val/Val genotype (OR = 3.058, 95% CI: 0.312-30.303) had an increased risk of lung cancer development. There was no statistical difference between groups in terms of both GSTT1 null genotype (OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 0.590-2.105) and GSTM1 null genotype (OR = 0.776, 95% CI: 0.466-1.290). This is the first case-control study investigating CYP1A1 Ile/Val, GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms in Turkish lung cancer patients. Although we suggest that other genes in addition to the proposed genes could play a role in lung cancer development, the results of our study will contribute to the possible associations between CYP1A1 Ile/Val, GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene polymorphism on the risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansel Atinkaya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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33
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Ji YN, Wang Q, Lin XQ, Suo LJ. CYP1A1 MspI polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: An updated meta-analysis involving 20,209 subjects. Cytokine 2012; 59:324-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fang X, Netzer M, Baumgartner C, Bai C, Wang X. Genetic network and gene set enrichment analysis to identify biomarkers related to cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 39:77-88. [PMID: 22789435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cigarette smoking is the most demonstrated risk factor for the development of lung cancer, while the related genetic mechanisms are still unclear. METHODS The preprocessed microarray expression dataset was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Samples were classified according to the disease state, stage and smoking state. A new computational strategy was applied for the identification and biological interpretation of new candidate genes in lung cancer and smoking by coupling a network-based approach with gene set enrichment analysis. MEASUREMENTS Network analysis was performed by pair-wise comparison according to the disease states (tumor or normal), smoking states (current smokers or nonsmokers or former smokers), or the disease stage (stages I-IV). The most activated metabolic pathways were identified by gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS Panels of top ranked gene candidates in smoking or cancer development were identified, including genes involved in cell proliferation and drug metabolism like cytochrome P450 and WW domain containing transcription regulator 1. Semaphorin 5A and protein phosphatase 1F are the common genes represented as major hubs in both the smoking and cancer related network. Six pathways, e.g. cell cycle, DNA replication, RNA transport, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, vascular smooth muscle contraction and endocytosis were commonly involved in smoking and lung cancer when comparing the top ten selected pathways. CONCLUSION New approach of bioinformatics for biomarker identification and validation can probe into deep genetic relationships between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Our studies indicate that disease-specific network biomarkers, interaction between genes/proteins, or cross-talking of pathways provide more specific values for the development of precision therapies for lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Fang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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35
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Heck JE, Moore LE, Lee YCA, McKay JD, Hung RJ, Karami S, Gaborieau V, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Zaridze DG, Mukeriya A, Mates D, Foretova L, Janout V, Kollárová H, Bencko V, Rothman N, Brennan P, Chow WH, Boffetta P. Xenobiotic metabolizing gene variants and renal cell cancer: a multicenter study. Front Oncol 2012; 2:16. [PMID: 22645715 PMCID: PMC3355831 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The countries of Central and Eastern Europe have among the highest worldwide rates of renal cell cancer (RCC). Few studies have examined whether genetic variation in xenobiotic metabolic pathway genes may modify risk for this cancer. METHODS The Central and Eastern Europe Renal Cell Cancer study was a hospital-based case-control study conducted between 1998 and 2003 across seven centers in Central and Eastern Europe. Detailed data were collected from 874 cases and 2053 controls on demographics, work history, and occupational exposure to chemical agents. Genes [cytochrome P-450 family, N-acetyltransferases, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase I (NQO1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)] were selected for the present analysis based on their putative role in xenobiotic metabolism. Haplotypes were calculated using fastPhase. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by unconditional logistic regression adjusted for country of residence, age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, obesity, and hypertension. RESULTS We observed an increased risk of RCC with one SNP. After adjustment for multiple comparisons it did not remain significant. Neither NAT1 nor NAT2 slow acetylation was associated with disease. CONCLUSION We observed no association between this pathway and renal cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Heck
- International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, France
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Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA. Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. Clin Chest Med 2011. [PMID: 22054876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001.lung] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and around the world. A vast majority of lung cancer deaths are attributable to cigarette smoking, and curbing the rates of cigarette smoking is imperative. Understanding the epidemiology and causal factors of lung cancer can provide additional foundation for disease prevention. This article focuses on modifiable risk factors, including tobacco smoking, occupational carcinogens, diet, and ionizing radiation. It also discusses briefly the molecular and genetic aspects of lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Dela Cruz
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S441-C, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and around the world. A vast majority of lung cancer deaths are attributable to cigarette smoking, and curbing the rates of cigarette smoking is imperative. Understanding the epidemiology and causal factors of lung cancer can provide additional foundation for disease prevention. This article focuses on modifiable risk factors, including tobacco smoking, occupational carcinogens, diet, and ionizing radiation. It also discusses briefly the molecular and genetic aspects of lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Dela Cruz
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S441-C, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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38
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Zhan P, Wang Q, Qian Q, Wei SZ, Yu LK. CYP1A1 MspI and exon7 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis and review. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011; 30:99. [PMID: 22014025 PMCID: PMC3212928 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have examined the association between the CYP1A1 MspI and exon 7 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in various populations, but their results have been inconsistent. METHODS To assess this relationship more precisely, a meta-analysis and review were performed. The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI database was searched for case-control studies published up to June 2010. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS Ultimately, 64 studies, comprising 18,397 subjects from 49 case-control studies of the MspI genotype and 18,518 patients from 40 case-control studies of the exon 7 genotype, were included. A significantly elevated lung cancer risk was associated with 2 MspI genotype variants (for type C vs. Type A: OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.12-1.42; for types B and C combined vs. Type A: OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.13-1.28) in overall population. In the stratified analysis, a significant association was found in Asians, Caucasians, lung SCC, lung AC and Male population, not in mixed population, lung SCLC and female population. However, inconsistent results were observed for CYP1A1 exon7 in our meta-analysis, two variants of the exon 7 polymorphism were associated with a significantly higher risk for lung cancer (for Val/Val vs. Ile/Ile: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.09-1.42; for (Ile/Val +Val/Val) vs. Ile/Ile: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07-1.24) in overall population. In the stratified analysis, a significant assocation was found in Asians, Caucasians, lung SCC and Female population, not in mixed population, lung AD, lung SCLC and Male population. Additionally, a significant association was found in smoker population and not found in non-smoker populations for CYP1A1 MspI and exon7 gene. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the MspI and exon 7 polymorphisms of CYP1A1 correlate with increased lung cancer susceptibility and there is an interaction between two genotypes of CYP1A1 polymorphism and smoking, but these associations vary in different ethnic populations, histological types of lung cancer and gender of case and control population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhan
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, 215 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, No. 81 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Qian
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, 215 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ke Yu
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, 215 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
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Esposito L, Conti D, Ailavajhala R, Khalil N, Giordano A. Lung Cancer: Are we up to the Challenge? Curr Genomics 2011; 11:513-8. [PMID: 21532835 PMCID: PMC3048313 DOI: 10.2174/138920210793175903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide among both men and women, with more than 1 million deaths annually. Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80% of all lung cancers. Although recent advances have been made in diagnosis and treatment strategies, the prognosis of NSCLC patients is poor and it is basically due to a lack of early diagnostic tools. However, in the last years genetic and biochemical studies have provided more information about the protein and gene’s mutations involved in lung tumors. Additionally, recent proteomic and microRNA’s approaches have been introduced to help biomarker discovery. Here we would like to discuss the most recent discoveries in lung cancer pathways, focusing on the genetic and epigenetic factors that play a crucial role in malignant cell proliferation, and how they could be helpful in diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Esposito
- Oncology Research Centre of Mercogliano, Avellino, Italy
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40
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Xu W, Zhou Y, Hang X, Shen D. Current evidence on the relationship between CYP1B1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2821-9. [PMID: 21674184 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CYP1B1 gene and lung cancer risk is still ambiguous. In this meta analysis, we assessed 10 case-control studies included 7,067 cases and 9,374 controls of the association between CYP1B1 SNPs of Leu432Val (rs1056836, 432C>G), Asn453Ser (rs1800440, 453A>G), Ala119Ser (rs1056827, 119G>T), Arg48Gly (rs10012, 48C>G) and the risk of lung cancer. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the strength of association between the polymorphism and lung cancer risk under codominant model, dominant model and additive model respectively. Although there were limitations, this meta analysis indicated that individuals with 432GG genotype had a 39.7% higher risk of having lung cancer than those with the 432CC genotype, and individuals with the 432G allele had a 26.3% increased risk as well. An increased risk of lung cancer of 2.13 fold was observed in individuals with 119TT genotype. For Arg48Gly, individuals with 48GG genotype had a significantly increased risk of lung cancer compared with individuals with 48CC (OR 3.859; 95% CI 2.536-5.87). Elevated risk of lung cancer were observed in dominant model (OR 2.115; 95% CI 1.653-2.705) as well. The risk of lung cancer was elevated as the frequency of G allele increased in additive model (P = 0.000). For individuals with the polymorphism at codon 453, no evidence of such association was observed. Furthermore, a possible association between the CYP1B1 polymorphism at codon 432 and the lung cancer could be detected in individuals of Caucasian origin, while a negative association was suggested in Asians and African-Americans. An increased lung cancer risk was also found in women with polymorphism at codon 453. These results are supportive for the hypothesis that the CYP1B1 432GG, 119TT and 48GG genotypes are low-penetrance risk factors for developing lung cancer, and further studies are needed to validate these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Huihe Road 200, Wuxi 214000, China.
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41
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Chen Z, Li Z, Niu X, Ye X, Yu Y, Lu S, Chen Z. The effect of CYP1A1 polymorphisms on the risk of lung cancer: a global meta-analysis based on 71 case-control studies. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:437-46. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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42
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Azarpira N, Ashraf MJ, Khademi B, Darai M, Hakimzadeh A, Abedi E. Study the polymorphism of CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 loci in Iranian population with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:5443-8. [PMID: 21380731 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer reflects a complicated network of interactions between genes and environmental factors. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a multi-gene superfamily participating in the metabolism of xenobiotics. The aim of our study was to examine whether polymorphisms in the CYP enzyme genes affect the risk of developing larynx squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Polymorphism of CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 genes were investigated in 50 patients with laryngeal SCC and 100 control subjects by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In patients the CYP3A5 3/3 and 1/3genotypes were detected in 92% and 8% respectively. There was no relation between genotype, allele frequency and grade/stage of tumor. In control group, the frequency of CYP3A5 3/3 and CYP3A5 1/3 genotype were 98% and 2% respectively. There was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequency of this gene between patient and control group. In respect of CYP3A41A/B, people in both patient and control groups had the same genotype of CYP3A41A/1A. In this study, the CYP gene variants were not associated with increased risk of laryngeal SCC. Study on the other genetic factors which are involved in activation/detoxication of procarcinogenes, such as CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2E1 and gluthation S transferase is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Azarpira
- Organ Transplant Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Siwicky MD, Petrik JJ, Moorehead RA. The function of IGF-IR in NNK-mediated lung tumorigenesis. Lung Cancer 2011; 71:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Chen B, Qiu LX, Li Y, Xu W, Wang XL, Zhao WH, Wu JQ. The CYP1B1 Leu432Val polymorphism contributes to lung cancer risk: Evidence from 6501 subjects. Lung Cancer 2010; 70:247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Almoguera B, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Gomez-Dominguez B, Lopez-Rodriguez R, Dorado P, Vaquero-Lorenzo C, Dal-Ré R, Fernandez-Piqueras J, LLerena A, Abad-Santos F, Ayuso C. Evaluating a newly developed pharmacogenetic array: screening in a Spanish population. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1619-25. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: How genes affect the response in a patient to a given medication is still poorly understood; the validation of biomarkers and technologies need to be performed. This study aims to determine the analytical characteristics of PHARMAChip®, a newly developed pharmacogenetic array, and the Spanish population allelic and genotypic frequencies of the genetic variants included in this chip. Materials & methods: The analytical characteristics of PHARMAChip assessed were sensitivity and specificity (for CYP2D6 and SLC6A4), accuracy (for SLC6A4) and genotyping rate: frequencies of the 90 pharmacogenetic variants of 36 genes were included in PHARMAChip. These were compared in 449 Spanish subjects with data reported in Caucasians. Results & conclusion: Sensitivity and specificity ranged from 96–100%, accuracy was 94.8% and genotyping success rate was 99.6%. PHARMAChip is an accurate, rapid and updatable tool, which may be especially useful for cytochrome P450 testing. The allelic and genotypic frequencies found in the Spanish subjects reinforce the need for establishing possible intraethnic differences among populations prior to performing this kind of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Almoguera
- Genetics Department, CAIBER Unit, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain and CIBERER ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Riveiro-Alvarez
- Genetics Department, CAIBER Unit, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain and CIBERER ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Gomez-Dominguez
- Genetics Department, CAIBER Unit, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain and CIBERER ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Lopez-Rodriguez
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, CAIBER Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain and CIBEREHD ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Dorado
- CICAB, Clinical Research Centre, CAIBER Unit, Extremadura University Hospital & Medical School, Badajoz, Spain and CIBERSAM ISCIII, Spain
| | - Concepción Vaquero-Lorenzo
- Biology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CBMSO, CSIC Madrid, Spain and CIBERER ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Dal-Ré
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health & Medical Immunology & Microbiology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Fernandez-Piqueras
- Biology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CBMSO, CSIC Madrid, Spain and CIBERER ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián LLerena
- CICAB, Clinical Research Centre, CAIBER Unit, Extremadura University Hospital & Medical School, Badajoz, Spain and CIBERSAM ISCIII, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, CAIBER Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain and CIBEREHD ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Genetics Department, CAIBER Unit, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain and CIBERER ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Female predominance in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been known for several decades and recent interest in the effects of sex hormones on the development of disease has substantially increased our understanding of this epidemiologic observation. Basic science data suggest a beneficial effect of estrogens in the pulmonary vasculature both acutely and chronically, which seems to contradict the known predilection in women. Recent human and rodent data have suggested that altered levels of estrogen, differential signaling and altered metabolism of estrogens in PAH may underlie the gender difference in this disease. Studies of the effects of sex hormones on the right ventricle in animal and human disease will further aid in understanding gender differences in PAH. This article focuses on the effects of sex hormones on the pulmonary vasculature and right ventricle on both a basic science and translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Pugh
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T1218 MCN, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Cyp1B1 mRNA expression in correlation to cotinine levels with respect to the Cyp1B1 L432V gene polymorphism. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25:867-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-010-9505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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San Jose C, Cabanillas A, Benitez J, Carrillo JA, Jimenez M, Gervasini G. CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms increase lung cancer risk in a high-incidence region of Spain: a case control study. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:463. [PMID: 20804547 PMCID: PMC2940803 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A rural region in south-west Spain has one of the highest lung cancer incidence rates of the country, as revealed by a previous epidemiological 10-year follow-up study. The present work was undertaken to ascertain the role of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms and their interaction with tobacco smoking in the development of the disease in this location. Methods One-hundred-and-three cases of lung cancer and 265 controls participated in the study. The participants were screened for the presence of four CYP1A1 polymorphisms, namely MspI, Ile462Val, T3205C, and Thr461Asn. Lung cancer risk was estimated as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using unconditional logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, and smoking. Results The distribution of the variant CYP1A1 alleles was different from that described for other Caucasian populations, with CYP1A1*2A showing an uncommonly high frequency (p < 0.01). The CYP1A1*2B allele (carrying MspI and Ile462Val mutations) was strongly associated with high lung cancer risk (OR = 4.59, CI:1.4-12.6, p <0.01). The Ile462Val polymorphism was also shown to increase the risk for the disease (OR = 4.51, CI:1.8-11.9; p <0.01) and particularly for squamous-cell (OR = 5.01; CI: 1.6-14.3, p < 0.01) and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) (OR = 6.97, CI: 1.2-81.3; p = 0.04). Moreover, the Thr461Asn polymorphism was found to be associated with SCLC in a Caucasian population for the first time to our knowledge (OR = 8.33, CI: 1.3-15.2, p = 0.04). Conclusion The results suggest that CYP1A1 polymorphisms contribute to increase lung cancer susceptibility in an area with an uncommon high incidence rate.
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Gervasini G, Jose CS, Carrillo JA, Benitez J, Cabanillas A. GST Polymorphisms Interact With Dietary Factors to Modulate Lung Cancer Risk: Study in a High-Incidence Area. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:750-8. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581003605946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhou SF, Wang B, Yang LP, Liu JP. Structure, function, regulation and polymorphism and the clinical significance of human cytochrome P450 1A2. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:268-354. [PMID: 19961320 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903286476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human CYP1A2 is one of the major CYPs in human liver and metabolizes a number of clinical drugs (e.g., clozapine, tacrine, tizanidine, and theophylline; n > 110), a number of procarcinogens (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene and aromatic amines), and several important endogenous compounds (e.g., steroids). CYP1A2 is subject to reversible and/or irreversible inhibition by a number of drugs, natural substances, and other compounds. The CYP1A gene cluster has been mapped on to chromosome 15q24.1, with close link between CYP1A1 and 1A2 sharing a common 5'-flanking region. The human CYP1A2 gene spans almost 7.8 kb comprising seven exons and six introns and codes a 515-residue protein with a molecular mass of 58,294 Da. The recently resolved CYP1A2 structure has a relatively compact, planar active site cavity that is highly adapted for the size and shape of its substrates. The architecture of the active site of 1A2 is characterized by multiple residues on helices F and I that constitutes two parallel substrate binding platforms on either side of the cavity. A large interindividual variability in the expression and activity of CYP1A2 has been observed, which is largely caused by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors (e.g., smoking). CYP1A2 is primarily regulated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and CYP1A2 is induced through AhR-mediated transactivation following ligand binding and nuclear translocation. Induction or inhibition of CYP1A2 may provide partial explanation for some clinical drug interactions. To date, more than 15 variant alleles and a series of subvariants of the CYP1A2 gene have been identified and some of them have been associated with altered drug clearance and response and disease susceptibility. Further studies are warranted to explore the clinical and toxicological significance of altered CYP1A2 expression and activity caused by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- Discpline of Chinese Medicine, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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