Pomegranate-mediated chemoprevention of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis involves Nrf2-regulated antioxidant mechanisms

The effects of dietary Spirulina platensis or curcumin nanoparticles on performance, body chemical composition, blood biochemical, digestive enzyme, antioxidant and immune activities of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

CONTEXT

Recently, prioritize has been given to using natural phytogenic or nano compounds as growth promoters and immunostimulants in fish diets as an alternative to antibiotics.

AIMS

The main propose of this trial was to determine the impact of supplementing diets with spirulina or curcumin nanoparticles on the performance and health indicators of Nile tilapia fingerlings.

METHODS

In a 56-day feeding trial, 180 tilapia fingerlings were assigned into three main groups, as follows: 1st, control group, 2nd, Spirulina platensis (SP; 5 g kg-1 diet) and 3rd, curcumin nanoparticles (CUR-NPs; 30 mg kg-1 diet).

KEY RESULTS

Incorporating tilapia diets with SP or CUR-NPs significantly improved performance, body chemical analysis, blood biochemical and hematological indices, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidant and immunostimulant features compared to the control.

CONCLUSION

Fortified tilapia diets with CUR-NPs or SP efficiently boost the productivity and health of Nile tilapia fingerlings.

IMPLICATIONS

The research introduces new practical solutions for applying safe feed additives as alternatives to antibiotics in tilapia farming.

Amelioratory effects of astragaloside IV on hepatocarcinogenesis via Nrf2-mediated pSmad3C/3L transformation

BACKGROUND

Phosphorylated Smad3 isoforms are reversible and antagonistic, and the tumour-suppressive pSmad3C can shift to an oncogenic pSmad3L signal. In addition, Nrf2 has a two-way regulatory effect on tumours, protecting normal cells from carcinogens and promoting tumour cell survival in chemotherapeutics. Accordingly, we hypothesised that the transformation of pSmad3C/3L is the basis for Nrf2 to produce both pro- and/or anti-tumourigenic effects in hepatocarcinogenesis. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), the major component of Astragalus membranaceus, exerts anti-fibrogenic and carcinogenic actions. Lately, AS-IV administration could delay the occurrence of primary liver cancer by persistently inhibiting the fibrogenesis and regulating pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways synchronously. However, effect of AS-IV on hepatocarcinogenesis implicated in the bidirectional cross-talking of pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling, especially which one contributes palpably than the other still remains unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aims to settle the above questions by using in vivo (pSmad3C^+/- and Nrf2^-/- mice) and in vitro (plasmid- or lentivirus- transfected HepG2 cells) models of HCC.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The correlation of Nrf2 to pSmad3C/pSmad3L in HepG2 cells was analysed by Co-immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Pathological changes of Nrf2, pSmad3C, and pSmad3L in human HCC patients, pSmad3C^+/- mice, and Nrf2^-/- mice were gauged by immunohistochemical, haematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson, and immunofluorescence assays. Finally, western blot and qPCR were used to verify the bidirectional cross-talking of pSmad3C/3L and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling protein and mRNA in vivo and in vitro models of HCC.

RESULTS

Histopathological manifestations and biochemical indicators revealed that pSmad3C^+/- could abate the ameliorative effects of AS-IV on fibrogenic/carcinogenic mice with Nrf2/HO-1 deactivation and pSmad3C/p21 transform to pSmad3L/PAI-1//c-Myc. As expected, cell experiments confirmed that upregulating pSmad3C boosts the inhibitory activity of AS-IV on phenotypes (cell proliferation, migration and invasion), followed by a shift of pSmad3L to pSmad3C and activation of Nrf2/HO-1. Synchronously, experiments in Nrf2^-/- mice and lentivirus-carried Nrf2shRNA cell echoed the results of pSmad3C knockdown. Complementarily, Nrf2 overexpression resulted in the opposite result. Furthermore, Nrf2/HO-1 contributes to AS-IV's anti-HCC effect palpably compared with pSmad3C/3L.

CONCLUSION

These studies highlight that harnessing the bidirectional crosstalk pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1, especially Nrf2/HO-1 signalling, acts more effectively in AS-IV's anti-hepatocarcinogenesis, which may provide an important theoretical foundation for the use of AS-IV against HCC.

In silico and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of the synthesized 5-benzylidene-2-thiohydantoin against diethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury in a rat model

In the present study, the hepatoprotective effect of 5-benzylidine-2-thiohydantoin (5B2T), a unique derivative of the thiohydantoin group, on liver injury induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in male rats was investigated. The experimental animals were divided into three groups, each with 14 rats. Rats in group I were considered to be controls and received only 10% Tween 80. Rats in group II were injected with 200 mg/kg DEN intraperitoneally. Rats in group III were injected with a single dose of DEN 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally and received the treatment orally (50 mg/kg, 5B2T) for two durations, 3 and 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected for the analysis of liver function and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels. Additionally, liver specimens were used for histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry. The single intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg DEN into rats resulted in significant elevation of serum enzyme levels of AST, ALT and ALP, which are indicators of hepatocellular damage, along with elevation in TNF-α and IL-6 in the DEN group. The results of both LFTs and ELISA in the treatment group showed improvements and a decline in the levels of the markers. Histopathological examination showed fibrosis, necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the DEN group, with lower intensity in the treatment group. The results of immunohistochemical staining revealed strong positive staining of both HSA and Ki-67 antibodies in the DEN group, with much lower intensity in the treatment group. The results of the docking study indicated that 5B2T has a remarkable interaction with TNF-α (PDB ID: 1TNF) and human IL-6 (PDB ID: 1IL6) with binding site energies of - 7.1 and - 6.1 (kcal/mol), respectively. The correct absorption and binding between the drug and the receptor was evaluated through computerized molecular docking by using the AutoDock program. The conclusion of the results from the current study reflected the interesting hepatoprotective abilities of 5B2T against DEN-induced hepatocellular damage and cancer in experimental rats.

Pomegranate Peel Extract Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Ionizing Radiation, Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits MAPK, JAK/STAT3, β-Catenin/NOTCH, and SOCS3 Signaling

Tumor resistance is typically blamed for the failure of radiotherapy and chemotherapy to treat cancer in clinic patients. To improve the cytotoxicity of tumor cells using radiation in conjunction with specific tumor-selective cytotoxic drugs is crucial. Pomegranate has received overwhelmingly positive feedback as a highly nutritious food for enhancing health and treating a variety of ailments. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects as well as mechanism of action of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and/or γ-radiation (6-Gy) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines HepG2. The findings of this study showed that PPE treatment of HepG2 cells considerably slowed the proliferation of cancer cells, and its combination with γ-irradiation potentiated this action. As a key player in tumor proliferation, and inflammatory cascade induction, the down-regulation of STAT3 following treatment of irradiated and non-irradiated HepG2 cells with PPE as recorded in the present work resulted in reduction of tumor growth, via modulating inflammatory response manifested by (down-regulation of TLR4 expression and NFKB level), suppressing survival markers expressed by reduction of JAK, NOTCH1, β-catenin, SOCS3, and enhancing apoptosis (induction of tumor PPAR-γ and caspase-3) followed by changes in redox tone (expressed by increase in Nrf-2, SOD and catalase activities, and decrease in MDA concentration). In conclusion, PPE might possess a considerable therapeutic potential against HCC in addition to its capability to enhance response of HepG2 cells to gamma radiation.

Current therapeutic modalities and chemopreventive role of natural products in liver cancer: Progress and promise

Liver cancer is a severe concern for public health officials since the clinical cases are increasing each year, with an estimated 5-year survival rate of 30%–35% after diagnosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes a significant subtype of liver cancer (approximate75%) and is considered primary liver cancer. Treatment for liver cancer mainly depends on the stage of its progression, where surgery including, hepatectomy and liver transplantation, and ablation and radiotherapy are the prime choice. For advanced liver cancer, various drugs and immunotherapy are used as first-line treatment, whereas second-line treatment includes chemotherapeutic drugs from natural and synthetic origins. Sorafenib and lenvatinib are first-line therapies, while regorafenib and ramucirumab are second-line therapy. Various metabolic and signaling pathways such as Notch, JAK/ STAT, Hippo, TGF-β, and Wnt have played a critical role during HCC progression. Dysbiosis has also been implicated in liver cancer. Drug-induced toxicity is a key obstacle in the treatment of liver cancer, necessitating the development of effective and safe medications, with natural compounds such as resveratrol, curcumin, diallyl sulfide, and others emerging as promising anticancer agents. This review highlights the current status of liver cancer research, signaling pathways, therapeutic targets, current treatment strategies and the chemopreventive role of various natural products in managing liver cancer.

The Therapeutic Alliance between Pomegranate and Health Emphasizing on Anticancer Properties

Pomegranate is a fruit bearing-plant that is well known for its medicinal properties. Pomegranate is a good source of phenolic acids, tannins, and flavonoids. Pomegranate juice and by-products have attracted the scientific interest due to their potential health benefits. Currently, the medical community has showed great interest in exploiting pomegranate potential as a protective agent against several human diseases including cancer. This is demonstrated by the fact that there are more than 800 reports in the literature reporting pomegranate's anticancer properties. This review is an update on the research outcomes of pomegranate's potential against different types of human diseases, emphasizing on cancer. In addition, perspectives of potential applications of pomegranate, as a natural additive aiming to improve the quality of animal products, are discussed.

Pomegranate juice and punicalagin-mediated chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinogenesis via regulating miR-21 and NF-κB-p65 in a rat model

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common neoplasm among primary liver malignancies, accounting for 70%–85% of total liver cancer cases worldwide. It is also the second-leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Recent research has investigated naturally occurring products high in polyphenolic compounds in the regression and prevention of HCC. This study investigated the chemoprevention effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) and punicalagin (PCG) against diethylnitrosamine (DENA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male albino rats.

Methods

Animals were randomized into six groups and treated for 11 weeks as follows: group 1 was a negative control group, group 2 was treated orally with 10 mL PJ per kilogram body weight (kg bw), group 3 was treated orally with 18.5 mg PCG/kg bw, and groups 4–6 were injected with an intraperitoneal dose of DENA (50 mg/kg bw) weekly beginning in the third week. Group 4 was a HCC control (DENA-treated group), group 5 was HCC + PJ, and group 6 was HCC + PCG.

Results

PJ antagonized DENA-induced elevations of ALAT, TNF-α, NF-κB-p65, GST, MDA, and NO and restored total protein, IL-10, SOD, and CAT levels. Moreover, PJ resulted in downregulation of miR-21, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL and an upregulation of caspase-3 and Bax mRNA expressions. These chemoprevention effects of PJ also alleviated the hepatic preneoplastic lesions induced by DENA. Although PCG treatment induced some modulation in DENA-treated rats, it did not show potent chemoprevention activity and induced some side effects.

Conclusion

Both of PJ and PCG downregulated miR-21 expression and triggered apoptosis. However, PJ was more effective than pure PCG in alleviating the hepatic antioxidant defense state and the inflammatory status. So, PJ was superior in prevention of DENA-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats than pure PCG.

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidative and immunostimulant potential of fruit derived biomolecules in aquaculture

Huge amounts of non-edible by-products could be generated from fruit industrial processes. They consist mainly of peels together with low amounts of pulp and seeds. These by-products pose an environmental hazard due to soil, air, and water pollution. Moreover, treating these by-products is very expensive and under strict governmental regulations. Nevertheless, they are an excellent source of bioactive constituents, such as phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and glucans. Based on their constituents, these by-products can significantly enhance the antioxidant defense, immune response, and modulation of gut microbiota and host resistance against various diseases. Therefore, sustainable valorization of fruits by-products can efficiently obtain value-added products that improve the well-being of organisms and reduce environmental stress, in addition to earning an additional industrial income. Since aquaculture is a vital economic sector, there is urgent to look for inexpensive natural food additives that improve health and maintain high nutritional quality for farming organisms without harming the environment and human health. Therefore, using fruit wastes as feed additives represents a striking alternative for fruitful aquaculture. In order to make use of these value-added products, it is a dire need to determine their biological effects on aquaculture organisms by understanding their mechanism of action. In this context, this review will holistically address a comprehensive focus on utilizing fruits by-products and their immunostimulant and antioxidative action.

Dietary curcumin nanoparticles promoted the performance, antioxidant activity, and humoral immunity, and modulated the hepatic and intestinal histology of Nile tilapia fingerlings

The current study investigated the effects of dietary curcumin nanoparticles (C-NPs) on the performance, hemato-biochemical profile, digestive enzymes activities, antioxidant status, humoral immunity, and liver and intestinal histology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish (4.3 ± 0.5 g) were fed with diets enriched with 0.0 (control), 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg C-NPs/kg diet up to apparent satiety thrice a day for 60 days. The growth-stimulating effects of dietary C-NPs were significantly observed in terms of final weight, weight gain %, specific growth rate, and feed intake. Compared with the control group, serum amylase, lipase, and proteases activities of Nile tilapia significantly (P < 0.05) increased alongside the increase in dietary levels of C-NPs in a dose-dependent manner. The counts of red blood cells and white blood cells as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of Nile tilapia fed with 30-60 mg C-NPs/kg diet were statistically (P < 0.05) higher than fish in the control group with no significant differences among them (P > 0.05). Moreover, lymphocytes and monocytes significantly (P > 0.05) increased; meanwhile neutrophils significantly (P > 0.05) decreased as C-NPs levels in diets increased. In a similar trend, antioxidant (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and humoral immunity (lysozyme and total immunoglobulin) biomarkers were significantly higher in C-NPs-fed fish. Liver histology showed improvements in the cell architecture of fish fed with C-NPs containing diets up to 45 mg/kg diet. Compared with the control diet, feeding Nile tilapia with C-NPs diets resulted in a higher villi length/width and absorption area. According to the regression curves, the current study recommends using the dietary C-NP with optimum values of 45-55 mg/kg diet to improve the performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant activities, and immunity response of Nile tilapia.

Health Effects of Dyes, Minerals, and Vitamins Used in Cosmetics

The average woman uses 12 different cosmetic products every day, but they can have a negative effect on human health. Therefore, in recent years, consumer preferences have changed towards buying natural or ecological cosmetics free from preservatives or unnecessary dyes. The aim of this work is to discuss the use of dyes, minerals, and vitamins in cosmetics in terms of their safety and impact on human health. These substances are very important in the cosmetics industry. Most of them are of natural origin. Some minerals used in the production of face masks or creams are recommended to work against inflammations such as ulcers and acne. Clay minerals have exceptional qualities, among others, low or no toxicity and high bio-compatibility. However, some of them may be harmful. For example, the safety of using talc has been widely debated in recent years. Cosmetic-grade talc cannot contain detectable fibrous asbestos minerals. Moreover, talc should not be applied to the skin when the epidermal barrier is missing or significantly disrupted. The use of talc in cosmetic products in the European Union is restricted. Vitamins are one of the most commonly used, biologically active, and easily accessible components in cosmetics. For example, provitamin B5 (D-panthenol) is a bioactive substance. In cosmetic preparations, it has a softening, repairing, and anti-inflammatory effect and is responsible for regulating sebum secretion. However, some vitamins may be harmful to human health. For example, the use of skin-whitening cosmetics containing vitamin C causes allergic contact dermatitis, whereas the most common adverse effect of topical use of vitamin A is skin irritation, erythema, and peeling. Dyes, which are used to color cosmetics, do not improve the condition of the skin, hair, or nails. Some of them may be harmful to human health. For example, the dye CI 60730 (Acid Violet 43) is prohibited for use in eye products and cosmetics that have contact with mucous membranes. In conclusion, some of the popular cosmetic ingredients discussed in this paper may exert a negative influence on human health, and many of these harmful effects have been discovered recently. Therefore, there is a need for further studies on the possible negative effects of dyes, minerals, and vitamins used in cosmetic products.

An Overview of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Emphasis on Dietary Products and Herbal Remedies

The most common principal malignant tumor that accounts for ∼80% of cases of liver cancer across the world is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is a multifacetedillness that is caused by several risk factors and often progresses in the context of underlying cirrhosis. It is tremendously difficult and essential for the screening of novel therapeutic medications to establish HCC preclinical models that are equivalent to clinical diseases settings, i.e., representing the tumor microenvironment of HCC. In the progress of HCC, numerous molecular cascades have been supposed to play a part. Sorafenib is the only drug permitted by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of HCC. Yet because of the increasing resistance to the drug and its toxicity, clinical treatment methods are not completely adequate. Newer treatment therapy options are essential for the management of HCC in patients. Natural compounds can be afforded by the patients with improved results with less toxicity and fewer side effects, among different methods of liver cancer treatment. The treatment and management of HCC with natural drugs and their phytoconstituents are connected to several paths that can prevent the occurrence and progress of HCC in several ways. The present review summarizes the etiology of HCC, molecular pathways, newer therapeutic approaches, natural dietary products, herbal plants and phytoconstituents for HCC treatment.

Proteomic and molecular evidences of Il1rl2, Ric8a, Krt18 and Hsp90b1 modulation during experimental hepatic fibrosis and pomegranate supplementation

The inspection of variations in the proteomic aspects conspire the biomarker discovery in diagnostics of peculiar diseases. Recent developments in high-throughput proteomic techniques have provided leverage in the discovery of biomarkers during the etiology of various diseases. We identified potential biomarkers by utilizing proteomics, bioinformatics and gene expression studies. Meticulous assessment of collagen and hydroxyproline levels along with the glycogen and protein carbonyl levels exhibited deterioration in the N' - Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) administered rat livers and subsequent salubrious effect of pomegranate juice. The immunohistochemical inspection of iNOS and nitrite estimation indicated the peccant fibrotic alterations. 2D proteome profiling and MALDI-TOF MS/MS furthered the significant biomarkers to be analyzed for the gene ontology by PANTHER, cluster analysis by DAVID and network simulation by STRING 10.0. Several genes found relevant after MALDI analysis were evaluated by real-time PCR (RTPCR). Our data revealed CYP2b15, HSP70, TRFE, HPT, Il1rl2, Ric8a, Krt18, Hsp90b1 and iNOS as novel biomarkers for the mechanism of pomegranate against liver fibrosis. It can be inferred that NDEA-induced liver fibrosis actuates various biological pathways by the identified biomarkers and pomegranate juice modifies them.

Phyllanthin prevents diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced liver carcinogenesis in rats and induces apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells

Liver cancer is a critical clinical condition with augmented malignancy, rapid progression, and poor prognosis. Liver cancer often initiates as fibrosis, develops as cirrhosis, and results in cancer. For centuries, medicinal plants have been incorporated in various liver-associated complications, and recently, research has recognized that many bioactive compounds from medicinal plants may interact with targets related to liver disorders. Phyllanthin from the Phyllanthus species is one such compound extensively used by folklore practitioners for various health benefits. However, most practices continue to be unrecognized scientifically. Hence, in this work, we investigated the protective role of phyllanthin on diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced liver carcinoma in Wistar Albino rats and the anti-tumor potential on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cells. The DEN-challenged liver cancer in experimental rats caused increased liver weight, 8-OHD, hepatic tissue injury marker, lipid peroxidation, and tumor markers levels. Remarkably, phyllanthin counteracted the DEN effect by ameliorating all the liver function enzymes, oxidative DNA damage, and tumor-specific markers by enhanced anti-oxidant capacity and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis through the mTOR/ PI3K signaling pathway. MTT assay demonstrated that phyllanthin inhibited the HepG2 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Fascinatingly, phyllanthin did not demonstrate any substantial effect on the normal cell line, HL7702. In addition, HepG2 cells were found in the late apoptotic stage upon treatment with phyllanthin as depicted by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Overall, this work offers scientific justification that phyllanthin can be claimed to be a safe candidate with potential chemotherapeutic activity against HCC.

Targeting the crosstalk between canonical Wnt/β-catenin and inflammatory signaling cascades: A novel strategy for cancer prevention and therapy

Emerging scientific evidence indicates that inflammation is a critical component of tumor promotion and progression. Most cancers originate from sites of chronic irritation, infections and inflammation, underscoring that the tumor microenvironment is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory molecules. These inflammatory components are intimately involved in neoplastic processes which foster proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration, making inflammation the primary target for cancer prevention and treatment. The influence of inflammation and the immune system on the progression and development of cancer has recently gained immense interest. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, an evolutionarily conserved signaling strategy, has a critical role in regulating tissue development. It has been implicated as a major player in cancer development and progression with its regulatory role on inflammatory cascades. Many naturally-occurring and small synthetic molecules endowed with inherent anti-inflammatory properties inhibit this aberrant signaling pathway, making them a promising class of compounds in the fight against inflammatory cancers. This article analyzes available scientific evidence and suggests a crosslink between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inflammatory pathways in inflammatory cancers, especially breast, gastrointestinal, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. We also highlight emerging experimental findings that numerous anti-inflammatory synthetic and natural compounds target the crosslink between Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inflammatory cascades to achieve cancer prevention and intervention. Current challenges, limitations, and future directions of research are also discussed.

Therapeutic properties of Punica granatum L (pomegranate) and its applications in lung-based diseases: A detailed review

Respiratory diseases are the prime cause of death and disability worldwide. The majority of lung-based diseases are resistant to treatment. Hence, research on unique drugs/compounds with a more efficient and minimum side effect for treating lung diseases is urgent. Punica granatum L (pomegranate) fruit has been used in the prevention and treatment of various respiratory disorders in recent times. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that pomegranate fruit, as well as its juice, extract, peel powder, and oil, exert anti-proliferative, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-tumorigenic properties by attenuating various respiratory conditions such as asthma, lung fibrosis, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and alveolar inflammation via modulating various signaling pathways. The current review summarizes the potential properties and medical benefits of pomegranate against different lung-based diseases, also highlighting its possible role in the lung fibrinolytic system. The available data suggest that pomegranate is effective in controlling the disease progressions and could be a potential therapeutic target benefiting human health status. Furthermore, this review also outlines the preclinical and clinical studies highlighting the role of pomegranate in lung diseases further evoking future studies to investigate the effect of intake of this anti-oxidant fruit in larger and well-defined human clinical trials. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This review outlines the putative pharmacologic benefits of P. granatum L (pomegranate) in treating various chronic lung-based diseases such as lung cancer, COPD, ARDS, asthma, lung fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis. This review also highlights the possible inhibitory role of P. granatum L (pomegranate) in the lung fibrinolytic system triggering the fibrinolytic markers. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies using in vitro, in vivo, and human models highlighting the potential role of P. granatum L (pomegranate) in lung diseases. This review evokes future research to investigate the effect of intake of pomegranate fruit in well-defined human clinical trials.

Hepatocyte-specific NRF2 activation controls fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in steatohepatitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

In chronic liver diseases, inflammation induces oxidative stress and thus may contribute to the progression of liver injury, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. The KEAP1/NRF2 axis is a major regulator of cellular redox balance. In the present study, we investigated whether the KEAP1/NRF2 system is involved in liver disease progression in humans and mice.

METHODS

The clinical relevance of oxidative stress was investigated by liver RNA sequencing in a well-characterized cohort of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 63) and correlated with histological and clinical parameters. For functional analysis, hepatocyte-specific Nemo knockout (NEMO^Δhepa) mice were crossed with hepatocyte-specific Keap1 knockout (KEAP1^Δhepa) mice.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemical analysis of human liver sections showed increased oxidative stress and high NRF2 expression in patients with chronic liver disease. RNA sequencing of liver samples in a human pediatric NAFLD cohort revealed a significant increase of NRF2 activation correlating with the grade of inflammation, but not with the grade of steatosis, which could be confirmed in a second adult NASH cohort. In mice, microarray analysis revealed that Keap1 deletion induces NRF2 target genes involved in glutathione metabolism and xenobiotic stress (e.g., Nqo1). Furthermore, deficiency of one of the most important antioxidants, glutathione (GSH), in NEMO^Δhepa livers was rescued after deleting Keap1. As a consequence, NEMO^Δhepa/KEAP1^Δhepa livers showed reduced apoptosis compared to NEMO^Δhepa livers as well as a dramatic downregulation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA replication. Consequently, NEMO^Δhepa/KEAP1^Δhepa compared to NEMO^Δhepa livers displayed decreased fibrogenesis, lower tumor incidence, reduced tumor number, and decreased tumor size.

CONCLUSIONS

NRF2 activation in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis correlates with the grade of inflammation, but not steatosis. Functional analysis in mice demonstrated that NRF2 activation in chronic liver disease is protective by ameliorating fibrogenesis, initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

LAY SUMMARY

The KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1)/NRF2 (erythroid 2-related factor 2) axis has a major role in regulating cellular redox balance. Herein, we show that NRF2 activity correlates with the grade of inflammation in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Functional studies in mice actually show that NRF2 activation, resulting from KEAP1 deletion, protects against fibrosis and cancer.

The effects of pomegranate peel extract on the gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes in a rat model of alloxan-induced diabetes

This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects of hydroalcoholic pomegranate peel extract (APE) in alloxan-induced diabetes rat models. We divided 60 rats into the following six equal groups (n = 10): Healthy control; diabetic control (100 mg/kg alloxan); sham + glibenclamide (10 mg/kg); diabetic + glibenclamide (10 mg/kg); sham + APE (200 mg/kg) and diabetic + APE (200 mg/kg). After 8 weeks, kidneys were taken out for biochemical and molecular studies. Following APE treatment, biochemical parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly induced in the treated group as compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Also, gene expression of GPx (3-fold), CAT (2.6-fold), and SOD (1.5-fold) were increased as compared to controls (p < 0.05). Overall, our results indicated that pomegranate can be used as an antioxidant agent to reduce complications from diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Pomegranate variety and pomegranate plant part, relevance from bioactive point of view: a review

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belongs to the Punicaceae plant family. It is an important fruit due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. Pomegranates are widely distributed around the world and, therefore, have a broad genetic diversity, resulting in differences in their phytochemical composition. The scientific community has focused on the positive health effects of pomegranate as a whole, but the different varieties have rarely been compared according to their bioactive compounds and bioactivity. This review aims to provide a holistic overview of the current knowledge on the bioactivity of pomegranate trees, with an emphasis on differentiating both the varieties and the different plant parts. This review intends to provide a general and organized overview of the accumulated knowledge on pomegranates, the identification of the most bioactive varieties, their potential consumption pathways and seeks to provide knowledge on the present gaps to guide future research.

Bioremediation effect of pomegranate peel on subchronic mercury immunotoxicity on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The primary aim of the present study is to evaluate the highest concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus, C. gariepinus) and water samples, as well as to investigate the efficiency of pomegranate peels (PPs) (supplemented either through water or diet) in enhancing fish immunity and counteracting the toxicity of high concentrations of HMs. Water and C. gariepinus samples were collected from two private fish farms in Al Sharkia Governorate. Mercury (Hg) showed the highest concentration (0.13 ppm). The adsorption capacity of PP was evaluated by testing different concentrations, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 g L^-1, wherein 1.5 g L^-1 revealed the highest Hg adsorption efficiency. The results indicated that Hg concentration was decreased with increased PP concentration until 72 h. In a trial that lasted for 60 days, 240 C. gariepinus (75.12 ± 3.12 g) were randomly divided into eight equal groups with three replicates per group. The first group (CT) served as the negative control (fish fed on a basal diet). The second group (PPW) was fed on a basal diet and supplemented with 0.3 g L^-1 of PP via water. The third (PPD1) and fourth (PPD2) groups received basal diets enriched with 1 and 2 g PP powder/kg diet. respectively. The fifth group (Hg) served as the positive control that was fed on a basal diet and exposed to 0.13 ppm of Hg. The sixth (Hg + PPW), seventh (Hg + PPD1), and eighth (Hg + PPD2) groups were exposed to 0.13 ppm of Hg and received the same type of treatment as in second, third, and fourth groups. Hg exposure significantly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine levels, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers, including reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Pomegranate supplementation through diet elevated the levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), lysozyme, and anti-protease activity. Moreover, PP supplementation through water revealed minimum urea and creatinine levels, and the highest nitric oxide level. Moreover, Hg residue level in fish muscles noticeably decreased in the PP-treated groups. These results demonstrated the efficiency of PP supplementation (either through water or diet) in enhancing fish immunity and counteracting subchronic Hg toxicity.

The Effect of Pomegranate Juice on the Expression of Some Murine UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases Genes

BACKGROUND

Food-drug interactions may lead to suppression or induction of drug metabolizing enzymes. Pomegranate is a commonly used fruit in folk medicine all over the world. Data concerning the effect of pomegranate on the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) is scarce.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of pomegranate juice ingestion on the transcription of ugt2b1, ugt2a3, and ugt1a9 in the liver and small intestine of male mice.

METHODS

Pomegranate juice was administered to 10 male mice for 14 days in drinking bottles instead of water. Ten control mice received water in the drinking bottles. On the 15th day, the mice were sacrificed and the liver and the small intestine were removed. The small intestine was divided into 3 parts. Total mRNA was extracted from samples of these specimens, and cDNA was synthesized by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers for each ugt gene.

RESULTS

The ugt1a9 mRNA level was reduced by 2.25-fold in the liver and by 6-, 1.5-, and 3-folds in the first, second and third part of the small intestine, respectively. The ugt2b1 mRNA level in the liver and the third part of the small intestine was not affected, while it was reduced by 3.7- and 3-folds in the first and second parts of the small intestine, respectively. The ugt2a3 mRNA level was not affected in the liver and the 3 parts of the small intestine.

CONCLUSION

Some ugt mRNA levels may be reduced by the ingestion of pomegranate juice, which may reduce the metabolism of their drug substrates. The consequences may be an accumulation of such drugs in the body and enhanced toxicity.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Fruit Extract Suppresses Cancer Progression and Tumor Angiogenesis of Pancreatic and Colon Cancer in Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

Pomegranate fruit extract contains many polyphenols and flavonoids of diverse biological importance including anticancer potential. In cancer, the angiogenesis process facilitates solid cancer growth and metastasis. Here, the antiangiogenic effect of pomegranate fruit extract against human pancreatic cancer (Suit-2) and colon (colo205) cell lines in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model was studied along with the effect of pomegranate fruit extract on fibroblast growth factor (FGF2). Pomegranate fruit extract significantly reduced the tumor weight and hemoglobin content in CAM models of pancreatic Suit-2 and colon colo205.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in autophagy-induced hepatocellular carcinoma

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process, is the most important pathogenic events in the development and progression of liver diseases. Deregulation of Nrf2 is proposed to play a key pathogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Under certain pathophysiological conditions, such as oxidative stress, impaired autophagy is accompanied by the Nrf2 activation that leads to the detrimental effects favoring the proliferation and survival of HCC. Elucidating its role and potential mechanism is essential for understanding tumorigenesis and the development of effective clinical application. Nrf2 is participated in HCC proliferation, migration and invasion through autophagy pathways. These includes the negatively regulated-Nrf2 by Keap1 that participates in HCC tumorigenesis via regulating ROS production, in which autophagy may contribute to oxidant metabolic reprogramming of HCC cells. Post-transcriptional modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination of Nrf2, can be positively or negatively induced by multiple transcription factors. Nrf2 exhibits chemoresistance through its binding sites in the promoter region of the target genes. Nrf2 may be a valuable potential biomarker and therapeutic strategy for diagnostics, prognostics and treatment of HCC.

Potential Applications of NRF2 Modulators in Cancer Therapy

The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) regulatory pathway plays an essential role in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative, electrophilic, and xenobiotic stress. By controlling the transactivation of over 500 cytoprotective genes, the NRF2 transcription factor has been implicated in the physiopathology of several human diseases, including cancer. In this respect, accumulating evidence indicates that NRF2 can act as a double-edged sword, being able to mediate tumor suppressive or pro-oncogenic functions, depending on the specific biological context of its activation. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms that control NRF2 functions and the most appropriate context of its activation is a prerequisite for the development of effective therapeutic strategies based on NRF2 modulation. In line of principle, the controlled activation of NRF2 might reduce the risk of cancer initiation and development in normal cells by scavenging reactive-oxygen species (ROS) and by preventing genomic instability through decreased DNA damage. In contrast however, already transformed cells with constitutive or prolonged activation of NRF2 signaling might represent a major clinical hurdle and exhibit an aggressive phenotype characterized by therapy resistance and unfavorable prognosis, requiring the use of NRF2 inhibitors. In this review, we will focus on the dual roles of the NRF2-KEAP1 pathway in cancer promotion and inhibition, describing the mechanisms of its activation and potential therapeutic strategies based on the use of context-specific modulation of NRF2.

Nanocarrier-mediated antioxidant delivery for liver diseases

Liver is the principal detoxifying organ and metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals (FR) constantly. To maintain the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver, antioxidants would scavenge FR by preventing tissue damage through FR formation, scavenging, or by enhancing their decomposition. The disruption of this balance therefore leads to oxidative stress and in turn leads to the onset of various diseases. Supplying the liver with exogeneous antioxidants is an effective way to recreate the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver homeostasis. Nevertheless, due to the short half-life and instability of antioxidants in circulation, the methodology for delivering antioxidants to the liver needs to be improved. Nanocarrier mediated delivery of antioxidants proved to be an ingenious way to safely and efficiently deliver a high payload of antioxidants into the liver for circumventing liver diseases. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the role of reactive oxygen species (oxidant) and ROS scavengers (antioxidant) in liver diseases. Subsequently, current nanocarrier mediated antioxidant delivery methods for liver diseases are discussed.

Free radicals, antioxidants, nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 and liver damage

Oxidative/nitrosative stress is proposed to be a critical factor in various diseases, including liver pathologies. Antioxidants derived from medicinal plants have been studied extensively and are relevant to many illnesses, including liver diseases. Several hepatic disorders, such as viral hepatitis and alcoholic or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, involve free radicals/oxidative stress as agents that cause or at least exacerbate liver injury, which can result in chronic liver diseases, such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and end-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. In this scenario, nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) appears to be an essential factor to counteract or attenuate oxidative or nitrosative stress in hepatic cells. In fact, a growing body of evidence indicates that Nrf2 plays complex and multicellular roles in hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, hepatocarcinogenesis and regeneration via the induction of its target genes. Inflammation is the most common feature of chronic liver diseases, triggering fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Increasing evidence indicates that Nrf2 counteracts the proinflammatory process by modulating the recruitment of inflammatory cells and inducing the endogenous antioxidant response of the cell. In this review, the interactions between antioxidant and inflammatory molecular pathways are analyzed.

Amelioration of diabetic nephropathy using pomegranate peel extract-stabilized gold nanoparticles: assessment of NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling system

Background

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), an end-stage renal disorder, has posed a menace to humankind globally, because of its complex nature and poorly understandable intricate mechanism. In recent times, functional foods as potential health benefits have been gaining attention of consumers and researchers alike. Rich in antioxidants, the peel and seed of pomegranate have previously demonstrated protection against oxidative-stress-related diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and cancer.

Purpose

This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative role of pomegranate peel extract–stabilized gold nanoparticle (PPE-AuNP) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN in an experimental murine model.

Methods

Following the reduction methods, AuNP was prepared using the pomegranate peel ellagitannins and characterized by particle size, physical appearance, and morphological architecture. Modulatory potential of PPE-AuNP was examined through the plethora of biochemical and high throughput techniques, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence.

Results

The animals treated with PPE-AuNP markedly reduced the fasting blood glucose, renal toxicity indices, and serum TC and TG in a hyperglycemic condition. As evident from an increased level of plasma insulin level, PPE-AuNP normalized the STZ-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. The STZ-mediated suppression of endogenous antioxidant response was restored by the PPE-AuNP treatment, which reduced the generation of LPO as well as iROS. Furthermore, the hyperglycemia-mediated augmentation of protein glycation, followed by the NOX4/p-47^phox activation, diminished with the application of PPE-AuNP. The histological and immunohistochemical findings showed the protective efficacy of PPE-AuNP in reducing STZ-induced glomerular sclerosis and renal fibrosis. In addition, it reduced proinflammatory burden through the modulation of the MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3/cytokine axis. Simultaneously, PI3K/AKT-guided Nrf2 activation was evident upon the PPE-AuNP application, which enhanced the antioxidant response and maintained hyperglycemic homeostasis.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that the use of PPE-AuNPs might act as an economic therapeutic remedy for alleviating DN.

Preventive effects of combinative natural foods produced by elite crop varieties rich in anticancer effects on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats

The World Cancer Research Fund International has released 32 anticancer effects (ACEs) that targeted every stage of cancer processes. Thus, we designed two formulas of natural food combination Diet I and Diet II, mainly produced by elite crop varieties rich in ACEs with different mixture ratios, and evaluated their cancer preventive effects on N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. After 20 weeks of dietary intervention, Diet I and Diet II reduced incidence, size, and number of hepatic nodules (p < 0.01) and prevented hepatic tumor formation in NDEA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis rats. Low-grade hepatic dysplasia incidence was 20% for Diet II and 40% for Diet I, and apparent hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) rates were both 0, while 90% HCC in control diet treatment group (p < 0.01). Diet I and Diet II ameliorated abnormal liver function enzymes, reduced serum alpha fetal protein, tumor-specific growth factor, dickkopf-related protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels, regulated hepatic phase I and II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, enhanced antioxidant capacity, suppressed NDEA-initiated oxidative DNA damage, and induced apoptosis coupled to down-regulation of proinflammatory, invasion, and angiogenesis markers. Daily intake of combination diet produced from ACEs-rich elite crop varieties can effectively prevent or delay occurrence and development of NDEA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

Mechanistic insights of hepatoprotective effects of curcumin: Therapeutic updates and future prospects

The liver is the most essential organ of the body performing vital functions. Hepatic disorders affect the physiological and biochemical functions of the body. These disorders include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver cirrhosis, hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Drugs related hepatotoxicity is one of the major challenges facing by clinicians as it is a leading cause of liver failure. During post-marketing surveillance studies, detection and reporting of drug-induced hepatotoxicity may lead to drug withdrawal or warnings. Several mechanisms are involved in hepatotoxicity such as cell membrane disruption, initiating an immune response, alteration of cellular pathways of drug metabolism, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and cell death. Curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric and exhibits therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and various types of cancers. Curcumin is strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and thus it possesses hepatoprotective properties. Despite its low bioavailability, its hepatoprotective effects have been studied in various protocols of hepatotoxicity including acetaminophen, alcohol, lindane, carbon tetrachloride (CCL₄), diethylnitrosamine and heavy metals induced hepatotoxicities. This report reviews the hepatoprotective effects of curcumin with a focus on its mechanistic insights in various hepatotoxic protocols.

Dysregulation of Nrf2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role in Cancer Progression and Chemoresistance

The liver executes versatile functions and is the chief organ for metabolism of toxicants/xenobiotics. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and the third foremost cause of cancer death worldwide. Oxidative stress is a key factor related with the development and progression of HCC. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a cytosolic transcription factor, which regulates redox homeostasis by activating the expression of an array of antioxidant response element-dependent genes. Nrf2 displays conflicting roles in normal, healthy liver and HCC; in the former, Nrf2 offers beneficial effects, whereas in the latter it causes detrimental effects favouring the proliferation and survival of HCC. Sustained Nrf2 activation has been observed in HCC and facilitates its progression and aggressiveness. This review summarizes the role and mechanism(s) of action of Nrf2 dysregulation in HCC and therapeutic options that can be employed to modulate this transcription factor.

Pomegranate action in curbing the incidence of liver injury triggered by Diethylnitrosamine by declining oxidative stress via Nrf2 and NFκB regulation

Unearthing and employment of healthy substitutes is now in demand to tackle a number of diseases due to the excessive repercussions of synthetic drugs. In this frame of reference pomegranate juice (PGJ) is a boon comprising of anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins, known for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite various documented roles of PGJ, there are no studies on antifibrotic potential in NDEA-induced mammalian liver fibrotic model. Hepatic fibrosis in rats was induced by the intra-peritoneal injection of NDEA (10 mlkg-1b.wt. of 1% NDEA) in two weeks. Biochemical, histopathological and ultra-structural studies were carried out on control, fibrotic and treated rats. The liver function indices and LPO were increased significantly by intoxication of NDEA. The antioxidant status was disturbed with the decrease in SOD, GST and catalase in the liver and membrane-ATPases as well. Histopathological observations by H&E, M&T, picro-sirius and ultra-structural scrutiny by SEM and TEM indicated liver damage and increase in COX2 and α-SMA by NDEA which was successfully rectified by the supplementation of PGJ. PGJ abrogates liver fibrosis instigated by NDEA in Wistar rats by declining oxidative stress via regulation of Nrf2 and NFκB. These findings point towards pomegranate as a potential and efficacious therapeutic agent against liver fibrosis.

Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidant effects contribute to suppression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in murine model

The exact mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma development in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis remain unclear. In this study, we used a new class of high-fat diet, which could induce hepatocellular carcinoma development without the use of general chemical carcinogens or knockout mice. We investigated the correlation between hepatocellular carcinoma and oxidative stress/anti-oxidant effects after depletion of the gut microbiota by treatment with antibiotics. Mice fed with the steatohepatitis-inducing high-fat diet (STHD-01) for 41 weeks developed hepatocellular carcinoma. Antibiotic-treatment in mice fed with STHD-01 significantly depleted the gut microbiota and significantly ameliorated liver injury/histology. The tumor numbers of hepatocellular carcinoma were dramatically decreased by the antibiotics-treatment. We analyzed the factors involved in oxidative stress and anti-oxidant effects. Oxidative stress was elevated in mice fed with STHD-01, whereas some anti-oxidant factors were significantly elevated after antibiotics treatment. These results suggest that the gut microbiota is a key factor in improving oxidative stress induced by STHD-01 feeding.

Punica granatum (Pomegranate) activity in health promotion and cancer prevention

Cancer has become one of the most fatal diseases in most countries. In spite of the medical care developing, cancer still remains a significant problem. The majority of the cancers are resistant to treatment. Thus, the research for novel, more efficient and less side effect treatment methods continues. Pomegranate contains strong antioxidant activity, with potential health interests. Research concern in pomegranate is increasing because of their anticancer potential due to possess rich in polyphenols. We highlight the pomegranate potential health benefits and mechanism of cancer progression inhibition. Pomegranate has indicated antiproliferative, anti-metastatic and anti-invasive effects on different cancer cell line in vitro, in vivo and clinical trial. The aim of this review is to evaluate functional properties and the medical benifits of pomegranate against various cancer diseases. In addition, pomegranate properties in in vitro and in vivo experimental human and animal clinical trials and its future use are explored. The available data suggest that Punica granatum (pomegranate) might be used in the control and potential therapeutic for some disease conditions and benefits human health status. This review summarizes in vitro, in vivo and clinical trial studies highlighting the pomegranate role in prevent and treatment of breast, prostate, lung, colon, skin and hepatocellular cell cancers.

FGF19 Protects Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Activation of FGFR4-GSK3β-Nrf2 Signaling

The tumor microenvironment induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in tumor cells, an event that can promote progression, but it is unknown how tumor cells adapt to this stress. In this study, we show that the fibroblast growth factor FGF19, a gene frequently amplified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), facilitates a survival response to ER stress. Levels of FGF19 expression were increased in stressed HCC cells in culture and in a mouse xenograft model. Induction of ER stress required the transcription factor ATF4, which directly bound the FGF19 promoter. In cells where ER stress was induced, FGF19 overexpression promoted HCC cell survival and increased resistance to apoptosis, whereas FGF19 silencing counteracted these effects. Mechanistic investigations implicated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) in regulating nuclear accumulation of the stress-regulated transcription factor Nrf2 activated by FGF19. Our findings show how FGF19 provides a cytoprotective role against ER stress by activating a FGFR4-GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling cascade, with implications for targeting this signaling node as a candidate therapeutic regimen for HCC management. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6215-25. ©2017 AACR.

Fabrication, optimization, and characterization of umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo studies

Umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside (UFG), isolated from plants, exhibits promising inhibitory action on numerous diseases. The present research was initiated to develop a suitable delivery system for UFG with an intention to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Wistar rats. UFG-loaded polymeric nanoparticles prepared by sonication were scrutinized for average size, drug loading capacity, zeta potential, and drug release potency in animals. HCC cell lines HuH-7 and Hep G2 were used for in vitro cytotoxic investigation. Several hepatic, nonhepatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory biochemical parameters were estimated to establish the anticancer potential of UFG nanoformulation. Microscopical and histopathological investigations were also undertaken to substantiate the results of our work. Umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside-loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (UFG-PLGA-NP) with particle size of 187.1 nm and polydispersity index 0.16 were uniform in nature with 82.5% release of the total amount of drug after 48 h. Our study successfully established the development and characterization of UFG-PLGA-NP with noticeable effect against both in vivo and in vitro models. The anticancer potential of UFG-PLGA-NP was brought about by the management of DEN-induced reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, proinflammatory cytokines alteration, and induction of apoptosis. Positive zeta potential on the surface of UFG-PLGA-NP would have possibly offered higher hepatic accumulation of UFG, particularly in the electron-dense mitochondria organelles, and this was the take-home message from this study. Our results demonstrated that such polymer-loaded delivery systems of UFG can be a better option and can be further explored to improve the clinical outcomes against hepatic cancer.

Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism Involved in Pomegranate-Mediated Prevention of Breast Cancer: the Role of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a nutrient-rich unique fruit, has been used for centuries for the prevention and treatment of various inflammation-driven diseases. Based on our previous study, a characterized pomegranate emulsion (PE) exhibited a striking inhibition of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated rat mammary tumorigenesis via antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms. The objective of the present work is to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of PE during DMBA rat mammary carcinogenesis by evaluating the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2p45 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Mammary tumor samples were harvested from our previous chemopreventive study in which PE (0.2–5.0 g/kg) was found to reduce mammary tumorigenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The expressions of COX-2, HSP90, NF-κB, inhibitory κBα (IκBα) and Nrf2 were detected by immunohistochemical techniques. PE decreased the expression of COX-2 and HSP90, prevented the degradation of IκBα, hindered the translocation of NF-κB from cytosol to nucleus and increased the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 during DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis. These findings, together with our previous results, indicate that PE-mediated prevention of DMBA-evoked mammary carcinogenesis may involve anti-inflammatory mechanisms through concurrent but differential regulation of two interrelated molecular pathways, namely NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling.

Potential Antitumor Effects of Pomegranates and Its Ingredients

The treatment based on plant or plant derivatives is a promising strategy in the killing of cancers cells. Moreover, wide-ranging finding has established that medicinal plant and its ingredient modulate several cells signaling pathways or inhibiting the carcinogenesis process. In this vista, pomegranates fruits, seeds and peels illustrate cancer preventive role seems to be due to rich source of antioxidant and other valuable ingredients. Furthermore, anti-tumour activities of pomegranates have been evidences through the modulation of cell signaling pathways including transcription factor, apoptosis and angiogenesis. In this review article, anti-tumor activity of pomegranates and its components or its different type of extracts are described to understand the mechanism of action of pomegranates in cancer therapy.

Pomegranate Intake Protects Against Genomic Instability Induced by Medical X-rays In Vivo in Mice

Ionizing radiation (IR) is a well-documented human carcinogen. The increased use of IR in medical procedures has doubled the annual radiation dose and may increase cancer risk. Genomic instability is an intermediate lesion in IR-induced cancer. We examined whether pomegranate extract (PE) suppresses genomic instability induced by x-rays. Mice were treated orally with PE and exposed to an x-ray dose of 2 Gy. PE intake suppressed x-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in peripheral blood and chromosomal damage in bone marrow. We hypothesized that PE-mediated protection against x-ray-induced damage may be due to the upregulation of DSB repair and antioxidant enzymes and/or increase in glutathione (GSH) levels. We found that expression of DSB repair genes was not altered (Nbs1 and Rad50) or was reduced (Mre11, DNA-PKcs, Ku80, Rad51, Rad52 and Brca2) in the liver of PE-treated mice. Likewise, mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes were reduced (Gpx1, Cat, and Sod2) or were not altered (HO-1 and Sod1) as a function of PE treatment. In contrast, PE-treated mice with and without IR exposure displayed higher hepatic GSH concentrations than controls. Thus, ingestion of pomegranate polyphenols is associated with inhibition of x-ray-induced genomic instability and elevated GSH, which may reduce cancer risk.

Effect of resveratrol analogue, DMU-212, on antioxidant status and apoptosis-related genes in rat model of hepatocarcinogenesis

The aim of the study was to examine whether antioxidant properties of 3,4,4',5-tetramethoxystilbene (DMU-212) contribute to its anticarcinogenic activity and whether DMU-212 affects the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Two-stage model of hepatocarcinogenesis was used; male Wistar rats were challenged with N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), 200 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), intraperitoneal, then phenobarbital (PB) in drinking water (0.05%) was administered. Simultaneously, DMU-212 was given per os at a dose 20 or 50 mg/kg b.w. two times a week for 16 weeks. DMU-212 caused a moderate decrease in hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyls concentration elevated in rats treated with NDEA/PB. The activity of antioxidant enzymes examined reduced by NDEA/PB treatment was not restored in rats coadministered with DMU-212. Effects of DMU-212 on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of antioxidant enzymes in rats challenged with NDEA/PB were diversified; no changes in their protein expression were noted in any of the groups. The expression of 17,000 genes was analyzed by Affymetrix® Rat Gene 1.1 ST Array; 15 apoptosis-related genes were selected and validated by RT-q PCR. The combined treatment with NDEA/PB and DMU-212 increased the mRNA level of some genes driving mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, whereas the mRNA expression of some anti-apoptotic genes triggering receptor-mediated apoptosis was reduced. The expression of genes encoding caspases-4, -8, -9, and -12 was also increased in rats treated with DMU-212. Although antioxidant effect of DMU-212 in rats challenged with NDEA/PB was moderate, its potential anticarcinogenic properties were demonstrated as evidenced by modulation of apoptosis-related genes.

Acteoside-mediates chemoprevention of experimental liver carcinogenesis through STAT-3 regulated oxidative stress and apoptosis

In the absence of an effective therapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), chemoprevention remains an important strategy to circumvent morbidity and mortality. Here, we examined chemopreventive potential of Acteoside (ACT), a plant derived phenylethanoid glycoside against an environmental and dietary carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. ACT treatment (0.1 and 0.3% supplemented with diet) started 2 weeks before DEN challenge and continued for 18 weeks thereafter, showed a remarkable chemopreventive activity. ACT treatment resulted in reduced HCC nodules. Histopathology showed progressive tissue damage, necrosis (5 weeks), hepatocytic injury (10 weeks), anisonucleosis with presence of prominent nucleoli, sinusidal dilations, and lymphomono nuclear inflammation (18 weeks). Biochemical analysis showed hepatocytic injury (raised ALT, p < 0.001), inflammation [IL-6, IFN-γ (p < 0.05), and TNF-α (p < 0.001)], apoptosis [elevated Caspase-3 (p < 0.001)]. ACT at 0.1 and 0.3% ameliorated DEN-induced pre-hepatocarcinogenic manifestations. Mechanistic studies of ACT chemoprevention was elucidated using Hep3B cells with an aim to develop an in vitro DEN-induced toxicity model. Hep3B was found to be a reliable and more sensitive towards DEN toxicity compared to HepG2 and HuH7 cells. ACT prevented DEN-induced cytotoxicity (p < 0.001), DNA damage, and genotoxicity (micronuclei test, DNA ladder test, Hoechst staining, cell cycle analysis). ACT significantly (p < 0.001) scavenged DEN-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and prevented mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss. Immunoblotting showed ACT treatment reversed DEN-induced NF-κB, Bax, Cytochrome C, Bcl-2, and Stat-3 levels. We conclude that chemoprotective effect of ACT is mediated by STAT-3 dependent regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis and ACT has potential to be developed as a chemopreventive agent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 782-798, 2016.

Dietary Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Liver Cancer

Liver cancer is the most common malignancy of the digestive system with high death rate. Accumulating evidences suggests that many dietary natural products are potential sources for prevention and treatment of liver cancer, such as grapes, black currant, plum, pomegranate, cruciferous vegetables, French beans, tomatoes, asparagus, garlic, turmeric, ginger, soy, rice bran, and some edible macro-fungi. These dietary natural products and their active components could affect the development and progression of liver cancer in various ways, such as inhibiting tumor cell growth and metastasis, protecting against liver carcinogens, immunomodulating and enhancing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. This review summarizes the potential prevention and treatment activities of dietary natural products and their major bioactive constituents on liver cancer, and discusses possible mechanisms of action.