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Ao Z, Xiao D, Wu J, Sun J, Liu H. CRL4DCAF4 E3 ligase-mediated degradation of MEN1 transcriptionally reactivates hTERT to sustain immortalization in colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:607-619. [PMID: 38573327 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reactivation is implicated in approximately 85% of human cancers, yet its underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we elucidate that the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) complex drives the reactivation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) by degrading the tumor suppressor, menin 1 (MEN1). Our data show that, in noncancerous intestinal epithelial cells, the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) recruits both the histone acetyltransferase p300 and MEN1 to suppress hTERT expression, thus maintaining telomere shortness post-cell division. Inflammation-induced microenvironments trigger an activation of the CRL4DCAF4 E3 ligase, leading to MEN1 ubiquitination and degradation in CRC cells. This process nullifies MEN1's inhibitory action, reactivates hTERT expression at the transcriptional level, interrupts telomere shortening and spurs uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Notably, MEN1 overexpression in CRC cells partially counteracts these oncogenic phenotypes. NSC1517, an inhibitor of the CRL4DCAF4 complex identified through high-throughput screening from a plant-derived chemical pool, hinders MEN1 degradation, attenuates hTERT expression and suppresses tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. Collectively, our research elucidates the transcriptional mechanism driving hTERT reactivation in CRC. Targeting the CRL4DCAF4 E3 ligase emerges as a promising strategy to counteract cancer cell immortalization and curb tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ao
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Sun
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Tornesello ML, Cerasuolo A, Starita N, Tornesello AL, Bonelli P, Tuccillo FM, Buonaguro L, Isaguliants MG, Buonaguro FM. The Molecular Interplay between Human Oncoviruses and Telomerase in Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5257. [PMID: 36358677 PMCID: PMC9659228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oncoviruses are able to subvert telomerase function in cancer cells through multiple strategies. The activity of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (TERT) is universally enhanced in virus-related cancers. Viral oncoproteins, such as high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) LMP1, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8) LANA, hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBVx, hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein, interact with regulatory elements in the infected cells and contribute to the transcriptional activation of TERT gene. Specifically, viral oncoproteins have been shown to bind TERT promoter, to induce post-transcriptional alterations of TERT mRNA and to cause epigenetic modifications, which have important effects on the regulation of telomeric and extra-telomeric functions of the telomerase. Other viruses, such as herpesviruses, operate by integrating their genomes within the telomeres or by inducing alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) in non-ALT cells. In this review, we recapitulate on recent findings on virus-telomerase/telomeres interplay and the importance of TERT-related oncogenic pathways activated by cancer-causing viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerasuolo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Noemy Starita
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bonelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Franco M. Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Madugula KK, Joseph J, DeMarino C, Ginwala R, Teixeira V, Khan ZK, Sales D, Wilson S, Kashanchi F, Rushing AW, Lemasson I, Harhaj EW, Janakiram M, Ye BH, Jain P. Regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 antisense promoter by myocyte enhancer factor-2C in the context of adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Haematologica 2022; 107:2928-2943. [PMID: 35615924 PMCID: PMC9713551 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.279542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma (ATLL) is an intractable T-cell neoplasia caused by a retrovirus, namely human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Patients suffering from ATLL present a poor prognosis and have a dearth of treatment options. In contrast to the sporadic expression of viral transactivator protein Tax present at the 5' promoter region long terminal repeats (LTR), HTLV-1 bZIP gene (HBZ) is encoded by 3'LTR (the antisense promoter) and maintains its constant expression in ATLL cells and patients. The antisense promoter is associated with selective retroviral gene expression and has been an understudied phenomenon. Herein, we delineate the activity of transcription factor MEF (myocyte enhancer factor)-2 family members, which were found to be enriched at the 3'LTR and play an important role in the pathogenesis of ATLL. Of the four MEF isoforms (A to D), MEF-2A and 2C were highly overexpressed in a wide array of ATLL cell lines and in acute ATLL patients. The activity of MEF-2 isoforms were determined by knockdown experiments that led to decreased cell proliferation and regulated cell cycle progression. High enrichment of MEF-2C was observed at the 3'LTR along with cofactors Menin and JunD resulting in binding of MEF-2C to HBZ at this region. Chemical inhibition of MEF-2 proteins resulted in the cytotoxicity of ATLL cells in vitro and reduction of proviral load in a humanized mouse model. Taken together, this study provides a novel mechanism of 3'LTR regulation and establishes MEF-2 signaling a potential target for therapeutic intervention for ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K. Madugula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Rashida Ginwala
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Teixeira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Zafar K. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dominic Sales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sydney Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Amanda W. Rushing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Isabelle Lemasson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Edward W. Harhaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - B. Hilda Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,P. Jain
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Lin E, Panfil AR, Sandel G, Jain P. Novel perspectives on antisense transcription in HIV-1, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042761. [PMID: 36620051 PMCID: PMC9822710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of retroviruses contains two promoter elements (called long terminal repeat or LTR) at the 5' and 3' end of their genome. Although the expression of retroviral genes generally depends on the promoter located in the 5' LTR, the 3' LTR also has promoter activity responsible for producing antisense transcripts. These natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are a class of RNA molecules transcribed from the opposite strand of a protein-coding gene. NATs have been identified in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, as well as in human retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HTLV-1/2 (human T-cell leukemia virus type 1/2). The antisense transcripts of HIV-1, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2 have been briefly characterized over the past several years. However, a complete appreciation of the role these transcripts play in the virus lifecycle and the cellular factors which regulate their transcription is still lacking. This review provides an overview of antisense transcription in human retroviruses with a specific focus on the MEF-2 family of transcription factors, the function(s) of the antisense protein products, and the application of antisense transcription models in therapeutics against HIV-1 and HTLV-1 in the context of co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pooja Jain,
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Juhlin CC, Erickson LA. Genomics and Epigenomics in Parathyroid Neoplasia: from Bench to Surgical Pathology Practice. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:17-34. [PMID: 33269427 PMCID: PMC7960610 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of parathyroid disease encountered in routine practice is due to single parathyroid adenoma, of which the majority arise as sporadic tumors. This is usually a straightforward diagnosis in endocrine pathology when in the appropriate clinical setting, although subsets of cases will exhibit atypical histological features that may warrant additional immunohistochemical and genetic analyses to estimate the malignant potential. Parathyroid carcinomas on the other hand, are bona fide malignant tumors characterized by their unequivocal invasion demonstrated through routine histology or metastasis. The ultimate endpoint for any molecular marker discovered through laboratory investigations is to be introduced in clinical routine practice and guide the surgical pathologist in terms of diagnostics and prognostication. For parathyroid tumors, the two main diagnostic challenges include the distinction between parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid carcinoma, as well as the pinpointing of hereditable disease for familial screening purposes. While numerous markers on genetic, epigenetic, and protein levels have been proposed as discriminative in these aspects, this review aims to condense the scientific coverage of these enigmatic topics and to propose a focused surgical pathology approach to the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lori A Erickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) bZIP Factor Upregulates the Expression of ICAM-1 To Facilitate HTLV-1 Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00608-19. [PMID: 31315993 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00608-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes multiple pathological effects, ranging from a form of leukemia to a spectrum of inflammation-mediated diseases. These diseases arise from one or several infected CD4+ T cells among thousands acquiring proliferation and survival advantages and ultimately becoming pathogenic. Given the low incidence of HTLV-1-associated diseases among carriers, such cellular evolutionary processes appear to occur rarely. Therefore, infectious spread of HTLV-1 within the T-cell population may be one underlying factor influencing disease development. Free HTLV-1 virions are poorly infectious, so infection of T cells relies on direct contact between infected and target cells. Following contact, virions pass to target cells through a virological synapse or cellular conduits or are transferred to target cells within an extracellular matrix. Lymphocyte functioning antigen 1 (LFA-1) on the surface of the target cell engaging with its ligand, ICAM-1, on the surface of the infected cell (effector cell) initiates and stabilizes cell-cell contact for infection. We found that stable expression of an HTLV-1 accessory protein, HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), in Jurkat T cells increases homotypic aggregation. This phenotype was attributed to elevated ICAM-1 expression in the presence of HBZ. Using a single-cycle replication-dependent luciferase assay, we found that HBZ expression in Jurkat cells (used as effector cells) increases HTLV-1 infection. Despite this effect, HBZ could not replace the critical infection-related functions of the HTLV-1 regulatory protein Tax. However, in HTLV-1-infected T cells, knockdown of HBZ expression did lead to a decrease in infection efficiency. These overall results suggest that HBZ contributes to HTLV-1 infectivity.IMPORTANCE Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes a variety of diseases, ranging from a fatal form of leukemia to immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. These diseases occur rarely, arising from one or a small subset of virally infected cells infrequently evolving into a pathogenic state. Thus, the process of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission within the host helps influence the probability of disease development. HTLV-1 primarily infects T cells and initially spreads within this cell population when virally infected T cells dock to uninfected target T cells and then transfer HTLV-1 virus particles to the target cells. Here we found that the viral protein HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) promotes infectivity. HBZ accomplishes this task by increasing the surface abundance of a cellular adhesion protein known as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), which helps initiate and stabilize contact (docking) between infected and target T cells. These results define a novel and unexpected function of HBZ, diverging from its defined functions in cellular survival and proliferation.
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Pizzi M, Margolskee E, Inghirami G. Pathogenesis of Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 13:293-320. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pizzi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Margolskee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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HBZ-mediated shift of JunD from growth suppressor to tumor promoter in leukemic cells by inhibition of ribosomal protein S25 expression. Leukemia 2017; 31:2235-2243. [PMID: 28260789 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ) is a key player in proliferation and transformation of HTLV-1-infected cells, thus contributing to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) development. HBZ deregulates gene expression within the host cell by interacting with several cellular partners. Through its C-terminal ZIP domain, HBZ is able to contact and activate JunD, a transcription factor of the AP-1 family. JunD mRNA is intronless but can generate two protein isoforms by alternative translation initiation: JunD full-length and Δ JunD, an N-terminal truncated form unresponsive to the tumor suppressor menin. Using various cell lines and primary T-lymphocytes, we show that after serum deprivation HBZ induces the expression of Δ JunD isoform. We demonstrate that, unlike JunD, Δ JunD induces proliferation and transformation of cells. To decipher the mechanisms for Δ JunD production, we looked into the translational machinery and observed that HBZ induces nuclear retention of RPS25 mRNA and loss of RPS25 protein expression, a component of the small ribosomal subunit. Therefore, HBZ bypasses translational control of JunD uORF and favors the expression of Δ JunD. In conclusion, we provide strong evidences that HBZ induces Δ JunD expression through alteration of the cellular translational machinery and that the truncated isoform Δ JunD has a central role in the oncogenic process leading to ATL.
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Transcription Regulation of the Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Gene. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7080050. [PMID: 27548225 PMCID: PMC4999838 DOI: 10.3390/genes7080050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have the ability to maintain their telomere length via expression of an enzymatic complex called telomerase. Similarly, more than 85%–90% of cancer cells are found to upregulate the expression of telomerase, conferring them with the potential to proliferate indefinitely. Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase holoenzyme, is the rate-limiting factor in reconstituting telomerase activity in vivo. To date, the expression and function of the human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) gene are known to be regulated at various molecular levels (including genetic, mRNA, protein and subcellular localization) by a number of diverse factors. Among these means of regulation, transcription modulation is the most important, as evident in its tight regulation in cancer cell survival as well as pluripotent stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Here, we discuss how hTERT gene transcription is regulated, mainly focusing on the contribution of trans-acting factors such as transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers, as well as genetic alterations in hTERT proximal promoter.
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Ma G, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M. Multifaceted functions and roles of HBZ in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 26979059 PMCID: PMC4793531 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus responsible for the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although HTLV-1 harbors an oncogene, tax, that transforms T cells in vitro and induces leukemia in transgenic mice, tax expression is frequently disrupted in ATL, making the oncogenesis of ATL a bit mysterious. The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene was discovered in 2002 and has been found to promote T-cell proliferation and cause lymphoma in transgenic mice. Thus HBZ has become a novel hotspot of HTLV-1 research. This review summarizes the current findings on HBZ with a special focus on its potential links to the oncogenesis of ATL. We propose viewing HBZ as a critical contributing factor in ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Ma
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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11
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Zhao T. The Role of HBZ in HTLV-1-Induced Oncogenesis. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020034. [PMID: 26848677 PMCID: PMC4776189 DOI: 10.3390/v8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and chronic inflammatory diseases. HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) is transcribed as an antisense transcript of the HTLV-1 provirus. Among the HTLV-1-encoded viral genes, HBZ is the only gene that is constitutively expressed in all ATL cases. Recent studies have demonstrated that HBZ plays an essential role in oncogenesis by regulating viral transcription and modulating multiple host factors, as well as cellular signaling pathways, that contribute to the development and continued growth of cancer. In this article, I summarize the current knowledge of the oncogenic function of HBZ in cell proliferation, apoptosis, T-cell differentiation, immune escape, and HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China.
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology and Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China.
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12
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Molecular Studies of HTLV-1 Replication: An Update. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020031. [PMID: 26828513 PMCID: PMC4776186 DOI: 10.3390/v8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus discovered. Studies on HTLV-1 have been instrumental for our understanding of the molecular pathology of virus-induced cancers. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of an adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and can lead to a variety of neurological pathologies, including HTLV-1-associated-myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The ability to treat the aggressive ATL subtypes remains inadequate. HTLV-1 replicates by (1) an infectious cycle involving virus budding and infection of new permissive target cells and (2) mitotic division of cells harboring an integrated provirus. Virus replication initiates host antiviral immunity and the checkpoint control of cell proliferation, but HTLV-1 has evolved elegant strategies to counteract these host defense mechanisms to allow for virus persistence. The study of the molecular biology of HTLV-1 replication has provided crucial information for understanding HTLV-1 replication as well as aspects of viral replication that are shared between HTLV-1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here in this review, we discuss the various stages of the virus replication cycle—both foundational knowledge as well as current updates of ongoing research that is important for understanding HTLV-1 molecular pathogenesis as well as in developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Pérès E, Bagdassarian E, This S, Villaudy J, Rigal D, Gazzolo L, Duc Dodon M. From Immunodeficiency to Humanization: The Contribution of Mouse Models to Explore HTLV-1 Leukemogenesis. Viruses 2015; 7:6371-86. [PMID: 26690200 PMCID: PMC4690867 DOI: 10.3390/v7122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first discovered human retrovirus, Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1), is responsible for an aggressive form of T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Mouse models recapitulating the leukemogenesis process have been helpful for understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this retroviral-induced disease. This review will focus on the recent advances in the generation of immunodeficient and human hemato-lymphoid system mice with a particular emphasis on the development of mouse models for HTLV-1-mediated pathogenesis, their present limitations and the challenges yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Pérès
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
| | - Eugénie Bagdassarian
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- Master BioSciences, Département de Biologie, ENS Lyon, 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
| | - Sébastien This
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- Master BioSciences, Département de Biologie, ENS Lyon, 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
| | - Julien Villaudy
- AIMM Therapeutics, Meibergdreef 59, 1105 BA Amsterdam Zuidoost, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 BA Amsterdam Zuidoost, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Louis Gazzolo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
| | - Madeleine Duc Dodon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
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14
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Bellon M, Nicot C. Multiple Pathways Control the Reactivation of Telomerase in HTLV-I-Associated Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26430700 DOI: 10.15436/2377-0902.15.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While telomerase (hTERT) activity is absent from normal somatic cells, reactivation of hTERT expression is a hallmark of cancer cells. Telomerase activity is required for avoiding replicative senescence and supports immortalization of cellular proliferation. Only a minority of cancer cells rely on a telomerase-independent process known as alternative lengthening of telomeres, ALT, to sustain cancer cell proliferation. Multiple genetic, epigenetic, and viral mechanisms have been found to de-regulate telomerase gene expression, thereby increasing the risk of cellular transformation. Here, we review the different strategies used by the Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, HTLV-I, to activate hTERT expression and stimulate its enzymatic activity in virally infected CD4 T cells. The implications of hTERT reactivation in HTLV-I pathogenesis and disease treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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15
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Takachi T, Takahashi M, Takahashi-Yoshita M, Higuchi M, Obata M, Mishima Y, Okuda S, Tanaka Y, Matsuoka M, Saitoh A, Green PL, Fujii M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax oncoprotein represses the expression of the BCL11B tumor suppressor in T-cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:461-5. [PMID: 25613934 PMCID: PMC4409891 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL), which is an aggressive form of T-cell malignancy. HTLV-1 oncoproteins, Tax and HBZ, play crucial roles in the immortalization of T-cells and/or leukemogenesis by dysregulating the cellular functions in the host. Recent studies show that HTLV-1-infected T-cells have reduced expression of the BCL11B tumor suppressor protein. In the present study, we explored whether Tax and/or HBZ play a role in downregulating BCL11B in HTLV-1-infected T-cells. Lentiviral transduction of Tax in a human T-cell line repressed the expression of BCL11B at both the protein and mRNA levels, whereas the transduction of HBZ had little effect on the expression. Tax mutants with a decreased activity for the NF-κB, CREB or PDZ protein pathways still showed a reduced expression of the BCL11B protein, thereby implicating a different function of Tax in BCL11B downregulation. In addition, the HTLV-2 Tax2 protein reduced the BCL11B protein expression in T-cells. Seven HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, including three ATL-derived cell lines, showed reduced BCL11B mRNA and protein expression relative to an uninfected T-cell line, and the greatest reductions were in the cells expressing Tax. Collectively, these results indicate that Tax is responsible for suppressing BCL11B protein expression in HTLV-1-infected T-cells; Tax-mediated repression of BCL11B is another mechanism that Tax uses to promote oncogenesis of HTLV-1-infected T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takachi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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16
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Does chronic infection in retroviruses have a sense? Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:367-75. [PMID: 25701112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, retroviral gene expression has been shown to depend on a promoter that is bidirectional. This promoter activity is likely to occur at either end of the retroviral genome and has important consequences at the level of retroviral gene expression. This review focuses on the recent discovery of retroviral antisense genes termed HBZ [in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)] and ASP (in HIV-1) in terms of their function and the regulation of their expression, both of which are interconnected with the expression and function of other viral proteins. Emphasis is also given to the potential implication of these proteins in the maintenance of chronic infection in infected individuals. In light of recent findings, the discovery of these new genes opens a new avenue for the future treatment of HTLV-1- and HIV-1-infected individuals.
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17
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Identification and characterization of HTLV-1 HBZ post-translational modifications. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112762. [PMID: 25389759 PMCID: PMC4229220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is estimated to infect 15–25 million people worldwide, with several areas including southern Japan and the Caribbean basin being endemic. The virus is the etiological agent of debilitating and fatal diseases, for which there is currently no long-term cure. In the majority of cases of leukemia caused by HTLV-1, only a single viral gene, hbz, and its cognate protein, HBZ, are expressed and their importance is increasingly being recognized in the development of HTLV-1-associated disease. We hypothesized that HBZ, like other HTLV-1 proteins, has properties and functions regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) that affect specific signaling pathways important for disease development. To date, PTM of HBZ has not been described. We used an affinity-tagged protein and mass spectrometry method to identify seven modifications of HBZ for the first time. We examined how these PTMs affected the ability of HBZ to modulate several pathways, as measured using luciferase reporter assays. Herein, we report that none of the identified PTMs affected HBZ stability or its regulation of tested pathways.
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18
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Guo W, Lu J, Dai M, Wu T, Yu Z, Wang J, Chen W, Shi D, Yu W, Xiao Y, Yi C, Tang Z, Xu T, Xiao X, Yuan Y, Liu Q, Du G, Deng W. Transcriptional coactivator CBP upregulates hTERT expression and tumor growth and predicts poor prognosis in human lung cancers. Oncotarget 2014; 5:9349-61. [PMID: 25294805 PMCID: PMC4253439 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulated expression and activation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is a hallmarker of lung tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism underlying the aberrant hTERT activity in lung cancer cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we found the transcriptional co-activator CBP as a new hTERT promoter-binding protein that regulated hTERT expression and tumor growth in lung adenocarcinoma cells using a biotin-streptavidin-bead pulldown technique. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay verified the immortalized cell and tumor cell-specific binding of CBP on hTERT promoter. Overexpression of exogenous CBP upregulated the expression of the hTERT promoter-driven luciferase and endogenous hTERT protein in lung cancer cells. Conversely, inhibition of CBP by CBP-specific siRNA or its chemical inhibitor repressed the expression of hTERT promoter-driven luciferase and endogenous hTERT protein as well as telomerase activity. Moreover, inhibition of CBP expression or activity also significantly reduced the proliferation of lung cancer cells in vitro and tumor growth in an xenograft mouse model in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays of lung cancers revealed a positive correlation between CBP and hTERT. Importantly, the patients with high CBP and hTERT expression had a significantly shorter overall survival. Furthermore, CBP was found to interact with and acetylate transactivator Sp1 in lung cancer cells. Inhibition of CBP by CBP-specific siRNA or its chemical inhibitor significantly inhibited Sp1 acetylation and its binding to the hTERT promoter. Collectively, our results indicate that CBP contributes to the upregulation of hTERT expression and tumor growth, and overexpression of CBP predicts poor prognosis in human lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jianjun Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Dai
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Taihua Wu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Colaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangbing Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Colaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingbo Shi
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Colaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wendan Yu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Canhui Yi
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangsheng Xiao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Colaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Colaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Colaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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