1
|
Davis SJ, Arscott SA, Goltz S, Muir C, Binkley N, Tanumihardjo SA. Urinary 2- to 16α-hydroxyestrone ratio did not change with cruciferous vegetable intake in premenopausal women. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:177-186. [PMID: 37335576 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The mass ratio of urinary 2-hydroxyestrone to 16-α-hydroxyestrone (2:16) is hypothesized as a biomarker of breast cancer risk in premenopausal women, with higher ratios being theoretically protective. Cruciferous vegetable intake has been associated with higher urinary 2:16 in some studies. We investigated whether a whole-food supplement made from dried Brussels sprouts and kale would increase urinary 2:16 in comparison with placebo or cruciferous vegetables in women. This randomized, parallel arm, placebo-controlled, partly blinded study included 78 healthy premenopausal women (38-50 y) with screening urinary 2:16 ≤3.0. Subjects received either six capsules containing 550 mg dried Brussels sprouts and kale per capsule, 40 g daily alternating broccoli or Brussels sprouts, or placebo for eight weeks. Urinary 2:16 and creatinine were measured at baseline, four, and eight weeks. Intent-to-treat repeated measures-ANOVA with multiple imputation (n=100) for missing values identified no treatment effect (P=0.9) or treatment-by-time interaction (P=0.6); however, a significant time effect was noted (P=0.02). Per-protocol analyses including complete cases found no treatment effect (P=1) or treatment-by-time interaction (P=0.6); however, the significant time effect remained (P=0.03). Restricting analysis to subjects with >80% compliance maintained the time effect (P=0.02). Using Pearson correlations, android-pattern and android:gynoid fat were predictive of change (P≤0.05). In conclusion, neither cruciferous supplements nor an added vegetable serving altered urinary 2:16 in premenopausal women with eight weeks treatment. This ratio did vary with time, which is important for designing future trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Sara A Arscott
- Standard Process Inc., Palmyra, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Shellen Goltz
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Cassidy Muir
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Neil Binkley
- Osteoporosis Clinical Research Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu J, Zhou Y, He S, Wang Y, Ma J, Li C, Liu Z, Zhou X. Activation of the YY1-UGT2B7 Axis Promotes Mammary Estrogen Homeostasis Dysregulation and Exacerbates Breast Tumor Metastasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:408-421. [PMID: 38575184 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the most common pathway of cancer death. The lack of effective predictors of breast cancer metastasis is a pressing issue in clinical practice. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of breast cancer metastasis to uncover reliable predictors is very important for the clinical treatment of breast cancer patients. In this study, tandem mass tag quantitative proteomics technology was used to detect protein content in primary breast tumor tissue samples from patients with metastatic and nonmetastatic breast cancer at diagnosis. We found that the high expression of yin-yang 1(YY1) is strongly associated with poor prognosis in high-grade breast cancer. YY1 expression was detected in both clinical tumor tissue samples and tumor tissue samples from mammary-specific polyomavirus middle T antigen overexpression mouse model mice. We demonstrated that upregulation of YY1 expression was closely associated with breast cancer metastasis and that high YY1 expression could promote the migratory invasive ability of breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, YY1 directly binds to the UGT2B7 mRNA initiation sequence ATTCAT, thereby transcriptionally regulating the inhibition of UGT2B7 expression. UGT2B7 can regulate the development of breast cancer by regulating estrogen homeostasis in the breast, and the abnormal accumulation of estrogen, especially 4-OHE2, promotes the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, ultimately causing the development of breast cancer metastasis. In conclusion, YY1 can regulate the UGT2B7-estrogen metabolic axis and induce disturbances in estrogen metabolism in breast tumors, ultimately leading to breast cancer metastasis. Disturbances in estrogen metabolism in the breast tissue may be an important risk factor for breast tumor progression and metastasis SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, we propose for the first time a regulatory relationship between YY1 and the UGT2B7/estrogen metabolism axis and explore the molecular mechanism. Our study shows that the YY1/UGT2B7/estrogen axis plays an important role in the development and metastasis of breast cancer. This study further elucidates the potential mechanisms of YY1-mediated breast cancer metastasis and the possibility and promise of YY1 as a predictor of cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Xu
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (J.X., Y.Z., S.H., Y.W., J.M., X.Z.); The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China (J.X.); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (Z.L.); and Department of Breast Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital XuZhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Ying Zhou
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (J.X., Y.Z., S.H., Y.W., J.M., X.Z.); The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China (J.X.); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (Z.L.); and Department of Breast Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital XuZhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Shiqing He
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (J.X., Y.Z., S.H., Y.W., J.M., X.Z.); The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China (J.X.); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (Z.L.); and Department of Breast Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital XuZhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Yinghao Wang
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (J.X., Y.Z., S.H., Y.W., J.M., X.Z.); The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China (J.X.); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (Z.L.); and Department of Breast Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital XuZhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Jiachen Ma
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (J.X., Y.Z., S.H., Y.W., J.M., X.Z.); The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China (J.X.); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (Z.L.); and Department of Breast Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital XuZhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Changwen Li
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (J.X., Y.Z., S.H., Y.W., J.M., X.Z.); The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China (J.X.); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (Z.L.); and Department of Breast Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital XuZhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Zhao Liu
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (J.X., Y.Z., S.H., Y.W., J.M., X.Z.); The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China (J.X.); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (Z.L.); and Department of Breast Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital XuZhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (J.X., Y.Z., S.H., Y.W., J.M., X.Z.); The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China (J.X.); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (Z.L.); and Department of Breast Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital XuZhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China (C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karvaly G, Kovács K, Gyarmatig M, Gerszi D, Nagy S, Jalal DA, Tóth Z, Vasarhelyi B, Gyarmati B. Reference data on estrogen metabolome in healthy pregnancy. Mol Cell Probes 2024; 74:101953. [PMID: 38432490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogen hormones and their metabolites are implicated in the maintenance of healthy pregnancy and adequate fetal development. Abnormal levels were related to increased risk of pregnancy complications, particularly preeclampsia. Our aims were (1) to develop a methodological platform for the comprehensive assessment of estrogen metabolome in pregnancy; (2) to collect healthy reference data for relevant elements of estrogen metabolome in each trimester; (3) to assess unconjugated fractions of the estrogen metabolome, (4) to assess the dominant metabolic pathways of estrogen compounds. METHODS We enrolled healthy pregnant mothers between gestational week 5-15 (on the confirmation of pregnancy; 79 samples), gestational weeks 19-27 (70 samples), and gestational week 34-39 (54 samples). A method employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to assess estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol levels, and their metabolites as conjugated and unconjugated forms. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the level of compounds in each trimester. RESULTS Estrone, 17-beta-estradiol and estriol levels are dramatically increasing with the advancement of pregnancy. Measured levels were in a very wide range. 17-beta-estradiol is neither glucuronated nor sulphated. To the contrary, estriol and estrone are significantly conjugated; unconjugated fraction is <15% of total hormone levels in any trimester. Regarding metabolism, 4-methoxy-estradiol and 17-epiestriol were not detected. CONCLUSION We concluded that (1) the levels of estrogen compounds and metabolites increase with advancing gestational age; (2) the wide ranges of levels challenge the establishment of a healthy reference range for clinical purposes; (3) 17-beta-estradiol is not conjugated significantly; (4) 4-methylation and 17-epimerization pathways of estrogens are negligible with our LC-MS/MS method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gellért Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Kovács
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Marcell Gyarmatig
- Semmelweis University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Gerszi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1082, Budapest, Üllői út 78/A, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Nagy
- Széchenyi István, University Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, 9026, Győr, Egyetem Tér 1, Hungary.
| | - Dlovan Ali Jalal
- Semmelweis University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Uzsoki Utcai Hospital, Department of Urology, 1145, Budapest, Uzsoki Utca 29-41, Hungary.
| | - Barna Vasarhelyi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Béla Gyarmati
- Uzsoki Utcai Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1145, Budapest, Uzsoki Utca 29-41, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang W, Zhen S, Ping Y, Wang L, Zhang Y. Metabolomic biomarkers in liquid biopsy: accurate cancer diagnosis and prognosis monitoring. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1331215. [PMID: 38384814 PMCID: PMC10879439 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1331215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy, a novel detection method, has recently become an active research area in clinical cancer owing to its unique advantages. Studies on circulating free DNA, circulating tumor cells, and exosomes obtained by liquid biopsy have shown great advances and they have entered clinical practice as new cancer biomarkers. The metabolism of the body is dynamic as cancer originates and progresses. Metabolic abnormalities caused by cancer can be detected in the blood, sputum, urine, and other biological fluids via systemic or local circulation. A considerable number of recent studies have focused on the roles of metabolic molecules in cancer. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of metabolic markers from various biological fluids in the latest clinical studies, which may contribute to cancer screening and diagnosis, differentiation of cancer typing, grading and staging, and prediction of therapeutic response and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhen
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yaghjyan L, Mai V, Darville LNF, Cline J, Wang X, Ukhanova M, Tagliamonte MS, Martinez YC, Rich SN, Koomen JM, Egan KM. Associations of gut microbiome with endogenous estrogen levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Cancer Causes Control 2023; 34:873-881. [PMID: 37286847 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The gut microbiome is a potentially important contributor to endogenous estrogen levels after menopause. In healthy postmenopausal women, we examined associations of fecal microbiome composition with levels of urinary estrogens, their metabolites, and relevant metabolic pathway ratios implicated in breast cancer risk. METHODS Eligible postmenopausal women (n = 164) had a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 35 kg/m2 and no history of hormone use (previous 6 months) or cancer/metabolic disorders. Estrogens were quantified in spot urine samples with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (corrected for creatinine). Bacterial DNA was isolated from fecal samples and the V1-V2 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. We examined associations of gut microbiome's indices of within-sample (alpha) diversity (i.e., Shannon, Chao1, and Inverse Simpson), phylogenetic diversity, and the ratio of the two main phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes; F/B ratio) with individual estrogens and metabolic ratios, adjusted for age and BMI. RESULTS In this sample of 164 healthy postmenopausal women, the mean age was 62.9 years (range 47.0-86.0). We found significant inverse associations of observed species with 4-pathway:total estrogens (p = 0.04) and 4-pathway:2-pathway (p = 0.01). Shannon index was positively associated with 2-catechols: methylated 2-catechols (p = 0.04). Chao1 was inversely associated with E1:total estrogens (p = 0.04), and 4-pathway:2-pathway (p = 0.02) and positively associated with 2-pathway:parent estrogens (p = 0.01). Phylogenetic diversity was inversely associated with 4-pathway:total estrogens (p = 0.02), 4-pathway:parent estrogens (p = 0.03), 4-pathway:2-pathway (p = 0.01), and 4-pathway:16-pathway (p = 0.03) and positively associated with 2-pathway:parent estrogens (p = 0.01). F/B ratio was not associated with any of the estrogen measures. CONCLUSION Microbial diversity was associated with several estrogen metabolism ratios implicated in breast cancer risk. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings in a larger and more representative sample of postmenopausal women, particularly with enrichment of minority participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Volker Mai
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria Ukhanova
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Massimiliano S Tagliamonte
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Shannan N Rich
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mao X, Li H, Zheng J. Effects of xenobiotics on CYP1 enzyme-mediated biotransformation and bioactivation of estradiol. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:1-49. [PMID: 36823774 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2177671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous estradiol (E2) exerts diverse physiological and pharmacological activities, commonly used for hormone replacement therapy. However, prolonged and excessive exposure to E2 potentially increases estrogenic cancer risk. Reportedly, CYP1 enzyme-mediated biotransformation of E2 is largely concerned with its balance between detoxification and carcinogenic pathways. Among the three key CYP1 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1), CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mainly catalyze the formation of nontoxic 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OH-E2), while CYP1B1 specifically catalyzes the formation of genotoxic 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OH-E2). 4-OH-E2 can be further metabolized to electrophilic quinone intermediates accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggering DNA damage. Since abnormal alterations in CYP1 activities can greatly affect the bioactivation process of E2, regulatory effects of xenobiotics on CYP1s are essential for E2-associated cancer development. To date, thousands of natural and synthetic compounds have been found to show potential inhibition and/or induction actions on the three CYP1 members. Generally, these chemicals share similar planar polycyclic skeletons, the structural motifs and substituent groups of which are important for their inhibitory/inductive efficiency and selectivity toward CYP1 enzymes. This review comprehensively summarizes these known inhibitors and/or inductors of E2-metabolizing CYP1s based on chemical categories and discusses their structure-activity relationships, which would contribute to better understanding of the correlation between xenobiotic-regulated CYP1 activities and estrogenic cancer susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song X, Wei C, Li X. The Relationship Between Microbial Community and Breast Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:849022. [PMID: 35782150 PMCID: PMC9245449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.849022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Recent research studies have shown that the intestinal flora is related to the occurrence and progression of BC. Notably, some evidence identifies a unique microbial community in breast tissue, a site previously thought to be sterile. In addition, breast tumors have their own specific microbial community, distinct from normal mammary gland tissue, and all of them may result from intestinal flora. Some microbial community in breast tissue may lead to the occurrence and development of BC. This review focuses on the relationship between the microbial community and breast cancer, which will lay a solid theoretical foundation for further understanding the local microenvironment of BC and developing effective targeted therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Song
- Department of The Graduate Student, Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, China
| | - Changran Wei
- Department of The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangqi Li,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hurwitz LM, Shadyab AH, Tabung FK, Anderson GL, Saquib N, Wallace RB, Wild RA, Pfeiffer RM, Xu X, Trabert B. Analgesic Use and Circulating Estrogens, Androgens, and Their Metabolites in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:173-183. [PMID: 34893532 PMCID: PMC8898279 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Though studies have observed inverse associations between use of analgesics (aspirin, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen) and the risk of several cancers, the potential biological mechanisms underlying these associations are unclear. We investigated the relationship between analgesic use and serum concentrations of estrogens, androgens, and their metabolites among postmenopausal women to provide insights on whether analgesic use might influence endogenous hormone levels, which could in turn influence hormone-related cancer risk. The study included 1,860 postmenopausal women from two case-control studies nested within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Analgesic use was reported at study baseline. Fifteen estrogens and estrogen metabolites and 12 androgens and androgen metabolites were quantified in baseline serum by LC/MS-MS. Linear regression with inverse probability weighting, stratified by menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use, was used to estimate adjusted geometric mean concentrations of each hormone by analgesic use. Among women not currently using MHT (n = 951), low-dose aspirin (<100 mg) use was associated with a higher serum concentration of estrone, estradiol, and 2, 4, and 16 hydroxylated metabolites. Use of regular-dose aspirin (≥100 mg), non-aspirin NSAIDs, and acetaminophen was not associated with serum concentrations of estrogens, androgens, or their metabolites. This study highlights the importance of examining aspirin use by dose and suggests that low-dose aspirin may influence endogenous estrogen concentrations. PREVENTION RELEVANCE This study explores a potential pathway by which analgesic medications such as aspirin may prevent hormone-related cancers. The findings support a positive association between low-dose aspirin use and endogenous estrogens, indicating that further elucidation of the interplay between low-dose aspirin, estrogen concentrations, and cancer risk is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Hurwitz
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
| | - Aladdin H. Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Fred K. Tabung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Nazmus Saquib
- Research Unit, College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University
| | - Robert B. Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health
| | - Robert A. Wild
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
| | - Xia Xu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Drummond AE, Swain CTV, Brown KA, Dixon-Suen SC, Boing L, van Roekel EH, Moore MM, Gaunt TR, Milne RL, English DR, Martin RM, Lewis SJ, Lynch BM. Linking Physical Activity to Breast Cancer via Sex Steroid Hormones, Part 2: The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:28-37. [PMID: 34670801 PMCID: PMC7612577 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook a systematic review and appraised the evidence for an effect of circulating sex steroid hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) on breast cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal women. Systematic searches identified prospective studies relevant to this review. Meta-analyses estimated breast cancer risk for women with the highest compared with the lowest level of sex hormones, and the DRMETA Stata package was used to graphically represent the shape of these associations. The ROBINS-E tool assessed risk of bias, and the GRADE system appraised the strength of evidence. In premenopausal women, there was little evidence that estrogens, progesterone, or SHBG were associated with breast cancer risk, whereas androgens showed a positive association. In postmenopausal women, higher estrogens and androgens were associated with an increase in breast cancer risk, whereas higher SHBG was inversely associated with risk. The strength of the evidence quality ranged from low to high for each hormone. Dose-response relationships between sex steroid hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk were most notable for postmenopausal women. These data support the plausibility of a role for sex steroid hormones in mediating the causal relationship between physical activity and the risk of breast cancer.See related reviews by Lynch et al., p. 11 and Swain et al., p. 16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Drummond
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Kristy A Brown
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Suzanne C Dixon-Suen
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonessa Boing
- Laboratory of Research in Leisure and Physical Activity, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eline H van Roekel
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa M Moore
- Medical Oncology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard M Martin
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Brigid M Lynch
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia.
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deng Y, Jin H. Effects of menopausal hormone therapy-based on the role of estrogens, progestogens, and their metabolites in proliferation of breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0344. [PMID: 34779589 PMCID: PMC9088189 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has been widely used for the clinical treatment of symptoms associated with menopause in women. However, the exact nature of the relationship between MHT and the increased risk of breast cancer has not been fully elucidated. The results of the Women's Health Initiative's randomized controlled clinical studies showed that estrogen monotherapy was associated with a lower incidence of breast cancer as compared to estrogen-progesterone combined therapy, with an elevated risk of breast cancer. The evidence currently available from randomized trials and observational studies is based on data from different populations, drug formulations, and routes of administration. Even though the risks of MHT and breast cancer have received a great deal of attention, information regarding the unpredictable toxicological risks of estrogen and progestogen metabolism needs to be further analyzed. Furthermore, the diversity and complexity of the metabolic pathways of estrogen and different progestogens as well as the association of the different estrogen and progestogen metabolites with the increased risk of breast cancer need to be adequately studied. Therefore, this review aimed to describe the biological effects of estrogen, progesterone, and their metabolites on the proliferation of breast cancer cells, based on relevant basic research and clinical trials, to improve our understanding of the biological functions of estrogen and progestogen as well as the safety of MHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trabert B, Geczik AM, Bauer DC, Buist DSM, Cauley JA, Falk RT, Gierach GL, Hue TF, Lacey JV, LaCroix AZ, Michels KA, Tice JA, Xu X, Brinton LA, Dallal CM. Association of Endogenous Pregnenolone, Progesterone, and Related Metabolites with Risk of Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers in Postmenopausal Women: The B ∼FIT Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:2030-2037. [PMID: 34465588 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal pregnenolone and/or progesterone levels in relation to endometrial and ovarian cancer risks have been infrequently evaluated. To address this, we utilized a sensitive and reliable assay to quantify prediagnostic levels of seven markers related to endogenous hormone metabolism. METHODS Hormones were quantified in baseline serum collected from postmenopausal women in a cohort study nested within the Breast and Bone Follow-up to the Fracture Intervention Trial (B∼FIT). Women using exogenous hormones at baseline (1992-1993) were excluded. Incident endometrial (n = 65) and ovarian (n = 67) cancers were diagnosed during 12 follow-up years and compared with a subcohort of 345 women (no hysterectomy) and 413 women (no oophorectomy), respectively. Cox models with robust variance were used to estimate cancer risk. RESULTS Circulating progesterone levels were not associated with endometrial [tertile (T)3 vs. T1 HR (95% confidence interval): 1.87 (0.85-4.11); P trend = 0.17] or ovarian cancer risk [1.16 (0.58-2.33); 0.73]. Increasing levels of the progesterone-to-estradiol ratio were inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk [T3 vs. T1: 0.29 (0.09-0.95); 0.03]. Increasing levels of 17-hydroxypregnenolone were inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk [0.40 (0.18-0.91); 0.03] and positively associated with ovarian cancer risk [3.11 (1.39-6.93); 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS Using sensitive and reliable assays, this study provides novel data that endogenous progesterone levels are not strongly associated with incident endometrial or ovarian cancer risks. 17-hydroxypregnenolone was positively associated with ovarian cancer and inversely associated with endometrial cancer. IMPACT While our results require replication in large studies, they provide further support of the hormonal etiology of endometrial and ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, and Cancer Control and Population Sciences Research Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ashley M Geczik
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Doug C Bauer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Diana S M Buist
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Trisha F Hue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James V Lacey
- Division of Health Analytics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Kara A Michels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey A Tice
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Xia Xu
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cher M Dallal
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chadha J, Nandi D, Atri Y, Nag A. Significance of human microbiome in breast cancer: Tale of an invisible and an invincible. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 70:112-127. [PMID: 32717337 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome is a mysterious treasure of the body playing endless important roles in the well-being of the host metabolism, digestion, and immunity. On the other hand, it actively participates in the development of a variety of pathological conditions including cancer. With the Human Microbiome Project initiative, metagenomics, and next-generation sequencing technologies in place, the last decade has witnessed immense explorations and investigations on the enigmatic association of breast cancer with the human microbiome. However, the connection between the human microbiome and breast cancer remains to be explored in greater detail. In fact, there are several emerging questions such as whether the host microbiota contributes to disease initiation, or is it a consequence of the disease is an irrevocably important question that demands a valid answer. Since the microbiome is an extremely complex community, gaps still remain on how this vital microbial organ plays a role in orchestrating breast cancer development. Nevertheless, undeniable evidence from studies has pinpointed the presence of specific microbial elements of the breast and gut to play a role in governing breast cancer. It is still unclear if an alteration in microbiome/dysbiosis leads to breast cancer or is it vice versa. Though specific microbial signatures have been detected to be associated with various breast cancer subtypes, the structure and composition of a core "healthy" microbiome is yet to be established. Probiotics seem to be a promising antidote for targeted prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Interestingly, these microbial communities can serve as potential biomarkers for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer, thereby leading to the rise of a completely new era of personalized medicine. This review is a humble attempt to summarize the research findings on the human microbiome and its relation to breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Chadha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Deeptashree Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Yama Atri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Alo Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Trabert B, Bauer DC, Buist DSM, Cauley JA, Falk RT, Geczik AM, Gierach GL, Hada M, Hue TF, Lacey JV, LaCroix AZ, Tice JA, Xu X, Dallal CM, Brinton LA. Association of Circulating Progesterone With Breast Cancer Risk Among Postmenopausal Women. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e203645. [PMID: 32329771 PMCID: PMC7182797 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The role of endogenous progesterone in the development of breast cancer remains largely unexplored to date, primarily owing to assay sensitivity limitations and low progesterone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Recently identified progesterone metabolites may provide insights as experimental data suggest that 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5αP) concentrations reflect cancer-promoting properties and 3α-dihydroprogesterone (3αHP) concentrations reflect cancer-inhibiting properties. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between circulating progesterone and progesterone metabolite levels and breast cancer risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay, prediagnostic serum levels of progesterone and progesterone metabolites were quantified in a case-cohort study nested within the Breast and Bone Follow-up to the Fracture Intervention Trial (n = 15 595). Participation was limited to women not receiving exogenous hormone therapy at the time of blood sampling (1992-1993). Incident breast cancer cases (n = 405) were diagnosed during 12 follow-up years and a subcohort of 495 postmenopausal women were randomly selected within 10-year age and clinical center strata. Progesterone assays were completed in July 2017; subsequent data analyses were conducted between July 15, 2017, and December 20, 2018. EXPOSURES Circulating concentrations of pregnenolone, progesterone, and their major metabolites. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Development of breast cancer, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for key confounders, including estradiol. Evaluation of hormone ratios and effect modification were planned a priori. RESULTS The present study included 405 incident breast cancer cases and a subcohort of 495 postmenopausal women; the mean (SD) age at the time of the blood draw was 67.2 (6.2) years. Progesterone concentrations were a mean (SD) of 4.6 (1.7) ng/dL. Women with higher circulating progesterone levels were at an increased risk for breast cancer per SD increase in progesterone levels (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.00-1.35; P = .048). The association with progesterone was linear in a 5-knot spline and stronger for invasive breast cancers (n = 267) (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43; P = .004). Among women in the lowest quintile (Q1) of circulating estradiol (<6.30 pg/mL) elevated progesterone concentrations were associated with reduced breast cancer risk per SD increase in progesterone levels (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.15-0.95; P = .04) and increased risk among women in higher quintiles of estradiol (Q2-Q5; ≥6.30 pg/mL) (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.35; P = .01; P = .04 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this case-cohort study of postmenopausal women, elevated circulating progesterone levels were associated with a 16% increase in the risk of breast cancer. Additional research should be undertaken to assess how postmenopausal breast cancer risk is associated with both endogenous progesterone and progesterone metabolites and their interactions with estradiol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Doug C. Bauer
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Diana S. M. Buist
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jane A. Cauley
- Graduate School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Roni T. Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ashley M. Geczik
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gretchen L. Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Manila Hada
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Trisha F. Hue
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - James V. Lacey
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Andrea Z. LaCroix
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Jeffrey A. Tice
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Xia Xu
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Cher M. Dallal
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Majhi PD, Sharma A, Roberts AL, Daniele E, Majewski AR, Chuong LM, Black AL, Vandenberg LN, Schneider SS, Dunphy KA, Jerry DJ. Effects of Benzophenone-3 and Propylparaben on Estrogen Receptor-Dependent R-Loops and DNA Damage in Breast Epithelial Cells and Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17002. [PMID: 31939680 PMCID: PMC7015622 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been shown to have broad effects on development, but their mutagenic actions that can lead to cancer have been less clearly demonstrated. Physiological levels of estrogen have been shown to stimulate DNA damage in breast epithelial cells through mechanisms mediated by estrogen-receptor alpha (ERα). Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and propylparaben (PP) are xenoestrogens found in the urine of >96% of U.S. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of BP-3 and PP on estrogen receptor-dependent transactivation and DNA damage at concentrations relevant to exposures in humans. METHODS In human breast epithelial cells, DNA damage following treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2), BP-3, and PP was determined by immunostaining with antibodies against γ-H2AX and 53BP1. Estrogenic responses were determined using luciferase reporter assays and gene expression. Formation of R-loops was determined with DNA: RNA hybrid-specific S9.6 antibody. Short-term exposure to the chemicals was also studied in ovariectomized mice. Immunostaining of mouse mammary epithelium was performed to quantify R-loops and DNA damage in vivo. RESULTS Concentrations of 1μM and 5μM BP-3 or PP increased DNA damage similar to that of E2 treatment in a ERα-dependent manner. However, BP-3 and PP had limited transactivation of target genes at 1μM and 5μM concentrations. BP-3 and PP exposure caused R-loop formation in a normal human breast epithelial cell line when ERα was introduced. R-loops and DNA damage were also detected in mammary epithelial cells of mice treated with BP-3 and PP. CONCLUSIONS Acute exposure to xenoestrogens (PP and BP-3) in mice induce DNA damage mediated by formation of ERα-dependent R-loops at concentrations 10-fold lower than those required for transactivation. Exposure to these xenoestrogens may cause deleterious estrogenic responses, such as DNA damage, in susceptible individuals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5221.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabin Dhangada Majhi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy L. Roberts
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Daniele
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aliza R. Majewski
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn M. Chuong
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amye L. Black
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Campus, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen A. Dunphy
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anh NH, Long NP, Kim SJ, Min JE, Yoon SJ, Kim HM, Yang E, Hwang ES, Park JH, Hong SS, Kwon SW. Steroidomics for the Prevention, Assessment, and Management of Cancers: A Systematic Review and Functional Analysis. Metabolites 2019; 9:E199. [PMID: 31546652 PMCID: PMC6835899 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidomics, an analytical technique for steroid biomarker mining, has received much attention in recent years. This systematic review and functional analysis, following the PRISMA statement, aims to provide a comprehensive review and an appraisal of the developments and fundamental issues in steroid high-throughput analysis, with a focus on cancer research. We also discuss potential pitfalls and proposed recommendations for steroidomics-based clinical research. Forty-five studies met our inclusion criteria, with a focus on 12 types of cancer. Most studies focused on cancer risk prediction, followed by diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring. Prostate cancer was the most frequently studied cancer. Estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and cortisol were mostly reported and altered in at least four types of cancer. Estrogen and estrogen metabolites were highly reported to associate with women-related cancers. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that steroidogenesis; androgen and estrogen metabolism; and androstenedione metabolism were significantly altered in cancers. Our findings indicated that estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, cortisol, and estrogen metabolites, among others, could be considered oncosteroids. Despite noble achievements, significant shortcomings among the investigated studies were small sample sizes, cross-sectional designs, potential confounding factors, and problematic statistical approaches. More efforts are required to establish standardized procedures regarding study design, analytical procedures, and statistical inference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Anh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | | | - Sun Jo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Jung Eun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyung Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Eugine Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Falk RT, Manson JE, Barnabei VM, Anderson GL, Brinton LA, Rohan TE, Cauley JA, Chen C, Coburn SB, Pfeiffer RM, Reding KW, Sarto GE, Wentzensen N, Chlebowski RT, Xu X, Trabert B. Estrogen metabolism in menopausal hormone users in the women's health initiative observational study: Does it differ between estrogen plus progestin and estrogen alone? Int J Cancer 2018; 144:730-740. [PMID: 30183089 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The WHI found an unexpected reduced breast cancer risk in women using CEE alone. We hypothesized CEE alone induces estrogen hydroxylation along the 2-pathway rather than the competing 16-pathway, a pattern linked to reduced postmenopausal breast cancer risk. One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four women in a WHIOS case-control study of estrogen metabolism and ovarian and endometrial cancer were studied of whom 609 were current E + P users (351 used CEE + MPA), while 272 used E alone (162 used CEE). Fifteen EM were measured, and analyses were conducted for each metabolite, hydroxylation pathway (2-, 4-, or 16-pathway) and ratios of pathway concentrations using inverse probability weighted linear regression. Compared to E + P users, all EM were higher in E alone users (significant for unconjugated estrone, total/conjugated estradiol, total/unconjugated 2-methoxyestrone, 4-methoxyestrone and unconjugated estriol). The relative concentrations of 2- and 4-pathway EM did not differ between the MHT users (2-pathway EM comprised 15% and 4-pathway EM <2% of the total), but 16-pathway EM were lower in E alone users (p = 0.036). Ratios of 2- and 4-pathway EM compared to 16-pathway EM were significantly higher in E alone compared to E + P users. Similar but not significant patterns were observed in CEE-alone and CEE + MPA users. Our data suggest that compared to E + P users, women using E alone have more extensive metabolism via the 2- vs. the competing 16-pathway. This is consistent with epidemiologic evidence of reduced postmenopausal breast cancer risk associated with this metabolic profile and may provide a clue to the breast cancer risk reduction in CEE alone users during the WHI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vanessa M Barnabei
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | | | | | - Jane A Cauley
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chu Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Gloria E Sarto
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Xia Xu
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu J, Liao M, Yao Z, Liang W, Li Q, Liu J, Yang H, Ji Y, Wei W, Tan A, Liang S, Chen Y, Lin H, Zhu X, Huang S, Tian J, Tang R, Wang Q, Mo Z. Breast cancer in postmenopausal women is associated with an altered gut metagenome. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:136. [PMID: 30081953 PMCID: PMC6080540 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota play a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The composition and functional capacity of gut microbiota associated with breast cancer have not been studied systematically. METHODS We performed a comprehensive shotgun metagenomic analysis of 18 premenopausal breast cancer patients, 25 premenopausal healthy controls, 44 postmenopausal breast cancer patients, and 46 postmenopausal healthy controls. RESULTS Microbial diversity was higher in breast cancer patients than in controls. Relative species abundance in gut microbiota did not differ significantly between premenopausal breast cancer patients and premenopausal controls. In contrast, relative abundance of 45 species differed significantly between postmenopausal patients and postmenopausal controls: 38 species were enriched in postmenopausal patients, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp_1_1_55, Prevotella amnii, Enterococcus gallinarum, Actinomyces sp. HPA0247, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Erwinia amylovora, and 7 species were less abundant in postmenopausal patients, including Eubacterium eligens and Lactobacillus vaginalis. Acinetobacter radioresistens and Enterococcus gallinarum were positively but weakly associated with expression of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; Shewanella putrefaciens and Erwinia amylovora were positively but weakly associated with estradiol levels. Actinomyces sp. HPA0247 negatively but weakly correlated with CD3+CD8+ T cell numbers. Further characterization of metagenome functional capacity indicated that the gut metagenomes of postmenopausal breast cancer patients were enriched in genes encoding lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, iron complex transport system, PTS system, secretion system, and beta-oxidation. CONCLUSION The composition and functions of the gut microbial community differ between postmenopausal breast cancer patients and healthy controls. The gut microbiota may regulate or respond to host immunity and metabolic balance. Thus, while cause and effect cannot be determined, there is a reproducible change in the microbiota of treatment-naive patients relative to matched controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ziting Yao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenying Liang
- Clabee Genomics, Urban Garden Building, Bookstore Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Clabee Genomics, Urban Garden Building, Bookstore Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianlun Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Huawei Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinan Ji
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Aihua Tan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Chemotherapy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Siyuan Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Haisong Lin
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengzhu Huang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiarong Tian
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ruiqiang Tang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guinter MA, McLain AC, Merchant AT, Sandler DP, Steck SE. A dietary pattern based on estrogen metabolism is associated with breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:580-590. [PMID: 29574860 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased exposure to estrogen is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer, and dietary factors can influence estrogen metabolism. However, studies of diet and breast cancer have been inconclusive. We developed a dietary pattern associated with levels of unconjugated estradiol and the ratio of 2- and 16-hydroxylated estrogen metabolites in a subsample of Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Screening Trial (PLCO) participants (n = 653) using reduced rank regression, and examined its association with postmenopausal breast cancer prospectively in the larger PLCO cohort (n = 27,488). The estrogen-related dietary pattern (ERDP) was comprised of foods with positively-weighted intakes (non-whole/refined grains, tomatoes, cruciferous vegetables, cheese, fish/shellfish high in ω-3 fatty acids, franks/luncheon meats) and negatively-weighted intakes (nuts/seeds, other vegetables, fish/shellfish low in ω-3 fatty acids, yogurt, coffee). A 1-unit increase in the ERDP score was associated with an increase in total (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.18), invasive (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04-1.24) and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.24) breast cancer risk after adjustment for confounders. Associations were observed for the fourth quartile of ERDP compared with the first quartile for overall breast cancer (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.98-1.32), invasive cases (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02-1.42) and ER-positive cases (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.99-1.41). The increased risk associated with increasing ERDP score was more apparent in strata of some effect modifiers (postmenopausal hormone therapy non-users and non-obese participants) where the relative estrogen exposure due to that factor was lowest, although the p values for interaction were not statistically significant. Results suggest a dietary pattern based on estrogen metabolism is positively associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk, possibly through an estrogenic influence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Guinter
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Alexander C McLain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Anwar T Merchant
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.,Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Macronutrient intakes and serum oestrogen, and interaction with polymorphisms in CYP19A1 and HSD17B1 genes: a cross-sectional study in postmenopausal Japanese women. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:463-472. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough higher circulating levels of oestrogen are related to postmenopausal breast cancer risk, limited information is available regarding effects of diet on endogenous oestrogen. Thus, we examined associations between macronutrient intakes and serum oestrogen with consideration of polymorphisms in oestrogen-metabolising genes. In this cross-sectional study, 784 naturally menopaused Japanese women aged 47–69 years were selected from participants of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. We documented dietary intakes, measured serum concentrations of oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) and genotyped polymorphisms in oestrogen-metabolising CYP19A1 (rs4441215 and rs936306) and HSD17B1 (rs605059) genes. Trends and interactions were examined using linear regression models. In addition, we calculated the ratios of the oestrogen concentrations of the second to the highest quartiles (Q2–Q4) of dietary intake to those of the lowest quartiles (Q1). After adjustment for potential confounders, E2 was significantly associated with intake of carbohydrate and noodles; ratios of Q4 v. Q1 were 1·15 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·28) and 1·15 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·26), respectively. In contrast, E2 levels were inversely associated with intake of total energy, SFA and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA); ratios of Q4 v. Q1 were 0·90 (95 % CI 0·82, 0·99), 0·89 (95 % CI 0·81, 0·98) and 0·91 (95 % CI 0·83, 1·00), respectively. In stratified analysis by polymorphisms, the rs605059 genotype of HSD17B1 significantly modified associations of E2 with intake of n-3 HUFA and fish; the associations were limited to those with the CC genotype. Macronutrient intakes were associated with serum E2 level, and these associations may be modified by HSD17B1 polymorphism in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ratna A, Mandrekar P. Alcohol and Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapies. Biomolecules 2017; 7:E61. [PMID: 28805741 PMCID: PMC5618242 DOI: 10.3390/biom7030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several scientific and clinical studies have shown an association between chronic alcohol consumption and the occurrence of cancer in humans. The mechanism for alcohol-induced carcinogenesis has not been fully understood, although plausible events include genotoxic effects of acetaldehyde, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species, aberrant metabolism of folate and retinoids, increased estrogen, and genetic polymorphisms. Here, we summarize the impact of alcohol drinking on the risk of cancer development and potential underlying molecular mechanisms. The interactions between alcohol abuse, anti-tumor immune response, tumor growth, and metastasis are complex. However, multiple studies have linked the immunosuppressive effects of alcohol with tumor progression and metastasis. The influence of alcohol on the host immune system and the development of possible effective immunotherapy for cancer in alcoholics are also discussed here. The conclusive biological effects of alcohol on tumor progression and malignancy have not been investigated extensively using an animal model that mimics the human disease. This review provides insights into cancer pathogenesis in alcoholics, alcohol and immune interactions in different cancers, and scope and future of targeted immunotherapeutic modalities in patients with alcohol abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ratna
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Pranoti Mandrekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oh H, Coburn SB, Matthews CE, Falk RT, LeBlanc ES, Wactawski-Wende J, Sampson J, Pfeiffer RM, Brinton LA, Wentzensen N, Anderson GL, Manson JE, Chen C, Zaslavsky O, Xu X, Trabert B. Anthropometric measures and serum estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:28. [PMID: 28284224 PMCID: PMC5346241 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several anthropometric measures have been associated with hormone-related cancers. However, it is unknown whether estrogen metabolism plays an important role in these relationships. We examined whether measured current body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), height, and self-reported BMI at age 18 years were associated with serum estrogens/estrogen metabolites using baseline, cross-sectional data from 1835 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. METHODS Fifteen estrogens/estrogen metabolites were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Geometric means (GMs) of estrogens/estrogen metabolites (in picomoles per liter) were estimated using inverse probability weighted linear regression, adjusting for potential confounders and stratified on menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use. RESULTS Among never or former MHT users, current BMI (≥30 vs. <25 kg/m2) was positively associated with parent estrogens (multivariable adjusted GM 432 vs. 239 pmol/L for estrone, 74 vs. 46 pmol/L for estradiol; p-trend < 0.001 for both) and all of the 2-, 4-, and 16-pathway estrogen metabolites evaluated (all p-trend ≤ 0.02). After additional adjustment for estradiol, unconjugated methylated 2-catechols were inversely associated (e.g., 2-methoxyestrone multivariable GM 9.3 vs. 12.0 pmol/L; p-trend < 0.001). Among current MHT users, current BMI was not associated with parent estrogens but was inversely associated with methylated catechols (e.g., 2-methoxyestrone multivariable GM 216 vs. 280 pmol/L; p-trend = 0.008). Similar patterns of association were found with WHR; however, the associations were not independent of BMI. Height and BMI at age 18 years were not associated with postmenopausal estrogens/estrogen metabolite levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that postmenopausal BMI is associated with increased circulating levels of parent estrogens and reduced methylation of catechol estrogen metabolites, the estrogen metabolism patterns that have previously been associated with higher breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Oh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Sally B Coburn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Charles E Matthews
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Erin S LeBlanc
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente NW, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Garnet L Anderson
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oleg Zaslavsky
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xia Xu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 6E332, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sampson JN, Falk RT, Schairer C, Moore SC, Fuhrman BJ, Dallal CM, Bauer DC, Dorgan JF, Shu XO, Zheng W, Brinton LA, Gail MH, Ziegler RG, Xu X, Hoover RN, Gierach GL. Association of Estrogen Metabolism with Breast Cancer Risk in Different Cohorts of Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Res 2017; 77:918-925. [PMID: 28011624 PMCID: PMC5313342 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous estradiol and estrone are linked causally to increased risks of breast cancer. In this study, we evaluated multiple competing hypotheses for how metabolism of these parent estrogens may influence risk. Prediagnostic concentrations of estradiol, estrone, and 13 metabolites were measured in 1,298 postmenopausal cases of breast cancer and 1,524 matched controls in four separate patient cohorts. The median time between sample collection and diagnosis was 4.4 to 12.7 years across the cohorts. Estrogen analytes were measured in serum or urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total estrogen levels (summing all 15 estrogens/estrogen metabolites) were associated strongly and positively with breast cancer risk. Normalizing total estrogen levels, we also found that a relative increase in levels of 2-hydroxylation pathway metabolites, or in the ratio of 2-hydroxylation:16-hydroxylation pathway metabolites, were associated inversely with breast cancer risk. These associations varied by total estrogen levels, with the largest risk reductions occurring in women in the highest tertile. With appropriate validation, these findings suggest opportunities for breast cancer prevention by modifying individual estrogen metabolism profiles through either lifestyle alterations or chemopreventive strategies. Cancer Res; 77(4); 918-25. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Catherine Schairer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven C Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara J Fuhrman
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Cher M Dallal
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Douglas C Bauer
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanne F Dorgan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mitchell H Gail
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xia Xu
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dallal CM, Brinton LA, Matthews CE, Pfeiffer RM, Hartman TJ, Lissowska J, Falk RT, Garcia-Closas M, Xu X, Veenstra TD, Gierach GL. Association of Active and Sedentary Behaviors with Postmenopausal Estrogen Metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:439-48. [PMID: 26460631 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity may reduce endogenous estrogens, but few studies have assessed effects on estrogen metabolism and none have evaluated sedentary behavior in relation to estrogen metabolism. We assessed relationships between accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior and 15 urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EM) among postmenopausal controls from a population-based breast cancer case-control study conducted in Poland (2000-2003). METHODS Postmenopausal women (N = 542) were ages 40 to 72 yr and not currently using hormone therapy. Accelerometers, worn for 7 d, were used to derive measures of average activity (counts per day) and sedentary behavior (<100 counts per minute per day). Estrogen metabolites were measured in 12-h urine samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Estrogen metabolites were analyzed individually, in metabolic pathways (C-2, -4, or -16), and as ratios relative to parent estrogens. Geometric means of estrogen metabolites by tertiles of accelerometer-measures, adjusted for age and body mass, were computed using linear models. RESULTS High activity was associated with lower levels of estrone and estradiol (P trend = 0.01), whereas increased sedentary time was positively associated with these parent estrogens (P trend = 0.04). Inverse associations were observed between high activity and 2-methoxyestradiol, 4-methoxyestradiol, 17-epiestriol, and 16-epiestriol (P trend = 0.03). Sedentary time was positively associated with methylated catechols in the 2- and 4-hydroxylation pathways (P trend ≤ 0.04). Women in the highest tertile of activity had increased hydroxylation at the C-2, -4, and -16 sites relative to parent estrogens (P trend ≤ 0.02), whereas increased sedentary time was associated with a lower 16-pathway/parent estrogen ratio (P trend = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Higher activity was associated with lower urinary estrogens, possibly through increased estrogen hydroxylation and subsequent metabolism, whereas sedentary behavior may reduce metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cher M Dallal
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD; 2Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; 3Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; 4Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; 5Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; 6M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, POLAND; 7Division of Breast Cancer Research, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UNITED KINGDOM; 8Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD; and 9C2N Diagnostics, Saint Louis, MO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim S, Campbell J, Yoo W, Taylor JA, Sandler DP. Systemic Levels of Estrogens and PGE 2 Synthesis in Relation to Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 26:383-388. [PMID: 27864342 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induces aromatase expression in adipose tissue, leading to increased estrogen production that may promote the development and progression of breast cancer. However, few studies have simultaneously investigated systemic levels of PGE2 and estrogen in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk.Methods: Here, we determined urinary estrogen metabolites (EM) using mass spectrometry in a case-cohort study (295 incident breast cancer cases and 294 subcohort members), and using linear regression estimated the effect of urinary levels of a major PGE2 metabolite (PGE-M) on EMs. HRs for the risk of developing breast cancer in relation to PGE-M and EMs were compared between Cox regression models with and without mutual adjustment.Results: PGE-M was a significant predictor of estrone (E1), but not estradiol (E2) levels in multivariable analysis. Elevated E2 levels were associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer [HRQ5vs.Q1, 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-2.35], and this association remained unchanged after adjustment for PGE-M (HRQ5vs.Q1, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.99-2.33). Similarly, elevated levels of PGE-M were associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer (HRQ4vs.Q1, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.01-4.29), and this association was only nominally changed after consideration of E1 or E2 levels.Conclusions: Urinary levels of PGE-M and estrogens were independently associated with future risk of developing breast cancer among these postmenopausal women.Impact: Increased breast cancer risk associated with PGE-M might not be fully explained by the estrogens-breast cancer association alone but also by additional effects related to inflammation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 383-8. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Kim
- Medical College of Georgia, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Augusta University Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Jeff Campbell
- Medical College of Georgia, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Augusta University Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wonsuk Yoo
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health - Data Coordinating Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Harrelson JP, Lee MW. Expanding the view of breast cancer metabolism: Promising molecular targets and therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
26
|
Visvanathan K, Yager JD. Ethnic Variations in Estrogen and Its Metabolites: Sufficient to Explain Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence Rates? J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw223. [PMID: 27737914 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kala Visvanathan
- Departments of Epidemiology (KV) and Environmental Science (JY), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (KV, JY) Department of Epidemiology (KV) and Department of Environmental Science (JY)
| | - James D Yager
- Departments of Epidemiology (KV) and Environmental Science (JY), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (KV, JY) Department of Epidemiology (KV) and Department of Environmental Science (JY)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gastrointestinal microbiome and breast cancer: correlations, mechanisms and potential clinical implications. Breast Cancer 2016; 24:220-228. [PMID: 27709424 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiome plays as a symbiont which provides protection effect against invading pathogens, aids in the immune system development, nutrient reclamation and absorption as well as molecule breakdown. And it may avert carcinogenesis through these biological activities. By now, studies have been carried out to elaborate the association between gastrointestinal microbiome and breast cancer. It has been implicated that breast cancer was substantially associated with estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent functions of gastrointestinal microbiome. Evidence from animal experiments also confirmed mammary tumor-related changes in microbial community. The possible mechanisms involve estrogen metabolism, immune regulation, obese status and so forth. Based on the current evidence, cues on future management strategies of breast cancer such as antibiotics and dietary interventions are proposed. In conclusion, large-scale clinical studies and bench-based researches are needed to validate the associations and elaborate the mechanisms, so as to reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve the outcomes of those already diagnosed.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Q, Mesaros C, Blair IA. Ultra-high sensitivity analysis of estrogens for special populations in serum and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: Assay considerations and suggested practices. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:70-9. [PMID: 26767303 PMCID: PMC4931956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen measurements play an important role in the clinical evaluation of many endocrine disorders as well as in research on the role of hormones in human biology and disease. It remains an analytical challenge to quantify estrogens and their metabolites in specimens from special populations including older men, children, postmenopausal women and women receiving aromatase inhibitors. Historically, immunoassays have been used for measuring estrogens and their metabolites in biological samples for risk assessment. However, the lack of specificity and accuracy of immunoassay-based methods has caused significant problems when interpreting data generated from epidemiological studies and across different laboratories. Stable isotope dilution (SID) methodology coupled with liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (LC-SRM/MS) is now accepted as the 'gold-standard' to quantify estrogens and their metabolites in serum and plasma due to improved specificity, high accuracy, and the ability to monitor multiple estrogens when compared with immunoassays. Ultra-high sensitivity can be obtained with pre-ionized derivatives when using triple quadruple mass spectrometers in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode coupled with nanoflow LC. In this review, we have examined the special issues related to utilizing ultra-high sensitivity SID LC-SRM/MS-based methodology to accurately quantify estrogens and their metabolites in the serum and plasma from populations with low estrogen levels. The major issues that are discussed include: sample preparation for both unconjugated and conjugated estrogens, derivatization, chromatographic separation, matrix effects, and assay validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Visvanathan K, Yager JD. Ethnic Variations in Estrogen and Its Metabolites: Sufficient to Explain Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence Rates? J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw147. [PMID: 27381625 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kala Visvanathan
- Departments of Epidemiology (KV) and Environmental Science (JY), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (KV, JY) Department of Epidemiology (KV) and Department of Environmental Science (JY)
| | - James D Yager
- Departments of Epidemiology (KV) and Environmental Science (JY), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (KV, JY) Department of Epidemiology (KV) and Department of Environmental Science (JY)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brinton LA, Trabert B, Anderson GL, Falk RT, Felix AS, Fuhrman BJ, Gass ML, Kuller LH, Pfeiffer RM, Rohan TE, Strickler HD, Xu X, Wentzensen N. Serum Estrogens and Estrogen Metabolites and Endometrial Cancer Risk among Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1081-9. [PMID: 27197275 PMCID: PMC4930692 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although endometrial cancer is clearly influenced by hormonal factors, few epidemiologic studies have investigated the role of endogenous estrogens or especially estrogen metabolites. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a cohort of 93,676 postmenopausal women recruited between 1993 and 1998. Using baseline serum samples from women who were non-current hormone users with intact uteri, we measured 15 estrogens/estrogen metabolites via HPLC/MS-MS among 313 incident endometrial cancer cases (271 type I, 42 type II) and 354 matched controls, deriving adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall and subtype-specific endometrial cancer risk. RESULTS Parent estrogens (estrone and estradiol) were positively related to endometrial cancer risk, with the highest risk observed for unconjugated estradiol (OR 5th vs. 1st quintile = 6.19; 95% CI, 2.95-13.03, Ptrend = 0.0001). Nearly all metabolites were significantly associated with elevated risks, with some attenuation after adjustment for unconjugated estradiol (residual risks of 2- to 3-fold). Body mass index (kg/m(2), BMI) relations were somewhat reduced after adjustment for estrogen levels. The association with unconjugated estradiol was stronger for type I than type II tumors (Phet = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Parent estrogens as well as individual metabolites appeared to exert generalized uterotropic activity, particularly for type I tumors. The effects of obesity on risk were only partially explained by estrogens. IMPACT These findings enhance our understanding of estrogen mechanisms involved in endometrial carcinogenesis but also highlight the need for studying additional markers that may underlie the effects on risk of certain risk factors, for example, obesity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(7); 1081-9. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Garnet L Anderson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ashley S Felix
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Barbara J Fuhrman
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Howard D Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Xia Xu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang S, Dunlap TL, Howell CE, Mbachu OC, Rue EA, Phansalkar R, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Extract and 6-Prenylnaringenin Induce P450 1A1 Catalyzed Estrogen 2-Hydroxylation. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1142-50. [PMID: 27269377 PMCID: PMC4951797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Humulus lupulus L. (hops) is a popular botanical
dietary supplement used by women as a sleep aid and for postmenopausal
symptom relief. In addition to its efficacy for menopausal symptoms,
hops can also modulate the chemical estrogen carcinogenesis pathway
and potentially protect women from breast cancer. In the present study,
an enriched hop extract and the key bioactive compounds [6-prenylnarigenin
(6-PN), 8-prenylnarigenin (8-PN), isoxanthohumol (IX), and xanthohumol
(XH)] were tested for their effects on estrogen metabolism in breast
cells (MCF-10A and MCF-7). The methoxyestrones (2-/4-MeOE1) were analyzed as biomarkers for the nontoxic P450 1A1 catalyzed
2-hydroxylation and the genotoxic P450 1B1 catalyzed 4-hydroxylation
pathways, respectively. The results indicated that the hop extract
and 6-PN preferentially induced the 2-hydroxylation pathway in both
cell lines. 8-PN only showed slight up-regulation of metabolism in
MCF-7 cells, whereas IX and XH did not have significant effects in
either cell line. To further explore the influence of hops and its
bioactive marker compounds on P450 1A1/1B1, mRNA expression and ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) activity were measured. The results
correlated with the metabolism data and showed that hop extract and
6-PN preferentially enhanced P450 1A1 mRNA expression and increased
P450 1A1/1B1 activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation
by the isolated compounds was tested using xenobiotic response element
(XRE) luciferase construct transfected cells. 6-PN was found to be
an AhR agonist that significantly induced XRE activation and inhibited
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced
XRE activity. 6-PN mediated induction of EROD activity was also inhibited
by the AhR antagonist CH223191. These data show that the hop extract
and 6-PN preferentially enhance the nontoxic estrogen 2-hydroxylation
pathway through AhR mediated up-regulation of P450 1A1, which further
emphasizes the importance of standardization of botanical extracts
to multiple chemical markers for both safety and desired bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha L Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Caitlin E Howell
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Obinna C Mbachu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Emily A Rue
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Rasika Phansalkar
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moore SC, Matthews CE, Ou Shu X, Yu K, Gail MH, Xu X, Ji BT, Chow WH, Cai Q, Li H, Yang G, Ruggieri D, Boyd-Morin J, Rothman N, Hoover RN, Gao YT, Zheng W, Ziegler RG. Endogenous Estrogens, Estrogen Metabolites, and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Chinese Women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw103. [PMID: 27193440 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of estrogen metabolism in determining breast cancer risk and differences in breast cancer rates between high-incidence and low-incidence nations is poorly understood. METHODS We measured urinary concentrations of estradiol and estrone (parent estrogens) and 13 estrogen metabolites formed by irreversible hydroxylation at the C-2, C-4, or C-16 positions of the steroid ring in a nested case-control study of 399 postmenopausal invasive breast cancer case participants and 399 matched control participants from the population-based Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer by quartiles of metabolic pathway groups, pathway ratios, and individual estrogens/estrogen metabolites were estimated by multivariable conditional logistic regression. Urinary estrogen/estrogen metabolite measures were compared with those of postmenopausal non-hormone-using Asian Americans, a population with three-fold higher breast cancer incidence rates. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Urinary concentrations of parent estrogens were strongly associated with breast cancer risk (ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.21 to 3.12, Ptrend = .01). Of the pathway ratios, the 2-pathway:total estrogens/estrogen metabolites and 2-pathway:parent estrogens were inversely associated with risk (ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.91, Ptrend = .03, and ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.37 to 0.99, Ptrend = .04, respectively). After adjusting for parent estrogens, these associations remained clearly inverse but lost statistical significance (ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.39 to 1.06, Ptrend = .12 and ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.44 to 1.32, Ptrend = .28). The urinary concentration of all estrogens/estrogen metabolites combined in Asian American women was triple that in Shanghai women. CONCLUSIONS Lower urinary parent estrogen concentrations and more extensive 2-hydroxylation were each associated with reduced postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a low-risk nation. Markedly higher total estrogen/estrogen metabolite concentrations in postmenopausal United States women (Asian Americans) than in Shanghai women may partly explain higher breast cancer rates in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Moore
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Charles E Matthews
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Xiao Ou Shu
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Kai Yu
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Mitchell H Gail
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Xia Xu
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Honglan Li
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Gong Yang
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - David Ruggieri
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Jennifer Boyd-Morin
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Wei Zheng
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (SCM, CEM, KY, MHG, BTJ, NR, RNH, RGZ); Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (XOS, QC, GY, WZ); Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (XX); Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China (HL, YTG); Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (WHC); Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD (DR, JBM)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Relation of Serum Estrogen Metabolites with Terminal Duct Lobular Unit Involution Among Women Undergoing Diagnostic Image-Guided Breast Biopsy. Discov Oncol 2016; 7:305-315. [PMID: 27138982 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher levels of circulating estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EMs) have been associated with higher breast cancer risk. In breast tissues, reduced levels of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution, as reflected by higher numbers of TDLUs and acini per TDLU, have also been linked to elevated breast cancer risk. However, it is unknown whether reduced TDLU involution mediates the risk associated with circulating EMs. In a cross-sectional analysis of 94 premenopausal and 92 postmenopausal women referred for clinical breast biopsy at an academic facility in Vermont, we examined the associations of 15 EMs, quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with the number of TDLUs and acini count/TDLU using zero-inflated Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator and ordinal logistic regression models, respectively. All analyses were stratified by menopausal status and adjusted for potential confounders. Among premenopausal women, comparing the highest vs. the lowest tertiles, levels of unconjugated estradiol (risk ratio (RR) = 1.74, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-2.87, p trend = 0.03), 2-hydroxyestrone (RR = 1.74, 95 % CI = 1.01-3.01, p trend = 0.04), and 4-hydroxyestrone (RR = 1.74, 95 % CI = 0.99-3.06, p trend = 0.04) were associated with significantly higher TDLU count. Among postmenopausal women, higher levels of estradiol (RR = 2.09, 95 % CI = 1.01-4.30, p trend = 0.04) and 16α-hydroxyestrone (RR = 2.27, 95 % CI = 1.29-3.99, p trend = 0.02) were significantly associated with higher TDLU count. Among postmenopausal women, higher levels of EMs, specifically conjugated estrone and 2- and 4-pathway catechols, were also associated with higher acini count/TDLU. Our data suggest that higher levels of serum EMs are generally associated with lower levels of TDLU involution.
Collapse
|
34
|
Estrogen Metabolism and Risk of Postmenopausal Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer: the B ∼ FIT Cohort. Discov Oncol 2016; 7:49-64. [PMID: 26728471 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-015-0237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen metabolites may have different genotoxic and mitogenic properties yet their relationship with endometrial and ovarian cancer risk remains unclear. Within the Breast and Bone Follow-up to the Fracture Intervention Trial (B ∼ FIT, n = 15,595), we conducted a case-cohort study to evaluate 15 pre-diagnostic serum estrogens and estrogen metabolites with risk of incident endometrial and ovarian cancer among postmenopausal women not on hormone therapy. Participants included 66 endometrial and 67 ovarian cancer cases diagnosed during follow-up (∼ 10 years) and subcohorts of 346 and 416 women, respectively, after relevant exclusions. Serum concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression. Exposures were categorized in tertiles (T) and analyzed individually, as metabolic pathways (C-2, -4, or -16) and as ratios to parent estrogens (estradiol, estrone). Estradiol was significantly associated with increased endometrial cancer risk (BMI-adjusted HRT3vsT1 = 4.09, 95% CI 1.70, 9.85; p trend = 0.003). 2-Hydroxyestrone and 16α-hydroxyestrone were not associated with endometrial risk after estradiol adjustment (2-OHE1:HRT3vsT1 = 1.97, 95% CI 0.78, 4.94; 16-OHE1:HRT3vsT1 = 1.50, 95% CI 0.65, 3.46; p trend = 0.16 and 0.36, respectively). Ratios of 2- and 4-pathway catechol-to-methylated estrogens remained positively associated with endometrial cancer after BMI or estradiol adjustment (2-pathway catechols-to-methylated: HRT3vsT1 = 4.02, 95% CI 1.60, 10.1; 4-pathway catechols-to-methylated: HRT3vsT1 = 4.59, 95% CI 1.64, 12.9; p trend = 0.002 for both). Estrogens and estrogen metabolites were not associated with ovarian cancer risk; however, larger studies are needed to better evaluate these relationships. Estrogen metabolism may be important in endometrial carcinogenesis, particularly with less extensive methylation of 2- or 4-pathway catechols associated with elevated endometrial cancer risk.
Collapse
|
35
|
Strumylaite L, Sharp SJ, Kregzdyte R, Poskiene L, Bogusevicius A, Pranys D. The Association of Low-To-Moderate Alcohol Consumption with Breast Cancer Subtypes Defined by Hormone Receptor Status. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144680. [PMID: 26674340 PMCID: PMC4682633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, but pathways involved in alcohol-related breast carcinogenesis are not clearly defined. We examined the association between low-to-moderate alcohol intake and breast cancer subtypes by tumor hormone receptor status. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hospital-based case-control study was performed in 585 cases and 1,170 controls. Information on alcohol intake and other risk factors was collected via a questionnaire. Logistic regression was used for analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The odds ratio of breast cancer was 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-2.53) in women who consumed ≤5 drinks/week, and 3.13 (95% CI: 1.81-5.43) in women who consumed >5 drinks/week, both compared with non-drinkers for ≥10 years, after adjustment for age and other confounders. The association of alcohol intake with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer was stronger than with estrogen receptor-negative: the odds ratio per 1 category increase was 2.05 (95% CI: 1.49-2.82) and 1.29 (95% CI: 0.85-1.94) (P-heterogeneity = 0.07). There was no evidence of an interaction between alcohol intake and menopausal status (P = 0.19) in overall group; however, it was significant in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Low-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer with the strongest association in postmenopausal women. Since alcohol intake is a modifiable risk factor of breast cancer, every woman should be informed and advised to control alcohol use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Strumylaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rima Kregzdyte
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lina Poskiene
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Bogusevicius
- Department of Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Darius Pranys
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Oh H, Smith-Warner SA, Tamimi RM, Wang M, Xu X, Hankinson SE, Fuhrman BJ, Ziegler RG, Eliassen AH. Dietary Fat and Fiber Intakes Are Not Associated with Patterns of Urinary Estrogen Metabolites in Premenopausal Women. J Nutr 2015; 145:2109-16. [PMID: 26180245 PMCID: PMC4548163 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interindividual differences in the bioavailability of potentially carcinogenic estrogen and estrogen metabolites (EMs) may play a role in the risk of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE We examined whether dietary intakes of fiber and fat influence premenopausal EM profiles through effects on estrogen synthesis, metabolism, or excretion. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 598 premenopausal women who participated in a reproducibility study (n = 109) or served as controls in a nested case-control study of breast cancer (n = 489) within the Nurses' Health Study II. Dietary intakes of fiber and fat were assessed via semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires in 1995 and 1999. Midluteal urine samples were collected between 1996 and 1999 and EMs were quantified with the use of HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Linear mixed models were used to estimate creatinine-adjusted geometric means for individual EMs and their pathway groups across categories of dietary intake while controlling for total energy intake and potential confounders. RESULTS Higher total dietary fiber intake (>25 g/d vs. ≤15 g/d) was associated with significantly higher concentrations of 4-methoxyestradiol (50% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.004) and lower concentrations of 17-epiestriol (-27% difference, P-difference = 0.03, P-trend = 0.03), but was not associated with any other EMs. The associations did not vary by fiber intake from different sources. Total fat intake (>35% energy vs. ≤25% energy) was suggestively positively associated with 17-epiestriol (22.6% difference, P-difference = 0.14, P-trend = 0.06); the association was significant for polyunsaturated fatty acid (37% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.01) and trans fat (36.1% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.01) intakes. CONCLUSION Fiber and fat intakes were not strongly associated with patterns of estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Our data suggest estrogen metabolism is not a major mechanism through which dietary fiber and fat may affect breast or other hormone-related cancer risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Oh
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
| | | | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xia Xu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Barbara J Fuhrman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Epidemiology, Fay W Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang Q, Bottalico L, Mesaros C, Blair IA. Analysis of estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal serum and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Steroids 2015; 99:76-83. [PMID: 25150018 PMCID: PMC4336238 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry-based methodology has evolved to the point where accurate analyses of trace levels of estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal serum and plasma can be accomplished with high precision and accuracy. A suite of derivatization procedures has been developed, which together with modern mass spectrometry instrumentation provide investigators with robust and sensitive methodology. Pre-ionized derivatives are proving to be useful as they are not subject to suppression of the electrospray signal. Postmenopausal women with elevated plasma or serum estrogens are thought to be at increased risk for breast and endometrial cancer. Therefore, significant advances in risk assessment should be possible now that reliable methodology is available. It is also possible to conduct analyses of multiple estrogens in plasma or serum. Laboratories that are currently employing liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methodology can now readily implement this strategy. This will help conserve important plasma and serum samples available in Biobanks, as it will be possible to conduct high sensitivity analyses using low initial sample volumes. Reported levels of both conjugated and non-conjugated estrogen metabolites are close to the limits of sensitivity of many assays to date, urging caution in the interpretation of these low values. The analysis of serum androgen precursors in postmenopausal women has not been conducted routinely in the past using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methodology. Integration of serum androgen levels into the panel of metabolites analyzed could provide additional information for assessing cancer risk and should be included in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lisa Bottalico
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK, Travis RC, Brinton LA, Helzlsouer KJ, Dorgan JF, Gapstur SM, Gaudet MM, Kaaks R, Riboli E, Rinaldi S, Manjer J, Hallmans G, Giles GG, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Tworoger SS, Hankinson SE, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Koenig K, Krogh V, Sieri S, Muti P, Ziegler RG, Schairer C, Fuhrman BJ, Barrett-Connor E, Laughlin GA, Grant EJ, Cologne J, Ohishi W, Hida A, Cauley JA, Fourkala EO, Menon U, Rohan TE, Strickler HD, Gunter MJ. Steroid hormone measurements from different types of assays in relation to body mass index and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: Reanalysis of eighteen prospective studies. Steroids 2015; 99:49-55. [PMID: 25304359 PMCID: PMC4502556 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have examined breast cancer risk in relation to sex hormone concentrations measured by different methods: "extraction" immunoassays (with prior purification by organic solvent extraction, with or without column chromatography), "direct" immunoassays (no prior extraction or column chromatography), and more recently with mass spectrometry-based assays. We describe the associations of estradiol, estrone and testosterone with both body mass index and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women according to assay method, using data from a collaborative pooled analysis of 18 prospective studies. In general, hormone concentrations were highest in studies that used direct assays and lowest in studies that used mass spectrometry-based assays. Estradiol and estrone were strongly positively associated with body mass index, regardless of the assay method; testosterone was positively associated with body mass index for direct assays, but less clearly for extraction assays, and there were few data for mass spectrometry assays. The correlations of estradiol with body mass index, estrone and testosterone were lower for direct assays than for extraction and mass spectrometry assays, suggesting that the estimates from the direct assays were less precise. For breast cancer risk, all three hormones were strongly positively associated with risk regardless of assay method (except for testosterone by mass spectrometry where there were few data), with no statistically significant differences in the trends, but differences may emerge as new data accumulate. Future epidemiological and clinical research studies should continue to use the most accurate assays that are feasible within the design characteristics of each study.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ziegler RG, Fuhrman BJ, Moore SC, Matthews CE. Epidemiologic studies of estrogen metabolism and breast cancer. Steroids 2015; 99:67-75. [PMID: 25725255 PMCID: PMC5722219 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early epidemiologic studies of estrogen metabolism measured only 2-hydroxyestrone and 16α-hydroxyestrone and relied on direct enzyme immunoassays without purification steps. Eight breast cancer studies have used these assays with prospectively collected blood or urine samples. Results were inconsistent, and generally not statistically significant; but the assays had limited specificity, especially at the low concentrations characteristic of postmenopausal women. To facilitate continued testing in population-based studies of the multiple laboratory-based hypotheses about the roles of estrogen metabolites, a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed to measure concurrently all 15 estrogens and estrogen metabolites in human serum and urine, as unconjugated and total (glucuronidated+sulfated+unconjugated) concentrations. The assay has high sensitivity (lower limit of quantitation ∼1-2 pmol/L), reproducibility (coefficients of variation generally ⩽5%), and accuracy. Three prospective studies utilizing this comprehensive assay have demonstrated that enhanced 2-hydroxylation of parent estrogens (estrone+estradiol) is associated with reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. In the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) cohort, the serum ratio of 2-hydroxylation pathway metabolites to parent estrogens was associated with a 28% reduction in breast cancer risk across extreme deciles (p-trend=.05), after adjusting for unconjugated estradiol and breast cancer risk factors. Incorporating this ratio into a risk prediction model already including unconjugated estradiol improved absolute risk estimates substantially (by ⩾14%) in 36% of the women, an encouraging result that needs replication. Additional epidemiologic studies of the role of estrogen metabolism in the etiology of hormone-related diseases and continued improvement of estrogen metabolism assays are justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina G Ziegler
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9773, USA.
| | - Barbara J Fuhrman
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9773, USA
| | - Steven C Moore
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9773, USA
| | - Charles E Matthews
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9773, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Falk RT, Dallal CM, Lacey JV, Bauer DC, Buist DSM, Cauley JA, Hue TF, LaCroix AZ, Tice JA, Pfeiffer RM, Xu X, Veenstra TD, Brinton LA. Estrogen Metabolites Are Not Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1419-22. [PMID: 26104910 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A potential protective role for estrogen in colon carcinogenesis has been suggested based on exogenous hormone use, but it is unclear from previous studies whether endogenous estrogens are related to colorectal cancer risk. These few prior studies focused on parent estrogens; none evaluated effects of estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women. METHODS We followed 15,595 women (ages 55-80 years) enrolled in the Breast and Bone Follow-up to the Fracture Intervention Trial (B∼FIT) who donated blood between 1992 and 1993 for cancer through December 2004. A panel of 15 estrogen metabolites (EM), including estradiol and estrone, were measured in serum from 187 colorectal cancer cases and a subcohort of 501 women not using exogenous hormones at blood draw. We examined EM individually, grouped by pathway (hydroxylation at the C-2, C-4, or C-16 position) and by ratios of the groupings using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS No significant associations were seen for estrone (HRQ4 vs. Q1 = 1.15; 95% CI, 0.69-1.93; Ptrend = 0.54), estradiol (HRQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.58-1.64; Ptrend > 0.99), or total EM (the sum of all EM; HRQ4 vs. Q1 = 1.35; 95% CI, 0.81-2.24; Ptrend = 0.33). Most metabolites in the 2-, 4-, or 16-pathway were unrelated to risk, although a borderline trend in risk was associated with high levels of 17-epiestriol. CONCLUSION Circulating estrogens and their metabolites were generally unrelated to colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women. IMPACT Additional studies are needed to understand how exogenous estrogen may prevent colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roni T Falk
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Cher M Dallal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - James V Lacey
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Douglas C Bauer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Trisha F Hue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeffrey A Tice
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, Leidos-Frederick (formerly SAIC-Frederick), Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Louise A Brinton
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brinton LA, Key TJ, Kolonel LN, Michels KB, Sesso HD, Ursin G, Van Den Eeden SK, Wood SN, Falk RT, Parisi D, Guillemette C, Caron P, Turcotte V, Habel LA, Isaacs CJ, Riboli E, Weiderpass E, Cook MB. Prediagnostic Sex Steroid Hormones in Relation to Male Breast Cancer Risk. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2041-50. [PMID: 25964249 PMCID: PMC4461805 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although previous studies have implicated a variety of hormone-related risk factors in the etiology of male breast cancers, no previous studies have examined the effects of endogenous hormones. PATIENTS AND METHODS Within the Male Breast Cancer Pooling Project, an international consortium comprising 21 case-control and cohort investigations, a subset of seven prospective cohort studies were able to contribute prediagnostic serum or plasma samples for hormone quantitation. Using a nested case-control design, multivariable unconditional logistic regression analyses estimated odds ratios and 95% CIs for associations between male breast cancer risk and 11 individual estrogens and androgens, as well as selected ratios of these analytes. RESULTS Data from 101 cases and 217 matched controls were analyzed. After adjustment for age and date of blood draw, race, and body mass index, androgens were found to be largely unrelated to risk, but circulating estradiol levels showed a significant association. Men in the highest quartile had an odds ratio of 2.47 (95% CI, 1.10 to 5.58) compared with those in the lowest quartile (trend P = .06). Assessment of estradiol as a ratio to various individual androgens or sum of androgens showed no further enhancement of risk. These relations were not significantly modified by either age or body mass index, although estradiol was slightly more strongly related to breast cancers occurring among younger (age < 67 years) than older men. CONCLUSION Our results support the notion of an important role for estradiol in the etiology of male breast cancers, similar to female breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Brinton
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
| | - Tim J Key
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Karin B Michels
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Giske Ursin
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Stephen K Van Den Eeden
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Shannon N Wood
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Roni T Falk
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Dominick Parisi
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Patrick Caron
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Véronique Turcotte
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Laurel A Habel
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Claudine J Isaacs
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Elio Riboli
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Michael B Cook
- Louise A. Brinton, Shannon N. Wood, Roni T. Falk, and Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Dominick Parisi, Information Management Services, Rockville, MD; Tim J. Key, University of Oxford, Oxford; Elio Riboli, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Laurence N. Kolonel, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Karin B. Michels, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Karin B. Michels and Howard D. Sesso, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Giske Ursin, University of Oslo; Giske Ursin and Elisabete Weiderpass, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo; University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Giske Ursin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden and Laurel A. Habel, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Chantal Guillemette, Patrick Caron, and Véronique Turcotte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and Claudine J. Isaacs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gierach GL, Patel DA, Falk RT, Pfeiffer RM, Geller BM, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Chicoine RE, Shepherd JA, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Wang J, Fan B, Herschorn SD, Xu X, Veenstra T, Fuhrman B, Sherman ME, Brinton LA. Relationship of serum estrogens and metabolites with area and volume mammographic densities. HORMONES & CANCER 2015; 6:107-19. [PMID: 25757805 PMCID: PMC4558904 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-015-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mammographic density is a breast cancer risk factor, which has a suggestive, but unproven, relationship with increased exposure to sex steroid hormones. We examined associations of serum estrogens and estrogen metabolites with area and novel volume mammographic density measures among 187 women, ages 40-65, undergoing diagnostic breast biopsies at an academic facility in Vermont. Serum parent estrogens, estrone and estradiol, and their 2-, 4-, and 16-hydroxylated metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Area mammographic density was measured in the breast contralateral to the biopsy using thresholding software; volume mammographic density was quantified using a density phantom. Linear regression was used to estimate associations of estrogens with mammographic densities, adjusted for age and body mass index, and stratified by menopausal status and menstrual cycle phase. Weak, positive associations between estrogens, estrogen metabolites, and mammographic density were observed, primarily among postmenopausal women. Among premenopausal luteal phase women, the 16-pathway metabolite estriol was associated with percent area (p = 0.04) and volume (p = 0.05) mammographic densities and absolute area (p = 0.02) and volume (p = 0.05) densities. Among postmenopausal women, levels of total estrogens, the sum of parent estrogens, and 2-, 4- and 16-hydroxylation pathway metabolites were positively associated with area density measures (percent: p = 0.03, p = 0.04, p = 0.01, p = 0.02, p = 0.07; absolute: p = 0.02, p = 0.02, p = 0.01, p = 0.02, p = 0.03, respectively) but not volume density measures. Our data suggest that serum estrogen profiles are weak determinants of mammographic density and that analysis of different density metrics may provide complementary information about relationships of estrogen exposure to breast tissue composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L. Gierach
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
- 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD 20892-9774 USA
| | - Deesha A. Patel
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Roni T. Falk
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Wang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- Present Address: Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bo Fan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Timothy Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD USA
- Present Address: CN Diagnostics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Barbara Fuhrman
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Mark E. Sherman
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Goedert JJ, Jones G, Hua X, Xu X, Yu G, Flores R, Falk RT, Gail MH, Shi J, Ravel J, Feigelson HS. Investigation of the association between the fecal microbiota and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a population-based case-control pilot study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv147. [PMID: 26032724 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the gut microbiota differed in 48 postmenopausal breast cancer case patients, pretreatment, vs 48 control patients. Microbiota profiles in fecal DNA were determined by Illumina sequencing and taxonomy of 16S rRNA genes. Estrogens were quantified in urine. Case-control comparisons employed linear and unconditional logistic regression of microbiota α-diversity (PD_whole tree) and UniFrac analysis of β-diversity, with two-sided statistical tests. Total estrogens correlated with α-diversity in control patients (Spearman Rho = 0.37, P = .009) but not case patients (Spearman Rho = 0.04, P = .77). Compared with control patients, case patients had statistically significantly altered microbiota composition (β-diversity, P = .006) and lower α-diversity (P = .004). Adjusted for estrogens and other covariates, odds ratio of cancer was 0.50 (95% confidence interval = 0.30 to 0.85) per α-diversity tertile. Differences in specific taxa were not statistically significant when adjusted for multiple comparisons. This pilot study shows that postmenopausal women with breast cancer have altered composition and estrogen-independent low diversity of their gut microbiota. Whether these affect breast cancer risk and prognosis is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
| | - Gieira Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Xing Hua
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Xia Xu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Guoqin Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Roberto Flores
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Mitchell H Gail
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| | - Heather Spencer Feigelson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang Q, Rangiah K, Mesaros C, Snyder NW, Vachani A, Song H, Blair IA. Ultrasensitive quantification of serum estrogens in postmenopausal women and older men by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2015; 96:140-52. [PMID: 25637677 PMCID: PMC4369926 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for multiplexed quantitative analysis of six unconjugated and conjugated estrogens in human serum. The quantification utilized a new derivatization procedure, which formed analytes as pre-ionized N-methyl pyridinium-3-sulfonyl (NMPS) derivatives. This method required only 0.1mL of human serum, yet was capable of simultaneously quantifying six estrogens within 20min. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for estradiol (E2), 16α-hydroxy (OH)-E2, 4-methoxy (MeO)-E2 and 2-MeO-E2 was 1fg on column, and was 10fg on column for 4-OH-E2 and 2-OH-E2. All analytes demonstrated a linear response from 0.5 to 200pg/mL (5-2000pg/mL for 4-OH-E2 and 2-OH-E2). Using this validated method, the estrogen levels in human serum samples from 20 female patients and 20 male patients were analyzed and compared. The levels found for unconjugated serum E2 from postmenopausal women (mean 2.7pg/mL) were very similar to those obtained by highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology. However, the level obtained in serum from older men (mean 9.5pg/mL) was lower than has been reported previously by both GC-MS and LC-MS procedures. The total (unconjugated+conjugated) 4-MeO-E2 levels were significantly higher in female samples compared with males (p<0.05). The enhanced sensitivity offered by the present method will allow for a more specific analysis of estrogens and their metabolites. Our observations might suggest that the level of total 4-MeO-E2 could be a potential biomarker for breast cancer cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Kannan Rangiah
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; NCBS, Center for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, Bangalore, India
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Anil Vachani
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Haifeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lundström E, Conner P, Naessén S, Löfgren L, Carlström K, Söderqvist G. Estrone - a partial estradiol antagonist in the normal breast. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:747-9. [PMID: 26190536 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1062866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT) based on estradiol-17β (E2) greatly increases circulating estrone (E1) levels. E1 is an estrogen receptor agonist but may also be a partial E2 antagonist. We investigated the effects of circulating E1 on the association between circulating E2 and the increase in mammographic density (∂MD) in 46 healthy post-menopausal women treated with E2 2 mg and norethisterone acetate 1 mg daily. MD and serum E1 and E2 were measured before and after 6 months of treatment. At high E1 levels, ∂MD showed significant positive correlations leading to increase (∂-values) in both E1 and E2. Lowering the upper serum E1 limit strengthened the correlations to ∂E2 while the significant correlations to ∂E1 disappeared. E1 at high concentrations may act as a partial E2 antagonist also in the normal breast in vivo and disturb relationships between circulating E2 and biological estrogen effects. When investigating the relations between circulating steroids and their effects, structurally related compounds, which may act as partial antagonists, have to be considered, at least when they are present in higher concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lundström
- a Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Woman's and Children's Health , Karolinska Insitutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Solna , Sweden and
| | - Peter Conner
- a Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Woman's and Children's Health , Karolinska Insitutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Solna , Sweden and
| | - Sabine Naessén
- a Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Woman's and Children's Health , Karolinska Insitutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Solna , Sweden and
| | - Lars Löfgren
- b Department of Surgery , Capio St Görans Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kjell Carlström
- a Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Woman's and Children's Health , Karolinska Insitutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Solna , Sweden and
| | - Gunnar Söderqvist
- a Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Woman's and Children's Health , Karolinska Insitutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Solna , Sweden and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nallapalle SR, Daripally S, Prasad VTSV. Promoter polymorphism of FASL confers protection against female-specific cancers and those of FAS impact the cancers divergently. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2709-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
47
|
Fuhrman BJ, Xu X, Falk RT, Dallal CM, Veenstra TD, Keefer LK, Graubard BI, Brinton LA, Ziegler RG, Gierach GL. Assay reproducibility and interindividual variation for 15 serum estrogens and estrogen metabolites measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2649-57. [PMID: 25472673 PMCID: PMC4289148 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interindividual differences in estrogen metabolism may partially account for differences in risks of estrogen-responsive cancers. We conducted a proof-of-performance study to assess the reproducibility of a LC/MS-MS method for measurement of 15 serum estrogens and metabolites (all 15 termed EM) in total (conjugated+unconjugated) and unconjugated forms and describe interindividual variation. METHODS Interindividual variation in serum EM profiles was evaluated for 20 premenopausal women, 15 postmenopausal women, and 10 men. Replicate aliquots from 10 premenopausal women, 5 postmenopausal women, and 5 men were assayed eight times over 4 weeks. Components of variance were used to calculate coefficients of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). RESULTS In postmenopausal women and men, median EM concentrations were similar and substantially lower than that in premenopausal women. Within each sex/menopausal group, the sum of all EM varied 5- to 7-fold across extreme deciles. Some EM had greater variation; total estrone varied approximately 12-fold in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Unconjugated estradiol varied 17-fold in postmenopausal women but only 5-fold in premenopausal women and men. CVs reflecting variation across replicate measures for individuals were <5% for most EM, but higher in some individuals with a low EM concentration. Overall laboratory CVs for all but one EM were <2% and ICCs were >99% for all EM in each group. CONCLUSIONS The serum EM assay has excellent laboratory reproducibility. In premenopausal women, postmenopausal women, and men, interindividual variation in EM measures is substantially greater than laboratory variation. IMPACT The serum EM assay is suitable for epidemiologic application. See all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Biomarkers, Biospecimens, and New Technologies in Molecular Epidemiology."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Fuhrman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cher M Dallal
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Timothy D Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Larry K Keefer
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fuhrman BJ, Feigelson HS, Flores R, Gail MH, Xu X, Ravel J, Goedert JJ. Associations of the fecal microbiome with urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:4632-40. [PMID: 25211668 PMCID: PMC4255131 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The gut microbiota may influence the risk of breast cancer through effects on endogenous estrogens. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate whether urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites are associated with the diversity and composition of the fecal microbiome. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a cross-sectional study among women enrolled in Kaiser Permanente of Colorado. PARTICIPANTS A total of 60 women drawn from a random sample of healthy postmenopausal women (aged 55-69 y), without current or recent use of antibiotics or hormone therapy and no history of cancer or gastrointestinal disease participated in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES AND METHODS: Creatinine-standardized urinary estrogens (estrone and estradiol) and 13 hydroxylated estrogen metabolites were measured in spot urines by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The fecal microbiome was assessed using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. General linear models were used to test for associations of diversity and composition of the fecal microbiome with parent estrogen (estrone + estradiol), total estrogens, and estrogen metabolites and the ratio of estrogen metabolites to parent estrogen, which has been predictive of postmenopausal breast cancer risk in previous studies. RESULTS The ratio of metabolites to parents was directly associated with whole-tree phylogenetic diversity (R = 0.35, P = .01). Relative abundances of the order Clostridiales (R = 0.32, P = .02) and the genus Bacteroides (R = -0.30, P = .03) were also correlated with the ratio of metabolites to parents. Associations were independent of age, body mass index, and study design factors. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that women with a more diverse gut microbiome exhibit an elevated urinary ratio of hydroxylated estrogen metabolites to parent estrogen. Further research is warranted to confirm and relate these findings to clinical disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Fuhrman
- Department of Epidemiology (B.J.F.), Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205; Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (B.J.F., R.F., N.H.G., J.J.G.) and Cancer Prevention (R.F.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9704; Institute for Health Research (H.S.F.), Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80231; Cancer Research Technology Program (X.X.), Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702; and Institute for Genome Sciences (J.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Samavat H, Kurzer MS. Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:231-43. [PMID: 24784887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is currently accumulating evidence that endogenous estrogens play a critical role in the development of breast cancer. Estrogens and their metabolites have been studied in both pre- and postmenopausal women with more consistent results shown in the latter population, in part because of large hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle and far fewer studies having been performed in premenopausal women. In this review we describe in detail estrogen metabolism and associated genetic variations, and provide a critical review of the current literature regarding the role of estrogens and their metabolites in breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Samavat
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mindy S Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Arslan AA, Koenig KL, Lenner P, Afanasyeva Y, Shore RE, Chen Y, Lundin E, Toniolo P, Hallmans G, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Circulating estrogen metabolites and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1290-7. [PMID: 24769889 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that predominance of the 2-hydroxylation estrogen metabolism pathway over the 16α-hydroxylation pathway may be inversely associated with breast cancer risk. METHODS We examined the associations of invasive breast cancer risk with circulating 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), and the 2-OHE1:16α-OHE1 ratio in a case-control study of postmenopausal women nested within two prospective cohorts: the New York University Women's Health Study (NYUWHS) and the Northern Sweden Mammary Screening Cohort (NSMSC), with adjustment for circulating levels of estrone, and additional analyses by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status. Levels of 2-OHE1 and 16α-OHE1 were measured using ESTRAMET 2/16 assay in stored serum or plasma samples from 499 incident breast cancer cases and 499 controls, who were matched on cohort, age, and date of blood donation. RESULTS Overall, no significant associations were observed between breast cancer risk and circulating levels of 2-OHE1, 16α-OHE1, or their ratio in either cohort and in combined analyses. For 2-OHE1, there was evidence of heterogeneity by ER status in models adjusting for estrone (P ≤ 0.03). We observed a protective association of 2-OHE1 with ER+ breast cancer [multivariate-adjusted OR for a doubling of 2-OHE1, 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.94; P = 0.02)]. CONCLUSIONS In this study, higher levels of 2-OHE1 were associated with reduced risk of ER+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women after adjustment for circulating estrone. IMPACT These results suggest that taking into account the levels of parent estrogens and ER status is important in studies of estrogen metabolites and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Arslan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; New York University Cancer Institute, New York, New York; Departments of
| | - Karen L Koenig
- Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Roy E Shore
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yu Chen
- Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; New York University Cancer Institute, New York, New York; Departments of
| | | | - Paolo Toniolo
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York, New York; Departments of
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; and
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; New York University Cancer Institute, New York, New York; Departments of
| |
Collapse
|