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Sun J, Chen J, Xie Q, Sun M, Zhang W, Wang H, Liu N, Wang Q, Wang M. Sodium butyrate alleviates R97-116 peptide-induced myasthenia gravis in mice by improving the gut microbiota and modulating immune response. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:37. [PMID: 37924056 PMCID: PMC10625296 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00363-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented butyrate exhibits an anti-inflammatory response to maintain immune homeostasis within the gut. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of butyrate on myasthenia gravis (MG) remain unclear. The changes in the gut microbiota and fecal contents of SCFAs in MG patients were examined. R97-116 peptide was used to induce the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) mice and sodium butyrate (NaB) was gavaged to the EAMG mice. Gut microbiota, the frequency of Th1, Th17, Treg, Tfh, and B cells, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-17 A, IL-10, IL-21, and anti-R97-116 IgG, RNA-seq of total B cells in the spleen were explored by metagenomics, flow cytometry, ELISA, and transcriptomics. A significant reduction in SCFA-producing bacteria including Butyricimonas synergistica and functional modules including butyrate synthesis/production II was observed in MG patients and fecal SCFAs detection confirmed the increase. The EAMG mice were successfully constructed and NaB supplementation has changed the composition and function of the gut microbiota. The numbers of Th1, Th17, Tfh, and B cells were significantly increased while that of Treg cells was obviously decreased in EAMG mice compared with controls. Interestingly, NaB treatment has reduced the amounts of Th17, Tfh, and B cells but increased that of Treg cells. Accordingly, the levels of IL-17 A, IL-21, and IgG were increased while IL-10 was decreased in EAMG mice. However, NaB treatment reduced IL-17 A and IL-21 but increased that of IL-10. RNA-seq of B cells has revealed 4577 deferentially expressed genes (DEGs), in which 1218 DEGs were up-regulated while 3359 DEGs were down-regulated in NaB-treated EAMG mice. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis unveiled that the function of these DEGs was mainly focused on immunoglobulin production, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and CNS diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We have found that butyrate was significantly reduced in MG patients and NaB gavage could evidently improve MG symptoms in EAMG mice by changing the gut microbiota, regulating the immune response, and altering the gene expression and function of B cells, suggesting NaB might be a potential immunomodulatory supplement for MG drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Qinfang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Mengjiao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
| | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Gibson K, Chu JK, Zhu S, Nguyen D, Mrázek J, Liu J, Hoover TR. A Tripartite Efflux System Affects Flagellum Stability in Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911609. [PMID: 36232924 PMCID: PMC9570263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori uses a cluster of polar, sheathed flagella for swimming motility. A search for homologs of H. pylori proteins that were conserved in Helicobacter species that possess flagellar sheaths but were underrepresented in Helicobacter species with unsheathed flagella identified several candidate proteins. Four of the identified proteins are predicted to form part of a tripartite efflux system that includes two transmembrane domains of an ABC transporter (HP1487 and HP1486), a periplasmic membrane fusion protein (HP1488), and a TolC-like outer membrane efflux protein (HP1489). Deleting hp1486/hp1487 and hp1489 homologs in H. pylori B128 resulted in reductions in motility and the number of flagella per cell. Cryo-electron tomography studies of intact motors of the Δhp1489 and Δhp1486/hp1487 mutants revealed many of the cells contained a potential flagellum disassembly product consisting of decorated L and P rings, which has been reported in other bacteria. Aberrant motors lacking specific components, including a cage-like structure that surrounds the motor, were also observed in the Δhp1489 mutant. These findings suggest a role for the H. pylori HP1486-HP1489 tripartite efflux system in flagellum stability. Three independent variants of the Δhp1486/hp1487 mutant with enhanced motility were isolated. All three motile variants had the same frameshift mutation in fliL, suggesting a role for FliL in flagellum disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Gibson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Joshua K. Chu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shiwei Zhu
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Doreen Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jan Mrázek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Timothy R. Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-2675
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Silbergleit M, Vasquez AA, Miller CJ, Sun J, Kato I. Oral and intestinal bacterial exotoxins: Potential linked to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:131-193. [PMID: 32475520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that imbalances in resident microbes (dysbiosis) can promote chronic inflammation, immune-subversion, and production of carcinogenic metabolites, thus leading to neoplasia. Yet, evidence to support a direct link of individual bacteria species to human sporadic cancer is still limited. This chapter focuses on several emerging bacterial toxins that have recently been characterized for their potential oncogenic properties toward human orodigestive cancer and the presence of which in human tissue samples has been documented. These include cytolethal distending toxins produced by various members of gamma and epsilon Proteobacteria, Dentilisin from mammalian oral Treponema, Pasteurella multocida toxin, two Fusobacterial toxins, FadA and Fap2, Bacteroides fragilis toxin, colibactin, cytotoxic necrotizing factors and α-hemolysin from Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica AvrA. It was clear that these bacterial toxins have biological activities to induce several hallmarks of cancer. Some toxins directly interact with DNA or chromosomes leading to their breakdowns, causing mutations and genome instability, and others modulate cell proliferation, replication and death and facilitate immune evasion and tumor invasion, prying specific oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways, such as p53 and β-catenin/Wnt. In addition, most bacterial toxins control tumor-promoting inflammation in complex and diverse mechanisms. Despite growing laboratory evidence to support oncogenic potential of selected bacterial toxins, we need more direct evidence from human studies and mechanistic data from physiologically relevant experimental animal models, which can reflect chronic infection in vivo, as well as take bacterial-bacterial interactions among microbiome into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian A Vasquez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Healthy Urban Waters, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Carol J Miller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Healthy Urban Waters, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Sakurai T, Nishiyama H, Nagai T, Goto S, Ogata H, Kudo M. Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:12. [PMID: 31941439 PMCID: PMC6964040 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). Result Unexpectedly, GK-deficiency in the upper small bowel augmented inflammatory activity compared with control mice when colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate. Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn’s disease. Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. Conclusion These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nagai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Susumu Goto
- Database Center for Life Science, Joint-Support Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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Clayton JB, Danzeisen JL, Johnson TJ, Trent AM, Hayer SS, Murphy T, Wuenschmann A, Elder M, Shen Z, Mannion A, Bryant E, Knights D, Fox JG. Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter upsaliensis, and a novel Campylobacter sp. in a captive non-human primate zoological collection. J Med Primatol 2018; 48:114-122. [PMID: 30536921 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate the prevalence and characterization of Campylobacter spp. from non-human primates primate (NHP) with a history of endemic diarrhea housed at Como Park Zoo. METHODS Fecal samples from 33 symptom-free NHP belonging to eight different species were collected weekly for 9 weeks. Species-level characterization and phylogenetic analysis of isolates included biochemical testing and 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS Campylobacter spp. were isolated from the feces of 42% (14/33) of the primates. Three Campylobacter spp. (C upsaliensis, C jejuni, and novel Campylobacter sp.) were identified from three NHP species. A possible positive host Campylobacter species-specificity was observed. However, no statistical association was observed between the isolation of Campylobacter spp. and age and sex of the animal. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed the value of conducting repeated fecal sampling to establish the overall prevalence of Campylobacter in zoo-maintained NHP; it also importantly identifies a novel Campylobacter sp. isolated from white-faced saki monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Clayton
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.,GreenViet Biodiversity Conservation Center, Danang, Vietnam.,Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jessica L Danzeisen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.,Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota
| | - Ava M Trent
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Shivdeep S Hayer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Tami Murphy
- Como Park Zoo & Conservatory, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Arno Wuenschmann
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Megan Elder
- Como Park Zoo & Conservatory, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Erin Bryant
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dan Knights
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.,Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Mannion A, Shen Z, Fox JG. Comparative genomics analysis to differentiate metabolic and virulence gene potential in gastric versus enterohepatic Helicobacter species. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:830. [PMID: 30458713 PMCID: PMC6247508 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Helicobacter are gram-negative, microaerobic, flagellated, mucus-inhabiting bacteria associated with gastrointestinal inflammation and classified as gastric or enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) according to host species and colonization niche. While there are over 30 official species, little is known about the physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of EHS, which account for most in the genus, as well as what genetic factors differentiate gastric versus EHS, given they inhabit different hosts and colonization niches. The objective of this study was to perform a whole-genus comparative analysis of over 100 gastric versus EHS genomes in order to identify genetic determinants that distinguish these Helicobacter species and provide insights about their evolution/adaptation to different hosts, colonization niches, and mechanisms of virulence. Results Whole-genome phylogeny organized Helicobacter species according to their presumed gastric or EHS classification. Analysis of orthologs revealed substantial heterogeneity in physiological and virulence-related genes between gastric and EHS genomes. Metabolic reconstruction predicted that unlike gastric species, EHS appear asaccharolytic and dependent on amino/organic acids to fuel metabolism. Additionally, gastric species lack de novo biosynthetic pathways for several amino acids and purines found in EHS and instead rely on environmental uptake/salvage pathways. Comparison of virulence factor genes between gastric and EHS genomes identified overlapping yet distinct profiles and included canonical cytotoxins, outer membrane proteins, secretion systems, and survival factors. Conclusions The major differences in predicted metabolic function suggest gastric species and EHS may have evolved for survival in the nutrient-rich stomach versus the nutrient-devoid environments, respectively. Contrasting virulence factor gene profiles indicate gastric species and EHS may utilize different pathogenic mechanisms to chronically infect hosts and cause inflammation and tissue damage. The findings from this study provide new insights into the genetic differences underlying gastric versus EHS and support the need for future experimental studies to characterize these pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5171-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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On SLW, Miller WG, Houf K, Fox JG, Vandamme P. Minimal standards for describing new species belonging to the families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae: Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and Wolinella spp. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:5296-5311. [PMID: 29034857 PMCID: PMC5845751 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing changes in taxonomic methods, and in the rapid development of the taxonomic structure of species assigned to the Epsilonproteobacteria have lead the International Committee of Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Campylobacter and Related Bacteria to discuss significant updates to previous minimal standards for describing new species of Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae. This paper is the result of these discussions and proposes minimum requirements for the description of new species belonging to the families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae, thus including species in Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella. The core underlying principle remains the use of appropriate phenotypic and genotypic methods to characterise strains sufficiently so as to effectively and unambiguously determine their taxonomic position in these families, and provide adequate means by which the new taxon can be distinguished from extant species and subspecies. This polyphasic taxonomic approach demands the use of appropriate reference data for comparison to ensure the novelty of proposed new taxa, and the recommended study of at least five strains to enable species diversity to be assessed. Methodological approaches for phenotypic and genotypic (including whole-genome sequence comparisons) characterisation are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. W. On
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - William G. Miller
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - James G. Fox
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambiridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Huang G, Khan I, Li X, Chen L, Leong W, Ho LT, Hsiao WLW. Ginsenosides Rb3 and Rd reduce polyps formation while reinstate the dysbiotic gut microbiota and the intestinal microenvironment in Apc Min/+ mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12552. [PMID: 28970547 PMCID: PMC5624945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies showed that manipulation of gut microbiota (GM) composition through the treatment of prebiotics could be a novel preventive measure against colorectal cancer (CRC) development. In this study, for the first time, we assessed the non-toxic doses of the triterpene saponins (ginsenoside-Rb3 and ginsenoside-Rd) - as prebiotics - that effectively reinstated the dysbiotic-gut microbial composition and intestinal microenvironment in an ApcMin/+ mice model. Rb3 and Rd effectively reduced the size and the number of the polyps that accompanied with the downregulation of oncogenic signaling molecules (iNOS, STAT3/pSTAT3, Src/pSrc). Both the compounds improved the gut epithelium by promoting goblet and Paneth cells population and reinstating the E-cadherin and N-Cadherin expression. Mucosal immunity remodeled with increased in anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduced in pro-inflammatory cytokines in treated mice. All these changes were correlating with the promoted growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Bacteroides xylanisolvens. Whereas, the abundance of cancer cachexia associated bacteria, such as Dysgonomonas spp. and Helicobacter spp., was profoundly lower in Rb3/Rd-treated mice. In conclusion, ginsenosides Rb3 and Rd exerted anti-cancer effects by holistically reinstating mucosal architecture, improving mucosal immunity, promoting beneficial bacteria, and down-regulating cancer-cachexia associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Waikit Leong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Leung Tsun Ho
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - W L Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Oren A, Garrity GM. List of novel names and novel combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:2075-2078. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Oren
- The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - George M. Garrity
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-4320, USA
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