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Uematsu T, Tsuboi T, Hiraga K, Tamakoshi D, Fukushima T, Sato M, Nishida K, Yokota H, Katsuno M. Differential impact of fixation characteristics on 3D perception via texture gradient recognition in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 128:107116. [PMID: 39226774 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uematsu
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keita Hiraga
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Tamakoshi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taiki Fukushima
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Sato
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishida
- Department of Biostatistics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideo Yokota
- Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan.
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Clinical Research Education, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Ryu H, Ju U, Wallraven C. Decoding visual fatigue in a visual search task selectively manipulated via myopia-correcting lenses. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1307688. [PMID: 38660218 PMCID: PMC11039808 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1307688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Visual fatigue resulting from sustained, high-workload visual activities can significantly impact task performance and general wellbeing. So far, however, little is known about the underlying brain networks of visual fatigue. This study aimed to identify such potential networks using a unique paradigm involving myopia-correcting lenses known to directly modulate subjectively-perceived fatigue levels. Methods A sample of N = 31 myopia participants [right eye-SE: -3.77D (SD: 2.46); left eye-SE: -3.75D (SD: 2.45)] performed a demanding visual search task with varying difficulty levels, both with and without the lenses, while undergoing fMRI scanning. There were a total of 20 trials, after each of which participants rated the perceived difficulty and their subjective visual fatigue level. We used representational similarity analysis to decode brain regions associated with fatigue and difficulty, analyzing their individual and joint decoding pattern. Results and discussion Behavioral results showed correlations between fatigue and difficulty ratings and above all a significant reduction in fatigue levels when wearing the lenses. Imaging results implicated the cuneus, lingual gyrus, middle occipital gyrus (MOG), and declive for joint fatigue and difficulty decoding. Parts of the lingual gyrus were able to selectively decode perceived difficulty. Importantly, a broader network of visual and higher-level association areas showed exclusive decodability of fatigue (culmen, middle temporal gyrus (MTG), parahippocampal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and precuneus). Our findings enhance our understanding of processing within the context of visual search, attention, and mental workload and for the first time demonstrate that it is possible to decode subjectively-perceived visual fatigue during a challenging task from imaging data. Furthermore, the study underscores the potential of myopia-correcting lenses in investigating and modulating fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongsuk Ryu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijong Ju
- Department of Information Display, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Wallraven
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Park SY, Kim SJ, Lee M, Lee HI, Kwon A, Suh J, Song K, Chae HW, Joo B, Kim HS. Neurocognitive and psychosocial profiles of children with Turner syndrome. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 28:258-266. [PMID: 36758969 PMCID: PMC10765031 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2244222.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with Turner syndrome (TS) have distinct neurocognitive and psychosocial characteristics. However, few clinical studies have reported neuropsychological findings in Korean patients. This study investigated the neurocognitive and psychosocial profiles of Korean children with TS. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 20 pediatric patients (<18 years) with TS at the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology at Yonsei University Severance Children's Hospital in South Korea from January 2016 to March 2019. We selected 20 age- and sex-matched controls from among those who visited the endocrinology clinic and were confirmed to have no clinical abnormalities. All participants underwent several neuropsychological tests. RESULTS In the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV test, the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient of the TS group was within the normal range. The Perceptual Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index scores were significantly lower in the TS group than in the control group. In contrast, the Verbal Comprehension Index did not differ significantly between the groups. The Comprehensive Attention Test results showed that the TS group displayed borderline visual selective attention. The social quotient score was significantly lower in the TS group than in the control group. CONCLUSION Pediatric patients with TS in Korea displayed distinct neurocognitive and psychosocial characteristics. Patients in the TS group maintained their verbal function, but their attention, visuospatial function, and social competence were low. Our findings will contribute to the development of education programs for patients with TS to improve their neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeongseob Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae In Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahreum Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junghwan Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungchul Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bonglim Joo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children’s Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Szymkowicz SM, Jones JD, Timblin H, Ryczek CA, Taylor WD, May PE. Apathy as a Within-Person Mediator of Depressive Symptoms and Cognition in Parkinson's Disease: Longitudinal Mediation Analyses. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:664-674. [PMID: 34922823 PMCID: PMC9106826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Greater depressive symptoms are associated with worse cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, it is unclear what underlying factors drive this association. Apathy commonly develops in PD and may be a pathway through which depressive symptoms negatively influence cognition. Prior research examining depressive symptoms, apathy, and cognition in PD is limited by being predominantly cross-sectional. This study examined the role of apathy as a within- and between-person mediator for the longitudinal relationships between depression severity and cognitive functioning in patients with early PD. METHODS Participants included 487 individuals newly diagnosed with PD followed annually for up to 5 years by the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative. At each visit, participants completed depressive symptom measures, apathy ratings, and cognitive tests. Multi-level structural equation models examined both the within- and between-person effects of depressive symptoms on cognition through apathy, controlling for demographics and motor severity. RESULTS At the within-person level, apathy mediated the association between depressive symptoms and select cognitive functions (global cognition, attention/working memory, visuospatial functions, and immediate verbal memory; indirect effects, bootstrap p's <0.05). Significant between-person direct effects were found for depressive symptoms predicting apathy (boostrap p <0.001) and lower scores on most cognitive tests (bootstrap p's <0.05). However, the indirect effects did not reach significance, suggesting between-person mediation did not occur. CONCLUSION Findings suggest worsening of depressive symptoms over time in patients with PD may be a risk factor for increased apathy and subsequent decline in specific cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Szymkowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (SMS, WDT), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
| | - Jacob D Jones
- Department of Psychology (JDJ, HT, CAR), California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA
| | - Holly Timblin
- Department of Psychology (JDJ, HT, CAR), California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA
| | - Cameron A Ryczek
- Department of Psychology (JDJ, HT, CAR), California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA
| | - Warren D Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (SMS, WDT), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Pamela E May
- Department of Neurological Sciences (PEM), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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5
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Gavazzi G, Fisher AD, Orsolini S, Bianchi A, Romani A, Giganti F, Giovannelli F, Ristori J, Mazzoli F, Maggi M, Viggiano MP, Mascalchi M. The fMRI correlates of visuo-spatial abilities: sex differences and gender dysphoria. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:955-964. [PMID: 35384549 PMCID: PMC9010387 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of brain regions to visuospatial abilities according to sex differences and gender identity is inconsistently described. One potential explaining factor may be the different tasks employed requiring a variable load of working memory and other cognitive resources. Here we asked to 20 cis and 20 transgender participants to undergo functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging during performance of a judgement line of orientation test that was adapted to explore the basic visuospatial processing while minimizing the working memory load. We show that V1 activation may be viewed as a brain area with enhanced activation in males, regardless of participants’ gender identity. On its turn, gender identity exclusively influences the visuospatial processing of extrastriate visual areas (V5) in women with gender dysphoria. They showed enhanced V5 activation and an increased functional connectivity between V5 and V1. Overall our neuroimaging results suggest that the basic visuospatial abilities are associated with different activations pattern of cortical visual areas depending on the sex assigned at birth and gender identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Daphne Fisher
- "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Orsolini
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianchi
- Neuroradiology Unit, "Careggi" University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Romani
- "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Via San Salvi, 12, 50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Via San Salvi, 12, 50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Jiska Ristori
- "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Mazzoli
- "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Via San Salvi, 12, 50135, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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6
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Karipidis II, Hong DS. Specific learning disorders in sex chromosome aneuploidies: Neural circuits of literacy and mathematics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:518-530. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iliana I. Karipidis
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSchool of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - David S. Hong
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSchool of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford California USA
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7
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Park JY, Ko HJ, Kim AS, Moon HN, Choi HI, Kim JH, Chang Y, Kim SH. Effects of Pet Insects on Cognitive Function among the Elderly: An fMRI Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101705. [PMID: 31623234 PMCID: PMC6832542 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-assisted therapy has positive effects on cognitive function, depression, performance ability, and social functioning in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rearing pet insects on the cognitive function of healthy elderly participants, with fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) being used for this purpose. Community-dwelling right-handed elderly women (≥60 years) with normal cognitive function were enrolled and randomized at a 1:1 ratio into two groups: insect-rearing and control (n = 16) groups, with the insect-rearing group being further classified into two groups for analysis according to the subjects' scores in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST) at the baseline fMRI: Insect-rearing group I with a relatively high score (n = 13), and insect-rearing group II with a relatively low score (n = 6). The insect-rearing groups received and reared crickets as pet insects for 8 weeks. The WCST consisted of two variations, a high level baseline (HLB) and semi-WCST version. There was a significant difference accuracy of the HLB-semi-WCST (p < 0.05) in insect-rearing group II after 8 weeks from the baseline test. In the fMRI analysis involving the WCST reaction test, increased activation was observed in the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex in insect-rearing group II when the semi-WCST, rather than the HLB, was performed. Rearing pet insects showed positive effects on executive functions and performance improvement in elderly women. Further larger studies on the effects of pet insects on cognitive function are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jin Ko
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - A-Sol Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea.
| | - Ha-Na Moon
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea.
| | - Hye-In Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Korea.
| | - Seong-Hyun Kim
- Division of Applied Entomology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Korea.
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8
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Genómica Social: Relaciones entre teoría de la mente y cariotipo en mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner. REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2019. [DOI: 10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: La teoría de la mente refiere a la capacidad cognitiva de atribuir mente a los demás y de predecir y comprender su comportamiento en términos de entidades mentales como creencias, deseos e intenciones. Investigaciones recientes sugieren una distinción entre una teoría de la mente afectiva y una cognitiva, asignándoles un sustrato neuroanatómico específico. El Síndrome de Turner es un trastorno genético determinado por la deleción total o parcial del cromosoma X en el sexo femenino. Dadas las características biológicas, psicológicas y sociales encontradas en estas mujeres, pueden ser consideradas como una población relevante para el estudio de la teoría de la mente según parámetros biológicos como la expresión diferencial de los genes del cromosoma X. Objetivos y métodos: los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la teoría de la mente cognitiva y afectiva en 22 mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner y determinar si existen perfiles distintivos de teoría de la mente asociados al cariotipo. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados indicaron que las mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner presentan dificultades generales en teoría de la mente, observándose un menor rendimiento en el aspecto cognitivo de esta capacidad. Asimismo, se encontró que un mayor daño genético se encuentra relacionado a mayores dificultades en la teoría de la mente cognitiva, vinculada a zonas corticales de procesamiento no automático.
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Lin AE, Prakash SK, Andersen NH, Viuff MH, Levitsky LL, Rivera-Davila M, Crenshaw ML, Hansen L, Colvin MK, Hayes FJ, Lilly E, Snyder EA, Nader-Eftekhari S, Aldrich MB, Bhatt AB, Prager LM, Arenivas A, Skakkebaek A, Steeves MA, Kreher JB, Gravholt CH. Recognition and management of adults with Turner syndrome: From the transition of adolescence through the senior years. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1987-2033. [PMID: 31418527 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome is recognized now as a syndrome familiar not only to pediatricians and pediatric specialists, medical geneticists, adult endocrinologists, and cardiologists, but also increasingly to primary care providers, internal medicine specialists, obstetricians, and reproductive medicine specialists. In addition, the care of women with Turner syndrome may involve social services, and various educational and neuropsychologic therapies. This article focuses on the recognition and management of Turner syndrome from adolescents in transition, through adulthood, and into another transition as older women. It can be viewed as an interpretation of recent international guidelines, complementary to those recommendations, and in some instances, an update. An attempt was made to provide an international perspective. Finally, the women and families who live with Turner syndrome and who inspired several sections, are themselves part of the broad readership that may benefit from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Siddharth K Prakash
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mette H Viuff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lynne L Levitsky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Rivera-Davila
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa L Crenshaw
- Medical Genetics Services, Division of Genetics, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Lars Hansen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mary K Colvin
- Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frances J Hayes
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evelyn Lilly
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma A Snyder
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shahla Nader-Eftekhari
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa B Aldrich
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Institute for Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ami B Bhatt
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M Prager
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Arenivas
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Rehabilitation Network, Houston, Texas.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne Skakkebaek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marcie A Steeves
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey B Kreher
- Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Hutaff-Lee C, Bennett E, Howell S, Tartaglia N. Clinical developmental, neuropsychological, and social-emotional features of Turner syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:126-134. [PMID: 30767374 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Turner syndrome (TS) are at risk for a constellation of neurocognitive and psychosocial differences, although there is significant individual variability in these features. TS is associated with an increased risk for difficulties with visual-spatial reasoning, visual-spatial memory, attention, executive functioning, motor, and math skills. Additionally, increased rates of social difficulties, anxiety, and depression are observed. There can be significant interplay between all of these factors contributing to the behavioral phenotype. Neuropsychological features and previous research are reviewed. Clinical considerations and recommendations for evaluation and treatment of psychological and behavioral difficulties are provided, including consideration of medical features in TS, as well as therapies, educational supports, and medication treatment. Future research is needed to evaluate effectiveness of different treatments for neuropsychological and psychosocial features of TS, including modification and validation of existing evidence-based treatments and new approaches to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Hutaff-Lee
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, eXtraOrdinary Kids Turner Syndrome Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, eXtraOrdinary Kids Turner Syndrome Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan Howell
- Department of Pediatrics, eXtraOrdinary Kids Turner Syndrome Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nicole Tartaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, eXtraOrdinary Kids Turner Syndrome Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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11
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Li Y, Kong F, Ji M, Luo Y, Lan J, You X. Shared and Distinct Neural Bases of Large- and Small-Scale Spatial Ability: A Coordinate-Based Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1021. [PMID: 30686987 PMCID: PMC6335367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spatial ability is vital for human survival and development. However, the relationship between large-scale and small-scale spatial ability remains poorly understood. To address this issue from a novel perspective, we performed an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies to determine the shared and distinct neural bases of these two forms of spatial ability. Methods: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar for studies regarding "spatial ability" published within the last 20 years (January 1988 through June 2018). A final total of 103 studies (Table 1) involving 2,085 participants (male = 1,116) and 2,586 foci were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Results: Large-scale spatial ability was associated with activation in the limbic lobe, posterior lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, right anterior lobe, frontal lobe, and right sub-lobar area. Small-scale spatial ability was associated with activation in the parietal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, right posterior lobe, and left sub-lobar area. Furthermore, conjunction analysis revealed overlapping regions in the sub-gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, right middle occipital gyrus, right superior occipital gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and precuneus. The contrast analysis demonstrated that the parahippocampal gyrus, left lingual gyrus, culmen, right middle temporal gyrus, left declive, left superior occipital gyrus, and right lentiform nucleus were more strongly activated during large-scale spatial tasks. In contrast, the precuneus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, left supramarginal gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, right inferior occipital gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus were more strongly activated during small-scale spatial tasks. Our results further indicated that there is no absolute difference in the cognitive strategies associated with the two forms of spatial ability (egocentric/allocentric). Conclusion: The results of the present study verify and expand upon the theoretical model of spatial ability proposed by Hegarty et al. Our analysis revealed a shared neural basis between large- and small-scale spatial abilities, as well as specific yet independent neural bases underlying each. Based on these findings, we proposed a more comprehensive version of the behavioral model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Kong
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangmei Luo
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Jijun Lan
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
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“Pure apathy” and cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analytic study. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ecay-Torres M, Estanga A, Tainta M, Izagirre A, Garcia-Sebastian M, Villanua J, Clerigue M, Iriondo A, Urreta I, Arrospide A, Díaz-Mardomingo C, Kivipelto M, Martinez-Lage P. Increased CAIDE dementia risk, cognition, CSF biomarkers, and vascular burden in healthy adults. Neurology 2018; 91:e217-e226. [PMID: 29898969 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cognitive profile of healthy individuals with increased Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) dementia risk score and to explore whether this association is related to vascular burden and CSF biomarkers of amyloidosis and neurodegeneration. METHOD Cognitively normal participants (mean age 57.6 years) from the Gipuzkoa Alzheimer Project study were classified as having high risk (HR; n = 82) or low risk (LR; n = 293) for dementia according to a CAIDE score cutoff of 9. Cognitive composites were compared between groups. We explored using generalized linear models the role of APOE genotype, MRI white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and CSF (n = 218) levels of β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ1-42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the association between CAIDE score and cognition. RESULTS HR participants obtained lower scores on executive function (EF) (p = 0.001) and visual perception and construction (VPC) (p < 0.001) composites. EF composite was associated with CAIDE score × p-tau (p = 0.001), CAIDE score × t-tau (p = 0.001), and WMH (p = 0.003). VPC composite was associated with APOE (p = 0.001), Aβ1-42 (p = 0.004), the interaction APOE × Aβ1-42 (p = 0.003), and WMH (p = 0.004). Performance on global memory was associated with Aβ1-42 (p = 0.006), APOE (p = 0.008), and their interaction (p = 0.006). Analyses were adjusted for age, education, sex, premorbid intelligence, and stress. CONCLUSION Healthy participants at increased dementia risk based on CAIDE scores show lower performance in EF and VPC. This difference is related to APOE, WMH, and Alzheimer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Ecay-Torres
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ainara Estanga
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikel Tainta
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Andrea Izagirre
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maite Garcia-Sebastian
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jorge Villanua
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Montserrat Clerigue
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ane Iriondo
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Iratxe Urreta
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Arantzazu Arrospide
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Carmen Díaz-Mardomingo
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.E.-T., A.E., M.T., A.I., M.C., A.I., P.M.-L.) and Neuroimaging (M.G.-S., J.V.), Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian; National University of Distance Education (M.E.-T.), Madrid; Mendaro Hospital (M.T.); Donostia Unit (J.V.), Osatek SA, Donostia University Hospital; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (I.U.), CIBER-ESP, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Gipuzkoa Primary Care-Integrated Health Care Organizations Research Unit (A.A.), Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organisation; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (A.A.), Arrasate; Donostia (A.A.), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian; Departamento de Psicología Básica I (C.D.-M.), Facultad de Psicología, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Alzheimer Research (M.K.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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14
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Mauger C, Lancelot C, Roy A, Coutant R, Cantisano N, Le Gall D. Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Turner Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 28:188-215. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Mewborn CM, Lindbergh CA, Robinson TL, Gogniat MA, Terry DP, Jean KR, Hammond BR, Renzi-Hammond LM, Miller LS. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual-Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040458. [PMID: 29642425 PMCID: PMC5946243 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are two xanthophyll carotenoids that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous work has demonstrated their importance for eye health and preventing diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. An emerging literature base has also demonstrated the importance of L and Z in cognition, neural structure, and neural efficiency. The present study aimed to better understand the mechanisms by which L and Z relate to cognition, in particular, visual–spatial processing and decision-making in older adults. We hypothesized that markers of higher levels of L and Z would be associated with better neural efficiency during a visual–spatial processing task. L and Z were assessed via standard measurement of blood serum and retinal concentrations. Visual–spatial processing and decision-making were assessed via a judgment of line orientation task (JLO) completed during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. The results demonstrated that individuals with higher concentrations of L and Z showed a decreased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal during task performance (i.e., “neural efficiency”) in key areas associated with visual–spatial perception, processing, decision-making, and motor coordination, including the lateral occipital cortex, occipital pole, superior and middle temporal gyri, superior parietal lobule, superior and middle frontal gyri, and pre- and post-central gyri. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the relationship of L and Z to visual–spatial processing at a neural level using in vivo methodology. Our findings suggest that L and Z may impact brain health and cognition in older adults by enhancing neurobiological efficiency in a variety of regions that support visual perception and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cutter A Lindbergh
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Talia L Robinson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Marissa A Gogniat
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Douglas P Terry
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kharine R Jean
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | | - Lisa M Renzi-Hammond
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Health Promotions and Behavior, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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16
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Keser Z, Hasan KM, Mwangi B, Younes K, Khayat-Khoei M, Kamali A, Lincoln JA, Nelson FM. Quantitative Limbic System Mapping of Main Cognitive Domains in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:132. [PMID: 29593633 PMCID: PMC5857595 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Cognitive impairment (CI) is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but underlying mechanisms and their imaging correlates are not completely understood. The gray and white matter structures of the limbic system (LS) play crucial roles in different aspects of cognition. To investigate their role in MS related CI, and since a detailed evaluations are lacking in the literature, we used a comprehensive neuroimaging approach to evaluate CI’s correlations with the main components of the LS. Methods Ten non-cognitively impaired MS patients and 30 MS patients with diagnosed CI, who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation were included in the analysis. Microstructural integrity, volumetry of main limbic gray and white matter structures and cortical thickness were assessed for associations with CI. Results Fornix and cingulum/cingulate cortices were found to be the strongest correlates of CI in MS. As expected, LS’ gray and white matter structures were involved in various cognitive functions. Uncinate fasciculi showed significant correlation with verbal and visuospatial learning and memory, phonemic and semantic fluency; hippocampi with visuospatial skills, phonemic and semantic fluency, executive functions, and processing speed; thalami with verbal learning, visuospatial skills, semantic fluency; and amygdala with verbal recognition discrimination. Conclusion This comprehensive neuroimaging approach elucidated the role of the main limbic structures in cognitive functions associated with MS-related CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Keser
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Khader M Hasan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kyan Younes
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mahsa Khayat-Khoei
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arash Kamali
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John A Lincoln
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Flavia M Nelson
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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17
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Nemeth VL, Must A, Horvath S, Király A, Kincses ZT, Vécsei L. Gender-Specific Degeneration of Dementia-Related Subcortical Structures Throughout the Lifespan. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:865-880. [PMID: 27792015 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in brain structure are a question of interest to a broad field of research. Structural decline has been consistently, but not unambiguously, linked to functional consequences, including cognitive impairment and dementia. One of the areas considered of crucial importance throughout this process is the medial temporal lobe, and primarily the hippocampal region. Gender also has a considerable effect on volume deterioration of subcortical grey matter (GM) structures, such as the hippocampus. The influence of age×gender interaction on disproportionate GM volume changes might be mediated by hormonal effects on the brain. Hippocampal volume loss appears to become accelerated in the postmenopausal period. This decline might have significant influences on neuroplasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus highly vulnerable to pathological influences. Additionally, menopause has been associated with critical pathobiochemical changes involved in neurodegeneration. The micro- and macrostructural alterations and consequent functional deterioration of critical hippocampal regions might result in clinical cognitive impairment-especially if there already is a decline in the cognitive reserve capacity. Several lines of potential vulnerability factors appear to interact in the menopausal period eventually leading to cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer's disease. This focused review aims to delineate the influence of unmodifiable risk factors of neurodegenerative processes, i.e., age and gender, on critical subcortical GM structures in the light of brain derived estrogen effects. The menopausal period appears to be of key importance for the risk of cognitive decline representing a time of special vulnerability for molecular, structural, and functional influences and offering only a narrow window for potential protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Luca Nemeth
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Must
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szatmar Horvath
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andras Király
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsigmond Tamas Kincses
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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18
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Seiler C, Green T, Hong D, Chromik L, Huffman L, Holmes S, Reiss AL. Multi-Table Differential Correlation Analysis of Neuroanatomical and Cognitive Interactions in Turner Syndrome. Neuroinformatics 2017; 16:81-93. [PMID: 29270892 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-017-9351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Girls and women with Turner syndrome (TS) have a completely or partially missing X chromosome. Extensive studies on the impact of TS on neuroanatomy and cognition have been conducted. The integration of neuroanatomical and cognitive information into one consistent analysis through multi-table methods is difficult and most standard tests are underpowered. We propose a new two-sample testing procedure that compares associations between two tables in two groups. The procedure combines multi-table methods with permutation tests. In particular, we construct cluster size test statistics that incorporate spatial dependencies. We apply our new procedure to a newly collected dataset comprising of structural brain scans and cognitive test scores from girls with TS and healthy control participants (age and sex matched). We measure neuroanatomy with Tensor-Based Morphometry (TBM) and cognitive function with Wechsler IQ and NEuroPSYchological tests (NEPSY-II). We compare our multi-table testing procedure to a single-table analysis. Our new procedure reports differential correlations between two voxel clusters and a wide range of cognitive tests whereas the single-table analysis reports no differences. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that girls with TS have a different brain-cognition association structure than healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Seiler
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Tamar Green
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Hong
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay Chromik
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lynne Huffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Zhao C, Gong G. Mapping the effect of the X chromosome on the human brain: Neuroimaging evidence from Turner syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:263-275. [PMID: 28591595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to determining sex, the X chromosome has long been considered to play a crucial role in brain development and intelligence. Turner syndrome (TS) is caused by the congenital absence of all or part of one of the X chromosomes in females. Thus, Turner syndrome provides a unique "knock-out model" for investigating how the X chromosome influences the human brain in vivo. Numerous cutting-edge neuroimaging techniques and analyses have been applied to investigate various brain phenotypes in women with TS, which have yielded valuable evidence toward elucidating the causal relationship between the X chromosome and human brain structure and function. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent progress made in TS-related neuroimaging studies and emphasize how these findings have enhanced our understanding of X chromosome function with respect to the human brain. Future investigations are encouraged to address the issues of previous TS neuroimaging studies and to further identify the biological mechanisms that underlie the function of specific X-linked genes in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disease due to the absence of one X chromosome. Patients with TS have more subtle neurological/neuropsychiatric problems, while headache is an uncommon clinical presentation which needs attention. We report a 12-year-old child presenting with typical cough headache. Her magnetic resonance imaging revealed Chiari I malformation associated with TS. To the best of our knowledge, Chiari I malformation associated with TS is not described in literature. We report the first case of TS associated with Chiari I malformation. Interestingly, Chiari I malformation is also associated with Noonan's syndrome, which is a close morphological mimicker of TS, raising the possibility of sharing similar pathogenesis in both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamble Jayaprakash Harsha
- Department of Neuroimaging and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Brain and Spine Centre, Indo American Hospital, Vaikom, Kerala, India
| | - Jeevan S Nair
- Department of Neurology, Brain and Spine Centre, Indo American Hospital, Vaikom, Kerala, India
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Turner AD, James BD, Capuano AW, Aggarwal NT, Barnes LL. Perceived Stress and Cognitive Decline in Different Cognitive Domains in a Cohort of Older African Americans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 25:25-34. [PMID: 28231871 PMCID: PMC5327822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that stress is linked to cognitive dysfunction. However, few community-based studies have explored the relationship between perceived stress and cognitive decline, and fewer still have utilized cognitive domains rather than a global measure of cognition. OBJECTIVE We examined the relation between perceived stress and the rate of decline in different cognitive domains. METHODS Participants were older African Americans without dementia from the Minority Aging Research Study (MARS; N = 467, mean age: 73 years, SD: 6.1 years). A battery of 19 cognitive tests was administered at baseline and at annual intervals for up to 9 years (mean follow-up: 4 years), from which composite measures of global cognitive function and five specific cognitive domains were derived. The four-item Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was also administered at baseline. RESULTS In linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, sex, education, and vascular risk factors, higher perceived stress was related to faster declines in global cognition (β = -0.019; SE: 0.008; t(1951) = -2.46), episodic memory (β = -0.022; SE: 0.011; t(1954) = -1.99), and visuospatial ability (β = -0.021; SE: 0.009; t(1939) = -2.38) all p < 0.05. Findings were similar in subsequent models adjusted for demographics, vascular diseases, and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that older African Americans with higher levels of perceived stress have more rapid declines in global cognition than those with lower levels, most notably for episodic memory and visuospatial ability.
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Xie S, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Bi Y, Zhao Q, Pan H, Gong G. The Effects of the X Chromosome on Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain: Evidence from Turner Syndrome Patients. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:474-484. [PMID: 26494797 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS), a disorder caused by the congenital absence of one of the 2 X chromosomes in female humans, provides a valuable human "knockout model" for studying the functions of the X chromosome. At present, it remains unknown whether and how the loss of the X chromosome influences intrinsic functional connectivity (FC), a fundamental phenotype of the human brain. To address this, we performed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and specific cognitive assessments on 22 TS patients and 17 age-matched control girls. A novel data-driven approach was applied to identify the disrupted patterns of intrinsic FC in TS. The TS girls exhibited significantly reduced whole-brain FC strength within the bilateral postcentral gyrus/intraparietal sulcus, angular gyrus, and cuneus and the right cerebellum. Furthermore, a specific functional subnetwork was identified in which the intrinsic FC between nodes was mostly reduced in TS patients. Particularly, this subnetwork is composed of 3 functional modules, and the disruption of intrinsic FC within one of these modules was associated with the deficits of TS patients in math-related cognition. Taken together, these findings provide novel insight into how the X chromosome affects the human brain and cognition, and emphasize an important role of X-linked genes in intrinsic neural coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaotian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qiuling Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Anaki D, Zadikov Mor T, Gepstein V, Hochberg Z. Face perception in women with Turner syndrome and its underlying factors. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:274-85. [PMID: 27565637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal condition that affects development in females. It is characterized by short stature, ovarian failure and other congenital malformations, due to a partial or complete absence of the sex chromosome. Women with TS frequently suffer from various physical and hormonal dysfunctions, along with impairments in visual-spatial processing and social cognition difficulties. Previous research has also shown difficulties in face and emotion perception. In the current study we examined two questions: First, whether women with TS, that are impaired in face perception, also suffer from deficits in face-specific processes. The second question was whether these face impairments in TS are related to visual-spatial perceptual dysfunctions exhibited by TS individuals, or to impaired social cognition skills. Twenty-six women with TS and 26 control participants were tested on various cognitive and psychological tests to assess visual-spatial perception, face and facial expression perception, and social cognition skills. Results show that women with TS were less accurate in face perception and facial expression processing, yet they exhibited normal face-specific processes (configural and holistic processing). They also showed difficulties in spatial perception and social cognition capacities. Additional analyses revealed that their face perception impairments were related to their deficits in visual-spatial processing. Thus, our results do not support the claim that the impairments in face processing observed in TS are related to difficulties in social cognition. Rather, our data point to the possibility that face perception difficulties in TS stem from visual-spatial impairments and may not be specific to faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Anaki
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel; Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel.
| | | | | | - Ze'ev Hochberg
- Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
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Santangelo G, Trojano L, Vitale C, Improta I, Alineri I, Meo R, Bilo L. Cognitive dysfunctions in occipital lobe epilepsy compared to temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuropsychol 2015; 11:277-290. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Santangelo
- Neuropsychology Laboratory; Department of Psychology; Second University of Naples; Caserta Italy
- Institute for Diagnosis and Care; ‘Hermitage-Capodimonte’; Naples Italy
| | - Luigi Trojano
- Neuropsychology Laboratory; Department of Psychology; Second University of Naples; Caserta Italy
- Salvatore Maugeri Foundation; IRCCS; Scientific Institute of Telese Terme (BN); Italy
| | - Carmine Vitale
- Institute for Diagnosis and Care; ‘Hermitage-Capodimonte’; Naples Italy
- Deptartment of Motor Sciences and Wellbeing; University of Naples ‘Parthenope’; Naples Italy
| | - Ilaria Improta
- Neuropsychology Laboratory; Department of Psychology; Second University of Naples; Caserta Italy
| | - Irma Alineri
- Department of Psychology; Columbia University; New York New York USA
| | - Roberta Meo
- Neurology Outpatients Service; Naples Local Health Unit; Italy
| | - Leonilda Bilo
- Epilepsy Center; Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Italy
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Douet V, Chang L, Cloak C, Ernst T. Genetic influences on brain developmental trajectories on neuroimaging studies: from infancy to young adulthood. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 8:234-50. [PMID: 24077983 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human brain development has been studied intensively with neuroimaging. However, little is known about how genes influence developmental brain trajectories, even though a significant number of genes (about 10,000, or approximately one-third) in the human genome are expressed primarily in the brain and during brain development. Interestingly, in addition to showing differential expression among tissues, many genes are differentially expressed across the ages (e.g., antagonistic pleiotropy). Age-specific gene expression plays an important role in several critical events in brain development, including neuronal cell migration, synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter receptor specificity, as well as in aging and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). In addition, the majority of psychiatric and mental disorders are polygenic, and many have onsets during childhood and adolescence. In this review, we summarize the major findings from neuroimaging studies that link genetics with brain development, from infancy to young adulthood. Specifically, we focus on the heritability of brain structures across the ages, age-related genetic influences on brain development and sex-specific developmental trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Douet
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA,
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26
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Vinette SA, Bray S. Variation in functional connectivity along anterior-to-posterior intraparietal sulcus, and relationship with age across late childhood and adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 13:32-42. [PMID: 25951196 PMCID: PMC6989812 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraparietal sulcus (IPS), a region in the dorsal attention network (DAN), has been implicated in multi-sensory attention and working memory. Working memory and attention develop across childhood; changes in functional connectivity within the DAN may relate to this maturation. Previous findings regarding fronto-parietal intrinsic functional connectivity age-effects were mixed. Our study aimed to circumvent limitations of previous work using a large cross-sectional sample, 183 typically developing participants 6.5-20 years, from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange, and seed regions along the anterior-to-posterior axis of the IPS. These seeds, IPS0-4, were entered into functional connectivity models. Group-level models investigated differential connectivity along the IPS and relationships with age. Anterior IPS3/4 exhibited greater connectivity with sensorimotor/pre-motor regions. Posterior IPS0/1 demonstrated greater connectivity with dorsal and ventral visual regions. Positive age-effects were found between IPS3-4 and visual regions. Negative age-effects were found between IPS and superior parietal and medial orbitofrontal cortices. Follow-up region of interest analyses were used to estimate age-effects for DAN and anticorrelated default mode network regions. Results suggest age-effects on IPS functional connectivity are relatively modest, and may differ pre- and across-adolescence. Studying typical age-related connectivity variability within this network may help to understand neurodevelopmental disorders marked by impaired attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Vinette
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Room 293, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 812, North Tower, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.
| | - Signe Bray
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Room 293, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 812, North Tower, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9; Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.
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Morales G, Matute E, O'Callaghan ET, Murray J, Tlacuilo-Parra A. Visuoperceptual sequelae in children with hemophilia and intracranial hemorrhage. Transl Pediatr 2015; 4:45-56. [PMID: 26835360 PMCID: PMC4729071 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2014.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to examine the impact of focal brain injuries on the outcomes of visual perception and visuospatial abilities in Mexican children with hemophilia who have experienced intracranial hemorrhages. METHODS We assessed ten boys who had hemophilia with intracranial hemorrhage (HIC), six boys who had hemophilia without intracranial hemorrhage (HH), and ten boys without hemophilia (CTL). The Verbal (VIQ), Performance IQs (PIQ), and Full Scale IQs (FSIQ) from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Mexican Revision, Visual Perception, and Visuospatial Abilities domains, which are from a neuropsychological assessment battery for Spanish-speaking children (ENI), were employed for our analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the HIC group performed in the low-average range on the PIQ and FSIQ, which was lower than the HH group. The HIC group showed low performance on visual perception tests, such as line orientation, fragmented objects, and overlapping figures, compared with their matched controls. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that it is not the ability to recognize objects that is impaired in the HIC group, but the ability to identify objects under less favorable conditions. Our findings may have therapeutic and rehabilitative implications for the management of children with hemophilia and early focal brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Morales
- 1 Department of Psychology, CSPP-Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Neuroscience Institute, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México ; 3 UMAE Hospital de Pediatria CMNO, Medical Research Division, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, México
| | - Esmeralda Matute
- 1 Department of Psychology, CSPP-Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Neuroscience Institute, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México ; 3 UMAE Hospital de Pediatria CMNO, Medical Research Division, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, México
| | - Erin T O'Callaghan
- 1 Department of Psychology, CSPP-Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Neuroscience Institute, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México ; 3 UMAE Hospital de Pediatria CMNO, Medical Research Division, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, México
| | - Joan Murray
- 1 Department of Psychology, CSPP-Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Neuroscience Institute, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México ; 3 UMAE Hospital de Pediatria CMNO, Medical Research Division, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, México
| | - Alberto Tlacuilo-Parra
- 1 Department of Psychology, CSPP-Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; 2 Neuroscience Institute, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México ; 3 UMAE Hospital de Pediatria CMNO, Medical Research Division, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, México
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28
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Green T, Chromik LC, Mazaika PK, Fierro K, Raman MM, Lazzeroni LC, Hong DS, Reiss AL. Aberrant parietal cortex developmental trajectories in girls with Turner syndrome and related visual-spatial cognitive development: a preliminary study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:531-40. [PMID: 25044604 PMCID: PMC4439102 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) arises from partial or complete absence of the X-chromosome in females. Girls with TS show deficits in visual-spatial skills as well as reduced brain volume and surface area in the parietal cortex which supports these cognitive functions. Thus, measuring the developmental trajectory of the parietal cortex and the associated visual-spatial cognition in TS may provide novel insights into critical brain-behavior associations. In this longitudinal study, we acquired structural MRI data and assessed visual-spatial skills in 16 (age: 8.23 ± 2.5) girls with TS and 13 age-matched controls over two time-points. Gray and white matter volume, surface area and cortical thickness were calculated from surfaced based segmentation of bilateral parietal cortices, and the NEPSY Arrows subtest was used to assess visual-spatial ability. Volumetric and cognitive scalars were modeled to obtain estimates of age-related change. The results show aberrant growth of white matter volume (P = 0.011, corrected) and surface area (P = 0.036, corrected) of the left superior parietal regions during childhood in girls with TS. Other parietal sub-regions were significantly smaller in girls with TS at both time-points but did not show different growth trajectories relative to controls. Furthermore, we found that visual-spatial skills showed a widening deficit for girls with TS relative to controls (P = 0.003). Young girls with TS demonstrate an aberrant trajectory of parietal cortical and cognitive development during childhood. Elucidating aberrant neurodevelopmental trajectories in this population is critical for determining specific stages of brain maturation that are particularly dependent on TS-related genetic and hormonal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Green
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lindsay C. Chromik
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Paul K. Mazaika
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kyle Fierro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mira M. Raman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - David S. Hong
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Allan L. Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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29
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Rosenberg-Lee M, Ashkenazi S, Chen T, Young CB, Geary DC, Menon V. Brain hyper-connectivity and operation-specific deficits during arithmetic problem solving in children with developmental dyscalculia. Dev Sci 2014; 18:351-72. [PMID: 25098903 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is marked by specific deficits in processing numerical and mathematical information despite normal intelligence (IQ) and reading ability. We examined how brain circuits used by young children with DD to solve simple addition and subtraction problems differ from those used by typically developing (TD) children who were matched on age, IQ, reading ability, and working memory. Children with DD were slower and less accurate during problem solving than TD children, and were especially impaired on their ability to solve subtraction problems. Children with DD showed significantly greater activity in multiple parietal, occipito-temporal and prefrontal cortex regions while solving addition and subtraction problems. Despite poorer performance during subtraction, children with DD showed greater activity in multiple intra-parietal sulcus (IPS) and superior parietal lobule subdivisions in the dorsal posterior parietal cortex as well as fusiform gyrus in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex. Critically, effective connectivity analyses revealed hyper-connectivity, rather than reduced connectivity, between the IPS and multiple brain systems including the lateral fronto-parietal and default mode networks in children with DD during both addition and subtraction. These findings suggest the IPS and its functional circuits are a major locus of dysfunction during both addition and subtraction problem solving in DD, and that inappropriate task modulation and hyper-connectivity, rather than under-engagement and under-connectivity, are the neural mechanisms underlying problem solving difficulties in children with DD. We discuss our findings in the broader context of multiple levels of analysis and performance issues inherent in neuroimaging studies of typical and atypical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rosenberg-Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
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30
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Biesbroek JM, van Zandvoort MJE, Kuijf HJ, Weaver NA, Kappelle LJ, Vos PC, Velthuis BK, Biessels GJ, Postma A. The anatomy of visuospatial construction revealed by lesion-symptom mapping. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:68-76. [PMID: 25062545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Visuospatial construction is a complex cognitive operation that is composed of a purely constructional component (visuoconstruction proper), and visuoperceptive, attentional, and decision-making components. The anatomical correlates of visuospatial construction and its cognitive subcomponents are poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the anatomical correlates of visuospatial construction by applying lesion-symptom mapping in a cohort of 111 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. We employed the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) copy test and the Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO); both tests measure visuoperception, while only the ROCF has a constructional component. We first performed assumption-free voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping, which revealed large shared right hemispheric correlates for the ROCF and JLO in the frontal lobe, superior temporal lobe, and supramarginal gyrus. These shared anatomical correlates reflect the visuoperceptive component of the ROCF and JLO. Anatomical correlates were discordant in the right superior parietal lobule, and angular and middle occipital gyri: lesions in these regions were associated with poor performance on the ROCF, but not the JLO. Secondly, these findings were reproduced with a region of interest-based analysis that yielded a statistically significant correlation between infarct volume in the right inferior and superior parietal, angular and middle occipital cortices, and poor performance on the ROCF, but not the JLO. This discordance in anatomical correlates of the ROCF and JLO reflects the visuoconstructive component of the ROCF. These findings provide new insights in the anatomical correlates of the visuoperceptive and visuoconstructive components of the ROCF and provide evidence for a crucial role of the right inferior and superior parietal, angular and middle occipital gyri in visuoconstruction proper.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthijs Biesbroek
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, G.03.232, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Hugo J Kuijf
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick A Weaver
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, G.03.232, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, G.03.232, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C Vos
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta K Velthuis
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, G.03.232, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Postma
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 85500, G.03.232, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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31
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Xie S, Zhang Z, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Zhong S, Bi Y, He Y, Pan H, Gong G. The Effects of X Chromosome Loss on Neuroanatomical and Cognitive Phenotypes During Adolescence: a Multi-modal Structural MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2842-53. [PMID: 24770708 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of all or part of one X chromosome in female humans causes Turner's syndrome (TS), providing a unique "knockout model" to investigate the role of the X chromosome in neuroanatomy and cognition. Previous studies have demonstrated TS-associated brain differences; however, it remains largely unknown 1) how the brain structures are affected by the type of X chromosome loss and 2) how X chromosome loss influences the brain-cognition relationship. Here, we addressed these by investigating gray matter morphology and white matter connectivity using a multimodal MRI dataset from 34 adolescent TS patients (13 mosaic and 21 nonmosaic) and 21 controls. Intriguingly, the 2 TS groups exhibited significant differences in surface area in the right angular gyrus and in white matter integrity of the left tapetum of corpus callosum; these data support a link between these brain phenotypes and the type of X chromosome loss in TS. We further showed that the X chromosome modulates specific brain-cognition relationships: thickness and surface area in multiple cortical regions are positively correlated with working-memory performance in controls but negatively in TS. These findings provide novel insights into the X chromosome effect on neuroanatomical and cognitive phenotypes and highlight the role of genetic factors in brain-cognition relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xie
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiuling Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Suyu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Arfanakis K, Fleischman DA, Grisot G, Barth CM, Varentsova A, Morris MC, Barnes LL, Bennett DA. Systemic inflammation in non-demented elderly human subjects: brain microstructure and cognition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73107. [PMID: 23991174 PMCID: PMC3753267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that higher levels of systemic inflammation in a community sample of non-demented subjects older than seventy years of age are associated with reduced diffusion anisotropy in brain white matter and lower cognition. Ninety-five older persons without dementia underwent detailed clinical and cognitive evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion tensor imaging. Systemic inflammation was assessed with a composite measure of commonly used circulating inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). Tract-based spatial statistics analyses demonstrated that diffusion anisotropy in the body and isthmus of the corpus callosum was negatively correlated with the composite measure of systemic inflammation, controlling for demographic, clinical and radiologic factors. Visuospatial ability was negatively correlated with systemic inflammation, and diffusion anisotropy in the body and isthmus of the corpus callosum was shown to mediate this association. The findings of the present study suggest that higher levels of systemic inflammation may be associated with lower microstructural integrity in the corpus callosum of non-demented elderly individuals, and this may partially explain the finding of reduced higher-order visual cognition in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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33
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Gullett JM, Price CC, Nguyen P, Okun MS, Bauer RM, Bowers D. Reliability of three Benton Judgment of Line Orientation short forms in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 27:1167-78. [PMID: 23957375 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2013.827744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) often exhibit deficits in visuospatial functioning throughout the course of their disease. These deficits should be carefully assessed as they may have implications for patient safety and disease severity. One of the most commonly administered tests of visuospatial ability, the Benton Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO), consists of 30 pairs of lines requiring the patient to match the orientation of two lines to an array of 11 lines on a separate page. Reliable short forms have been constructed out of the full JLO form, but the reliability of these forms in PD has yet to be examined. Recent functional MRI studies examining the JLO demonstrate right parietal and occipital activation, as well as bilateral frontal activation and PD is known to adversely affect these pathways. We compared the reliability of the original full form to three unique short forms in a sample of 141 non-demented, idiopathic PD patients and 56 age- and education-matched controls. Results indicated that a two-thirds length short form can be used with high reliability and classification accuracy in patients with idiopathic PD. The other short forms performed in a similar, though slightly less reliable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Gullett
- a Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Villalon-Reina J, Jahanshad N, Beaton E, Toga AW, Thompson PM, Simon TJ. White matter microstructural abnormalities in girls with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Fragile X or Turner syndrome as evidenced by diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 2013; 81:441-454. [PMID: 23602925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), Fragile X syndrome (FXS), or Turner syndrome (TS) are considered to belong to distinct genetic groups, as each disorder is caused by separate genetic alterations. Even so, they have similar cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions, particularly in visuospatial and numerical abilities. To assess evidence for common underlying neural microstructural alterations, we set out to determine whether these groups have partially overlapping white matter abnormalities, relative to typically developing controls. We scanned 101 female children between 7 and 14years old: 25 with 22q11.2DS, 18 with FXS, 17 with TS, and 41 aged-matched controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Anisotropy and diffusivity measures were calculated and all brain scans were nonlinearly aligned to population and site-specific templates. We performed voxel-based statistical comparisons of the DTI-derived metrics between each disease group and the controls, while adjusting for age. Girls with 22q11.2DS showed lower fractional anisotropy (FA) than controls in the association fibers of the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, the splenium of the corpus callosum, and the corticospinal tract. FA was abnormally lower in girls with FXS in the posterior limbs of the internal capsule, posterior thalami, and precentral gyrus. Girls with TS had lower FA in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, right internal capsule and left cerebellar peduncle. Partially overlapping neurodevelopmental anomalies were detected in all three neurogenetic disorders. Altered white matter integrity in the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi and thalamic to frontal tracts may contribute to the behavioral characteristics of all of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villalon-Reina
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Dept. of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Dept. of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elliott Beaton
- Stress, Cognition, and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Dept. of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Dept. of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Tony J Simon
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95618, USA; MIND Institute, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95618, USA
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Priddle TH, Crow TJ. The protocadherin 11X/Y (PCDH11X/Y) gene pair as determinant of cerebral asymmetry in modern Homo sapiens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1288:36-47. [PMID: 23600975 PMCID: PMC3752934 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Annett's right-shift theory proposes that human cerebral dominance (the functional and anatomical asymmetry or torque along the antero-posterior axis) and handedness are determined by a single “right-shift” gene. Familial transmission of handedness and specific deviations of cerebral dominance in sex chromosome aneuploidies implicate a locus within an X–Y homologous region of the sex chromosomes. The Xq21.3/Yp11.2 human-specific region of homology includes the protocadherin 11X/Y (PCDH11X/Y) gene pair, which encode cell adhesion molecules subject to accelerated evolution following the separation of the human and chimpanzee lineages six million years ago. PCDH11X and PCDH11Y, differentially regulated by retinoic acid, are highly expressed in the ventricular zone, subplate, and cortical plate of the developing cerebral cortex. Both proteins interact with β-catenin, a protein that plays a role in determining axis formation and regulating cortical size. In this way, the PCDH11X/Y gene pair determines cerebral asymmetry by initiating the right shift in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Priddle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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36
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Lepage JF, Mazaika PK, Hong DS, Raman M, Reiss AL. Cortical brain morphology in young, estrogen-naive, and adolescent, estrogen-treated girls with Turner syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2159-68. [PMID: 22806268 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition that permits direct investigation of the complex interaction among genes, hormones, behavior, and brain development. Here, we used automated segmentation and surface-based morphometry to characterize the differences in brain morphology in children (n = 30) and adolescents (n = 16) with TS relative to age- and sex-matched control groups (n = 21 and 24, respectively). Our results show that individuals with TS, young and adolescent, present widespread reduction of gray matter volume, white matter volume and surface area (SA) over both parietal and occipital cortices bilaterally, as well as enlarged amygdala. In contrast to the young cohort, adolescents with TS showed significantly larger mean cortical thickness and significantly smaller total SA compared with healthy controls. Exploratory developmental analyses suggested aberrant regional brain maturation in the parahippocampal gyrus and orbitofrontal regions from childhood to adolescence in TS. These findings show the existence of abnormal brain morphology early in development in TS, but also suggest the presence of altered neurodevelopmental trajectories in some regions, which could potentially be the consequences of estrogen deficiency, both pre- and postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Lepage
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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37
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Priddle TH, Crow TJ. Protocadherin 11X/Y a human-specific gene pair: an immunohistochemical survey of fetal and adult brains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:1933-41. [PMID: 22744706 PMCID: PMC3698369 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protocadherins 11X and 11Y are cell adhesion molecules of the δ1-protocadherin family. Pcdh11X is present throughout the mammalian radiation; however, 6 million years ago (MYA), a reduplicative translocation of the Xq21.3 block onto what is now human Yp11 created the Homo sapiens-specific PCDH11Y. Therefore, modern human females express PCDH11X whereas males express both PCDH11X and PCDH11Y. PCDH11X/Y has been subject to accelerated evolution resulting in human-specific changes to both proteins, most notably 2 cysteine substitutions in the PCDH11X ectodomain that may alter binding characteristics. The PCDH11X/Y gene pair is postulated to be critical to aspects of human brain evolution related to the neural correlates of language. Therefore, we raised antibodies to investigate the temporal and spatial expression of PCDH11X/Y in cortical and sub-cortical areas of the human fetal brain between 12 and 34 postconceptional weeks. We then used the antibodies to determine if this expression was consistent in a series of adult brains. PCDH11X/Y immunoreactivity was detectable at all developmental stages. Strong expression was detected in the fetal neocortex, ganglionic eminences, cerebellum, and inferior olive. In the adult brain, the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, and cerebellum were strongly immunoreactive, with expression also detectable in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Priddle
- Department of Psychiatry, POWIC/SANE Research, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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38
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Bray S, Hoeft F, Hong DS, Reiss AL. Aberrant functional network recruitment of posterior parietal cortex in Turner syndrome. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:3117-28. [PMID: 22711287 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in affected women. Individuals with TS show characteristic difficulties with executive functions, visual-spatial and mathematical cognition, with relatively intact verbal skills, and congruent abnormalities in structural development of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The functionally heterogeneous PPC has recently been investigated using connectivity-based clustering methods, which sub-divide a given region into clusters of voxels showing similar structural or functional connectivity to other brain regions. In the present study, we extended this method to compare connectivity-based clustering between groups and investigate whether functional networks differentially recruit the PPC in TS. To this end, we parcellated the PPC into sub-regions based on temporal correlations with other regions of the brain. fMRI data were collected from 15 girls with TS and 14 typically developing (TD) girls, aged 7-14, while they performed a visual-spatial task. Temporal correlations between voxels in the PPC and a set of seed regions were calculated, and the PPC divided into clusters of voxels showing similar connectivity. It was found that in general the PPC parcellates similarly in TS and TD girls, but that regions in bilateral inferior parietal lobules, and posterior right superior parietal lobule, were reliably recruited by different networks in TS relative to TD participants. These regions showed weaker correlation in TS with a set of regions involved in visual processing. These results suggest that abnormal development of visuospatial functional networks in TS may relate to the well documented cognitive difficulties in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Bray
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Science Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Violante IR, Ribeiro MJ, Cunha G, Bernardino I, Duarte JV, Ramos F, Saraiva J, Silva E, Castelo-Branco M. Abnormal brain activation in neurofibromatosis type 1: a link between visual processing and the default mode network. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38785. [PMID: 22723888 PMCID: PMC3377684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common single gene disorders affecting the human nervous system with a high incidence of cognitive deficits, particularly visuospatial. Nevertheless, neurophysiological alterations in low-level visual processing that could be relevant to explain the cognitive phenotype are poorly understood. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study early cortical visual pathways in children and adults with NF1. We employed two distinct stimulus types differing in contrast and spatial and temporal frequencies to evoke relatively different activation of the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways. Hemodynamic responses were investigated in retinotopically-defined regions V1, V2 and V3 and then over the acquired cortical volume. Relative to matched control subjects, patients with NF1 showed deficient activation of the low-level visual cortex to both stimulus types. Importantly, this finding was observed for children and adults with NF1, indicating that low-level visual processing deficits do not ameliorate with age. Moreover, only during M-biased stimulation patients with NF1 failed to deactivate or even activated anterior and posterior midline regions of the default mode network. The observation that the magnocellular visual pathway is impaired in NF1 in early visual processing and is specifically associated with a deficient deactivation of the default mode network may provide a neural explanation for high-order cognitive deficits present in NF1, particularly visuospatial and attentional. A link between magnocellular and default mode network processing may generalize to neuropsychiatric disorders where such deficits have been separately identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês R. Violante
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Research in Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ribeiro
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Research in Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gil Cunha
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Research in Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Bernardino
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Research in Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João V. Duarte
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Research in Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fabiana Ramos
- Medical Genetic Department, Pediatric Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Saraiva
- Medical Genetic Department, Pediatric Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Silva
- Centre for Hereditary Eye Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Research in Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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40
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Hong DS, Reiss AL. Cognition and behavior in Turner syndrome: a brief review. PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY REVIEWS : PER 2012; 9 Suppl 2:710-712. [PMID: 22946281 PMCID: PMC4285374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that Turner syndrome is associated with a distinct pattern of cognitive and neurophysiological characteristics. Typically this has been characterized by relative strengths in verbal skills, contrasting with relative weaknesses in arithmetic, visuospatial and executive function domains. Potential differences in social cognitive processing have also been identified. More recently, applications of neuroimaging techniques have further elucidated underlying differences in brain structure, function and connectivity in individuals with Turner syndrome. Ongoing research in this area is focused on establishing a unified mechanistic model incorporating genetic influences from the X chromosome, sex hormone contributions, neuroanatomical variation and differences in cognitive processes. This review broadly covers current understanding of how X-monosomy impacts neurocognitive phenotype both from the perspective of cognitive-behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Furthermore, relevant clinical aspects of identifying potential learning difficulties and providing anticipatory guidance for affected individuals with TS, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Hong
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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41
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Stronger activation and deactivation in archery experts for differential cognitive strategy in visuospatial working memory processing. Behav Brain Res 2012; 229:185-93. [PMID: 22266924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that elite athletes have higher performance in perception, planning, and execution in sports activities relative to novices. It remains controversial, however, whether any differences in basic cognitive functions between experts and novices exist. Furthermore, few studies have directly used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neural activation and deactivation differences between experts and novices while performing visuospatial working memory (WM) tasks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine possible differences in neural activation and deactivation associated with working memory components in processing visuospatial information between archery experts and novices. To this end, we employed a judgment of line orientation (JLO) task, which has a strong WM component. With regard to brain activation, archery experts displayed higher activation in cortical areas associated with visuospatial attention and working memory, including the middle frontal cortex, supplemental motor area, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex than that of the novices during the performance of the JLO task. With regard to brain deactivation, archery experts exhibited stronger task-related deactivation in cortical areas, such as the paracentral cortex/precuneus and the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex related to the default network, than that of the novices. These results suggest that the archery experts have a strategy that demands greater use of neural correlates associated with visuospatial working memory and attention in addition to greater use of DMN in visuospatial working memory task not directly tied to their domain of expertise.
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Yamagata B, Barnea-Goraly N, Marzelli MJ, Park Y, Hong DS, Mimura M, Reiss AL. White matter aberrations in prepubertal estrogen-naive girls with monosomic Turner syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:2761-8. [PMID: 22172580 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) offers a unique opportunity to investigate associations among genes, the brain, and cognitive phenotypes. In this study, we used 3 complementary analyses of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data (whole brain, region of interest, and fiber tractography) and a whole brain volumetric imaging technique to investigate white matter (WM) structure in prepubertal, nonmosaic, estrogen-naive girls with TS compared with age and sex matched typically developing controls. The TS group demonstrated significant WM aberrations in brain regions implicated in visuospatial abilities, face processing, and sensorimotor and social abilities compared with controls. Extensive spatial overlap between regions of aberrant WM structure (from DTI) and regions of aberrant WM volume were observed in TS. Our findings indicate that complete absence of an X chromosome in young females (prior to receiving exogenous estrogen) is associated with WM aberrations in specific regions implicated in characteristic cognitive features of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bun Yamagata
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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43
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Simon TJ. Clues to the foundations of numerical cognitive impairments: evidence from genetic disorders. Dev Neuropsychol 2011; 36:788-805. [PMID: 21761998 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2010.549879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several neurodevelopmental disorders of known genetic etiology generate phenotypes that share the characteristic of numerical and mathematical cognitive impairments. This article reviews some of the main findings that suggest a possible key role that spatial and temporal information processing impairments may play in the atypical development of numerical cognitive competence. The question of what neural substrate might underlie these impairments is also addressed, as are the challenges for interpreting neural structure/cognitive function mapping in atypically developing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Simon
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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44
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Bray S, Dunkin B, Hong DS, Reiss AL. Reduced functional connectivity during working memory in Turner syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21:2471-81. [PMID: 21441396 PMCID: PMC3183420 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder affecting females, resulting from the complete or partial absence of an X chromosome. The cognitive profile of TS shows relative strengths in the verbal domain and weaknesses in the procedural domain, including working memory. Neuroimaging studies have identified differences in the morphology of the parietal lobes, and white matter pathways linking frontal and parietal regions, as well as abnormal activation in dorsal frontal and parietal regions. Taken together these findings suggest that abnormal functional connectivity between frontal and parietal regions may be related to working memory impairments in TS, a hypothesis we tested in the present study. We scanned TS and typically developing participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed visuospatial and phonological working memory tasks. We generated a seed region in parietal cortex based on structural differences in TS and found that functional connectivity with dorsal frontal regions was reduced during working memory in TS. Finally, we found that connectivity was correlated with task performance in TS. These findings suggest that structural brain abnormalities in TS affect not only regional activity but also the functional interactions between regions and that this has important consequences for behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Bray
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
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45
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Lepage JF, Dunkin B, Hong DS, Reiss AL. Contribution of Executive Functions to Visuospatial Difficulties in Prepubertal Girls With Turner Syndrome. Dev Neuropsychol 2011; 36:988-1002. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.584356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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46
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Kesler SR, Sheau K, Koovakkattu D, Reiss AL. Changes in frontal-parietal activation and math skills performance following adaptive number sense training: preliminary results from a pilot study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2011; 21:433-54. [PMID: 21714745 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2011.578446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Number sense is believed to be critical for math development. It is putatively an implicitly learned skill and may therefore have limitations in terms of being explicitly trained, particularly in individuals with altered neurodevelopment. A case series study was conducted using an adaptive, computerised programme that focused on number sense and general problem-solving skills. The study was designed to investigate training effects on performance as well as brain function in a group of children with Turner syndrome who are at risk for math difficulties and altered development of math-related brain networks. Standardised measurements of math and math-related cognitive skills as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were used to assess behavioural and neurobiological outcomes following training. Participants demonstrated significantly increased basic math skills, including number sense, and calculation as well as processing speed, cognitive flexibility and visual-spatial processing skills. With the exception of calculation, increased scores also were clinically significant (i.e., recovered) based on reliable change analysis. Participants additionally demonstrated significantly increased bilateral parietal lobe activation and decreased frontal-striatal and mesial temporal activation following the training programme. These findings show proof of concept for an accessible training approach that may be potentially associated with improved number sense, math and related skills, as well as functional changes in math-related neural systems, even among individuals at risk for altered brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli R Kesler
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an increasingly popular technology for studying brain function. NIRS presents several advantages relative to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), such as measurement of concentration changes in both oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, finer temporal resolution, and ease of administration, as well as disadvantages, most prominently inferior spatial resolution and decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). While fMRI has become the gold standard for in vivo imaging of the human brain, in practice NIRS is a more convenient and less expensive technology than fMRI. It is therefore of interest to many researchers how NIRS compares to fMRI in studies of brain function. In the present study we scanned participants with simultaneous NIRS and fMRI on a battery of cognitive tasks, placing NIRS probes over both frontal and parietal brain regions. We performed detailed comparisons of the signals in both temporal and spatial domains. We found that NIRS signals have significantly weaker SNR, but are nonetheless often highly correlated with fMRI measurements. Both SNR and the distance between the scalp and the brain contributed to variability in the NIRS/fMRI correlations. In the spatial domain, we found that a photon path forming an ellipse between the NIRS emitter and detector correlated most strongly with the BOLD response. Taken together these findings suggest that, while NIRS can be an appropriate substitute for fMRI for studying brain activity related to cognitive tasks, care should be taken when designing studies with NIRS to ensure that: 1) the spatial resolution is adequate for answering the question of interest and 2) the design accounts for weaker SNR, especially in brain regions more distal from the scalp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Boot FH, Pel JJM, van der Steen J, Evenhuis HM. Cerebral Visual Impairment: which perceptive visual dysfunctions can be expected in children with brain damage? A systematic review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2010; 31:1149-1159. [PMID: 20822882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The current definition of Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) includes all visual dysfunctions caused by damage to, or malfunctioning of, the retrochiasmatic visual pathways in the absence of damage to the anterior visual pathways or any major ocular disease. CVI is diagnosed by exclusion and the existence of many different causes and symptoms make it an overall non-categorized group. To date, no discrimination is made within CVI based on types of perceptive visual dysfunctions. The aim of this review was to outline which perceptive visual dysfunctions are to be expected based on a number of etiologies of brain damage and brain development disorders with their onset in the pre-, peri- or postnatal period. For each period two etiologies were chosen as the main characteristic brain damage. For each etiology a main search was performed. The selection of the articles was based on the following criteria: age, etiology, imaging, central pathology and perceptive visual function test. The perceptive visual functions included for this review were object recognition, face recognition, visual memory, orientation, visual spatial perception, motion perception and simultaneous perception. Our search resulted in 11 key articles. A diversity of research history is performed for the selected etiologies and their relation to perceptive visual dysfunctions. Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) was most studied, whereas the main tested perceptive visual function was visual spatial perception. As a conclusion, the present status of research in the field of CVI does not allow to correlate between etiology, location and perceptive visual dysfunctions in children with brain damage or a brain development disorder. A limiting factor could be the small number of objective tests performed in children experiencing problems in visual processing. Based on recent insights in central visual information processing, we recommend an alternative approach for the definition of CVI that is based on functional visual processing, rather than anatomical landmarks. This could be of benefit in daily practice to diagnose CVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Boot
- Vestibular-Ocular Motor Research Group, Dept. of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Cui X, Bray S, Bryant DM, Glover GH, Reiss AL. A quantitative comparison of NIRS and fMRI across multiple cognitive tasks. Neuroimage 2010; 54:2808-21. [PMID: 21047559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an increasingly popular technology for studying brain function. NIRS presents several advantages relative to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), such as measurement of concentration changes in both oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, finer temporal resolution, and ease of administration, as well as disadvantages, most prominently inferior spatial resolution and decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). While fMRI has become the gold standard for in vivo imaging of the human brain, in practice NIRS is a more convenient and less expensive technology than fMRI. It is therefore of interest to many researchers how NIRS compares to fMRI in studies of brain function. In the present study we scanned participants with simultaneous NIRS and fMRI on a battery of cognitive tasks, placing NIRS probes over both frontal and parietal brain regions. We performed detailed comparisons of the signals in both temporal and spatial domains. We found that NIRS signals have significantly weaker SNR, but are nonetheless often highly correlated with fMRI measurements. Both SNR and the distance between the scalp and the brain contributed to variability in the NIRS/fMRI correlations. In the spatial domain, we found that a photon path forming an ellipse between the NIRS emitter and detector correlated most strongly with the BOLD response. Taken together these findings suggest that, while NIRS can be an appropriate substitute for fMRI for studying brain activity related to cognitive tasks, care should be taken when designing studies with NIRS to ensure that: 1) the spatial resolution is adequate for answering the question of interest and 2) the design accounts for weaker SNR, especially in brain regions more distal from the scalp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a relatively common neurogenetic disorder characterized by complete or partial monosomy-X in a phenotypic female. TS is associated with a cognitive profile that typically includes intact intellectual function and verbal abilities with relative weaknesses in visual-spatial, executive, and social cognitive domains. In this report, we review previous and current research related to the cognitive profile of TS. We also discuss how cognitive impairments in this syndrome may reflect integrative rather than modular deficits. For example, the less commonly reported areas of verbal difficulty in TS and certain visual-spatial deficits seem significantly influenced by impairments in executive function and spatially loaded stimuli. We provide a summary of cognitive testing measures used in the assessment of visual-spatial and executive skills, which includes test domain descriptions as well as a comprehensive examination of social cognitive function in TS. This review concludes with a discussion of ecological interpretations regarding the meaning of cognitive deficits in TS at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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