1
|
Tolezano GC, Bastos GC, da Costa SS, Freire BL, Homma TK, Honjo RS, Yamamoto GL, Passos-Bueno MR, Koiffmann CP, Kim CA, Vianna-Morgante AM, de Lima Jorge AA, Bertola DR, Rosenberg C, Krepischi ACV. Burden of Rare Copy Number Variants in Microcephaly: A Brazilian Cohort of 185 Microcephalic Patients and Review of the Literature. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:1181-1212. [PMID: 36502452 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly presents heterogeneous genetic etiology linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Copy number variants (CNVs) are a causal mechanism of microcephaly whose investigation is a crucial step for unraveling its molecular basis. Our purpose was to investigate the burden of rare CNVs in microcephalic individuals and to review genes and CNV syndromes associated with microcephaly. We performed chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in 185 Brazilian patients with microcephaly and evaluated microcephalic patients carrying < 200 kb CNVs documented in the DECIPHER database. Additionally, we reviewed known genes and CNV syndromes causally linked to microcephaly through the PubMed, OMIM, DECIPHER, and ClinGen databases. Rare clinically relevant CNVs were detected in 39 out of the 185 Brazilian patients investigated by CMA (21%). In 31 among the 60 DECIPHER patients carrying < 200 kb CNVs, at least one known microcephaly gene was observed. Overall, four gene sets implicated in microcephaly were disclosed: known microcephaly genes; genes with supporting evidence of association with microcephaly; known macrocephaly genes; and novel candidates, including OTUD7A, BBC3, CNTN6, and NAA15. In the review, we compiled 957 known microcephaly genes and 58 genomic CNV loci, comprising 13 duplications and 50 deletions, which have already been associated with clinical findings including microcephaly. We reviewed genes and CNV syndromes previously associated with microcephaly, reinforced the high CMA diagnostic yield for this condition, pinpointed novel candidate loci linked to microcephaly deserving further evaluation, and provided a useful resource for future research on the field of neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cantini Tolezano
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Civitate Bastos
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Souza da Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lucheze Freire
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Thais Kataoka Homma
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Rachel Sayuri Honjo
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Yamamoto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Celia Priszkulnik Koiffmann
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Vianna-Morgante
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Victorino Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kodiha M, Azad N, Chu S, Crampton N, Stochaj U. Oxidative stress and signaling through EGFR and PKA pathways converge on the nuclear transport factor RanBP1. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151376. [PMID: 38011756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear protein trafficking requires the soluble transport factor RanBP1. The subcellular distribution of RanBP1 is dynamic, as the protein shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. To date, the signaling pathways regulating RanBP1 subcellular localization are poorly understood. During interphase, RanBP1 resides mostly in the cytoplasm. We show here that oxidative stress concentrates RanBP1 in the nucleus, and our study defines the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, RanBP1's cysteine residues are not essential for its oxidant-induced relocation. Furthermore, our pharmacological approaches uncover that signaling mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and protein kinase A (PKA) control RanBP1 localization during stress. In particular, pharmacological inhibitors of EGFR or PKA diminish the oxidant-dependent relocation of RanBP1. Mutant analysis identified serine 60 and tyrosine 103 as regulators of RanBP1 nuclear accumulation during oxidant exposure. Taken together, our results define RanBP1 as a target of oxidative stress and a downstream effector of EGFR and PKA signaling routes. This positions RanBP1 at the intersection of important cellular signaling circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kodiha
- Department of Physiology McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Nabila Azad
- Department of Physiology McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Siwei Chu
- Department of Physiology McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Noah Crampton
- Department of Physiology McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Campbell PD, Lee I, Thyme S, Granato M. Mitochondrial proteins encoded by the 22q11.2 neurodevelopmental locus regulate neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3769-3781. [PMID: 37794116 PMCID: PMC10730408 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Microdeletion of a 3Mb region encompassing 45 protein-coding genes at chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11.2DS) predisposes individuals to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and is one of the greatest genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Defective mitochondrial function has been hypothesized to contribute to 22q11.2DS pathogenesis; however, which of the six mitochondrial genes contribute to neurodevelopmental phenotypes and their underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. To systematically test 22q11.2DS genes for functional roles in neurodevelopment and behavior, we generated genetic mutants for each of the 37 conserved zebrafish orthologs and performed high throughput behavioral phenotyping using seven behavioral assays. Through this unbiased approach, we identified five single-gene mutants with partially overlapping behavioral phenotypes. Two of these genes, mrpl40 and prodha, encode for mitochondrial proteins and, similar to what we observed in mrpl40 and prodha mutants, pharmacologic inhibition of mitochondrial function during development results in microcephaly. Single mutant analysis shows that both mrpl40 and prodha mutants display aberrant neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation, with each gene regulating distinct cell populations. Finally, double mutants for both mrpl40 and prodha display aggravated behavioral phenotypes and neural stem and progenitor cell analysis reveals a previously unrecognized partially redundant role for mrpl40 and prodha in regulating radial glia-like cell proliferation. Combined, our results demonstrate a critical role for mitochondrial function in neural stem and progenitor cell populations in the developing vertebrate brain and provide compelling evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction during neurodevelopment is linked to brain volume and behavioral phenotypes observed in models of 22q11.2DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Isaiah Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Summer Thyme
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rukh S, Meechan DW, Maynard TM, Lamantia AS. Out of Line or Altered States? Neural Progenitors as a Target in a Polygenic Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Dev Neurosci 2023; 46:1-21. [PMID: 37231803 DOI: 10.1159/000530898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The genesis of a mature complement of neurons is thought to require, at least in part, precursor cell lineages in which neural progenitors have distinct identities recognized by exclusive expression of one or a few molecular markers. Nevertheless, limited progenitor types distinguished by specific markers and lineal progression through such subclasses cannot easily yield the magnitude of neuronal diversity in most regions of the nervous system. The late Verne Caviness, to whom this edition of Developmental Neuroscience is dedicated, recognized this mismatch. In his pioneering work on the histogenesis of the cerebral cortex, he acknowledged the additional flexibility required to generate multiple classes of cortical projection and interneurons. This flexibility may be accomplished by establishing cell states in which levels rather than binary expression or repression of individual genes vary across each progenitor's shared transcriptome. Such states may reflect local, stochastic signaling via soluble factors or coincidence of cell surface ligand/receptor pairs in subsets of neighboring progenitors. This probabilistic, rather than determined, signaling could modify transcription levels via multiple pathways within an apparently uniform population of progenitors. Progenitor states, therefore, rather than lineal relationships between types may underlie the generation of neuronal diversity in most regions of the nervous system. Moreover, mechanisms that influence variation required for flexible progenitor states may be targets for pathological changes in a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders, especially those with polygenic origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shah Rukh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel W Meechan
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel Lamantia
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Audia S, Brescia C, Dattilo V, D’Antona L, Calvano P, Iuliano R, Trapasso F, Perrotti N, Amato R. RANBP1 (RAN Binding Protein 1): The Missing Genetic Piece in Cancer Pathophysiology and Other Complex Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020486. [PMID: 36672435 PMCID: PMC9857238 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RANBP1 encoded by RANBP1 or HTF9A (Hpall Tiny Fragments Locus 9A), plays regulatory functions of the RAN-network, belonging to the RAS superfamily of small GTPases. Through this function, RANBP1 regulates the RANGAP1 activity and, thus, the fluctuations between GTP-RAN and GDP-RAN. In the light of this, RANBP1 take actions in maintaining the nucleus-cytoplasmic gradient, thus making nuclear import-export functional. RANBP1 has been implicated in the inter-nuclear transport of proteins, nucleic acids and microRNAs, fully contributing to cellular epigenomic signature. Recently, a RANBP1 diriment role in spindle checkpoint formation and nucleation has emerged, thus constituting an essential element in the control of mitotic stability. Over time, RANBP1 has been demonstrated to be variously involved in human cancers both for the role in controlling nuclear transport and RAN activity and for its ability to determine the efficiency of the mitotic process. RANBP1 also appears to be implicated in chemo-hormone and radio-resistance. A key role of this small-GTPases related protein has also been demonstrated in alterations of axonal flow and neuronal plasticity, as well as in viral and bacterial metabolism and in embryological maturation. In conclusion, RANBP1 appears not only to be an interesting factor in several pathological conditions but also a putative target of clinical interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Audia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Brescia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Dattilo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucia D’Antona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Calvano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Iuliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0961-3694084
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fiksinski AM, Hoftman GD, Vorstman JAS, Bearden CE. A genetics-first approach to understanding autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:341-353. [PMID: 36192458 PMCID: PMC9812786 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, increasing numbers of rare pathogenic genetic variants have been identified that are associated with variably elevated risks of a range of neurodevelopmental outcomes, notably including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD), and Intellectual Disability (ID). This review is organized along three main questions: First, how can we unify the exclusively descriptive basis of our current psychiatric diagnostic classification system with the recognition of an identifiable, highly penetrant genetic risk factor in an increasing proportion of patients with ASD or SSD? Second, what can be learned from studies of individuals with ASD or SSD who share a common genetic basis? And third, what accounts for the observed variable penetrance and pleiotropy of neuropsychiatric phenotypes in individuals with the same pathogenic variant? In this review, we focus on findings of clinical and preclinical studies of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). This particular variant is not only one of the most common among the increasing list of known rare pathogenic variants, but also one that benefits from a relatively long research history. Consequently, 22q11DS is an appealing model as it allows us to: (1) elucidate specific genotype-phenotype associations, (2) prospectively study behaviorally defined classifications, such as ASD or SSD, in the context of a known, well-characterized genetic basis, and (3) elucidate mechanisms underpinning variable penetrance and pleiotropy, phenomena with far-reaching ramifications for research and clinical practice. We discuss how findings from animal and in vitro studies relate to observations in human studies and can help elucidate factors, including genetic, environmental, and stochastic, that impact the expression of neuropsychiatric phenotypes in 22q11DS, and how this may inform mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental expression in the general population. We conclude with research priorities for the field, which may pave the way for novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ania M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychology and Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Mental Health, MHeNS, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gil D Hoftman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goyal M, Faruq M, Gupta A, Shrivastava D, Shamim U. The Clinical Diagnostic Utility of Array CGH in Children with Syndromic Microcephaly. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:1067-1074. [PMID: 36911451 PMCID: PMC9996492 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_202_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A prospective study using array CGH in children with Syndromic microcephaly from a tertiary pediatric healthcare centre in India. Aim To identify the copy number variations causative of microcephaly detected through chromosomal array CGH. Patients and Methods Of the 60 patients, 33 (55%) males and 27 (45%) females who consulted the Rare Disease Clinic at Department of Pediatrics, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, with developmental delay/facial dysmorphism/congenital anomalies in combination with microcephaly were included. Exclusion Criteria Children with acquired or non-genetic causes of microcephaly, craniosynostosis, metabolic diseases, known chromosomal aneuploidy such as trisomy 21, 13, and 18 and abnormal karyotype were excluded. The cohort was analyzed by array CGH in order to identify potentially pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs). Results Clinically relevant pathogenic or likely pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) were identified in 20/60 (33.3%) patients, variant of uncertain significance (VOUS) in 4/60 (6.6%) cases and benign CNVs in 3/60 (5%) of total cases. Out of 20 cases with pathogenic CNVs, 12 (60%) patients detected with a deletion, five (25%) patients with duplication and three (15%) patients resulted with a complex chromosomal rearrangement. Twelve cases present CNVs containing genes known to be implicated in microcephaly etiology. Conclusion This research highlights the contribution of submicroscopic chromosomal changes in the etiology of microcephaly in combination with developmental delay/facial dysmorphism/congenital anomalies (syndromic microcephaly). Our studies provide more insights into the benefits derived by using array CGH analysis in patients with syndromic microcephaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Goyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre of Rare Diseases, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre of Rare Diseases, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Divya Shrivastava
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jalbrzikowski M, Lin A, Vajdi A, Grigoryan V, Kushan L, Ching CRK, Schleifer C, Hayes RA, Chu SA, Sugar CA, Forsyth JK, Bearden CE. Longitudinal trajectories of cortical development in 22q11.2 copy number variants and typically developing controls. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4181-4190. [PMID: 35896619 PMCID: PMC9718681 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probing naturally-occurring, reciprocal genomic copy number variations (CNVs) may help us understand mechanisms that underlie deviations from typical brain development. Cross-sectional studies have identified prominent reductions in cortical surface area (SA) and increased cortical thickness (CT) in 22q11.2 deletion carriers (22qDel), with the opposite pattern in duplication carriers (22qDup), but the longitudinal trajectories of these anomalies-and their relationship to clinical symptomatology-are unknown. Here, we examined neuroanatomic changes within a longitudinal cohort of 261 22q11.2 CNV carriers and demographically-matched typically developing (TD) controls (84 22qDel, 34 22qDup, and 143 TD; mean age 18.35, ±10.67 years; 50.47% female). A total of 431 magnetic resonance imaging scans (164 22qDel, 59 22qDup, and 208 TD control scans; mean interscan interval = 20.27 months) were examined. Longitudinal FreeSurfer analysis pipelines were used to parcellate the cortex and calculate average CT and SA for each region. First, general additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to identify regions with between-group differences in developmental trajectories. Secondly, we investigated whether these trajectories were associated with clinical outcomes. Developmental trajectories of CT were more protracted in 22qDel relative to TD and 22qDup. 22qDup failed to show normative age-related SA decreases. 22qDel individuals with psychosis spectrum symptoms showed two distinct periods of altered CT trajectories relative to 22qDel without psychotic symptoms. In contrast, 22q11.2 CNV carriers with autism spectrum diagnoses showed early alterations in SA trajectories. Collectively, these results provide new insights into altered neurodevelopment in 22q11.2 CNV carriers, which may shed light on neural mechanisms underlying distinct clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vardui Grigoryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Charles Schleifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Chu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nehme R, Pietiläinen O, Artomov M, Tegtmeyer M, Valakh V, Lehtonen L, Bell C, Singh T, Trehan A, Sherwood J, Manning D, Peirent E, Malik R, Guss EJ, Hawes D, Beccard A, Bara AM, Hazelbaker DZ, Zuccaro E, Genovese G, Loboda AA, Neumann A, Lilliehook C, Kuismin O, Hamalainen E, Kurki M, Hultman CM, Kähler AK, Paulo JA, Ganna A, Madison J, Cohen B, McPhie D, Adolfsson R, Perlis R, Dolmetsch R, Farhi S, McCarroll S, Hyman S, Neale B, Barrett LE, Harper W, Palotie A, Daly M, Eggan K. The 22q11.2 region regulates presynaptic gene-products linked to schizophrenia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3690. [PMID: 35760976 PMCID: PMC9237031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how the 22q11.2 deletion predisposes to psychiatric disease. To study this, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells from deletion carriers and controls and utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the heterozygous deletion into a control cell line. Here, we show that upon differentiation into neural progenitor cells, the deletion acted in trans to alter the abundance of transcripts associated with risk for neurodevelopmental disorders including autism. In excitatory neurons, altered transcripts encoded presynaptic factors and were associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia, including common and rare variants. To understand how the deletion contributed to these changes, we defined the minimal protein-protein interaction network that best explains gene expression alterations. We found that many genes in 22q11.2 interact in presynaptic, proteasome, and JUN/FOS transcriptional pathways. Our findings suggest that the 22q11.2 deletion impacts genes that may converge with psychiatric risk loci to influence disease manifestation in each deletion carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralda Nehme
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Mykyta Artomov
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Matthew Tegtmeyer
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Vera Valakh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Leevi Lehtonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina Bell
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarjinder Singh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Aditi Trehan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John Sherwood
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Danielle Manning
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Emily Peirent
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Rhea Malik
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ellen J Guss
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Derek Hawes
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Amanda Beccard
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Anne M Bara
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Dane Z Hazelbaker
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Emanuela Zuccaro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alexander A Loboda
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Neumann
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christina Lilliehook
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Outi Kuismin
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eija Hamalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K Kähler
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jon Madison
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Bruce Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Donna McPhie
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Umea University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, 901 85, Umea, Sweden
| | - Roy Perlis
- Psychiatry Dept., Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ricardo Dolmetsch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Samouil Farhi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Steven McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Steven Hyman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ben Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Lindy E Barrett
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mark Daly
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, San Rafael, CA, 94901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ye C, Mei H, Chen H, Dong X, Lu Y, Wu B, Wang H, Hu L, Cheng G, Zhou W, Yang L. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Newborns with Congenital Microcephaly. Neonatology 2022; 119:455-463. [PMID: 35709690 DOI: 10.1159/000525073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data on the genetic landscape of congenital microcephaly (CM) in China are scarce, and the incidence of CM caused by the most commonly mutated gene ASPM in China remains unknown. METHODS Sixty-one neonates with CM who were hospitalized in the Children's Hospital of Fudan University between August 1, 2016, and August 31, 2020, were enrolled, and the clinical data and clinical exome-sequencing data were analyzed. An additional 18,103 parental data entries from the Chinese Children's Genetic Testing Clinical Collaboration System database were collected to estimate the incidence of ASPM-related congenital microcephaly (ASPM-CM) in East China by analyzing the carrier frequency of ASPM mutations. RESULTS Among the 61 neonates with CM, 35 (57.4%) patients were identified with genetic findings, including 24 patients with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 11 patients with copy number variations (CNVs). ASPM was the most common gene with detrimental SNVs detected in 3 patients. Patients with genetic findings showed a significantly higher incidence of developmental delay (91.3%, 21/23) than those without genetic findings (60%, 9/15) (p = 0.04). All the 3 decreased patients had genetic findings. The estimated ASPM-CM incidence in East China was 1/1,295,044. CONCLUSION Comprehensive genetic testing, detecting both SNVs and CNVs, is recommended for newborns with CM. Patients with genetic findings should be aware of the potential for developmental delay. ASPM gene defect was the most common genetic cause of CM in this study. The estimation of the incidence of ASPM-CM in East China might provide a reference for analyzing overall incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ye
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Hongfang Mei
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyao Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Dong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Lu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Cheng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Genetic Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gass N, Peterson Z, Reinwald J, Sartorius A, Weber-Fahr W, Sack M, Chen J, Cao H, Didriksen M, Stensbøl TB, Klemme G, Schwarz AJ, Schwarz E, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Nickl-Jockschat T. Differential resting-state patterns across networks are spatially associated with Comt and Trmt2a gene expression patterns in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118520. [PMID: 34455061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNV) involving multiple genes are ideal models to study polygenic neuropsychiatric disorders. Since 22q11.2 deletion is regarded as the most important single genetic risk factor for developing schizophrenia, characterizing the effects of this CNV on neural networks offers a unique avenue towards delineating polygenic interactions conferring risk for the disorder. We used a Df(h22q11)/+ mouse model of human 22q11.2 deletion to dissect gene expression patterns that would spatially overlap with differential resting-state functional connectivity (FC) patterns in this model (N = 12 Df(h22q11)/+ mice, N = 10 littermate controls). To confirm the translational relevance of our findings, we analyzed tissue samples from schizophrenia patients and healthy controls using machine learning to explore whether identified genes were co-expressed in humans. Additionally, we employed the STRING protein-protein interaction database to identify potential interactions between genes spatially associated with hypo- or hyper-FC. We found significant associations between differential resting-state connectivity and spatial gene expression patterns for both hypo- and hyper-FC. Two genes, Comt and Trmt2a, were consistently over-expressed across all networks. An analysis of human datasets pointed to a disrupted co-expression of these two genes in the brain in schizophrenia patients, but not in healthy controls. Our findings suggest that COMT and TRMT2A form a core genetic component implicated in differential resting-state connectivity patterns in the 22q11.2 deletion. A disruption of their co-expression in schizophrenia patients points out a prospective cause for the aberrance of brain networks communication in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome on a molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gass
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeru Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan Reinwald
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Junfang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Han Cao
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gabrielle Klemme
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam J Schwarz
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Motahari Z, Maynard TM, Popratiloff A, Moody SA, LaMantia AS. Aberrant early growth of individual trigeminal sensory and motor axons in a series of mouse genetic models of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3081-3093. [PMID: 32901287 PMCID: PMC7645708 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified divergent modes of initial axon growth that prefigure disrupted differentiation of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), a cranial nerve essential for suckling, feeding and swallowing (S/F/S), a key innate behavior compromised in multiple genetic developmental disorders including DiGeorge/22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2 DS). We combined rapid in vivo labeling of single CN V axons in LgDel+/− mouse embryos, a genomically accurate 22q11.2DS model, and 3D imaging to identify and quantify phenotypes that could not be resolved using existing methods. We assessed these phenotypes in three 22q11.2-related genotypes to determine whether individual CN V motor and sensory axons wander, branch and sprout aberrantly in register with altered anterior–posterior hindbrain patterning and gross morphological disruption of CN V seen in LgDel+/−. In the additional 22q11.2-related genotypes: Tbx1+/−, Ranbp1−/−, Ranbp1+/− and LgDel+/−:Raldh2+/−; axon phenotypes are seen when hindbrain patterning and CN V gross morphology is altered, but not when it is normal or restored toward WT. This disordered growth of CN V sensory and motor axons, whose appropriate targeting is critical for optimal S/F/S, may be an early, critical determinant of imprecise innervation leading to inefficient oropharyngeal function associated with 22q11.2 deletion from birth onward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Motahari
- Institute for Neuroscience, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- Institute for Neuroscience, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sally A Moody
- Institute for Neuroscience, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Learning from atypical development: A systematic review of executive functioning in children and adolescents with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Spatiotemporal 22q11.21 Protein Network Implicates DGCR8-Dependent MicroRNA Biogenesis as a Risk for Late-Fetal Cortical Development in Psychiatric Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060514. [PMID: 34073122 PMCID: PMC8227527 DOI: 10.3390/life11060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome 22q11.21 copy number variant (CNV) is a vital risk factor that can be a genetic predisposition to neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). As the 22q11.21 CNV affects multiple genes, causal disease genes and mechanisms affected are still poorly understood. Thus, we aimed to identify the most impactful 22q11.21 CNV genes and the potential impacted human brain regions, developmental stages and signaling pathways. We constructed the spatiotemporal dynamic networks of 22q11.21 CNV genes using the brain developmental transcriptome and physical protein–protein interactions. The affected brain regions, developmental stages, driver genes and pathways were subsequently investigated via integrated bioinformatics analysis. As a result, we first identified that 22q11.21 CNV genes affect the cortical area mainly during late fetal periods. Interestingly, we observed that connections between a driver gene, DGCR8, and its interacting partners, MECP2 and CUL3, also network hubs, only existed in the network of the late fetal period within the cortical region, suggesting their functional specificity during brain development. We also confirmed the physical interaction result between DGCR8 and CUL3 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In conclusion, our results could suggest that the disruption of DGCR8-dependent microRNA biogenesis plays a vital role in NDD for late fetal cortical development.
Collapse
|
15
|
Haploinsufficiency of the HIRA gene located in the 22q11 deletion syndrome region is associated with abnormal neurodevelopment and impaired dendritic outgrowth. Hum Genet 2021; 140:885-896. [PMID: 33417013 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a wide spectrum of cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Despite the considerable work performed over the past 20 years, the genetic etiology of the neurodevelopmental phenotype remains speculative. Here, we report de novo heterozygous truncating variants in the HIRA (Histone cell cycle regulation defective, S. Cerevisiae, homolog of, A) gene associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder in two unrelated patients. HIRA is located within the commonly deleted region of the 22q11DS and encodes a histone chaperone that regulates neural progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis, and that belongs to the WD40 Repeat (WDR) protein family involved in brain development and neuronal connectivity. To address the specific impact of HIRA haploinsufficiency in the neurodevelopmental phenotype of 22q11DS, we combined Hira knock-down strategies in developing mouse primary hippocampal neurons, and the direct study of brains from heterozygous Hira+/- mice. Our in vitro analyses revealed that Hira gene is mostly expressed during neuritogenesis and early dendritogenesis stages in mouse total brain and in developing primary hippocampal neurons. Moreover, shRNA knock-down experiments showed that a twofold decrease of endogenous Hira expression level resulted in an impaired dendritic growth and branching in primary developing hippocampal neuronal cultures. In parallel, in vivo analyses demonstrated that Hira+/- mice displayed subtle neuroanatomical defects including a reduced size of the hippocampus, the fornix and the corpus callosum. Our results suggest that HIRA haploinsufficiency would likely contribute to the complex pathophysiology of the neurodevelopmental phenotype of 22q11DS by impairing key processes in neurogenesis and by causing neuroanatomical defects during cerebral development.
Collapse
|
16
|
LaMantia AS. Why Does the Face Predict the Brain? Neural Crest Induction, Craniofacial Morphogenesis, and Neural Circuit Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:610970. [PMID: 33362582 PMCID: PMC7759552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.610970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchephalic and rhombencephalic neural crest cells generate the craniofacial skeleton, special sensory organs, and subsets of cranial sensory receptor neurons. They do so while preserving the anterior-posterior (A-P) identity of their neural tube origins. This organizational principle is paralleled by central nervous system circuits that receive and process information from facial structures whose A-P identity is in register with that in the brain. Prior to morphogenesis of the face and its circuits, however, neural crest cells act as "inductive ambassadors" from distinct regions of the neural tube to induce differentiation of target craniofacial domains and establish an initial interface between the brain and face. At every site of bilateral, non-axial secondary induction, neural crest constitutes all or some of the mesenchymal compartment for non-axial mesenchymal/epithelial (M/E) interactions. Thus, for epithelial domains in the craniofacial primordia, aortic arches, limbs, the spinal cord, and the forebrain (Fb), neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells establish local sources of inductive signaling molecules that drive morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. This common mechanism for building brains, faces, limbs, and hearts, A-P axis specified, neural crest-mediated M/E induction, coordinates differentiation of distal structures, peripheral neurons that provide their sensory or autonomic innervation in some cases, and central neural circuits that regulate their behavioral functions. The essential role of this neural crest-mediated mechanism identifies it as a prime target for pathogenesis in a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, the face and the brain "predict" one another, and this mutual developmental relationship provides a key target for disruption by developmental pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Genetics and Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun D, Ching CRK, Lin A, Forsyth JK, Kushan L, Vajdi A, Jalbrzikowski M, Hansen L, Villalon-Reina JE, Qu X, Jonas RK, van Amelsvoort T, Bakker G, Kates WR, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Campbell LE, McCabe KL, Daly E, Gudbrandsen M, Murphy CM, Murphy D, Craig M, Vorstman J, Fiksinski A, Koops S, Ruparel K, Roalf DR, Gur RE, Schmitt JE, Simon TJ, Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, Durdle CA, Bassett AS, Chow EWC, Butcher NJ, Vila-Rodriguez F, Doherty J, Cunningham A, van den Bree MB, Linden DEJ, Moss H, Owen MJ, Murphy KC, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel B, van Erp TGM, Turner JA, Thompson PM, Bearden CE. Large-scale mapping of cortical alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Convergence with idiopathic psychosis and effects of deletion size. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1822-1834. [PMID: 29895892 PMCID: PMC6292748 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion (22q11DS) is a common chromosomal microdeletion and a potent risk factor for psychotic illness. Prior studies reported widespread cortical changes in 22q11DS, but were generally underpowered to characterize neuroanatomic abnormalities associated with psychosis in 22q11DS, and/or neuroanatomic effects of variability in deletion size. To address these issues, we developed the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis) 22q11.2 Working Group, representing the largest analysis of brain structural alterations in 22q11DS to date. The imaging data were collected from 10 centers worldwide, including 474 subjects with 22q11DS (age = 18.2 ± 8.6; 46.9% female) and 315 typically developing, matched controls (age = 18.0 ± 9.2; 45.9% female). Compared to controls, 22q11DS individuals showed thicker cortical gray matter overall (left/right hemispheres: Cohen's d = 0.61/0.65), but focal thickness reduction in temporal and cingulate cortex. Cortical surface area (SA), however, showed pervasive reductions in 22q11DS (left/right hemispheres: d = -1.01/-1.02). 22q11DS cases vs. controls were classified with 93.8% accuracy based on these neuroanatomic patterns. Comparison of 22q11DS-psychosis to idiopathic schizophrenia (ENIGMA-Schizophrenia Working Group) revealed significant convergence of affected brain regions, particularly in fronto-temporal cortex. Finally, cortical SA was significantly greater in 22q11DS cases with smaller 1.5 Mb deletions, relative to those with typical 3 Mb deletions. We found a robust neuroanatomic signature of 22q11DS, and the first evidence that deletion size impacts brain structure. Psychotic illness in this highly penetrant deletion was associated with similar neuroanatomic abnormalities to idiopathic schizophrenia. These consistent cross-site findings highlight the homogeneity of this single genetic etiology, and support the suitability of 22q11DS as a biological model of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Sun
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0001 0384 5381grid.417119.bDepartment of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Amy Lin
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jennifer K. Forsyth
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Laura Hansen
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Julio E. Villalon-Reina
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - Xiaoping Qu
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - Rachel K. Jonas
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Geor Bakker
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Kevin M. Antshel
- 0000 0001 2189 1568grid.264484.8Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Linda E. Campbell
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cPRC GrowUpWell, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia ,0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kathryn L. McCabe
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Eileen Daly
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Clodagh M. Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Craig
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000000090126352grid.7692.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Ania Fiksinski
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sanne Koops
- 0000000090126352grid.7692.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David R. Roalf
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - J. Eric Schmitt
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tony J. Simon
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Naomi J. Goodrich-Hunsaker
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA ,0000 0004 1936 9115grid.253294.bDepartment of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Courtney A. Durdle
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- 0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Eva W. C. Chow
- 0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Fidel Vila-Rodriguez
- 0000 0001 2288 9830grid.17091.3eDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Joanne Doherty
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adam Cunningham
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B.M. van den Bree
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E. J. Linden
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hayley Moss
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kieran C. Murphy
- 0000 0004 0488 7120grid.4912.eDepartment of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Clinical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Beverly Emanuel
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Clinical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- 0000 0001 0668 7243grid.266093.8Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Imaging Genetics and Neuroinformatics Lab, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA ,0000 0004 0409 4614grid.280503.cMind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA ,0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, Pediatrics and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, California, CA USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Castro VL, Reyes JF, Reyes-Nava NG, Paz D, Quintana AM. Hcfc1a regulates neural precursor proliferation and asxl1 expression in the developing brain. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 32522152 PMCID: PMC7288482 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Precise regulation of neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation and differentiation is essential to ensure proper brain development and function. The HCFC1 gene encodes a transcriptional co-factor that regulates cell proliferation, and previous studies suggest that HCFC1 regulates NPC number and differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these cellular deficits has not been completely characterized. Methods Here we created a zebrafish harboring mutations in the hcfc1a gene (the hcfc1aco60/+ allele), one ortholog of HCFC1, and utilized immunohistochemistry and RNA-sequencing technology to understand the function of hcfc1a during neural development. Results The hcfc1aco60/+ allele results in an increased number of NPCs and increased expression of neuronal and glial markers. These neural developmental deficits are associated with larval hypomotility and the abnormal expression of asxl1, a polycomb transcription factor, which we identified as a downstream effector of hcfc1a. Inhibition of asxl1 activity and/or expression in larvae harboring the hcfc1aco60/+ allele completely restored the number of NPCs to normal levels. Conclusion Collectively, our data demonstrate that hcfc1a regulates NPC number, NPC proliferation, motor behavior, and brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Castro
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Joel F Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Nayeli G Reyes-Nava
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - David Paz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Anita M Quintana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Mitotic Apparatus and Kinetochores in Microcephaly and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010049. [PMID: 31878213 PMCID: PMC7016623 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of mitotic division, when dysfunctional or expressed in a deregulated manner (over- or underexpressed) in somatic cells, cause chromosome instability, which is a predisposing condition to cancer that is associated with unrestricted proliferation. Genes encoding mitotic regulators are growingly implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases. Here, we briefly summarize existing knowledge on how microcephaly-related mitotic genes operate in the control of chromosome segregation during mitosis in somatic cells, with a special focus on the role of kinetochore factors. Then, we review evidence implicating mitotic apparatus- and kinetochore-resident factors in the origin of congenital microcephaly. We discuss data emerging from these works, which suggest a critical role of correct mitotic division in controlling neuronal cell proliferation and shaping the architecture of the central nervous system.
Collapse
|
20
|
Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Scambler PJ. Molecular genetics of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 176:2070-2081. [PMID: 30380194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a congenital malformation and neuropsychiatric disorder caused by meiotic chromosome rearrangements. One of the goals of this review is to summarize the current state of basic research studies of 22q11.2DS. It highlights efforts to understand the mechanisms responsible for the 22q11.2 deletion that occurs in meiosis. This mechanism involves the four sets of low copy repeats (LCR22) that are dispersed in the 22q11.2 region and the deletion is mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination events. This review also highlights selected genes mapping to the 22q11.2 region that may contribute to the typical clinical findings associated with the disorder and explain that mutations in genes on the remaining allele can uncover rare recessive conditions. Another important aspect of 22q11.2DS is the existence of phenotypic heterogeneity. While some patients are mildly affected, others have severe medical, cognitive, and/or psychiatric challenges. Variability may be due in part to the presence of genetic modifiers. This review discusses current genome-wide efforts to identify such modifiers that could shed light on molecular pathways required for normal human development, cognition or behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hiroi N, Yamauchi T. Modeling and Predicting Developmental Trajectories of Neuropsychiatric Dimensions Associated With Copy Number Variations. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:488-500. [PMID: 31135887 PMCID: PMC6672556 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants, such as duplications and hemizygous deletions at chromosomal loci of up to a few million base pairs, are highly associated with psychiatric disorders. Hemizygous deletions at human chromosome 22q11.2 were found to be associated with elevated instances of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder in 1992 and 2002, respectively. Following these discoveries, many mouse models have been developed and tested to analyze the effects of gene dose alterations in small chromosomal segments and single genes of 22q11.2. Despite several limitations to modeling mental illness in mice, mouse models have identified several genes on 22q11.2-Tbx1, Dgcr8, Comt, Sept5, and Prodh-that contribute to dimensions of autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, including working memory, social communication and interaction, and sensorimotor gating. Mouse studies have identified that heterozygous deletion of Tbx1 results in defective social communication during the neonatal period and social interaction deficits during adolescence/adulthood. Overexpression of Tbx1 or Comt in adult neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus delays the developmental maturation of working memory capacity. Collectively, mouse models of variants of these 4 genes have revealed several potential neuronal mechanisms underlying various aspects of psychiatric disorders, including adult neurogenesis, microRNA processing, catecholamine metabolism, and synaptic transmission. The validity of the mouse data would be ultimately tested when therapies or drugs based on such potential mechanisms are applied to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fernandez A, Meechan DW, Karpinski BA, Paronett EM, Bryan CA, Rutz HL, Radin EA, Lubin N, Bonner ER, Popratiloff A, Rothblat LA, Maynard TM, LaMantia AS. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Leads to Cortical Under-Connectivity and Cognitive Impairment. Neuron 2019; 102:1127-1142.e3. [PMID: 31079872 PMCID: PMC6668992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Under-connectivity between cerebral cortical association areas may underlie cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders, including the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). Using the LgDel 22q11DS mouse model, we assessed cellular, molecular, and developmental origins of under-connectivity and its consequences for cognitive function. Diminished 22q11 gene dosage reduces long-distance projections, limits axon and dendrite growth, and disrupts mitochondrial and synaptic integrity in layer 2/3 but not 5/6 projection neurons (PNs). Diminished dosage of Txnrd2, a 22q11 gene essential for reactive oxygen species catabolism in brain mitochondria, recapitulates these deficits in WT layer 2/3 PNs; Txnrd2 re-expression in LgDel layer 2/3 PNs rescues them. Anti-oxidants reverse LgDel- or Txnrd2-related layer 2/3 mitochondrial, circuit, and cognitive deficits. Accordingly, Txnrd2-mediated oxidative stress reduces layer 2/3 connectivity and impairs cognition in the context of 22q11 deletion. Anti-oxidant restoration of mitochondrial integrity, cortical connectivity, and cognitive behavior defines oxidative stress as a therapeutic target in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Fernandez
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; GW Institute for Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Daniel W Meechan
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Beverly A Karpinski
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Paronett
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Corey A Bryan
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Hanna L Rutz
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Eric A Radin
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Noah Lubin
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Erin R Bonner
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Lawrence A Rothblat
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Motahari Z, Moody SA, Maynard TM, LaMantia AS. In the line-up: deleted genes associated with DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome: are they all suspects? J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:7. [PMID: 31174463 PMCID: PMC6554986 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a copy number variation (CNV) disorder, occurs in approximately 1:4000 live births due to a heterozygous microdeletion at position 11.2 (proximal) on the q arm of human chromosome 22 (hChr22) (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011). This disorder was known as DiGeorge syndrome, Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) or conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF) based upon diagnostic cardiovascular, pharyngeal, and craniofacial anomalies (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011; Burn et al., J Med Genet 30:822-4, 1993) before this phenotypic spectrum was associated with 22q11.2 CNVs. Subsequently, 22q11.2 deletion emerged as a major genomic lesion associated with vulnerability for several clinically defined behavioral deficits common to a number of neurodevelopmental disorders (Fernandez et al., Principles of Developmental Genetics, 2015; Robin and Shprintzen, J Pediatr 147:90-6, 2005; Schneider et al., Am J Psychiatry 171:627-39, 2014). RESULTS The mechanistic relationships between heterozygously deleted 22q11.2 genes and 22q11DS phenotypes are still unknown. We assembled a comprehensive "line-up" of the 36 protein coding loci in the 1.5 Mb minimal critical deleted region on hChr22q11.2, plus 20 protein coding loci in the distal 1.5 Mb that defines the 3 Mb typical 22q11DS deletion. We categorized candidates based upon apparent primary cell biological functions. We analyzed 41 of these genes that encode known proteins to determine whether haploinsufficiency of any single 22q11.2 gene-a one gene to one phenotype correspondence due to heterozygous deletion restricted to that locus-versus complex multigenic interactions can account for single or multiple 22q11DS phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our 22q11.2 functional genomic assessment does not support current theories of single gene haploinsufficiency for one or all 22q11DS phenotypes. Shared molecular functions, convergence on fundamental cell biological processes, and related consequences of individual 22q11.2 genes point to a matrix of multigenic interactions due to diminished 22q11.2 gene dosage. These interactions target fundamental cellular mechanisms essential for development, maturation, or homeostasis at subsets of 22q11DS phenotypic sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Motahari
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Sally Ann Moody
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Thomas Michael Maynard
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
LaMantia A. The strengths of the genetic approach to understanding neural systems development and function: Ray Guillery's synthesis. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:888-899. [PMID: 29883004 PMCID: PMC6369024 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The organization and function of sensory systems, especially the mammalian visual system, has been the focus of philosophers and scientists for centuries-from Descartes and Newton onward. Nevertheless, the utility of understanding development and its genetic foundations for deeper insight into neural function has been debated: Do you need to know how something is assembled-a car, for example-to understand how it works or how to use it-to turn on the ignition and drive? This review addresses this issue for sensory pathways. The pioneering work of the late Rainer W. (Ray) Guillery provides an unequivocal answer to this central question: Using genetics for mechanistic exploration of sensory system development yields essential knowledge of organization and function. Ray truly built the foundation for this now accepted tenet of modern neuroscience. His work on the development and reorganization of visual pathways in albino mammals-all with primary genetic mutations in genes for pigmentation-defined the genetic approach to neural systems development, function and plasticity. The work that followed his lead in a variety of sensory systems, including my own work in the developing olfactory system, proceeds directly from Ray's fundamental contributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony‐Samuel LaMantia
- Institute for Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schleifer C, Lin A, Kushan L, Ji JL, Yang G, Bearden CE, Anticevic A. Dissociable Disruptions in Thalamic and Hippocampal Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Youth with 22q11.2 Deletions. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1301-1319. [PMID: 30478034 PMCID: PMC6381244 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3470-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a recurrent copy number variant with high penetrance for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Study of individuals with 22q11DS therefore may offer key insights into neural mechanisms underlying such complex illnesses. Resting-state functional connectivity MRI studies in idiopathic schizophrenia have consistently revealed disruption of thalamic and hippocampal circuitry. Here, we sought to test whether this circuitry is similarly disrupted in the context of this genetic high-risk condition. To this end, resting-state functional connectivity patterns were assessed in a sample of human youth with 22q11DS (n = 42; 59.5% female) and demographically matched healthy controls (n = 39; 53.8% female). Neuroimaging data were acquired via single-band protocols and analyzed in line with methods provided by the Human Connectome Project. We computed functional relationships between individual-specific anatomically defined thalamic and hippocampal seeds and all gray matter voxels in the brain. Whole-brain Type I error protection was achieved through nonparametric permutation-based methods. The 22q11DS patients displayed dissociable disruptions in thalamic and hippocampal functional connectivity relative to control subjects. Thalamocortical coupling was increased in somatomotor regions and reduced across associative networks. The opposite effect was observed for the hippocampus in regards to somatomotor and associative network connectivity. The thalamic and hippocampal dysconnectivity observed in 22q11DS suggests that high genetic risk for psychiatric illness is linked with disruptions in large-scale corticosubcortical networks underlying higher-order cognitive functions. These effects highlight the translational importance of large-effect copy number variants for informing mechanisms underlying neural disruptions observed in idiopathic developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Investigation of neuroimaging biomarkers in highly penetrant genetic syndromes represents a more biologically tractable approach to identify neural circuit disruptions underlying developmental neuropsychiatric conditions. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome confers particularly high risk for psychotic disorders and is thus an important translational model in which to investigate systems-level mechanisms implicated in idiopathic illness. Here, we show resting-state fMRI evidence of large-scale sensory and executive network disruptions in youth with 22q11DS. In particular, this study provides the first evidence that these networks are disrupted in a dissociable fashion with regard to the functional connectivity of the thalamus and hippocampus, suggesting circuit-level dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Schleifer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Leila Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jie Lisa Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Genevieve Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095,
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511,
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
- NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, and
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Connecticut 06520
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rezazadeh A, Bercovici E, Kiehl TR, Chow EW, Krings T, Bassett AS, Andrade DM. Periventricular nodular heterotopia in 22q11.2 deletion and frontal lobe migration. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1314-1322. [PMID: 30480026 PMCID: PMC6243376 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to delineate the distribution of periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) in patients with 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and place this in the context of other genetic forms of PNH. Methods We retrospectively analyzed brain imaging and postmortem data available for adult patients with 22q11.2DS. We included only those with good quality MRI data (n = 29) in addition to two patients with PNH identified through postmortem studies. We also reviewed the pattern of PNH in all genetic conditions reported with this phenotype. Results Of the total seven patients (M = 4, F = 3; age: 19–61 years) identified to have PNH, six had a history of seizures, six had schizophrenia, six had variable levels of intellectual disability, and two had obsessive compulsive disorder. In all seven patients, the nodules were located over the dorsal pole of the frontal horn of the lateral ventricles. The nodules were small, noncontiguous, and ranged in number from 1 to 10 per individual. Our review identified 37 genetic conditions associated with PNH. With the cases reported here, 22q11.2DS becomes the fifth most commonly reported genetic condition, and the third most common copy number variation, associated with PNH. Interpretation The neuropsychiatric manifestations in our patients with PNH support other data indicating abnormal neurodevelopment as part of the pathogenesis of 22q11.2DS.The location and cellular characteristics of PNH in 22q11.2DS overlaps with a group of migrating postnatal interneurons termed Arc cells, although more research is needed to confirm that PNH in 22q11.2DS represents Arc cells arrested in their migratory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rezazadeh
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Krembil Neuroscience Centre Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eduard Bercovici
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Krembil Neuroscience Centre Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Tim-Rasmus Kiehl
- Department of Pathology University Health Network University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eva W Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Timo Krings
- Division of Neuroradiology Joint Department of Medical Imaging Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry Toronto Ontario Canada.,Dalglish Family 22q Clinic Toronto General Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute University Health Network Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Danielle M Andrade
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Krembil Neuroscience Centre Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Krembil Neurosciences Epilepsy Genetics Program Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Clements CC, Wenger TL, Zoltowski AR, Bertollo JR, Miller JS, de Marchena AB, Mitteer LM, Carey JC, Yerys BE, Zackai EH, Emanuel BS, McDonald-McGinn DM, Schultz RT. Critical region within 22q11.2 linked to higher rate of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 29090080 PMCID: PMC5658953 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported no clear critical region for medical comorbidities in children with deletions or duplications of 22q11.2. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether individuals with small nested deletions or duplications of the LCR-A to B region of 22q11.2 show an elevated rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to individuals with deletions or duplications that do not include this region. Methods We recruited 46 patients with nested deletions (n = 33) or duplications (n = 13) of 22q11.2, including LCR-A to B (ndel = 11), LCR-A to C (ndel = 4), LCR-B to D (ndel = 14; ndup = 8), LCR-C to D (ndel = 4; ndup = 2), and smaller nested regions (n = 3). Parent questionnaire, record review, and, for a subset, in-person evaluation were used for ASD diagnostic classification. Rates of ASD in individuals with involvement of LCR-B to LCR-D were compared with Fisher’s exact test to LCR-A to LCR-B for deletions, and to a previously published sample of LCR-A to LCR-D for duplications. The rates of medical comorbidities and psychiatric diagnoses were determined from questionnaires and chart review. We also report group mean differences on psychiatric questionnaires. Results Individuals with deletions involving LCR-A to B showed a 39–44% rate of ASD compared to 0% in individuals whose deletions did not involve LCR-A to B. We observed similar rates of medical comorbidities in individuals with involvement of LCR-A to B and LCR-B to D for both duplications and deletions, consistent with prior studies. Conclusions Children with nested deletions of 22q11.2 may be at greater risk for autism spectrum disorder if the region includes LCR-A to LCR-B. Replication is needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13229-017-0171-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Clements
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Tara L Wenger
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | - Alisa R Zoltowski
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Jennifer R Bertollo
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Judith S Miller
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ashley B de Marchena
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Science, University of the Sciences, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Lauren M Mitteer
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - John C Carey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Benjamin E Yerys
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Varghese M, Keshav N, Jacot-Descombes S, Warda T, Wicinski B, Dickstein DL, Harony-Nicolas H, De Rubeis S, Drapeau E, Buxbaum JD, Hof PR. Autism spectrum disorder: neuropathology and animal models. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:537-566. [PMID: 28584888 PMCID: PMC5693718 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a major impact on the development and social integration of affected individuals and is the most heritable of psychiatric disorders. An increase in the incidence of ASD cases has prompted a surge in research efforts on the underlying neuropathologic processes. We present an overview of current findings in neuropathology studies of ASD using two investigational approaches, postmortem human brains and ASD animal models, and discuss the overlap, limitations, and significance of each. Postmortem examination of ASD brains has revealed global changes including disorganized gray and white matter, increased number of neurons, decreased volume of neuronal soma, and increased neuropil, the last reflecting changes in densities of dendritic spines, cerebral vasculature and glia. Both cortical and non-cortical areas show region-specific abnormalities in neuronal morphology and cytoarchitectural organization, with consistent findings reported from the prefrontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, frontoinsular cortex, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum and brainstem. The paucity of postmortem human studies linking neuropathology to the underlying etiology has been partly addressed using animal models to explore the impact of genetic and non-genetic factors clinically relevant for the ASD phenotype. Genetically modified models include those based on well-studied monogenic ASD genes (NLGN3, NLGN4, NRXN1, CNTNAP2, SHANK3, MECP2, FMR1, TSC1/2), emerging risk genes (CHD8, SCN2A, SYNGAP1, ARID1B, GRIN2B, DSCAM, TBR1), and copy number variants (15q11-q13 deletion, 15q13.3 microdeletion, 15q11-13 duplication, 16p11.2 deletion and duplication, 22q11.2 deletion). Models of idiopathic ASD include inbred rodent strains that mimic ASD behaviors as well as models developed by environmental interventions such as prenatal exposure to sodium valproate, maternal autoantibodies, and maternal immune activation. In addition to replicating some of the neuropathologic features seen in postmortem studies, a common finding in several animal models of ASD is altered density of dendritic spines, with the direction of the change depending on the specific genetic modification, age and brain region. Overall, postmortem neuropathologic studies with larger sample sizes representative of the various ASD risk genes and diverse clinical phenotypes are warranted to clarify putative etiopathogenic pathways further and to promote the emergence of clinically relevant diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In addition, as genetic alterations may render certain individuals more vulnerable to developing the pathological changes at the synapse underlying the behavioral manifestations of ASD, neuropathologic investigation using genetically modified animal models will help to improve our understanding of the disease mechanisms and enhance the development of targeted treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merina Varghese
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Neha Keshav
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sarah Jacot-Descombes
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Children and Teenagers, University Hospitals and School of Medicine, Geneva, CH-1205, Switzerland
| | - Tahia Warda
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dara L Dickstein
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Hala Harony-Nicolas
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Elodie Drapeau
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Application of high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization in children with unknown syndromic microcephaly. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:253-260. [PMID: 28422950 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BackroundMicrocephaly can either be isolated or it may coexist with other neurological entities and/or multiple congenital anomalies, known as syndromic microcephaly. Although many syndromic cases can be classified based on the characteristic phenotype, some others remain uncertain and require further investigation. The present study describes the application of array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) as a diagnostic tool for the study of patients with clinically unknown syndromic microcephaly.MethodsFrom a cohort of 210 unrelated patients referred with syndromic microcephaly, we applied array-CGH analysis in 53 undiagnosed cases. In all the 53 cases except one, previous standard karyotype was negative. High-resolution 4 × 180K and 1 × 244K Agilent arrays were used in this study.ResultsIn 25 out of the 53 patients with microcephaly among other phenotypic anomalies, array-CGH revealed copy number variations (CNVs) ranging in size between 15 kb and 31.6 Mb. The identified CNVs were definitely causal for microcephaly in 11/53, probably causal in 7/53, and not causal for microcephaly in 7/53 patients. Genes potentially contributing to brain deficit were revealed in 16/53 patients.ConclusionsArray-CGH contributes to the elucidation of undefined syndromic microcephalic cases by permitting the discovery of novel microdeletions and/or microduplications. It also allows a more precise genotype-phenotype correlation by the accurate definition of the breakpoints in the deleted/duplicated regions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Lin A, Ching CRK, Vajdi A, Sun D, Jonas RK, Jalbrzikowski M, Kushan-Wells L, Pacheco Hansen L, Krikorian E, Gutman B, Dokoru D, Helleman G, Thompson PM, Bearden CE. Mapping 22q11.2 Gene Dosage Effects on Brain Morphometry. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6183-6199. [PMID: 28536274 PMCID: PMC6705695 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3759-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal chromosomal rearrangements at the 22q11.2 locus are associated with elevated risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. The 22q11.2 deletion confers the highest known genetic risk for schizophrenia, but a duplication in the same region is strongly associated with autism and is less common in schizophrenia cases than in the general population. Here we conducted the first study of 22q11.2 gene dosage effects on brain structure in a sample of 143 human subjects: 66 with 22q11.2 deletions (22q-del; 32 males), 21 with 22q11.2 duplications (22q-dup; 14 males), and 56 age- and sex-matched controls (31 males). 22q11.2 gene dosage varied positively with intracranial volume, gray and white matter volume, and cortical surface area (deletion < control < duplication). In contrast, gene dosage varied negatively with mean cortical thickness (deletion > control > duplication). Widespread differences were observed for cortical surface area with more localized effects on cortical thickness. These diametric patterns extended into subcortical regions: 22q-dup carriers had a significantly larger right hippocampus, on average, but lower right caudate and corpus callosum volume, relative to 22q-del carriers. Novel subcortical shape analysis revealed greater radial distance (thickness) of the right amygdala and left thalamus, and localized increases and decreases in subregions of the caudate, putamen, and hippocampus in 22q-dup relative to 22q-del carriers. This study provides the first evidence that 22q11.2 is a genomic region associated with gene-dose-dependent brain phenotypes. Pervasive effects on cortical surface area imply that this copy number variant affects brain structure early in the course of development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Probing naturally occurring reciprocal copy number variation in the genome may help us understand mechanisms underlying deviations from typical brain and cognitive development. The 22q11.2 genomic region is particularly susceptible to chromosomal rearrangements and contains many genes crucial for neuronal development and migration. Not surprisingly, reciprocal genomic imbalances at this locus confer some of the highest known genetic risks for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we provide the first evidence that brain morphology differs meaningfully as a function of reciprocal genomic variation at the 22q11.2 locus. Cortical thickness and surface area were affected in opposite directions with more widespread effects of gene dosage on cortical surface area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California 90292
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Rachel K Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Laura Pacheco Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Emma Krikorian
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Boris Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California 90292
| | - Deepika Dokoru
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gerhard Helleman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California 90292
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095,
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sherman JH, Karpinski BA, Fralish MS, Cappuzzo JM, Dhindsa DS, Thal AG, Moody SA, LaMantia AS, Maynard TM. Foxd4 is essential for establishing neural cell fate and for neuronal differentiation. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28316121 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many molecular factors required for later stages of neuronal differentiation have been identified; however, much less is known about the early events that regulate the initial establishment of the neuroectoderm. We have used an in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation model to investigate early events of neuronal differentiation and to define the role of mouse Foxd4, an ortholog of a forkhead-family transcription factor central to Xenopus neural plate/neuroectodermal precursor development. We found that Foxd4 is a necessary regulator of the transition from pluripotent ESC to neuroectodermal stem cell, and its expression is necessary for neuronal differentiation. Mouse Foxd4 expression is not only limited to the neural plate but it is also expressed and apparently functions to regulate neurogenesis in the olfactory placode. These in vitro results suggest that mouse Foxd4 has a similar function to its Xenopus ortholog; this was confirmed by successfully substituting murine Foxd4 for its amphibian counterpart in overexpression experiments. Thus, Foxd4 appears to regulate the initial steps in establishing neuroectodermal precursors during initial development of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Sherman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia.,Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Beverly A Karpinski
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Matthew S Fralish
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Arielle G Thal
- George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sally A Moody
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Anthony S LaMantia
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Packer A. Neocortical neurogenesis and the etiology of autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:185-95. [PMID: 26949225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have now identified many highly penetrant genetic risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Some of these genes encode synaptic proteins, lending support to the hypothesis that ASD is a disorder of synaptic homeostasis. Less attention, however, has been paid to the genetic risk factors that converge on events that precede synaptogenesis, including the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and the migration of neurons to the appropriate layers of the developing neocortex. Here I review this evidence, focusing on studies of mutant mouse phenotypes, human postmortem data, systems biological analyses, and non-genetic risk factors. These findings highlight embryonic neurogenesis as a potentially important locus of pathology in ASD. In some instances, this pathology may be driven by alterations in chromatin biology and canonical Wnt signaling, which in turn affect fundamental cellular processes such as cell-cycle length and cell migration. This view of ASD suggests the need for a better understanding of the relationship between variation in neuron number, laminar composition, and the neural circuitry most relevant to the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Packer
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, 160 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wenger TL, Kao C, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Bailey A, Schultz RT, Morrow BE, Emanuel BS, Hakonarson H. The Role of mGluR Copy Number Variation in Genetic and Environmental Forms of Syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19372. [PMID: 26781481 PMCID: PMC4726047 DOI: 10.1038/srep19372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While abnormal signaling mediated through metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is involved in the pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Fragile X Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis, the role of other mGluRs and their associated signaling network genes in syndromic ASD is unknown. This study sought to determine whether mGluR Copy Number Variants (CNV's) were overrepresented in children with syndromic ASD and if mGluR "second hit" confers additional risk for ASD in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS). To determine whether mGluR network CNV'S are enriched in syndromic ASD, we examined microarrays from children with ASD (n = 539). Patient categorization (syndromic vs nonsyndromic) was done via blinded medical chart review in mGluR positive and randomly selected mGluR negative cases. 11.5% of ASD had mGluR CNV's vs. 3.2% in controls (p < 0.001). Syndromic ASD was more prevalent in children with mGluR CNVs (74% vs 16%, p < 0.001). A comparison cohort with 22q11DS (n = 25 with ASD, n = 50 without ASD), all haploinsufficient for mGluR network gene RANBP1, were evaluated for "second mGluR hits". 20% with 22q11.2DS + ASD had "second hits" in mGluR network genes vs 2% in 22q11.2DS-ASD (p < 0.014). We propose that altered RANBP1 expression may provide a mechanistic link for several seemingly unrelated genetic and environmental forms of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. Wenger
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Charlly Kao
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | | | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Alice Bailey
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Bernice E. Morrow
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common chromosomal microdeletion disorder, estimated to result mainly from de novo non-homologous meiotic recombination events occurring in approximately 1 in every 1,000 fetuses. The first description in the English language of the constellation of findings now known to be due to this chromosomal difference was made in the 1960s in children with DiGeorge syndrome, who presented with the clinical triad of immunodeficiency, hypoparathyroidism and congenital heart disease. The syndrome is now known to have a heterogeneous presentation that includes multiple additional congenital anomalies and later-onset conditions, such as palatal, gastrointestinal and renal abnormalities, autoimmune disease, variable cognitive delays, behavioural phenotypes and psychiatric illness - all far extending the original description of DiGeorge syndrome. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach involving paediatrics, general medicine, surgery, psychiatry, psychology, interventional therapies (physical, occupational, speech, language and behavioural) and genetic counselling. Although common, lack of recognition of the condition and/or lack of familiarity with genetic testing methods, together with the wide variability of clinical presentation, delays diagnosis. Early diagnosis, preferably prenatally or neonatally, could improve outcomes, thus stressing the importance of universal screening. Equally important, 22q11.2DS has become a model for understanding rare and frequent congenital anomalies, medical conditions, psychiatric and developmental disorders, and may provide a platform to better understand these disorders while affording opportunities for translational strategies across the lifespan for both patients with 22q11.2DS and those with these associated features in the general population.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gamsiz ED, Sciarra LN, Maguire AM, Pescosolido MF, van Dyck LI, Morrow EM. Discovery of Rare Mutations in Autism: Elucidating Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:553-71. [PMID: 26105128 PMCID: PMC4489950 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of highly genetic neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by language, social, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. ASD is a complex disorder with a heterogeneous etiology. The genetic architecture of autism is such that a variety of different rare mutations have been discovered, including rare monogenic conditions that involve autistic symptoms. Also, de novo copy number variants and single nucleotide variants contribute to disease susceptibility. Finally, autosomal recessive loci are contributing to our understanding of inherited factors. We will review the progress that the field has made in the discovery of these rare genetic variants in autism. We argue that mutation discovery of this sort offers an important opportunity to identify neurodevelopmental mechanisms in disease. The hope is that these mechanisms will show some degree of convergence that may be amenable to treatment intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ece D. Gamsiz
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI USA
| | - Laura N. Sciarra
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Neuroscience Graduate Program (NSGP), Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Abbie M. Maguire
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB) Graduate Training Program, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Matthew F. Pescosolido
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Neuroscience Graduate Program (NSGP), Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Laura I. van Dyck
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Eric M. Morrow
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Meechan DW, Maynard TM, Tucker ES, Fernandez A, Karpinski BA, Rothblat LA, LaMantia AS. Modeling a model: Mouse genetics, 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and disorders of cortical circuit development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 130:1-28. [PMID: 25866365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental etiology of autistic spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia remains a major challenge for establishing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these common, difficult-to-treat diseases that compromise neural circuits in the cerebral cortex. One aspect of this challenge is the breadth and overlap of ASD, ADHD, and SCZ deficits; another is the complexity of mutations associated with each, and a third is the difficulty of analyzing disrupted development in at-risk or affected human fetuses. The identification of distinct genetic syndromes that include behavioral deficits similar to those in ASD, ADHC and SCZ provides a critical starting point for meeting this challenge. We summarize clinical and behavioral impairments in children and adults with one such genetic syndrome, the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, routinely called 22q11DS, caused by micro-deletions of between 1.5 and 3.0 MB on human chromosome 22. Among many syndromic features, including cardiovascular and craniofacial anomalies, 22q11DS patients have a high incidence of brain structural, functional, and behavioral deficits that reflect cerebral cortical dysfunction and fall within the spectrum that defines ASD, ADHD, and SCZ. We show that developmental pathogenesis underlying this apparent genetic "model" syndrome in patients can be defined and analyzed mechanistically using genomically accurate mouse models of the deletion that causes 22q11DS. We conclude that "modeling a model", in this case 22q11DS as a model for idiopathic ASD, ADHD and SCZ, as well as other behavioral disorders like anxiety frequently seen in 22q11DS patients, in genetically engineered mice provides a foundation for understanding the causes and improving diagnosis and therapy for these disorders of cortical circuit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Meechan
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eric S Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alejandra Fernandez
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Beverly A Karpinski
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Lawrence A Rothblat
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Proteomic analyses reveal that loss of TDP-43 affects RNA processing and intracellular transport. Neuroscience 2015; 293:157-70. [PMID: 25743254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a predominantly nuclear, ubiquitously expressed RNA and DNA-binding protein. It recognizes and binds to UG repeats and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability and microRNA metabolism. TDP-43 is essential in early embryonic development but accumulates in cytoplasmic aggregates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and tau-negative frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is not known yet whether cytoplasmic aggregates of TDP-43 are toxic or protective but they are often associated with a loss of TDP-43 from the nucleus and neurodegeneration may be caused by a loss of normal TDP-43 function or a gain of toxic function. Here we present a proteomic study to analyze the effect of loss of TDP-43 on the proteome. MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001668. Our results indicate that TDP-43 is an important regulator of RNA metabolism and intracellular transport. We show that Ran-binding protein 1 (RanBP1), DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (Dnmt3a) and chromogranin B (CgB) are downregulated upon TDP-43 knockdown. Subsequently, transportin 1 level is increased as a result of RanBP1 depletion. Improper regulation of these proteins and the subsequent disruption of cellular processes may play a role in the pathogenesis of the TDP-43 proteinopathies ALS and FTLD.
Collapse
|