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Sangeda RZ, William SM, Masatu FC, Bitegeko A, Mwalwisi YH, Nkiligi EA, Horumpende PG, Fimbo AM. Antibiotic utilization patterns in Tanzania: a retrospective longitudinal study comparing pre- and intra-COVID-19 pandemic era using Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority data. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae081. [PMID: 38803386 PMCID: PMC11128939 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern globally, and misuse of antibiotics is a major contributor. Objective This study investigated antibiotic utilization patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania using data from the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA). Methods This retrospective longitudinal study analysed secondary data. The study compared antibiotics consumption in defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) in two distinct eras: 2018-2019 as the pre-COVID-19 era and 2020-2021 as the intra-COVID-19 era. A sample t-test was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results The study analysed 10 614 records and found an overall increase in antibiotics consumption from 2018 to 2021. We found that the consumption was 61.24 DID in the intra-COVID-19 era and 50.32 DID in the pre-COVID-19 era. Levofloxacin had the highest percentage increase in use, with a 700% increase in DID during the intra-COVID-19 era. Azithromycin had a 163.79% increase, while cefotaxime had a 600% increase. By contrast, some antibiotics exhibited a decrease in usage during the intra-COVID-19 era, such as nalidixic acid, which had a 100% decrease, and cefpodoxime, which had a 66.67% decrease. Conclusions Increased antibiotic consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of implementing effective antimicrobial stewardship strategies to prevent AMR, especially during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Z Sangeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sahani M William
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Faustine C Masatu
- Medicines Control, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 1253, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Adonis Bitegeko
- Medicines Control, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 1253, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Yonah H Mwalwisi
- Medicines Control, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 1253, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel A Nkiligi
- Medicines Control, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 1253, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Pius G Horumpende
- Department of Curative Services, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 743, Dodoma, Tanzania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Moshi, Tanzania
- Lugalo Infectious Diseases Research Centre, General Military Hospital (GMH) and Military College of Medical Sciences (MCMS), P.O. Box 4000, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Adam M Fimbo
- Medicines Control, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 1253, Dodoma, Tanzania
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Bouges S, Jouzeau A, Lieutier-Colas F, Péfau M, Dugravot L, Rogues AM, Simon L, Dumartin C. Antibiotic consumption in French nursing homes between 2018 and 2022: A multicenter survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024; 45:740-745. [PMID: 38369786 PMCID: PMC11102820 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2024.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Monitoring antibiotic consumption is a key component to steer antimicrobial stewardship programs, including in nursing homes. We analyzed changes in antibiotic consumption in French nursing homes during 5 years, including the COVID-19 pandemic, to identify potential priorities for improvement. DESIGN A multicenter survey was conducted between 2018 and 2022. SETTING The study was conducted across 220 French nursing homes with on-site pharmacies. METHOD Antibiotic consumption data were collected from pharmacy records and are expressed as defined daily doses per 1,000 resident days. Antibiotic indicators promoted by health authorities were calculated from quantitative data to evaluate the quality of prescribing. RESULTS Antibiotic consumption significantly decreased between 2018 and 2022, particularly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, despite a slight increase in 2022. During the study period, the most used antibiotic classes were penicillins (61.9% in 2022) followed by cephalosporins (10.5%), macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins (7.3%) then fluoroquinolones (7.0%). Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the most consumed antibiotic; amoxicillin and ceftriaxone ranked second and third. Azithromycin consumption increased from 2020, as did the indicator regarding broad-spectrum antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS The decreasing trend in antibiotic use and control of fluoroquinolone use over the study period suggest compliance with antibiotic use guidelines. However, changes in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the substantial use of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, although it is rarely a first-line antibiotic, highlight the need for antimicrobial stewardship activities and the usefulness of antibiotic consumption surveillance to identify priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Bouges
- CPIAS Nouvelle-Aquitaine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Team AHeaD, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Muriel Péfau
- CPIAS Nouvelle-Aquitaine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Anne-Marie Rogues
- Service d’hygiène hospitalière, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Team AHeaD, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Catherine Dumartin
- CPIAS Nouvelle-Aquitaine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Team AHeaD, Bordeaux, France
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Bocquier A, Erkilic B, Babinet M, Pulcini C, Agrinier N. Resident-, prescriber-, and facility-level factors associated with antibiotic use in long-term care facilities: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:29. [PMID: 38448955 PMCID: PMC10918961 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are needed in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) to tackle antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to identify factors associated with antibiotic use in LTCFs. Such information would be useful to guide antimicrobial stewardship programmes. METHOD We conducted a systematic review of studies retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycINFO, APA PsycTherapy, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. We included quantitative studies that investigated factors associated with antibiotic use (i.e., antibiotic prescribing by health professionals, administration by LTCF staff, or use by residents). Participants were LTCF residents, their family, and/or carers. We performed a qualitative narrative synthesis of the findings. RESULTS Of the 7,591 screened records, we included 57 articles. Most studies used a longitudinal design (n = 34/57), investigated resident-level (n = 29/57) and/or facility-level factors (n = 32/57), and fewer prescriber-level ones (n = 8/57). Studies included two types of outcome: overall volume of antibiotic prescriptions (n = 45/57), inappropriate antibiotic prescription (n = 10/57); two included both types. Resident-level factors associated with a higher volume of antibiotic prescriptions included comorbidities (5 out of 8 studies which investigated this factor found a statistically significant association), history of infection (n = 5/6), potential signs of infection (e.g., fever, n = 4/6), positive urine culture/dipstick results (n = 3/4), indwelling urinary catheter (n = 12/14), and resident/family request for antibiotics (n = 1/1). At the facility-level, the volume of antibiotic prescriptions was positively associated with staff turnover (n = 1/1) and prevalence of after-hours medical practitioner visits (n = 1/1), and negatively associated with LTCF hiring an on-site coordinating physician (n = 1/1). At the prescriber-level, higher antibiotic prescribing was associated with high prescription rate for antibiotics in the previous year (n = 1/1). CONCLUSIONS Improving infection prevention and control, and diagnostic practices as part of antimicrobial stewardship programmes remain critical steps to reduce antibiotic prescribing in LTCFs. Once results confirmed by further studies, implementing institutional changes to limit staff turnover, ensure the presence of a professional accountable for the antimicrobial stewardship activities, and improve collaboration between LTCFs and external prescribers may contribute to reduce antibiotic prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bocquier
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, F-54000, France.
| | - Berkehan Erkilic
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Martin Babinet
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Epidémiologie clinique, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Céline Pulcini
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, F-54000, France
- Centre régional en antibiothérapie du Grand Est AntibioEst, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Nelly Agrinier
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, F-54000, France
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Epidémiologie clinique, Nancy, F-54000, France
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Zhou G, de Vos S, Schuiling-Veninga CCM, Bos J, Oude Rengerink K, Pasmooij AMG, Mol PGM, de Bock GH, Hak E. Community Use of Repurposed Drugs Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic in the Netherlands: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. Clin Epidemiol 2023; 15:923-937. [PMID: 37694159 PMCID: PMC10488695 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s418069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Repurposing registered drugs could reduce coronavirus disease (COVID-19) burden before novel drugs are authorized. Little is known about how the pandemic and imposed restrictions changed their dispensing. We aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on repurposed drugs dispensing in the Netherlands. Methods We performed interrupted time-series study using University of Groningen prescription database IADB.nl to evaluate dispensing trends of 24 repurposed drugs before (2017-February 2020) and after (March 2020-2021) the pandemic' start. Primary outcomes were monthly prevalence and incidence rates. An autoregressive integrated moving average model assessed the effect of pandemic and stringency index (measuring strictness of government's restriction policies). Results Annual number of IADB.nl population ranged from 919,697 to 952,400. Generally, dispensing of common long-term-used drugs was not significantly affected by pandemic. The prevalence of antibacterials (-4.20 users per 1000 people), antivirals (-0.04), corticosteroids (-1.29), prednisolone (-1.32), calcium channel blocker (-0.41), and diuretics (-1.29) was lower than expected after the pandemic's start, while the prevalence of ivermectin (0.07), sulfonylureas (0.15), sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (0.17), and anticoagulants (1.95) was higher than expected. The pandemic was associated with statistically significant decreases in the incidence of antibacterials (-1.21), corticosteroids (-0.60), prednisolone (-0.64) and anticoagulants (-0.02), and increases in ivermectin (0.02), aggregated antidiabetic drugs (0.13), and SGLT2 inhibitors (0.06). These trends were positively associated with pandemic and negatively associated with stringency index. Conclusion Dispensing of most drugs was not significantly associated with pandemic and government's response. Despite some statistically significant disruptions, these were not necessarily clinically relevant due to small absolute differences observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Zhou
- Unit of Pharmaco-Therapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics (PTEE), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn de Vos
- Unit of Pharmaco-Therapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics (PTEE), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina C M Schuiling-Veninga
- Unit of Pharmaco-Therapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics (PTEE), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jens Bos
- Unit of Pharmaco-Therapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics (PTEE), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter G M Mol
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geertruida H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eelko Hak
- Unit of Pharmaco-Therapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics (PTEE), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Solanky D, McGovern OL, Edwards JR, Mahon G, Patel TS, Lessa FC, Hicks LA, Patel PK. Prescribing of Outpatient Antibiotics Commonly Used for Respiratory Infections Among Adults Before and During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:S12-S19. [PMID: 37406052 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have impacted outpatient antibiotic prescribing in low- and middle-income countries such as Brazil. However, outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Brazil, particularly at the prescription level, is not well-described. METHODS We used the IQVIA MIDAS database to characterize changes in prescribing rates of antibiotics commonly prescribed for respiratory infections (azithromycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, levofloxacin/moxifloxacin, cephalexin, and ceftriaxone) among adults in Brazil overall and stratified by age and sex, comparing prepandemic (January 2019-March 2020) and pandemic periods (April 2020-December 2021) using uni- and multivariate Poisson regression models. The most common prescribing provider specialties for these antibiotics were also identified. RESULTS In the pandemic period compared to the prepandemic period, outpatient azithromycin prescribing rates increased across all age-sex groups (incidence rate ratio [IRR] range, 1.474-3.619), with the greatest increase observed in males aged 65-74 years; meanwhile, prescribing rates for amoxicillin-clavulanate and respiratory fluoroquinolones mostly decreased, and changes in cephalosporin prescribing rates varied across age-sex groups (IRR range, 0.134-1.910). For all antibiotics, the interaction of age and sex with the pandemic in multivariable models was an independent predictor of prescribing changes comparing the pandemic versus prepandemic periods. General practitioners and gynecologists accounted for the majority of increases in azithromycin and ceftriaxone prescribing during the pandemic period. CONCLUSIONS Substantial increases in outpatient prescribing rates for azithromycin and ceftriaxone were observed in Brazil during the pandemic with prescribing rates being disproportionally different by age and sex. General practitioners and gynecologists were the most common prescribers of azithromycin and ceftriaxone during the pandemic, identifying them as potential specialties for antimicrobial stewardship interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Solanky
- International Infection Control Program, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Olivia L McGovern
- International Infection Control Program, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan R Edwards
- Surveillance Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Garrett Mahon
- International Infection Control Program, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- CACI International Inc., Reston, Virginia, USA
| | - Twisha S Patel
- International Infection Control Program, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Chenega Enterprise Systems and Solutions, Chesapeake, Virginia, USA
| | - Fernanda C Lessa
- International Infection Control Program, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauri A Hicks
- Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Payal K Patel
- International Infection Control Program, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Pereira ML, Mothé DA, Pinheiro KS, Gonçalves SS, Santos KV. Antibiotic dispensing during first year of COVID-19 pandemic in Brazilian public hospitals. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:639-647. [PMID: 37449879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic dispensation in three Brazilian hospitals. Methods: Stock movement was accessed from pharmacy databases and microbiological reports from 2018 to 2021. Results: Reduced antibiotic dispensation occurred during 2020 in all hospitals. The most significant reduction was in April at Hospital Doutor Jayme dos Santos Neves (∼58%), and in May at Hospital Doutor Roberto Arnizaut Silvares (∼66%) and Hospital Doutor Dório Silva (∼29%). However, azithromycin dispensation increased in all hospitals in 2020. Macrolide-resistant bacterial isolates rose from 66.6% in 2019 to 77.1% in 2020 and 88.3% in 2021. Conclusion: Despite reduced antibiotic dispensation, the increase in azithromycin consumption in 2020 highlights the urgency to monitor macrolide resistance after the pandemic and improve stewardship activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ls Pereira
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Davi Ac Mothé
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Kézia S Pinheiro
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Sarah S Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Kênia V Santos
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo, 29040-090, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Hayes KN, Riester MR, Silva JBB, Cupp MA, Lee Y, Zullo AR. Trends in COVID-19-related Medication Use in US Nursing Homes, 2018-2022. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2023:S1525-8610(23)00476-0. [PMID: 37336494 PMCID: PMC10209440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about how COVID-19 treatment patterns have evolved over time in nursing homes (NHs) despite the devastating effects of COVID-19 in this setting. The aim was to describe changes in COVID-19-related medication use over time among NH residents in the United States. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This study used electronic health records (EHR) from 11 different US NH corporations between January 1, 2018, and March 31, 2022. METHODS The use of medications approved for COVID-19-related conditions or known to be used off-label for COVID-19 during the study period is identified. We described trends in the use of each drug and combined use per 1000 NH residents over calendar time (quarters [Q]). RESULTS A total of 59,022 unique residents with the use of an eligible medication were identified. Hydroxychloroquine use sharply increased from 9.8 in 2020Q1 to 30.2 orders per 1000 individuals in 2020Q2. Dexamethasone use increased sharply from 14.8 in 2020Q2 to a peak of 121.9 orders per 1000 individuals in 2020Q4. Azithromycin use increased from 44.1 in 2019Q3 to a peak of 99.9 orders per 1000 individuals in 2020Q4, with a drop in 2020Q3 of 51.3 per 1000 individuals in 2020Q3. Concurrent use of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine increased sharply from 0.3 in 2020Q1 to 10.6 orders per 1000 residents in 2020Q2 and then drastically decreased to 0.6 per 1000 residents in 2020Q3. Concurrent use of dexamethasone and azithromycin rose considerably from 0.7 in 2020Q2 to 28.2 orders per 1000 residents in 2020Q4. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS As in other settings, COVID-19-related medication use in NHs appears to have changed in response to the shifting evidence base and availability of medications during the pandemic. Providers should continue to diligently modify their prescribing as new evidence accrues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Kaleen N Hayes
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melissa R Riester
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joe B B Silva
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Meghan A Cupp
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Andrew R Zullo
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Lifespan-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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Okafor CM, Clogher P, Olson D, Niccolai L, Hadler J. Trends in and Risk Factors for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection, New Haven County, Connecticut, USA, 2015-2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29. [PMID: 37081745 PMCID: PMC10124664 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.221294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (RCDI) causes an increased burden on the healthcare system. We calculated RCDI incidence and identified factors associated with RCDI cases in New Haven County, Connecticut, USA, during 2015-2020 by using data from population-based laboratory surveillance. A subset of C. difficile cases had complete chart reviews conducted for RCDI and potentially associated variables. RCDI was defined as a positive C. difficile specimen occurring 2-8 weeks after incident C. difficile infection. We compared cases with and without RCDI by using multiple regression. RCDI occurred in 12.0% of 4,301 chart-reviewed C. difficile cases, showing a U-shaped time trend with a sharp increase in 2020, mostly because of an increase in hospital-onset cases. Malignancy (odds ratio 1.51 [95% CI 1.11-2.07]) and antecedent nitrofurantoin use (odds ratio 2.37 [95% CI 1.23-4.58]) were medical risk factors for RCDI. The 2020 increase may reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Peñalva G, Crespo-Rivas JC, Guisado-Gil AB, Rodríguez-Villodres Á, Pachón-Ibáñez ME, Cachero-Alba B, Rivas-Romero B, Gil-Moreno J, Galvá-Borras MI, García-Moreno M, Salamanca-Bautista MD, Martínez-Rascón MB, Cantudo-Cuenca MR, Ninahuaman-Poma RC, Enrique-Mirón MDLÁ, Pérez-Barroso A, Marín-Ariza I, González-Florido M, Mora-Santiago MDR, Belda-Rustarazo S, Expósito-Tirado JA, Rosso-Fernández CM, Gil-Navarro MV, Lepe-Jiménez JA, Cisneros JM. Clinical and Ecological Impact of an Educational Program to Optimize Antibiotic Treatments in Nursing Homes (PROA-SENIOR): A Cluster, Randomized, Controlled Trial and Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:824-832. [PMID: 36268822 PMCID: PMC9619844 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are recommended in nursing homes (NHs), although data are limited. We aimed to determine the clinical and ecological impact of an ASP for NHs. METHODS We performed a cluster, randomized, controlled trial and a before-after study with interrupted time-series analyses in 14 NHs for 30 consecutive months from July 2018 to December 2020 in Andalusia, Spain. Seven facilities implemented an ASP with a bundle of 5 educational measures (general ASP) and 7 added 1-to-1 educational interviews (experimental ASP). The primary outcome was the overall use of antimicrobials, calculated monthly as defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 resident days (DRD). RESULTS The total mean antimicrobial consumption decreased by 31.2% (-16.72 DRD; P = .045) with respect to the preintervention period; the overall use of quinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid dropped by 52.2% (P = .001) and 42.5% (P = .006), respectively; and the overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) decreased from 24.7% to 17.4% (P = .012). During the intervention period, 12.5 educational interviews per doctor were performed in the experimental ASP group; no differences were found in the total mean antimicrobial use between groups (-14.62 DRD; P = .25). Two unexpected coronavirus disease 2019 waves affected the centers increasing the overall mean use of antimicrobials by 40% (51.56 DRD; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that an ASP for NHs appears to be associated with a decrease in total consumption of antimicrobials and prevalence of MDROs. This trial did not find benefits associated with educational interviews, probably due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03543605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Peñalva
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spanish National Research Council, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Crespo-Rivas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spanish National Research Council, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Guisado-Gil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spanish National Research Council, University of Seville, Spain.,Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain.,CIBERINFECT, Center for Biomedical Research Network on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Villodres
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spanish National Research Council, University of Seville, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Pachón-Ibáñez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spanish National Research Council, University of Seville, Spain.,CIBERINFECT, Center for Biomedical Research Network on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - María Victoria Gil-Navarro
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain.,CIBERINFECT, Center for Biomedical Research Network on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Lepe-Jiménez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spanish National Research Council, University of Seville, Spain.,CIBERINFECT, Center for Biomedical Research Network on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cisneros
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spanish National Research Council, University of Seville, Spain.,CIBERINFECT, Center for Biomedical Research Network on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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Belkin A, Leibowitz A, Shargian L, Yahav D. The unique presentation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in patients with B-cell depletion: definition of 'persistent inflammatory sero-negative COVID'. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1-3. [PMID: 36209993 PMCID: PMC9535925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belkin
- Medicine D, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel,Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel,Corresponding author: Ana Belkin, Internal medicine D Sheba Medical Center, 5262100 Ramat-Gan, Tel Hashomer, 5262100, Israel
| | - Avshalom Leibowitz
- Medicine D, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Shargian
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel,Institute of Haematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Dafna Yahav
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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11
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Lavu A, Janzen D, Aboulatta L, Peymani P, Haidar L, Desrochers B, Alessi-Severini S, Eltonsy S. Prescription trends of antiseizure medications before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1135962. [PMID: 37064207 PMCID: PMC10101333 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1135962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Given the lack of evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted antiseizure medication (ASM) use, we examined the trends of ASMs before and during COVID-19. Methods We conducted a population-based study using provincial-level health databases from Manitoba, Canada, between 1 June 2016 and 1 March 2021. We used interrupted time series autoregressive models to examine changes in the prevalence and incidence of ASM prescription rates associated with COVID-19 public health restrictions. Results Among prevalent users, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in new-generation ASMs with a percentage change of 0.09% (p = 0.03) and a significant decrease in incidence use of all ASMs with a percentage change of -4.35% (p = 0.04). Significant trend changes were observed in the prevalent use of new-generation ASMs (p = 0.04) and incidence use of all (p = 0.04) and new-generation ASMs (p = 0.02). Gabapentin and clonazepam prescriptions contributed 37% of prevalent and 54% of incident use. Conclusion With the introduction of public health measures during COVID-19, small but significant changes in the incident and prevalent use of ASM prescriptions were observed. Further studies are needed to examine whether barriers to medication access were associated with potential deterioration in seizure control among patients. Conference presentation The results from this study have been presented as an oral presentation at the 38th ICPE, International Society of Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) annual conference in Copenhagen.
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12
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Aboulatta L, Peymani P, Vaccaro C, Leong C, Kowalec K, Delaney J, Falk J, Alessi-Severini S, Aloud B, Eltonsy S. Drug utilization patterns before and during COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba, Canada: A population-based study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278072. [PMID: 36441676 PMCID: PMC9704650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has led the Canadian provincial governments to take unprecedented measures, including restrictions to healthcare services and pharmacists. Limited evidence exists on changes in prescription trends in Canada during the pandemic period. OBJECTIVES To examine the trend of prescription medications' utilization before and during COVID-19, among incident and prevalent users in the general population. We examined 18 major classes of medications. METHODS We used the administrative health databases from the province of Manitoba, Canada, to conduct a province-wide cross-sectional study. Incident and prevalent use was compared between two time periods; pre-COVID-19: July 2016-March 2020 and during COVID-19: April 2020-March 2021. Interrupted time series analysis using autoregressive models was used to quantify the change in level and slope in quarterly medication use among incident and prevalent users. RESULTS The quarterly study population ranged from 1,353,485 to 1,411,630 Manitobans. The most common comorbidities were asthma (26.67%), hypertension (20.64%), and diabetes (8.31%). On average, the pandemic restrictions resulted in a 45.55% and 12.17% relative decline in the aggregated utilization of all drugs among both incident and prevalent users, respectively. Subclass analysis showed a 46.83%, 23.05%, and 30.98% relative drop among incident users of antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs and opioids use, respectively. We observed a significant slope increase during COVID-19 among the quarterly cardiovascular, antidiabetics, alpha-1 blockers, and statins incident users compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. We noted a significant decrease in level among NSAIDs, opioids, and antibiotic prevalent users, however, no significant changes in slope were observed. CONCLUSION Our findings show a significant impact of COVID-19 measures on prescription trends in the general population. The observed decline among several medication classes was temporary. Further research is needed to monitor prescription trends and better understand if those changes were associated with increased health services and worsened outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Aboulatta
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Payam Peymani
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Christine Vaccaro
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Christine Leong
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kaarina Kowalec
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Delaney
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jamie Falk
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Silvia Alessi-Severini
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Basma Aloud
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sherif Eltonsy
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Redwood R, Schulz LT, Pop-Vicas A, Pulia MS. A Perfect Storm: COVID-19 and Antimicrobial Resistance. EMJ. MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 2022:10.33590/emjmicrobiolinfectdis/22-00082. [PMID: 36632082 PMCID: PMC9828457 DOI: 10.33590/emjmicrobiolinfectdis/22-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, infectious disease and public health experts have recognised antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and resulting infections due to multidrug resistant organisms as a persistent and increasingly urgent threat to public health at the local, national, and global level. The years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic were marked by important victories in the battle against AMR, including a surge in scientific inquiry on the topic, the development of multinational best practice consensus statements, the establishment of regional and global venues to share information, and a partially-funded commitment by world leaders to address the topic in a serious and sustained manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Redwood
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
| | - Lucas T Schulz
- UW Health University Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Aurora Pop-Vicas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
| | - Michael S. Pulia
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
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14
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Azithromycin through the Lens of the COVID-19 Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081063. [PMID: 36009932 PMCID: PMC9404997 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin has become famous in the last two years, not for its main antimicrobial effect, but for its potential use as a therapeutic agent for COVID-19 infection. Initially, there were some promising results that supported its use, but it has become clear that scientific results are insufficient to support such a positive assessment. In this review we will present all the literature data concerning the activity of azithromycin as an antimicrobial, an anti-inflammatory, or an antivirus agent. Our aim is to conclude whether its selection should remain as a valuable antivirus agent or if its use simply has an indirect therapeutic contribution due to its antimicrobial and/or immunomodulatory activity, and therefore, if its further use for COVID-19 treatment should be interrupted. This halt will prevent further antibiotic resistance expansion and will keep azithromycin as a valuable anti-infective therapeutic agent.
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A Time Series Analysis Evaluating Antibiotic Prescription Rates in Long-Term Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081001. [PMID: 35892391 PMCID: PMC9330385 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affected access to care, and the associated public health measures influenced the transmission of other infectious diseases. The pandemic has dramatically changed antibiotic prescribing in the community. We aimed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting control measures on oral antibiotic prescribing in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Alberta and Ontario, Canada using linked administrative data. Antibiotic prescription data were collected for LTCF residents 65 years and older in Alberta and Ontario from 1 January 2017 until 31 December 2020. Weekly prescription rates per 1000 residents, stratified by age, sex, antibiotic class, and selected individual agents, were calculated. Interrupted time series analyses using SARIMA models were performed to test for changes in antibiotic prescription rates after the start of the pandemic (1 March 2020). The average annual cohort size was 18,489 for Alberta and 96,614 for Ontario. A significant decrease in overall weekly prescription rates after the start of the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic was found in Alberta, but not in Ontario. Furthermore, a significant decrease in prescription rates was observed for antibiotics mainly used to treat respiratory tract infections: amoxicillin in both provinces (Alberta: −0.6 per 1000 LTCF residents decrease in weekly prescription rate, p = 0.006; Ontario: −0.8, p < 0.001); and doxycycline (−0.2, p = 0.005) and penicillin (−0.04, p = 0.014) in Ontario. In Ontario, azithromycin was prescribed at a significantly higher rate after the start of the pandemic (0.7 per 1000 LTCF residents increase in weekly prescription rate, p = 0.011). A decrease in prescription rates for antibiotics that are largely used to treat respiratory tract infections is in keeping with the lower observed rates for respiratory infections resulting from pandemic control measures. The results should be considered in the contexts of different LTCF systems and provincial public health responses to the pandemic.
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Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zheng K, Thai S, Simpson RJ, Kinlaw AC, Xu Y, Wei J, Cui X, Buse JB, Stürmer T, Wang T. Serious Cardiovascular Adverse Events Associated with Hydroxychloroquine/Chloroquine Alone or with Azithromycin in Patients with COVID-19: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Drugs Real World Outcomes 2022; 9:231-241. [PMID: 35386046 PMCID: PMC8985751 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-022-00300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine (HCQ/CQ) as monotherapy or combined with azithromycin for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may increase the risk of serious cardiovascular adverse events (SCAEs). OBJECTIVE Our objective was to describe and evaluate the risk of SCAEs with HCQ/CQ as monotherapy or combined with azithromycin compared with that for therapeutic alternatives. METHODS We performed a disproportionality analysis and descriptive case series using the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. RESULTS Compared with remdesivir, HCQ/CQ was associated with increased reporting of SCAEs (reporting odds ratio [ROR] 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-2.5), torsade de pointes (TdP)/QTc prolongation (ROR 35.4; 95% CI 19.4-64.5), and ventricular arrhythmia (ROR 2.5; 95% CI 1.6-3.9); similar results were found in comparison with other therapeutic alternatives. Compared with lopinavir/ritonavir, HCQ/CQ was associated with increased reporting of ventricular arrhythmia (ROR 10.5; 95% CI 3.3-33.4); RORs were larger when HCQ/CQ was used in combination with azithromycin. In 2020, 312 of the 575 reports of SCAEs listed concomitant use of HCQ/CQ and azithromycin, including QTc prolongation (61.4%), ventricular arrhythmia (12.0%), atrial fibrillation (8.2%), TdP (4.9%), and cardiac arrest (4.4%); 88 (15.3%) cases resulted in hospitalization and 79 (13.7%) resulted in death. In total, 122 fatal QTc prolongation-related cardiovascular reports were associated with 1.4 times higher odds of reported death than those induced by SCAEs; 87 patients received more than one QTc-prolonging agent. CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with HCQ/CQ monotherapy or HCQ/CQ + azithromycin may be at increased risk of SCAEs, TdP/QTc prolongation, and ventricular arrhythmia. Cardiovascular risks need to be considered when evaluating the benefit/harm balance of treatment with HCQ/CQ, especially with the concurrent use of QTc-prolonging agents and cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors when treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sydney Thai
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Campus Box 7453, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Ross J Simpson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alan C Kinlaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, USA
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingkai Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Xiangli Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - John B Buse
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Til Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Campus Box 7453, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Campus Box 7453, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Blaszczyk AT, Sandlin K, Mirza S, Hernandez L, Bader H, Hall RG. Potential for Drug Interactions and Polypharmacy from Treatment of COVID-19 in Long-term Care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2022; 23:949-950. [PMID: 35504327 PMCID: PMC8983604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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