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Palande A, Patil S, Veeram A, Sahoo SS, Lodhiya T, Maurya P, Muralikrishnan B, Chugh J, Mukherjee R. Proteomic Analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Outer Membrane for Potential Implications in Uptake of Small Molecules. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:890-906. [PMID: 38400924 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Increased resistance to current antimycobacterial agents and a potential bias toward relatively hydrophobic chemical entities highlight an urgent need to understand how current anti-TB drugs enter the tubercle bacilli. While inner membrane proteins are well-studied, how small molecules cross the impenetrable outer membrane remains unknown. Here, we employed mass spectrometry-based proteomics to show that octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside selectively extracts the outer membrane proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Differentially expressed proteins between nutrient-replete and nutrient-depleted conditions were enriched to identify proteins involved in nutrient uptake. We demonstrate cell surface localization of seven new proteins using immunofluorescence and show that overexpression of the proteins LpqY and ProX leads to hypersensitivity toward streptomycin, while overexpression of SubI, SpmT, and Rv2041 exhibited higher membrane permeability, assessed through an EtBr accumulation assay. Further, proton NMR metabolomics suggests the role of six outer membrane proteins in glycerol uptake. This study identifies several outer membrane proteins that are involved in the permeation of small hydrophilic molecules and are potential targets for enhancing the uptake and efficacy of anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Palande
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Saniya Patil
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Anjali Veeram
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Soumya Swastik Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411008, India
| | - Tejan Lodhiya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Pankaj Maurya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Balaji Muralikrishnan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Jeetender Chugh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411008, India
| | - Raju Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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Asif M, Qusty NF, Alghamdi S. An Overview of Various Rifampicin Analogs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their Drug Interactions. Med Chem 2024; 20:268-292. [PMID: 37855280 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064260853230926080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The success of the TB control program is hampered by the major issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). The situation has undoubtedly been made more difficult by the widespread and multidrug-resistant (XDR) strains of TB. The modification of existing anti-TB medications to produce derivatives that can function on resistant TB bacilli is one of the potential techniques to overcome drug resistance affordably and straightforwardly. In comparison to novel pharmaceuticals for drug research and progress, these may have a better half-life and greater bioavailability, be more efficient, and serve as inexpensive alternatives. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is drugsusceptible or drug-resistant, is effectively treated by several already prescribed medications and their derivatives. Due to this, the current review attempts to give a brief overview of the rifampicin derivatives that can overcome the parent drug's resistance and could, hence, act as useful substitutes. It has been found that one-third of the global population is affected by M. tuberculosis. The most common cause of infection-related death can range from latent TB to TB illness. Antibiotics in the rifamycin class, including rifampicin or rifampin (RIF), rifapentine (RPT), and others, have a special sterilizing effect on M. tuberculosis. We examine research focused on evaluating the safety, effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, risk of medication interactions, and other characteristics of RIF analogs. Drug interactions are especially difficult with RIF because it must be taken every day for four months to treat latent TB infection. RIF continues to be the gold standard of treatment for drug-sensitive TB illness. RIF's safety profile is well known, and the two medicines' adverse reactions have varying degrees of frequency. The authorized once-weekly RPT regimen is insufficient, but greater dosages of either medication may reduce the amount of time needed to treat TB effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naeem F Qusty
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al‒Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al‒Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
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Quimque MTJ, Go AD, Lim JAK, Vidar WS, Macabeo APG. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibitors Based on Arylated Quinoline Carboxylic Acid Backbones with Anti- Mtb Gyrase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11632. [PMID: 37511390 PMCID: PMC10380224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
New antitubercular agents with either a novel mode of action or novel mode of inhibition are urgently needed to overcome the threat of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). The present study profiles new arylated quinoline carboxylic acids (QCAs) having activity against replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. Thus, the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro screening (MABA and LORA) of 48 QCAs modified with alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, halogens, and nitro groups in the quinoline ring led to the discovery of two QCA derivatives, 7i and 7m, adorned with C-2 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)/C-6 1-butyl and C-2 22-(phenanthren-3-yl)/C-6 isopropyl, respectively, as the best Mtb inhibitors. DNA gyrase inhibition was shown to be exhibited by both, with QCA 7m illustrating better activity up to a 1 μM test concentration. Finally, a docking model for both compounds with Mtb DNA gyrase was developed, and it showed a good correlation with in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tristan J Quimque
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (Rm. 410), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Adrian D Go
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (Rm. 410), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Justin Allen K Lim
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (Rm. 410), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Warren S Vidar
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (Rm. 410), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Allan Patrick G Macabeo
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (Rm. 410), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
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Hepatocellular Injury in Children Treated for Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis: Incidence, Etiology and Outcome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:953-958. [PMID: 36102699 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular injury has been reported commonly in adults on rifampicin-resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB) treatment. However, there are limited data in children. METHODS Two pharmacokinetic studies of children (0-17 years) routinely treated for RR/MDR-TB were conducted in Cape Town, South Africa between October 2011 and February 2020. Hepatocellular injury adverse events (AEs; defined as elevated alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) were documented serially. Data were analyzed to determine the incidence, etiology, risk factors, management and outcome of ALT elevation. RESULTS A total of 217 children, median age 3.6 years (interquartile range, 1.7-7.1 years) at enrollment were included. The median follow-up time was 14.0 months (interquartile range, 9.8-17.2 months). Fifty-five (25.3%) patients developed an ALT AE. Of these, 43 of 55 (78%) patients had 54 ALT AEs attributed to their RR/MDR-TB treatment. The incidence rate of ALT AEs related to RR-TB treatment was 22.4 per 100 person-years. Positive HIV status and having an elevated ALT at enrollment were associated with time to ALT AE attributed to RR/MDR-TB treatment, with P values 0.0427 and P < 0.0001, respectively. Hepatitis A IgM was positive in 11 of 14 (78.6%) severe (grade ≥3) cases of ALT AEs. In 8 of 14 (57%) severe ALT AEs, hepatotoxic drugs were stopped or temporarily interrupted. None had a fatal or unresolved outcome. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocellular injury in children on RR/MDR-TB treatment is common, although usually mild; having elevated ALT early in treatment and HIV-positive status are possible risk factors. Hepatitis A was a common etiology of severe ALT AE in children treated for RR/MDR-TB.
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Alghamdi S, Asif M. Pyrazinamide Analogs Designed for Rational Drug Designing Strategies against Resistant Tuberculosis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kuang W, Zhang H, Wang X, Yang P. Overcoming Mycobacterium tuberculosis through small molecule inhibitors to break down cell wall synthesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3201-3214. [PMID: 35967276 PMCID: PMC9366312 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) utilizes multiple mechanisms to obtain antibiotic resistance during the treatment of infections. In addition, the biofilms, secreted by MTB, can further protect the latter from the contact with drug molecules and immune cells. These self-defending mechanisms lay a formidable challenge to develop effective therapeutic agents against chronic and recurring antibiotic-tolerant MTB infections. Although several inexpensive and effective drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) have been discovered for the treatment regimen, MTB continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Antibiotic resistance and tolerance remain major global issues, and innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to address the challenges associated with pathogenic bacteria. Gratifyingly, the cell wall synthesis of tubercle bacilli requires the participation of many enzymes which exclusively exist in prokaryotic organisms. These enzymes, absent in human hepatocytes, are recognized as promising targets to develop anti-tuberculosis drug. In this paper, we discussed the critical roles of potential drug targets in regulating cell wall synthesis of MTB. And also, we systematically reviewed the advanced development of novel bioactive compounds or drug leads for inhibition of cell wall synthesis, including their discovery, chemical modification, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Treatment Outcomes and Adverse Drug Effects of Ethambutol, Cycloserine, and Terizidone for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.00744-20. [PMID: 33046491 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00744-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment outcomes among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients receiving ethambutol, cycloserine, or terizidone as part of a standardized regimen were compared, determining occurrence of serious adverse drug events (SADEs). Newly diagnosed adult MDR-TB patients were enrolled between 2000 and 2004, receiving a standardized multidrug regimen for 18 to 24 months, including ethambutol, cycloserine, or terizidone. Cycloserine and terizidone were recorded individually. SADEs and factors associated with culture conversion and unfavorable treatment outcomes (default, death, treatment failure) were determined. Of 858 patients, 435 (51%) received ethambutol, 278 (32%) received cycloserine, and 145 (17%) received terizidone. Demographic and baseline clinical data were comparable. Successful treatment occurred in 56%, significantly more in patients receiving cycloserine (60%) and terizidone (62%) than in those receiving ethambutol (52% [P = 0.03]). Defaults rates were 30% in ethambutol patients versus 15% and 11% for cycloserine and terizidone patients, respectively. Terizidone was associated with fewer unfavorable outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.4; P = 0.008; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2 to 0.8). Patients receiving cycloserine were more likely to achieve culture conversion than those receiving ethambutol or terizidone (AOR, 2.2; P = 0.02; 95% CI, 1.12 to 4.38). Failure to convert increased the odds of unfavorable outcomes (AOR, 23.7; P < 0.001; 95% CI, 13 to 44). SADEs were reported in two patients receiving ethambutol, seven patients receiving cycloserine, and three receiving terizidone (P = 0.05). Ethambutol was associated with high culture conversion and default rates. Cycloserine achieved higher culture conversion rates than terizidone. Fewer patients on terizidone experienced SADEs, with lower default rates. The differences that we observed between cycloserine and terizidone require further elucidation.
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8
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Kumar G, Shankar R. 2-Isoxazolines: A Synthetic and Medicinal Overview. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:430-447. [PMID: 33029886 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Isoxazolines are nitrogen- and oxygen-containing five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds with extensive biological activities. This framework can be readily obtained in good to excellent yields through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between nitrones with alkynes or allenes, aryl/alkyl halides, alkynes, and oxaziridines under mild conditions. This scaffold has been an emerging area of interest for many researchers given their wide range of bioactivities. Herein we review synthetic strategies toward isoxazolines and the role these efforts have had in enhancing the biological activity of natural products and synthetic compounds such as antitubercular agents, COX-1 inhibitors, COX-2 inhibitors (e. g., valdecoxib), nicotinic receptor modulators, and MIF inhibitors. With a focus on efforts from 2010 onward, this review provides in-depth coverage of the design and biological evaluation of isoxazoline systems and their impact on various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Campus, Jammu, 180001, India.,Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Campus, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Campus, Jammu, 180001, India.,Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Campus, Jammu, 180001, India
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10
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Walsh KF, Vilbrun SC, Souroutzidis A, Delva S, Joissaint G, Mathurin L, Ocheretina O, Cremieux P, Pape JW, Koenig SP. Improved Outcomes With High-dose Isoniazid in Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in Haiti. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:717-719. [PMID: 30698688 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report outcomes for a cohort of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis who received high-dose isoniazid in Haiti. Patients who received high-dose isoniazid had a faster time to culture conversion and higher odds of successful outcome, despite high-level isoniazid resistance. This suggests high-dose isoniazid may have effectiveness even with phenotypic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Walsh
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Stalz Charles Vilbrun
- The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Ariadne Souroutzidis
- Analysis Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sobieskye Delva
- The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Guy Joissaint
- The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Laurent Mathurin
- The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Oksana Ocheretina
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Pierre Cremieux
- Analysis Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean William Pape
- The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Serena P Koenig
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Parker CJ, Desnick RJ, Bissel MD, Bloomer JR, Singal A, Gouya L, Puy H, Anderson KE, Balwani M, Phillips JD. Results of a pilot study of isoniazid in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:309-313. [PMID: 31395332 PMCID: PMC6911826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), the most common porphyria of childhood and the third most common porphyria of adulthood, is characterized clinically by painful, non-blistering cutaneous photosensitivity. Two distinct inheritance patterns involving mutations affecting genes that encode enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway underlie the clinical phenotype. Aminolevulinic acid synthase 2 (ALAS2), the rate limiting enzyme of the heme pathway in the erythron, is a therapeutic target in EPP because inhibiting enzyme function would reduce downstream production of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), preventing accumulation of the toxic molecule and thereby ameliorating symptoms. Isoniazid (INH) is widely used for treatment of latent and active M. tuberculosis (TB). Sideroblastic anemia is observed in some patients taking INH, and studies have shown that this process is a consequence of inhibition of ALAS2 by INH. Based on these observations, we postulated that INH might have therapeutic activity in patients with EPP. We challenged this hypothesis in a murine model of EPP and showed that, after 4 weeks of treatment with INH, both plasma PPIX and hepatic PPIX were significantly reduced. Next, we tested the effect of INH on patients with EPP. After eight weeks, no significant difference in plasma or red cell PPIX was observed among the 15 patients enrolled in the study. These results demonstrate that while INH can lower PPIX in an animal model of EPP, the standard dose used to treat TB is insufficient to affect levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Parker
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Joseph R Bloomer
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Ashwani Singal
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Laurent Gouya
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, INSERM U1149 CNRS ERL 8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Herve Puy
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, INSERM U1149 CNRS ERL 8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Karl E Anderson
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John D Phillips
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America.
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Rasool N, Husssain W, Khan YD. Revelation of enzyme activity of mutant pyrazinamidases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon binding with various metals using quantum mechanical approach. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107108. [PMID: 31442707 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is one of the most potent bacteriostatic drug against tuberculosis, a deadliest disease with high mortality and morbidity rate. PZA metabolizes into its active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) with the help of a metalloenzyme, pyrazinamidase (PZase). Mutagenicity and metal substitution in PZase weakens the binding of PZA with PZase and increases the drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The present study aims at the quantum mechanistic analysis of mutant-metal substituted PZase complexes by studying the mechanics of metals and PZA binding at MCS and catalytic site, respectively. A total of 66 complexes are scrutinised in this study to elucidate the effect of mutations on the enzymatic function of PZase. Among the 10 mutations considered in this study, 7 different mutations i.e. Asp49 → Asn, His51 → Arg, Gly78 → Cys, Asp12 → Gly, Asp12 → Ala, Thr135 → Pro and Asp136 → Gly cause a detrimental effect on the activity of PZase. In addition to this, the substitution of iron with cobalt enhances the enzymatic activity of both wild type and mutant PZase while zinc, magnesium and copper reduce it. Based on these results, it is concluded that upon substitution of iron with zinc, magnesium and copper, PZase cannot function properly. Due to mutations, the reactivity of the drug also reduces as its binding with PZase weakens and this phenomenon enhances the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouman Rasool
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Waqar Husssain
- Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yaser Daanial Khan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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13
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Prieri M, Frita R, Probst N, Sournia-Saquet A, Bourotte M, Déprez B, Baulard AR, Willand N. Efficient analoging around ethionamide to explore thioamides bioactivation pathways triggered by boosters in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 159:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Rasool N, Iftikhar S, Amir A, Hussain W. Structural and quantum mechanical computations to elucidate the altered binding mechanism of metal and drug with pyrazinamidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to mutagenicity. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 80:126-131. [PMID: 29331879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazinamide is known to be the most effective treatment against tuberculosis disease and is known to have bacteriostatic action. By targeting the bacterial spores, this drug reduces the chances for the progression of the infection in organisms. In recent years, increased instances of the drug resistance of bacterial strains are reported. Pyrazinamidase, activator for pyrazinamide, leads to resistance against the drug due to mutagenicity across the world. The present study aimed at the quantum mechanistic analysis of mutations in pyrazinamidase to gain insights into the mechanism of this enzyme. Quantum mechanical calculations were performed to analyse the effect of mutations at the metal coordination site using ORCA software program. Moreover, conformational changes in PZase binding cavity has also been analysed due to mutations of binding pocket residues using CASTp server. In order to elucidate the behaviour of the mutant pyrazinamidase, docking of PZA in the binding pocket of PZase was performed using AutoDock Vina. Analysis of results revealed that iron showed weak binding with the metal coordination site of the mutant proteins due to alteration in electron transfer mechanism. The binding cavity of the mutant PZase has undergone major conformational changes as the volume of pocket increased due to bulky R-chains of mutated amino acids. These conformational changes lead to weak binding of the drug at binding cavity of PZase and reduce the drug activation mechanism leading to increased drug resistance in the bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouman Rasool
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| | - Saima Iftikhar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Anam Amir
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Waqar Hussain
- Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
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15
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Gumbo T, Makhene MK, Seddon JA. Partnerships to Design Novel Regimens to Treat Childhood Tuberculosis, Sui Generis: The Road Ahead. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 63:S110-S115. [PMID: 27742642 PMCID: PMC5064159 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent expansion of preclinical models to predict the efficacy of regimens to treat adults with tuberculosis. Despite increasing global interest in childhood tuberculosis, these same tools have not been employed to develop pediatric regimens. Children differ from adults in bacillary burden, spectrum of disease, the metabolism and distribution of antituberculosis drugs, and the toxicity experienced. The studies documented in this series describe a proof-of-concept approach to pediatric regimen development. We propose a program of investigation that would take this forward into a systematic and comprehensive method to find optimal drug combinations to use in children, ideal exposures, and required dosing. Although the number of possible drug combinations is extensive, a series of principles could be employed to select likely effective regimens. Regimens should avoid drugs with overlapping toxicity or linked mechanisms of resistance and should aim to include drugs with different mechanisms of action and ones that are able to target different subpopulations of mycobacteria. Finally drugs should penetrate into body sites necessary for treating pediatric disease. At an early stage, this body of work would need to engage with regulatory agencies and bodies that formulate guidelines, so that once regimens and dosages are identified, translation into clinical studies and clinical practice can be rapid. The development of child-friendly drug formulations would need to be carried out in parallel so that pharmacokinetic studies can be undertaken as formulations are created. Significant research and development would be required and a wide range of stakeholders would need to be engaged. The time is right to consider a more thoughtful and systematic approach toward identifying, testing, and comparing combinations of drugs for children with tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda Gumbo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mamodikoe K Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James A Seddon
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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16
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Schechter MC, Bizune D, Kagei M, Machaidze M, Holland DP, Oladele A, Wang YF, Rebolledo PA, Ray SM, Kempker RR. Time to Sputum Culture Conversion and Treatment Outcomes Among Patients with Isoniazid-Resistant Tuberculosis in Atlanta, Georgia. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1862-1871. [PMID: 29020173 PMCID: PMC5850645 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis is more common than multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, it has been much less studied. We examined the impact of isoniazid resistance and treatment regimen, including use of a fluoroquinolone, on clinical outcomes. METHODS A retrospective cohort study among patients with sputum culture-positive tuberculosis was performed. Early fluoroquinolone (FQ) use was defined as receiving ≥5 doses during the first month of treatment. The primary outcome was time to sputum culture conversion (tSCC). A multivariate proportional hazards model was used to determine the association of isoniazid resistance with tSCC. RESULTS Among 236 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 59 (25%) had isoniazid resistance. The median tSCC was similar for isoniazid-resistant and -susceptible cases (35 vs 29 days; P = .39), and isoniazid resistance was not associated with tSCC in multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], .59-1.17). Early FQ use was higher in isoniazid-resistant than -susceptible cases (20% vs 10%; P = .05); however, it was not significantly associated with tSCC in univariate analysis (hazard ratio = 1.48; 95% CI, .95-2.28). Patients with isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis were treated with regimens containing rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol +/- a FQ for a median of 9.7 months. Overall, 191 (83%) patients were cured. There was no difference in initial treatment outcomes; however, all cases of acquired-drug resistance (n = 1) and recurrence (n = 3) occurred among patients with isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant association with isoniazid resistance and tSCC or initial treatment outcomes. Although patients with isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis had a high cure rate, the cases of recurrence and acquired drug resistance are concerning and highlight the need for longer-term follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C Schechter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - David P Holland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine
- Communicable Disease Prevention Branch, Fulton County Health Department of Health and Wellness, Atlanta
| | | | - Yun F Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paulina A Rebolledo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine
- Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Susan M Ray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Russell R Kempker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine
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17
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The utility of pharmacokinetic studies for the evaluation of exposure-response relationships for standard dose anti-tuberculosis drugs. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017. [PMID: 29523331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem. Many countries still fall below the minimum World Health Organization (WHO) TB treatment target success rate. There is conflicting evidence about whether concentrations of anti-tuberculosis drugs given at standard doses have an effect on treatment outcomes. The current data correlating anti-TB drug concentrations and treatment outcome is limited. This article summarized the existing literature and their utility in evaluating the association between each anti-TB drug's concentrations using current target concentrations and treatment outcomes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis receiving standard WHO-recommended dosing.
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18
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Aggarwal M, Singh A, Grover S, Pandey B, Kumari A, Grover A. Role of pncA gene mutations W68R and W68G in pyrazinamide resistance. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2567-2578. [PMID: 28980723 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resistance toward anti-tuberculosis drugs is a widespread problem. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a first line antitubercular drug that kills semi-dormant bacilli when converted into its activated form, that is, pyrazinoic acid (POA) by Pyrazinamidase (PZase) enzyme coded by pncA gene. In this study, we conducted several analyses on native and mutant structures (W68R, W68G) of PZase before and after docking with the PZA drug to explore the molecular mechanism behind PZA resistance caused due to pncA mutations. Structural changes caused by mutations were studied with respect to their effects on functionality of protein. Docking was performed to analyze the protein-drug binding and comparative analysis was done to observe how the mutations affect drug binding affinity and binding site on protein. Native PZase protein was observed to have the maximum binding affinity in terms of docking score as well as shape complementarity in comparison to the mutant forms. Molecular dynamics simulation analyses showed that mutation in the 68th residue of protein results in a structural change at its active site which further affects the biological function of protein, that is, conversion of PZA to POA. Mutations in the protein thereby led to PZA resistance in the bacterium due to the inefficient binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Aggarwal
- Ami, ty Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharati Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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19
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Xu Y, Wu J, Liao S, Sun Z. Treating tuberculosis with high doses of anti-TB drugs: mechanisms and outcomes. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:67. [PMID: 28974222 PMCID: PMC5627446 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered as one of the most serious threats to public health in many parts of the world. The threat is even more severe in the developing countries where there is a lack of advanced medical amenities and contemporary anti-TB drugs. In such situations, dosage optimization of existing medication regimens seems to be the only viable option. Therapeutic drug monitoring study results suggest that high-dose treatment regimens can compensate the low serum concentration of anti-TB drugs and shorten the therapy duration. The article presents a critical review on the possible changes that occur in the host and the pathogen upon the administration of standard and high-dose regimens. Some of the most common factors that are responsible for low anti-TB drug concentrations in the serum are differences in hosts' body weight, metabolic processing of the drug, malabsorption and/or drug-drug interaction. Furthermore, failure to reach the cavitary pulmonary and extrapulmonary tissues also contributes to the therapeutic inefficiency of the drugs. In such conditions, administration of higher doses can help in compensating the pathogenic outcomes of enhancement of the pathogen's physical barriers, efflux pumps and genetic mutations. The present article also presents a summary of the recorded treatment outcomes of clinical trials that were conducted to test the efficacy of administration of high dose of anti-tuberculosis drugs. This review will help physicians across the globe to understand the underlying pathophysiological changes (including side effects) that dictate the clinical outcomes in patients administered with standard and/or high dose anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jianan Wu
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 9 Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Sha Liao
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 9 Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 9 Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China.
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20
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Abstract
This is a review of the preclinical efficacy testing of new antituberculosis drug candidates. It describes existing dynamic in vitro and in vivo models of antituberculosis chemotherapy and their utility in preclinical evaluations of promising new drugs and combination regimens, with an effort to highlight recent developments. Emphasis is given to the integration of quantitative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses and the impact of lesion pathology on drug efficacy. Discussion also includes in vivo models of chemotherapy of latent tuberculosis infection.
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21
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Mishra SK, Tripathi G, Kishore N, Singh RK, Singh A, Tiwari VK. Drug development against tuberculosis: Impact of alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Nusrath Unissa A, Hanna LE. Molecular mechanisms of action, resistance, detection to the first-line anti tuberculosis drugs: Rifampicin and pyrazinamide in the post whole genome sequencing era. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Abel zur Wiesch P, Clarelli F, Cohen T. Using Chemical Reaction Kinetics to Predict Optimal Antibiotic Treatment Strategies. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005321. [PMID: 28060813 PMCID: PMC5257006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying optimal dosing of antibiotics has proven challenging-some antibiotics are most effective when they are administered periodically at high doses, while others work best when minimizing concentration fluctuations. Mechanistic explanations for why antibiotics differ in their optimal dosing are lacking, limiting our ability to predict optimal therapy and leading to long and costly experiments. We use mathematical models that describe both bacterial growth and intracellular antibiotic-target binding to investigate the effects of fluctuating antibiotic concentrations on individual bacterial cells and bacterial populations. We show that physicochemical parameters, e.g. the rate of drug transmembrane diffusion and the antibiotic-target complex half-life are sufficient to explain which treatment strategy is most effective. If the drug-target complex dissociates rapidly, the antibiotic must be kept constantly at a concentration that prevents bacterial replication. If antibiotics cross bacterial cell envelopes slowly to reach their target, there is a delay in the onset of action that may be reduced by increasing initial antibiotic concentration. Finally, slow drug-target dissociation and slow diffusion out of cells act to prolong antibiotic effects, thereby allowing for less frequent dosing. Our model can be used as a tool in the rational design of treatment for bacterial infections. It is easily adaptable to other biological systems, e.g. HIV, malaria and cancer, where the effects of physiological fluctuations of drug concentration are also poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Abel zur Wiesch
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fabrizio Clarelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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24
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Seddon JA, Schaaf HS. Drug-resistant tuberculosis and advances in the treatment of childhood tuberculosis. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2016; 8:20. [PMID: 28702299 PMCID: PMC5471710 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-016-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, interest in pediatric tuberculosis (TB) has increased dramatically, together with increased funding and research. We have a better understanding of the burden of childhood TB as well as a better idea of how to diagnose it. Our appreciation of pathophysiology is improved and with it investigators are beginning to consider pediatric TB as a heterogeneous entity, with different types and severity of disease being treated in different ways. There have been advances in how to treat both TB infection and TB disease caused by both drug-susceptible as well as drug-resistant organisms. Two completely novel drugs, bedaquiline and delamanid, have been developed, in addition to the use of older drugs that have been re-purposed. New regimens are being evaluated that have the potential to shorten treatment. Many of these drugs and regimens have first been investigated in adults with children an afterthought, but increasingly children are being considered at the outset and, in some instances studies are only conducted in children where pediatric-specific issues exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Seddon
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Simon Schaaf
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Garcia-Contreras L, Padilla-Carlin DJ, Sung J, VerBerkmoes J, Muttil P, Elbert K, Peloquin C, Edwards D, Hickey A. Pharmacokinetics of Ethionamide Delivered in Spray-Dried Microparticles to the Lungs of Guinea Pigs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:331-337. [PMID: 27842973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of ethionamide (ETH) in treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is limited by severe side effects. ETH disposition after pulmonary administration in spray-dried particles might minimize systemic exposure and side effects. To explore this hypothesis, spray-dried ETH particles were optimized for performance in a dry powder aerosol generator and exposure chamber. ETH particles were administered by the intravenous (IV), oral, or pulmonary routes to guinea pigs. ETH appearance in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissues was measured and subjected to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Dry powder aerosol generator dispersion of 20% ETH particles gave the highest dose at the exposure chamber ports and fine particle fraction of 72.3%. Pulmonary ETH was absorbed more rapidly and to a greater extent than orally administered drug. At Tmax, ETH concentrations were significantly higher in plasma than lungs from IV dosing, whereas insufflation lung concentrations were 5-fold higher than in plasma. AUC(0-t) (area under the curve) and apparent total body clearance (CL) were similar after IV administration and insufflation. AUC(0-t) after oral administration was 6- to 7-fold smaller and CL was 6-fold faster. Notably, ETH bioavailability after pulmonary administration was significantly higher (85%) than after oral administration (17%). These results suggest that pulmonary ETH delivery would potentially enhance efficacy for tuberculosis treatment given the high lung concentrations and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Garcia-Contreras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
| | - Danielle J Padilla-Carlin
- Center of Risk and Integrated Sciences, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Jean Sung
- Biomedical Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Pulmatrix, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421
| | - Jarod VerBerkmoes
- Biomedical Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Pavan Muttil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Katharina Elbert
- Biomedical Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Charles Peloquin
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - David Edwards
- Biomedical Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Anthony Hickey
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, RTP, Durham, North Carolina 27709
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26
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Pyrazinamide Resistance Assays and Two-Month Sputum Culture Status in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6766-6773. [PMID: 27600032 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00632-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing is the current "gold standard" for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptibility to antituberculous drugs. Pyrazinamide is one antituberculous drug for which the correlation between in vitro resistance and clinical outcomes remains unclear. Here we performed latent class analysis (LCA) to develop a consensus gold standard definition of pyrazinamide resistance using three paired standard pyrazinamide resistance assays. We then compared this consensus measure to the 2-month culture results for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) who were treated for 2 months with first-line antituberculous drugs before their resistance results were known. Among 121 patients with MDR-TB, 60 (49.6%) were resistant to pyrazinamide by the Wayne method (L. G. Wayne, Am Rev Respir Dis 109:147-151, 1974), 71 (58.7%) were resistant by the Bactec MGIT 960 method, and 68 (56.2%) were resistant by pncA sequencing. LCA grouped isolates with positive results by at least two assays into a category which we considered the "consensus gold standard" for pyrazinamide resistance. The sensitivity and specificity for this consensus gold standard were 82.4% and 92.5%, respectively, for the Wayne method; 95.6% and 88.7%, respectively, for the Bactec MGIT 960 method; and 92.6% and 90.6%, respectively, for pncA sequencing. After we adjusted for other factors associated with poor outcomes, including age, sex, alcohol use, and baseline ethambutol resistance, patients whose isolates were resistant by the LCA-derived consensus gold standard were more likely to be culture positive at 2 months with an odds ratio of 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 5.11), but this result was not statistically significant. These findings underscore the need for improved diagnostics for routine use in programmatic settings.
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27
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Seddon JA, McKenna L, Shah T, Kampmann B. Recent Developments and Future Opportunities in the Treatment of Tuberculosis in Children. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61Suppl 3:S188-99. [PMID: 26409282 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis in children accounts for a significant proportion of the overall burden of disease, and yet for many years research into pediatric treatment has been neglected. Recently, there have been major developments in our understanding of pediatric tuberculosis, and a large number of studies are under way or planned. New drugs and regimens are being evaluated, and older drugs are being repurposed. Shorter regimens with potentially fewer side effects are being assessed for the treatment and prevention of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis. It may be possible to tailor treatment so that children with less severe disease are given shorter regimens, and weekly dosing is under investigation for preventive therapy and for the continuation phase of treatment. The interaction with human immunodeficiency virus and the management of tuberculosis meningitis are also likely to be better understood. Exciting times lie ahead for pediatric tuberculosis, but much work remains to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Seddon
- Academic Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tejshri Shah
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Academic Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, United Kingdom Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia, Fajara
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28
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Gualano G, Capone S, Matteelli A, Palmieri F. New Antituberculosis Drugs: From Clinical Trial to Programmatic Use. Infect Dis Rep 2016; 8:6569. [PMID: 27403268 PMCID: PMC4927937 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2016.6569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases is challenging because it relies on second-line drugs that are less potent and more toxic than those used in the clinical management of drug-susceptible TB. Moreover, treatment outcomes for MDR-TB are generally poor compared to drug sensitive disease, highlighting the need for of new drugs. For the first time in more than 50 years, two new anti-TB drugs were approved and released. Bedaquiline is a first-in-class diarylquinoline compound that showed durable culture conversion at 24 weeks in phase IIb trials. Delamanid is the first drug of the nitroimidazole class to enter clinical practice. Similarly to bedaquiline results of phase IIb studies showed increased sputum-culture conversion at 2 months and better final treatment outcomes in patients with MDR-TB. Among repurposed drugs linezolid and carbapenems may represent a valuable drug to treat cases of MDR and extensively drug-resistant TB. The recommended regimen for MDR-TB is the combination of at least four drugs to which M. tuberculosis is likely to be susceptible for the duration of 20 months. Drugs are chosen with a stepwise selection process through five groups on the basis of efficacy, safety, and cost. Clinical phase III trials on new regimen are ongoing that could prove transformative against MDR-TB, by being shorter (six months), simpler (an all-oral regimen) and safer than current standard therapy. It is fundamental that the adoption of the new drugs is done responsibly to avoid inappropriate use. Concentration of in-patient MDR-TB treatment in specialized centers could be considered in countries with low numbers of cases in order to provide appropriate clinical case management and to prevent emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Gualano
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani , Rome
| | - Susanna Capone
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV and TB Elimination, University of Brescia , Italy
| | - Alberto Matteelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV and TB Elimination, University of Brescia , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani , Rome
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29
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Nusrath Unissa A, Hassan S, Indira Kumari V, Revathy R, Hanna LE. Insights into RpoB clinical mutants in mediating rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 67:20-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Phillips PPJ, Dooley KE, Gillespie SH, Heinrich N, Stout JE, Nahid P, Diacon AH, Aarnoutse RE, Kibiki GS, Boeree MJ, Hoelscher M. A new trial design to accelerate tuberculosis drug development: the Phase IIC Selection Trial with Extended Post-treatment follow-up (STEP). BMC Med 2016; 14:51. [PMID: 27004726 PMCID: PMC4804526 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard 6-month four-drug regimen for the treatment of drug-sensitive tuberculosis has remained unchanged for decades and is inadequate to control the epidemic. Shorter, simpler regimens are urgently needed to defeat what is now the world's greatest infectious disease killer. METHODS We describe the Phase IIC Selection Trial with Extended Post-treatment follow-up (STEP) as a novel hybrid phase II/III trial design to accelerate regimen development. In the Phase IIC STEP trial, the experimental regimen is given for the duration for which it will be studied in phase III (presently 3 or 4 months) and patients are followed for clinical outcomes of treatment failure and relapse for a total of 12 months from randomisation. Operating characteristics of the trial design are explored assuming a classical frequentist framework as well as a Bayesian framework with flat and sceptical priors. A simulation study is conducted using data from the RIFAQUIN phase III trial to illustrate how such a design could be used in practice. RESULTS With 80 patients per arm, and two (2.5 %) unfavourable outcomes in the STEP trial, there is a probability of 0.99 that the proportion of unfavourable outcomes in a potential phase III trial would be less than 12 % and a probability of 0.91 that the proportion of unfavourable outcomes would be less than 8 %. With six (7.5 %) unfavourable outcomes, there is a probability of 0.82 that the proportion of unfavourable outcomes in a potential phase III trial would be less than 12 % and a probability of 0.41 that it would be less than 8 %. Simulations using data from the RIFAQUIN trial show that a STEP trial with 80 patients per arm would have correctly shown that the Inferior Regimen should not proceed to phase III and would have had a high chance (0.88) of either showing that the Successful Regimen could proceed to phase III or that it might require further optimisation. CONCLUSIONS Collection of definitive clinical outcome data in a relatively small number of participants over only 12 months provides valuable information about the likelihood of success in a future phase III trial. We strongly believe that the STEP trial design described herein is an important tool that would allow for more informed decision-making and accelerate regimen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P. J. Phillips
- />MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London, WC2B 6NH UK
| | - Kelly E. Dooley
- />School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | | | - Norbert Heinrich
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- />German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason E. Stout
- />School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Payam Nahid
- />University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Andreas H. Diacon
- />Division of Physiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- />TASK Applied Science, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Rob E. Aarnoutse
- />Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gibson S. Kibiki
- />East African Health Research Commission (EAHRC), East African Community, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Martin J. Boeree
- />Department of Lung Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, UCCZ Dekkerswald, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- />German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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Abel Zur Wiesch P, Abel S, Gkotzis S, Ocampo P, Engelstädter J, Hinkley T, Magnus C, Waldor MK, Udekwu K, Cohen T. Classic reaction kinetics can explain complex patterns of antibiotic action. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:287ra73. [PMID: 25972005 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa8760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Finding optimal dosing strategies for treating bacterial infections is extremely difficult, and improving therapy requires costly and time-intensive experiments. To date, an incomplete mechanistic understanding of drug effects has limited our ability to make accurate quantitative predictions of drug-mediated bacterial killing and impeded the rational design of antibiotic treatment strategies. Three poorly understood phenomena complicate predictions of antibiotic activity: post-antibiotic growth suppression, density-dependent antibiotic effects, and persister cell formation. We show that chemical binding kinetics alone are sufficient to explain these three phenomena, using single-cell data and time-kill curves of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae exposed to a variety of antibiotics in combination with a theoretical model that links chemical reaction kinetics to bacterial population biology. Our model reproduces existing observations, has a high predictive power across different experimental setups (R(2) = 0.86), and makes several testable predictions, which we verified in new experiments and by analyzing published data from a clinical trial on tuberculosis therapy. Although a variety of biological mechanisms have previously been invoked to explain post-antibiotic growth suppression, density-dependent antibiotic effects, and especially persister cell formation, our findings reveal that a simple model that considers only binding kinetics provides a parsimonious and unifying explanation for these three complex, phenotypically distinct behaviours. Current antibiotic and other chemotherapeutic regimens are often based on trial and error or expert opinion. Our "chemical reaction kinetics"-based approach may inform new strategies, which are based on rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Abel Zur Wiesch
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Sören Abel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Pharmacy, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Spyridon Gkotzis
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Ocampo
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland. Department of Environmental Microbiology, EAWAG, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Trevor Hinkley
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew K Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Klas Udekwu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ted Cohen
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nusrath Unissa A, Hanna LE, Swaminathan S. A Note on Derivatives of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Pyrazinamide Showing Activity Against ResistantMycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:537-50. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameeruddin Nusrath Unissa
- Centre for Biomedical Informatics; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis; Chennai Tamil Nadu 600 031 India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Scientist D; Division of Clinical Research; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis; Chennai Tamil Nadu 600 031 India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Director General; Indian Council of Medical Research; Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110 029 India
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Abstract
Purine and pyrimidine nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have been extensively studied as anticancer and antiviral agents. In addition to this, they have recently shown great potential against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. TB ranks as the tenth most common cause of death in the world. The current treatment for TB infection is limited by side effects and cost of the drugs and most importantly by the development of resistance to the therapy. Therefore the development of novel drugs, capable of overcoming the drawbacks of the existing treatments, has become the focus of many research programs. In parallel to that, a tremendous effort has been made to elucidate the unique metabolism of this pathogen with the aim to identify new possible targets. This review presents the state of the art in nucleoside and nucleotide analogs in the treatment of TB. In particular, we report on the inhibitory activity of this class of compounds, both in enzymatic and whole-cell assays, providing a brief insight to which reported target these novel compounds are hitting.
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Lin YJ, Liao CM. Quantifying the impact of drug combination regimens on TB treatment efficacy and multidrug resistance probability. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:3273-82. [PMID: 26311836 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES TB patients' non-adherence to the multidrug treatment regimen is thought to be the main cause of the emergence of drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impacts of two-drug combination regimens and non-adherence to these regimens on treatment efficacy and drug resistance probability. METHODS A drug treatment modelling strategy was developed by incorporating a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model into a bacterial population dynamic model to explore the dynamics of TB bacilli and evolution of resistance during multidrug combination therapy, with an emphasis on non-adherence. A Hill-equation-based pharmacodynamic model was used to assess the bactericidal efficacy of single drugs and to estimate drug interactions. RESULTS Non-adherence to the treatment regimen increased treatment duration by nearly 1.6- and 3.4-fold relative to compliance with treatment. Symptom-based intermittent treatment, a form of non-adherence, might lead to treatment failure and accelerated growth and evolution of resistant mutants, resulting in a dramatically higher probability of 4.17 × 10(-3) (95% CI 2.10 × 10(-4)-1.28 × 10(-2)) for the emergence of MDR TB. Overall, determination of the optimal treatment regimen depended on the different types of medication adherence. CONCLUSIONS Our model not only predicts evolutionary dynamics, but also quantifies treatment efficacy. More broadly, our model provides a quantitative framework for improving treatment protocols and establishing an emergence threshold of resistance that can be used to prevent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Lin
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Min Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China
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Nachman S, Ahmed A, Amanullah F, Becerra MC, Botgros R, Brigden G, Browning R, Gardiner E, Hafner R, Hesseling A, How C, Jean-Philippe P, Lessem E, Makhene M, Mbelle N, Marais B, McIlleron H, McNeeley DF, Mendel C, Murray S, Navarro E, Anyalechi EG, Porcalla AR, Powell C, Powell M, Rigaud M, Rouzier V, Samson P, Schaaf HS, Shah S, Starke J, Swaminathan S, Wobudeya E, Worrell C. Towards early inclusion of children in tuberculosis drugs trials: a consensus statement. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:711-20. [PMID: 25957923 PMCID: PMC4471052 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Children younger than 18 years account for a substantial proportion of patients with tuberculosis worldwide. Available treatments for paediatric drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis, albeit generally effective, are hampered by high pill burden, long duration of treatment, coexistent toxic effects, and an overall scarcity of suitable child-friendly formulations. Several new drugs and regimens with promising activity against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains have entered clinical development and are either in various phases of clinical investigation or have received marketing authorisation for adults; however, none have data on their use in children. This consensus statement, generated from an international panel of opinion leaders on childhood tuberculosis and incorporating reviews of published literature from January, 2004, to May, 2014, addressed four key questions: what drugs or regimens should be prioritised for clinical trials in children? Which populations of children are high priorities for study? When can phase 1 or 2 studies be initiated in children? What are the relevant elements of clinical trial design? The consensus panel found that children can be included in studies at the early phases of drug development and should be an integral part of the clinical development plan, rather than studied after regulatory approval in adults is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amina Ahmed
- Levine Children's Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Grania Brigden
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Access Campaign, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renee Browning
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Richard Hafner
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anneke Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cleotilde How
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Patrick Jean-Philippe
- Henry M Jackson Foundation-Division of AIDS, Contractor to National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Mamodikoe Makhene
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nontombi Mbelle
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ben Marais
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity and the Sydney Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Eileen Navarro
- Division of Anti-Infective Products; Office of Antimicrobial Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - E Gloria Anyalechi
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, International Research and Programs Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ariel R Porcalla
- Division of Anti-Infective Products; Office of Antimicrobial Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Clydette Powell
- US Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mona Rigaud
- New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | | | - Pearl Samson
- Statistical and Data Analysis Center, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research and Frontier Science, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Simon Schaaf
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Seema Shah
- Department of Bioethics, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Starke
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Eric Wobudeya
- Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, and Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Carol Worrell
- Eunice Kennedy Schriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Vats C, Dhanjal J, Goyal S, Gupta A, Bharadvaja N, Grover A. Mechanistic analysis elucidating the relationship between Lys96 mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pyrazinamidase enzyme and pyrazinamide susceptibility. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 2:S14. [PMID: 25708048 PMCID: PMC4331714 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s2-s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Chirinos NEC, Meirelles BHS, Bousfield ABS. Representações sociais das pessoas com tuberculose sobre o abandono do tratamento. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2015; 36 Spec No:207-14. [DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2015.esp.56723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo Compreender as representações sociais das pessoas com tuberculose sobre o abandono do tratamento em um Programa de Controle da Tuberculose. Método Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado num município de Lima, Peru. Os dados foram coletados de outubro a novembro de 2012, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com oito pessoas, e analisados conforme a técnica de análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados As categorias levaram à construção da representação social de que a doença e o tratamento trazem sofrimento. Esta representação influencia na não adesão ao tratamento, podendo gerar um incremento de casos de abandono. Conclusão São necessárias estratégias educativas ligadas a processos de interação social, à subjetividade e ao contexto do paciente, direcionadas a diminuir o abandono do tratamento da tuberculose, as recidivas, a multirresistência. Novos desafios são apontados diante das avaliações frente ao alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio.
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Chan B, Khadem TM, Brown J. A review of tuberculosis: Focus on bedaquiline. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014; 70:1984-94. [PMID: 24173008 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp130199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The history and prevalence of tuberculosis and the role of bedaquiline in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis are reviewed. SUMMARY Tuberculosis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis are a significant concern and pose serious implications for current and future treatment of the disease. In December 2012, the Food and Drug Administration approved bedaquiline as part of the treatment regimen for pulmonary MDR tuberculosis. Bedaquiline's unique mechanism of action presents an alternative approach to current antimycobacterial killing. By directly inhibiting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, bedaquiline is effective against both replicating and dormant mycobacteria. Pulmonary cavitary lesions can contain heterogeneous populations. This potential mix of semireplicating and hypometabolic mycobacteria is more difficult to eliminate with conventional antitubercular drugs, thus increasing the risk of resistance. No in vitro cross-resistance between bedaquiline and currently available antitubercular agents has been observed thus far. Because bedaquiline targets a completely different enzyme, cross-resistance with other conventional agents remains unlikely. Enhanced sterilizing capacity via synergistic depletion of ATP further exhibits the promising potential of bedaquiline with pyrazinamide. A course of bedaquiline requires 24 weeks of therapy in combination with other antitubercular drugs. CONCLUSION The approval of bedaquiline represents a major milestone in MDR tuberculosis therapy. Bedaquiline should be considered in patients who have not responded to a regimen containing four second-line drugs and pyrazinamide and patients with documented evidence of MDR tuberculosis resistant to fluoroquinolones. The exact role of bedaquiline cannot be determined until further efficacy and safety data are obtained through ongoing Phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Chan
- Bonnie Chan, Pharm.D., is Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA; at the time of writing she was Postgraduate Year 2 Infectious Diseases Pharmacy Resident, Department of Pharmacy, University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), Rochester, NY. Tina M. Khadem, Pharm.D., is Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, and Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacy, URMC. Jack Brown, Pharm.D., M.S., is Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, and Adjunct Research Assistant Professor, Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, URMC
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Martins F, Santos S, Ventura C, Elvas-Leitão R, Santos L, Vitorino S, Reis M, Miranda V, Correia HF, Aires-de-Sousa J, Kovalishyn V, Latino DA, Ramos J, Viveiros M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel isoniazid derivatives with potent antitubercular activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:119-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hwang TJ, Dotsenko S, Jafarov A, Weyer K, Falzon D, Lunte K, Nunn P, Jaramillo E, Keshavjee S, Wares DF. Safety and availability of clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of published guidance and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004143. [PMID: 24384902 PMCID: PMC3902362 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), new therapies are urgently needed, including the repurposing of existing drugs. We aimed to assess key considerations for the clinical and programmatic use of clofazimine (Cfz), a riminophenazine with antimycobacterial activity currently used to treat leprosy. DESIGN Fixed and random effects meta-analysis of cohort studies and systematic review. SETTING Electronic and manual searches were combined. INCLUSION CRITERIA Observational studies on treatment of multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis with Cfz or a Cfz-containing regimen, and published guidance and documents relating to cost and availability were eligible. RESULTS 5 observational studies enrolled 861 patients, of which 602 received Cfz. The pooled proportion of adverse drug reactions requiring discontinuation of Cfz treatment was 0.1% (95% CI (0.0 to 0.6%)), and the median frequency of all adverse events was 5.1%. Cfz showed in vitro efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Cfz-containing regimens may have had a useful role in the treatment of patients with drug-resistant strains and who had limited alternative treatment options. However, Cfz uptake remains insufficient to meet global needs; there is only one internationally quality-assured manufacturer, which produces a limited quantity of the drug prioritised for treatment of leprosy, the only indication for which the drug is registered. CONCLUSIONS While the data were limited, Cfz was associated with a risk for adverse drug reactions comparable to that of first-line TB treatment, which could be reasonably managed under programmatic conditions. However, low market availability and high cost are important barriers to access to Cfz for patients with MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hwang
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - Azizkhon Jafarov
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karin Weyer
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Falzon
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kaspars Lunte
- Global Drug Facility, Stop TB Partnership and World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Nunn
- Global Infectious Disease Consulting, London, UK
| | | | - Salmaan Keshavjee
- Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Douglas F Wares
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
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Monedero I, Caminero JA. Common errors in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis management. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013; 8:15-23. [PMID: 24329041 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2014.856758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), defined as being resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, has an increasing burden and threatens TB control. Diagnosis is limited and usually delayed while treatment is long lasting, toxic and poorly effective. MDR-TB management in scarce-resource settings is demanding however it is feasible and extremely necessary. In these settings, cure rates do not usually exceed 60-70% and MDR-TB management is novel for many TB programs. In this challenging scenario, both clinical and programmatic errors are likely to occur. The majority of these errors may be prevented or alleviated with appropriate and timely training in addition to uninterrupted procurement of high-quality drugs, updated national guidelines and laws and an overall improvement in management capacities. While new tools for diagnosis and shorter and less toxic treatment are not available in developing countries, MDR-TB management will remain complex in scarce resource settings. Focusing special attention on the common errors in diagnosis, regimen design and especially treatment delivery may benefit patients and programs with current outdated tools. The present article is a compilation of typical errors repeatedly observed by the authors in a wide range of countries during technical assistant missions and trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Monedero
- Tuberculosis and HIV Department, MDR-TB Unit, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), París, France
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Field SK. Safety and Efficacy of Delamanid in the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4137/cmt.s11675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is declining but the proportion of drug-resistant cases has increased. Strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin, and possibly other antibiotics, called multidrug-resistant (MDR), are particularly difficult to treat. Poorer outcomes, including increased mortality, occur in patients infected with MDR strains and the costs associated with treatment of MDR-TB are substantially greater. The recent recognition of MDR-TB and strains with more complex resistance patterns has stimulated the development of new TB medications including fluoroquinolones, oxazolidinones, diarylquinolines, nitroimidazopyrans, ethylenediamines, and benzothiazinones. Bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline, was approved for the treatment of MDR-TB in 2012. Addition of delamanid to WHO-approved treatment improved outcomes for MDR-TB and for extensively drug-resistant TB in a large randomized, controlled phase II clinical trial and is undergoing evaluation in a large international phase III study. This review will focus on MDR-TB and the role of delamanid in its treatment.
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Maitra A, Bhakta S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis... Can we beat it? Report from a Euroscicon conference 2013. Virulence 2013; 4:499-503. [PMID: 23863609 PMCID: PMC5359728 DOI: 10.4161/viru.25397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Maitra
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; Department of Biological Sciences; Birkbeck; University of London; London, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; Department of Biological Sciences; Birkbeck; University of London; London, UK
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Zumla A, Nahid P, Cole ST. Advances in the development of new tuberculosis drugs and treatment regimens. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:388-404. [PMID: 23629506 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction 40 years ago of the inexpensive and effective four-drug (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) treatment regimen, tuberculosis (TB) continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. For the first time since the 1960s, new and novel drugs and regimens for all forms of TB are emerging. Such regimens are likely to utilize both repurposed drugs and new chemical entities, and several of these regimens are now progressing through clinical trials. This article covers current concepts and recent advances in TB drug discovery and development, including an update of ongoing TB treatment trials, newer clinical trial designs, TB biomarkers and adjunct host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Rajendran V, Sethumadhavan R. Drug resistance mechanism of PncA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:209-21. [PMID: 23383724 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.759885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a global health threat. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important first-line drug in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. The emergence of strains resistant to PZA represents an important public health problem, as both first- and second-line treatment regimens include PZA. It becomes toxic to Mycobacterium tuberculosis when converted to pyrazinoic acid by the bacterial pyrazinamidase (PncA) enzyme. Resistance to PZA is caused mainly by the loss of enzyme activity by mutation, the mechanism of resistance is not completely understood. In our studies, we analysed three mutations (D8G, S104R and C138Y) of PncA which are involved in resistance towards PZA. Binding pocket analysis solvent accessibility analysis, molecular docking and interaction analysis were performed to understand the interaction behaviour of mutant enzymes with PZA. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to understand the three-dimensional (3D) conformational behaviour of native and mutants PncA. Our analysis clearly indicates that the mutation (D8G, S104R and C138Y) in PncA is responsible for rigid binding cavity which in turn abolishes conversion of PZA to its active form and is the sole reason for PZA resistance. Excessive hydrogen bonding between PZA binding cavity residues and their neighbouring residues are the reason of rigid binding cavity during simulation. We present an exhaustive analysis of the binding site flexibility and its 3D conformations that may serve as new starting points for structure-based drug design and helps the researchers to design new inhibitors with consideration of rigid criterion of binding residues due to mutation of this essential target. An animated Interactive 3D Complement (I3DC) is available in Proteopedia at http://proteopedia.org/w/Journal:JBSD:11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Rajendran
- a Bioinformatics Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST) , Vellore Institute of Technology University , Vellore , 632014 , TN , India
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Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS. Retooling Existing Tuberculosis Drugs for Children. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 56:167-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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