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Chakrasali P, Hwang D, Lee JY, Jung E, Lee HL, Reneesh A, Skarka A, Musilek K, Nguyen NH, Shin JS, Jung YS. 7-Amino-3-phenyl-2-methyl-pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives inhibit human rhinovirus replication. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116690. [PMID: 39032404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Small molecules that exhibit broad-spectrum enteroviral inhibitory activity by targeting viral replication proteins are highly desired in antiviral drug discovery studies. To discover new human rhinovirus (hRV) inhibitors, we performed a high-throughput screening of 100,000 compounds from the Korea Chemical Bank library. This search led to identification of two phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ) inhibitors having the pyrazolo-pyrimidine core structure, which display moderate anti-rhinoviral activity along with mild cytotoxicity. The results of a study aimed at optimizing the activity of the hit compounds showed that the pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivative 6f exhibits the highest activity (EC50 = 0.044, 0.066, and 0.083 μM for hRV-B14, hRV-A16, and hRV-A21, respectively) and moderate toxicity (CC50 = 31.38 μM). Furthermore, 6f has broad-spectrum activities against various hRVs, coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses, such as EV-A71, EV-D68. An assessment of kinase inhibition potencies demonstrated that 6f possesses a high and selective kinase inhibition activity against PI4KIIIβ (IC50 value of 0.057 μM) and not against PI4KIIIα (>10 μM). Moreover, 6f exhibits modest hepatic stability (46.9 and 55.3 % remaining after 30 min in mouse and human liver microsomes, respectively). Finally, an in vivo study demonstrated that 6f possesses a desirable pharmacokinetic profile reflected in low systemic clearance (0.48 L∙h-1 kg-1) and modest oral bioavailability (52.4 %). Hence, 6f (KR-26549) appears to be an ideal lead for the development of new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chakrasali
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Hwang
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Jung
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Alba Reneesh
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nhung Hong Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Harada N, Sonoda M, Ishimura M, Eguchi K, Kinoshita K, Matsuoka W, Motomura Y, Kaku N, Kawaguchi N, Takeuchi T, Ohga S. Pretransplant ribavirin and interferon-α therapy for rhinovirus interstitial pneumonia in a RAG1-deficient infant. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:362-365. [PMID: 37944696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is one of the most serious inborn errors of immunity leading to a fatal infection in early infancy. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) or elective gene therapy prior to infection or live-attenuated vaccination is the current standard of curative treatment. Even in the era of newborn screening for SCID, pretransplant control of severe infection is challenging for SCID. Multiple pathogens are often isolated from immunocompromised patients, and limited information is available regarding antiviral strategies to facilitate curative HCT. We herein present a case of successfully controlled pretransplant pneumonia after ribavirin and interferon-α therapy in an infant with RAG1-deficiency. A four-month-old infant presented with severe interstitial pneumonia due to a co-infection of rhinovirus and Pneumocystis jirovecii. The tentative diagnosis of SCID prompted to start antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on ventilatory support. Because of the progressive respiratory failure four days after treatment, ribavirin and then pegylated interferon-α were started. He showed a drastic response to the treatment that led to a curative HCT 32 days after admission. This patient received the genetic diagnosis of RAG1-deficiency. Currently, he is an active 3-year-old boy with normal growth and development. The review of literature indicated that rhinovirus had a comparable or rather greater impact on the mortality of pediatric patients than respiratory syncytial virus. Considered the turn-around time to the genetic diagnosis of SCID, prompt ribavirin plus interferon-α therapy may help to control severe rhinovirus pneumonia and led to the early curative HCT for the affected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Harada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoshi Sonoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Ishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Katsuhide Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keishiro Kinoshita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wakato Matsuoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Motomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaku
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, Oita Prefectural Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Vasiloudes KP, Greene JN. Rhinovirus, When Is It More Than Just a Cold? Rhinovirus as a Cause of Organizing Pneumonia in Two Patients With Hematological Cancer. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Coultas JA, Cafferkey J, Mallia P, Johnston SL. Experimental Antiviral Therapeutic Studies for Human Rhinovirus Infections. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:645-659. [PMID: 34276229 PMCID: PMC8277446 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s255211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus infection is common and usually causes mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract symptoms. Rhinoviruses can cause exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, leading to a significant burden of morbidity and mortality. There has been a great deal of progress in efforts to understand the immunological basis of rhinovirus infection. However, despite a number of in vitro and in vivo attempts, there have been no effective treatments developed. This review article summarises the up to date virological and immunological understanding of these infections. We discuss the challenges researchers face, and key solutions, in their work to investigate potential therapies including in vivo rhinovirus challenge studies. Finally, we explore past and present experimental therapeutic strategies employed in the treatment of rhinovirus infections and highlight promising areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Coultas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Cafferkey
- Respiratory Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Liatsos GD. Controversies’ clarification regarding ribavirin efficacy in measles and coronaviruses: Comprehensive therapeutic approach strictly tailored to COVID-19 disease stages. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:5135-5178. [PMID: 34307564 PMCID: PMC8283580 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum nucleoside antiviral drug with multimodal mechanisms of action, which supports its longevity and quality as a clinical resource. It has been widely administered for measles and coronavirus infections. Despite the large amount of data concerning the use of ribavirin alone or in combination for measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks, the conclusions of these studies have been contradictory. Underlying reasons for these discrepancies include possible study design inaccuracies and failures and misinterpretations of data, and these potential confounds should be addressed.
AIM To determine the confounding factors of ribavirin treatment studies and propose a therapeutic scheme for COVID-19.
METHODS PubMed database was searched over a period of five decades utilizing the terms “ribavirin” alone or combined with other compounds in measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19 infections. The literature search was performed and described according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles were considered eligible when they reported on ribavirin dose regimens and/or specified outcomes concerning its efficacy and/or possible adverse-effects. In vitro and animal studies were also retrieved. A chapter on ribavirin’s pharmacology was included as well.
RESULTS In addition to the difficulties and pressures of an emerging pandemic, there is the burden of designing and conducting well-organized, double-blind, randomized controlled trials. Many studies have succumbed to specific pitfalls, one of which was identified in naturally ribavirin-resistant Vero cell lines in in vitro studies. Other pitfalls include study design inconsistent with the well-established clinical course of disease; inappropriate pharmacology of applied treatments; and the misinterpretation of study results with misconceived generalizations. A comprehensive treatment for COVID-19 is proposed, documented by thorough, long-term investigation of ribavirin regimens in coronavirus infections.
CONCLUSION A comprehensive treatment strictly tailored to distinct disease stages was proposed based upon studies on ribavirin and coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Liatsos
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Athens 11527, Attiki, Greece
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6
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Wirz OF, Üzülmez Ö, Jansen K, Veen W, Lammela A, Kainulainen L, Vuorinen T, Breiteneder H, Akdis CA, Jartti T, Akdis M. Increased antiviral response in circulating lymphocytes from hypogammaglobulinemia patients. Allergy 2020; 75:3147-3158. [PMID: 32533713 DOI: 10.1111/all.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells play a crucial role during rhinovirus (RV) infections by production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. A main feature of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is hypogammaglobulinemia (HG). HG patients have severely reduced levels of antibody-producing B cells and suffer from prolonged virus infections. Here, we addressed whether antiviral response of peripheral blood lymphocytes differs between HG patients and healthy individuals during natural RV infection. METHODS Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, B-cell subsets were analyzed. Simultaneously, CD19 + B cells, CD14 + monocytes, and CD3 + T cells were sorted from frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 RV-infected hypogammaglobulinemia patients, 7 RV-infected control subjects, and 14 noninfected control subjects. Real-time PCR was used to study expression of antiviral genes. A pan-RV PCR was used to detect RV genome in all samples. RESULTS In HG patients, total B-cell numbers, as well as IgA + and IgG + switched memory B cells, were reduced while naïve B cells and T cells were increased. STAT1 expression was increased in HG patients compared to controls in all lymphocyte subsets analyzed. The expression of antiviral genes IFITM1 and MX1 correlated with STAT1 expression in B cells and monocytes. RV RNA was found in 88.9% of monocytes from infected HG patients, 85.7% of monocytes from infected controls, and 7.1% of monocytes from uninfected controls. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an increased antiviral response in B cells and monocytes in HG patients and their correlation with STAT1 expression. Monocytes of infected HG patients and infected non-HG controls carry RV RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Öykü Üzülmez
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Willem Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne—Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Auli Lammela
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Leena Kainulainen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Department of Clinical Virology Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
- Department of Virology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne—Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
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7
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Lejeune S, Deschildre A, Le Rouzic O, Engelmann I, Dessein R, Pichavant M, Gosset P. Childhood asthma heterogeneity at the era of precision medicine: Modulating the immune response or the microbiota for the management of asthma attack. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 179:114046. [PMID: 32446884 PMCID: PMC7242211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbations are a main characteristic of asthma. In childhood, the risk is increasing with severity. Exacerbations are a strong phenotypic marker, particularly of severe and therapy-resistant asthma. These early-life events may influence the evolution and be involved in lung function decline. In children, asthma attacks are facilitated by exposure to allergens and pollutants, but are mainly triggered by microbial agents. Multiple studies have assessed immune responses to viruses, and to a lesser extend bacteria, during asthma exacerbation. Research has identified impairment of innate immune responses in children, related to altered pathogen recognition, interferon release, or anti-viral response. Influence of this host-microbiota dialog on the adaptive immune response may be crucial, leading to the development of biased T helper (Th)2 inflammation. These dynamic interactions may impact the presentations of asthma attacks, and have long-term consequences. The aim of this review is to synthesize studies exploring immune mechanisms impairment against viruses and bacteria promoting asthma attacks in children. The potential influence of the nature of infectious agents and/or preexisting microbiota on the development of exacerbation is also addressed. We then discuss our understanding of how these diverse host-microbiota interactions in children may account for the heterogeneity of endotypes and clinical presentations. Finally, improving the knowledge of the pathophysiological processes induced by infections has led to offer new opportunities for the development of preventive or curative therapeutics for acute asthma. A better definition of asthma endotypes associated with precision medicine might lead to substantial progress in the management of severe childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lejeune
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Department, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Deschildre
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Department, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Le Rouzic
- Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France; CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Department of Respiratory Diseases, F-59000 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Univ. Lille, Virology Laboratory, EA3610, Institute of Microbiology, CHU Lille, F-59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Rodrigue Dessein
- Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France; Univ. Lille, Bacteriology Department, Institute of Microbiology, CHU Lille, F-59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Gosset
- Univ. Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France.
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8
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Pérez A, Montoro J, Hernani R, Lorenzo I, Hernández‐Boluda JC, Giménez E, Gómez MD, Balaguer‐Roselló A, Gonzalez‐Barberá E, Guerreiro M, Aguilar C, Navarro D, Solano C, Sanz J, Piñana JL. Assessment of immunodeficiency scoring index performance in enterovirus/rhinovirus respiratory infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13301. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Pérez
- Department of Hematology Hospital Clínico Universitario Fundación INCLIVA Valencia Spain
| | - Juan Montoro
- Department of Hematology Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe Valencia Spain
| | - Rafael Hernani
- Department of Hematology Hospital Clínico Universitario Fundación INCLIVA Valencia Spain
| | - Ignacio Lorenzo
- Department of Hematology Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe Valencia Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Hernández‐Boluda
- Department of Hematology Hospital Clínico Universitario Fundación INCLIVA Valencia Spain
- Department of Medicine School of Medicine University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia Spain
| | - María Dolores Gómez
- Department of Microbiology School of Medicine University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | | | - Eva Gonzalez‐Barberá
- Department of Microbiology School of Medicine University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - Manuel Guerreiro
- Department of Hematology Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe Valencia Spain
| | - Cristóbal Aguilar
- Department of Hematology Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe Valencia Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Department of Medicine School of Medicine University of Valencia Valencia Spain
- Microbiology Service Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia Spain
| | - Carlos Solano
- Department of Hematology Hospital Clínico Universitario Fundación INCLIVA Valencia Spain
- Department of Medicine School of Medicine University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - Jaime Sanz
- Department of Hematology Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe Valencia Spain
- Department of Medicine School of Medicine University of Valencia Valencia Spain
- CIBERONC Instituto Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - José Luis Piñana
- Department of Hematology Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe Valencia Spain
- CIBERONC Instituto Carlos III Madrid Spain
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9
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Abo-zeid Y, Garnett MC. Polymer nanoparticle as a delivery system for ribavirin: Do nanoparticle avoid uptake by Red Blood Cells? J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Liu F, Huang Y, Wang Q, Shan H. Construction of eGFP-Tagged Senecavirus A for Facilitating Virus Neutralization Test and Antiviral Assay. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030283. [PMID: 32150804 PMCID: PMC7150990 DOI: 10.3390/v12030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), also known as Seneca Valley virus, is an emerging virus that causes vesicular disease in pigs. This virus belongs to the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae. The SVA CH-LX-01-2016 was isolated from Guangdong Province of China in 2016. In this study, a recombinant SVA CH-LX-01-2016 was constructed using reverse genetics, and proven to be able to express efficiently an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in vitro. This eGFP-tagged recombinant SVA (rSVA-eGFP) exhibited a high capacity for viral replication. Its fluorescence-tracked characteristics greatly facilitated both virus neutralization test (VNT) and antiviral assay. The rSVA-eGFP-based VNT was used to detect eight porcine serum samples, out of which four were determined to be neutralization titer-positive. Subsequently, two antiviral drugs, ribavirin and apigenin, were assayed for evaluating both effects against the rSVA-eGFP in vitro. The result showed that only the ribavirin exhibited an anti-SVA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Yilan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of New Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.S.)
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11
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Jones TPW, Buckland M, Breuer J, Lowe DM. Viral infection in primary antibody deficiency syndromes. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2049. [PMID: 31016825 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary antibody deficiency syndromes such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are at increased risk of severe and invasive infection. Viral infection in these populations has been of increasing interest as evidence mounts that viruses contribute significant morbidity and mortality: this is mediated both directly and via aberrant immune responses. We explain the importance of the humoral immune system in defence against viral pathogens before highlighting several significant viral syndromes in patients with antibody deficiency. We explore historical cases of hepatitis C via contaminated immunoglobulin products, the predisposition to invasive enteroviral infections, prolonged excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus, the morbidity of chronic norovirus infection, and recent literature revealing the importance of respiratory viral infections. We discuss evidence that herpesviruses may play a role in driving the inflammatory disease seen in a subset of patients. We explore the phenomenon of within-host evolution during chronic viral infection and the potential emergence of new pathogenic strains. We highlight novel and emerging viruses identified via deep sequencing techniques. We describe the treatment strategies that have been attempted in all these scenarios and the urgent outstanding questions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P W Jones
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthew Buckland
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, University College, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, University College, London, UK
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12
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Ling KM, Garratt LW, Lassmann T, Stick SM, Kicic A. Elucidating the Interaction of CF Airway Epithelial Cells and Rhinovirus: Using the Host-Pathogen Relationship to Identify Future Therapeutic Strategies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1270. [PMID: 30464745 PMCID: PMC6234657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease remains the primary cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Growing evidence suggests respiratory viral infections are often more severe in CF compared to healthy peers and contributes to pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) and deterioration of lung function. Rhinovirus is the most prevalent respiratory virus detected, particularly during exacerbations in children with CF <5 years old. However, even though rhinoviral infections are likely to be one of the factors initiating the onset of CF lung disease, there is no effective targeted treatment. A better understanding of the innate immune responses by CF airway epithelial cells, the primary site of infection for viruses, is needed to identify why viral infections are more severe in CF. The aim of this review is to present the clinical impact of virus infection in both young children and adults with CF, focusing on rhinovirus infection. Previous in vitro and in vivo investigations looking at the mechanisms behind virus infection will also be summarized. The review will finish on the potential of transcriptomics to elucidate the host-pathogen responses by CF airway cells to viral infection and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kak-Ming Ling
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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13
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Baumann U, Routes JM, Soler-Palacín P, Jolles S. The Lung in Primary Immunodeficiencies: New Concepts in Infection and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1837. [PMID: 30147696 PMCID: PMC6096054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT) has contributed critically to the management of primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) and the decrease in pneumonia rate. However, despite adequate IGRT and improved prognosis, patients with PAD continue to experience recurrent respiratory tract infections, leading to bronchiectasis and continuing decline in lung function with a severe impact on their quality of life. Moreover, non-infectious inflammatory and interstitial lung complications, such as granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease, contribute substantially to the overall morbidity of PAD. These conditions develop much more often than appreciated and represent a major therapeutic challenge. Therefore, a regular assessment of the structural and functional condition of the lung and the upper airways with appropriate treatment is required to minimize the deterioration of lung function. This work summarizes the knowledge on lung complications in PAD and discusses the currently available diagnostic tools and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Baumann
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - John M Routes
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Pere Soler-Palacín
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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14
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Casanova V, Sousa FH, Stevens C, Barlow PG. Antiviral therapeutic approaches for human rhinovirus infections. Future Virol 2018; 13:505-518. [PMID: 30245735 PMCID: PMC6136076 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses are the primary etiological agent of the common cold. This infection can be mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent hosts, but can be associated with bronchiolitis in infants, pneumonia in the immunosuppressed and exacerbations of pre-existing pulmonary conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Many of these conditions can place significant economic costs upon healthcare infrastructure. There is currently no licensed vaccine for rhinovirus, as the large variety of rhinovirus serotypes has posed significant challenges for research. In this review, we discuss current knowledge around antiviral drugs and small molecule inhibitors of rhinovirus infection, as well as antiviral host defense peptides as exciting prospects to approach the development of novel therapeutics which target human rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Casanova
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Filipa H Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
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15
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Dandachi D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. Viral pneumonia: etiologies and treatment. J Investig Med 2018; 66:957-965. [PMID: 29680828 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2018-000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathogens are increasingly recognized as a cause of pneumonia, in immunocompetent patients and more commonly among immunocompromised. Viral pneumonia in adults could present as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), ranging from mild disease to severe disease requiring hospital admission and mechanical ventilation. Moreover, the role of viruses in hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia as causative agents or as co-pathogens and the effect of virus detection on clinical outcome are being investigated.More than 20 viruses have been linked to CAP. Clinical presentation, laboratory findings, biomarkers, and radiographic patterns are not characteristic to specific viral etiology. Currently, laboratory confirmation is most commonly done by detection of viral nucleic acid by reverse transcription-PCR of respiratory secretions.Apart from the US Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for treatment of influenza pneumonia, the treatment of non-influenza respiratory viruses is limited. Moreover, the evidence supporting the use of available antivirals to treat immunocompromised patients is modest at best. With the widespread use of molecular diagnostics, an aging population, and advancement in cancer therapy, physicians will face a bigger challenge in managing viral respiratory tract infections. Emphasis on infection control measures to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses especially in healthcare settings is extremely important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Dandachi
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Infectious Diseases Section (MS 111G), Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Walter JM, Wunderink RG. Severe Respiratory Viral Infections: New Evidence and Changing Paradigms. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017; 31:455-474. [PMID: 28687214 PMCID: PMC7347414 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infection is a leading cause of death in the United States. Advances in diagnostic testing have improved our ability to detect pathogens. Viral pathogens are important causal pathogens in immunocompetent patients. As the number of elderly adults and those with chronic medical conditions increases, the burden of viral respiratory infections will increase. Clinicians must be familiar with the characteristics of rhinovirus, human adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus. Major challenges include distinguishing true infection from asymptomatic carriage and characterizing patients admitted with severe lower respiratory tract infection who do not have a causative pathogen identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Walter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St Clair Street, Arkes 14-000, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Richard G Wunderink
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St Clair Street, Arkes 14-000, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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17
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Sopel N, Pflaum A, Kölle J, Finotto S. The Unresolved Role of Interferon-λ in Asthma Bronchiale. Front Immunol 2017; 8:989. [PMID: 28861088 PMCID: PMC5559474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma bronchiale is a disease of the airways with increasing incidence, that often begins during infancy. So far, therapeutic options are mainly symptomatic and thus there is an increasing need for better treatment and/or prevention strategies. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and might cause acute wheezing associated with local production of pro-inflammatory mediators resulting in neutrophilic inflammatory response. Viral infections induce a characteristic activation of immune response, e.g., TLR3, 4, 7, 8, 9 in the endosome and their downstream targets, especially MyD88. Moreover, other cytoplasmic pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) like RIG1 and MDA5 play important roles in the activation of interferons (IFNs) of all types. Depending on the stimulation of the different PRMs, the levels of the IFNs induced might differ. Recent studies focused on Type I IFNs in samples from control and asthma patients. However, the administration of type I IFN-α was accompanied by side-effects, thus this possible therapy was abandoned. Type III IFN-λ acts more specifically, as fewer cells express the IFN-λ receptor chain 1. In addition, it has been shown that asthmatic mice treated with recombinant or adenoviral expressed IFN-λ2 (IL–28A) showed an amelioration of symptoms, indicating that treatment with IFN-λ might be beneficial for asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sopel
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Pflaum
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kölle
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Bergauer A, Sopel N, Kroß B, Vuorinen T, Xepapadaki P, Weiss ST, Blau A, Sharma H, Kraus C, Springel R, Rauh M, Mittler S, Graser A, Zimmermann T, Melichar VO, Kiefer A, Kowalski ML, Sobanska A, Jartti T, Lukkarinen H, Papadopoulos NG, Finotto S. IFN-α/IFN-λ responses to respiratory viruses in paediatric asthma. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:13993003.00969-2016. [PMID: 27836955 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00969-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the influence of rhinovirus (RV) in nasopharyngeal fluid (NPF) on type I and III interferon (IFN) responses (e.g. IFN-α and IFN -: λ) and their signal transduction, at baseline and during disease exacerbation, in cohorts of pre-school children with and without asthma.At the time of recruitment into the Europe-wide study PreDicta, and during symptoms, NPF was collected and the local RV colonisation was analysed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were challenged in vitro with RV or not. RNA was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR and gene arrays. Serum was analysed with ELISA for IFNs and C-reactive protein.We found that PBMCs from asthmatic children infected in vitro with the RV1b serotype upregulated MYD88, IRF1, STAT1 and STAT2 mRNA, whereas MYD88, IRF1, STAT1 and IRF9 were predominantly induced in control children. Moreover, during symptomatic visits because of disease exacerbation associated with RV detection in NPF, IFN-α production was found increased, while IFN-λ secretion was already induced by RV in asthmatic children at baseline.During asthma exacerbations associated with RV, asthmatic children can induce IFN-α secretion, indicating a hyperactive immune response to repeated respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Bergauer
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Nina Sopel
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Bettina Kroß
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Translational Genomics Core, Partners Biobank, Partners HealthCare, Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Blau
- Translational Genomics Core, Partners Biobank, Partners HealthCare, Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Translational Genomics Core, Partners Biobank, Partners HealthCare, Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Springel
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Children's Hospital, Dept of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Mittler
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Graser
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Children's Hospital, Dept of Allergy and Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker O Melichar
- Children's Hospital, Dept of Allergy and Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kiefer
- Children's Hospital, Dept of Allergy and Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Dept of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Sobanska
- Dept of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Dept of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Lukkarinen
- Dept of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Wunderink
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Arkes 14-015, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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20
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Juntunen E, Salminen T, Talha SM, Martiskainen I, Soukka T, Pettersson K, Waris M. Lateral flow immunoassay with upconverting nanoparticle‐based detection for indirect measurement of interferon response by the level of MxA. J Med Virol 2016; 89:598-605. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etvi Juntunen
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Teppo Salminen
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | | | | | - Tero Soukka
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Matti Waris
- Department of VirologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Clinical VirologyDivision of Microbiology and GeneticsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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21
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Heinonen S, Jartti T, Garcia C, Oliva S, Smitherman C, Anguiano E, de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Vuorinen T, Ruuskanen O, Dimo B, Suarez NM, Pascual V, Ramilo O, Mejias A. Rhinovirus Detection in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children: Value of Host Transcriptome Analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:772-82. [PMID: 26571305 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201504-0749oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major cause of symptomatic respiratory tract infection in all age groups. However, RVs can frequently be detected in asymptomatic individuals. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of host transcriptional profiling to differentiate between symptomatic RV infection and incidental detection in children. METHODS Previously healthy children younger than 2 years old (n = 151) were enrolled at four study sites and classified into four clinical groups: RV- healthy control subjects (n = 37), RV+ asymptomatic subjects (n = 14), RV+ outpatients (n = 30), and RV+ inpatients (n = 70). Host responses were analyzed using whole-blood RNA transcriptional profiles. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS RV infection induced a robust transcriptional signature, which was validated in three independent cohorts and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with high prediction accuracy. The immune profile of symptomatic RV infection was characterized by overexpression of innate immunity and underexpression of adaptive immunity genes, whereas negligible changes were observed in asymptomatic RV+ subjects. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified two main clusters of subjects. The first included 93% of healthy control subjects and 100% of asymptomatic RV+ subjects, and the second comprised 98% of RV+ inpatients and 88% of RV+ outpatients. Genomic scores of healthy control subjects and asymptomatic RV+ children were similar and significantly lower than those of RV+ inpatients and outpatients (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic RV infection induced a robust and reproducible transcriptional signature, whereas identification of RV in asymptomatic children was not associated with significant systemic transcriptional immune responses. Transcriptional profiling represents a useful tool to discriminate between active infection and incidental virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santtu Heinonen
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and
| | | | - Carla Garcia
- 3 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Silvia Oliva
- 4 Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Wouter A A de Steenhuijsen Piters
- 6 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- 7 Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Blerta Dimo
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and
| | - Nicolas M Suarez
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and
| | | | - Octavio Ramilo
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and.,8 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,9 The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and.,8 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,9 The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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22
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Julian TR, Baugher JD, Rippinger CM, Pinekenstein R, Kolawole AO, Mehoke TS, Wobus CE, Feldman AB, Pineda FJ, Schwab KJ. Murine norovirus (MNV-1) exposure in vitro to the purine nucleoside analog Ribavirin increases quasispecies diversity. Virus Res 2015; 211:165-73. [PMID: 26494169 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin is a pharmaceutical antiviral used for the treatment of RNA virus infections including norovirus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis E virus, Lassa virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus. Despite the drug's history and documented efficacy, the antiviral mechanism of Ribavirin remains unclear. Mechanisms proposed include depletion of the intracellular GTP pool, immunomodulatory effects, induction of error catastrophe, inhibition of viral polymerase activity, and/or inhibition of viral capping. In the present study, we leveraged deep sequencing data to demonstrate that Ribavirin increases murine norovirus (MNV-1) viral diversity. By serial passaging MNV-1 in RAW 264.7 cells for twenty generations in the presence of Ribavirin, we demonstrated statistically significant increases in both the number of unique haplotypes and the average pairwise difference (APD). Based on statistically significant differences in the probability of nucleotide mutations based on Roche 454 sequencing, we also demonstrated that single nucleotide substitutions are increased in the presence of Ribavirin. Finally, we demonstrated Ribavirin's impact on statistically significantly reducing the relative proportion of the dominant sequence within the quasispecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Julian
- Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Joseph D Baugher
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Christine M Rippinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Rebecca Pinekenstein
- Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Thomas S Mehoke
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, United States
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Andrew B Feldman
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, United States
| | - Fernando J Pineda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Kellogg J Schwab
- Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
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23
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Duraisingham SS, Manson A, Grigoriadou S, Buckland M, Tong CYW, Longhurst HJ. Immune deficiency: changing spectrum of pathogens. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:267-74. [PMID: 25677249 PMCID: PMC4516442 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current UK national standards recommend routine bacteriology surveillance in severe antibody-deficient patients, but less guidance exists on virology screening and viral infections in these patients. In this retrospective audit, we assessed the proportion of positive virology or bacteriology respiratory and stool samples from patients with severe, partial or no immune deficiency during a 2-year period. Medical notes were reviewed to identify symptomatic viral infections and to describe the course of persistent viral infections. During the 2-year period, 31 of 78 (39·7%) severe immune-deficient patients tested had a positive virology result and 89 of 160 (55.6%) had a positive bacteriology result. The most commonly detected pathogens were rhinovirus (12 patients), norovirus (6), Haemophilus influenzae (24), Pseudomonas spp. (22) and Staphylococcus aureus (21). Ninety-seven per cent of positive viral detection samples were from patients who were symptomatic. Low serum immunoglobulin IgA levels were more prevalent in patients with a positive virology sample compared to the total cohort (P = 0·0078). Three patients had persistent norovirus infection with sequential positive isolates for 9, 30 and 16 months. Virology screening of symptomatic antibody-deficient patients may be useful as a guide to anti-microbial treatment. A proportion of these patients may experience persistent viral infections with significant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Manson
- Immunology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - S Grigoriadou
- Immunology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M Buckland
- Immunology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Y W Tong
- Department of Infection, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - H J Longhurst
- Immunology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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24
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Jolles S. Subclinical infection and dosing in primary immunodeficiencies. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 178 Suppl 1:67-9. [PMID: 25546767 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Jolles
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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25
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Dong Z, Li Q, Guo D, Shu Y, Polli JE. Synthesis and Evaluation of Bile Acid-Ribavirin Conjugates as Prodrugs to Target the Liver. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2864-76. [PMID: 25645375 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin is used to treat hepatitis C but causes serious hemolytic anemia. The objective of the study was to develop a ribavirin prodrug to achieve liver-specific drug delivery and to reduce its off-target effect in red blood cells (RBCs). The approach aimed to target the human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), which is a bile acid transporter predominately expressed in the liver. Six prodrugs with ribavirin conjugation at C-3 or C-24 of the bile acids were synthesized. In vitro uptake studies indicated that all six prodrugs were NTCP substrates. Metabolic studies in vitro indicated that ribavirin-l-Val-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) was able to release ribavirin in the mouse liver S9 fraction. Additionally, in vitro studies showed that ribavirin in RBC was reduced by 16.7-fold from prodrug compared with parent drug incubation. Moreover, almost no prodrug was present in RBC. In vivo study in mice also showed that ribavirin-l-Val-GCDCA could provide almost the same ribavirin exposure in the liver as ribavirin administration, but with about 1.8-fold less exposure of ribavirin in RBC, plasma, and kidney. Overall, the study suggested that ribavirin-l-Val-GCDCA has the potential to achieve ribavirin-specific liver delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
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Toivonen L, Schuez-Havupalo L, Rulli M, Ilonen J, Pelkonen J, Melen K, Julkunen I, Peltola V, Waris M. Blood MxA protein as a marker for respiratory virus infections in young children. J Clin Virol 2014; 62:8-13. [PMID: 25542463 PMCID: PMC7106481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A prospective cohort of young children were studied for RTIs. Blood MxA protein levels were elevated with symptomatic virus infections. MxA response was demonstrated for rhinoviruses in clinical setting. Immunization with live virus vaccine had a modest effect on MxA levels.
Background Type I interferon induced MxA response can differentiate viral from bacterial infections, but MxA responses in rhinovirus or asymptomatic virus infections are not known. Objective To study MxA protein levels in healthy state and during respiratory virus infection of young children in an observational prospective cohort. Study design Blood samples and nasal swabs were collected from 153 and 77 children with and without symptoms of respiratory infections, respectively. Blood MxA protein levels were measured by an enzyme immunoassay and PCR methods were used for the detection of respiratory viruses in nasal swabs. Results Respiratory viruses were detected in 81% of symptomatic children. They had higher blood MxA protein levels (median [interquartile range]) than asymptomatic virus-negative children (695 [345–1370] μg/L vs. 110 [55–170] μg/L; p < 0.001). Within asymptomatic children, no significant difference was observed in MxA responses between virus-positive and virus-negative groups. A cut-off level of 175 μg/L had 92% sensitivity and 77% specificity for a symptomatic respiratory virus infection. Rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, coronavirus, and human metapneumovirus infections were associated with elevated MxA responses. Asymptomatic virus-negative children vaccinated with a live virus vaccine had elevated MxA protein levels (240 [120–540] μg/L), but significantly lower than children with an acute respiratory infection, who had not received vaccinations (740 [350–1425] μg/L; p < 0.001). Conclusion Blood MxA protein levels are increased in young children with symptomatic respiratory virus infections, including rhinovirus infections. MxA is an informative general marker for the most common acute virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Schuez-Havupalo
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maris Rulli
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Pelkonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Krister Melen
- Virology Unit, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Virology Unit, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Beaucourt S, Vignuzzi M. Ribavirin: a drug active against many viruses with multiple effects on virus replication and propagation. Molecular basis of ribavirin resistance. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 8:10-5. [PMID: 24846716 PMCID: PMC7102760 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin has proven to be effective against several viruses in the clinical setting and a multitude of viruses in vitro. With up to five different proposed mechanisms of action, recent advances have begun to discern the hierarchy of antiviral effects at play depending on the virus and the host conditions under scrutiny. Studies reveal that for many viruses, antiviral mechanisms may differ depending on cell type in vitro and in vivo. Further analyses are thus required to accurately identify mechanisms to more optimally determine clinical treatments. In recent years, a growing number of ribavirin resistant and sensitive variants have been identified. These variants not only inform on the specific mechanisms by which ribavirin enfeebles the virus, but also can themselves be tools to identify new antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Beaucourt
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris cedex 15, 75724, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris cedex 15, 75724, France.
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Ruuskanen O, Järvinen A. What is the real role of respiratory viruses in severe community-acquired pneumonia? Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:71-3. [PMID: 24729504 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asko Järvinen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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