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Youssefian L, Saeidian AH, Saffarian Z, Ariamanesh M, Abdollahimajd F, Molkara S, Shahidi-Dadras M, Diab R, Vahidnezhad F, Zeinali S, Béziat V, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL, Uitto J, Vahidnezhad H. Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing-Based Profiling of the Cutaneous Virome in Patients with Secondary Immunodeficiency. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100278. [PMID: 38994235 PMCID: PMC11238184 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2024.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most viral infections can be self-limited, with no requirement for medical intervention. However, the same viruses can cause severe diseases in patients with compromised immunity due to single-gene diseases, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or hematologic malignancies or those receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Occasionally, these immunocompromised patients harbor >1 infectious agent, requiring several concomitant diagnostic tests. We have developed, to our knowledge, a previously unreported whole-transcriptome sequencing-based pipeline that allows virome profiling, quantitation, and expression pattern analysis of 926 distinct viruses by sequencing of RNA isolated from a single lesional skin biopsy. This pipeline can also explore host genetics if there is a Mendelian predisposition to infection. We applied this pipeline to 6 Iranian patients with viral-induced skin lesions associated with immune deficiency secondary to HIV, human T-lymphotropic virus 1, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and post transplant immunosuppression. In 5 cases, definitive human papillomavirus infections were identified, some caused by multiple viral types. In addition to human papillomavirus, coinfection with other viruses (Merkle cell polyomavirus, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus 4) was detected in some lesions. In 1 case, whole-transcriptome sequencing validated the clinical diagnosis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in a patient with an initial diagnosis of mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. These findings attest to the power of whole-transcriptome sequencing in profiling the cutaneous virome in the context of compromised immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Youssefian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zahra Saffarian
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Ariamanesh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sara Molkara
- Department of Dermatology, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | | | - Reem Diab
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Vahidnezhad
- UCSC Silicon Valley Extension, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | | | - Vivien Béziat
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris University, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Biglari S, Moghaddam AS, Tabatabaiefar MA, Sherkat R, Youssefian L, Saeidian AH, Vahidnezhad F, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE, Hakonarson H, Casanova JL, Béziat V, Jouanguy E, Vahidnezhad H. Monogenic etiologies of persistent human papillomavirus infections: A comprehensive systematic review. Genet Med 2024; 26:101028. [PMID: 37978863 PMCID: PMC10922824 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Persistent human papillomavirus infection (PHPVI) causes cutaneous, anogenital, and mucosal warts. Cutaneous warts include common warts, Treeman syndrome, and epidermodysplasia verruciformis, among others. Although more reports of monogenic predisposition to PHPVI have been published with the development of genomic technologies, genetic testing is rarely incorporated into clinical assessments. To encourage broader molecular testing, we compiled a list of the various monogenic etiologies of PHPVI. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review to determine the genetic, immunological, and clinical characteristics of patients with PHPVI. RESULTS The inclusion criteria were met by 261 of 40,687 articles. In 842 patients, 83 PHPVI-associated genes were identified, including 42, 6, and 35 genes with strong, moderate, and weak evidence for causality, respectively. Autosomal recessive inheritance predominated (69%). PHPVI onset age was 10.8 ± 8.6 years, with an interquartile range of 5 to 14 years. GATA2,IL2RG,DOCK8, CXCR4, TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 are the most frequently reported PHPVI-associated genes with strong causality. Most genes (74 out of 83) belong to a catalog of 485 inborn errors of immunity-related genes, and 40 genes (54%) are represented in the nonsyndromic and syndromic combined immunodeficiency categories. CONCLUSION PHPVI has at least 83 monogenic etiologies and a genetic diagnosis is essential for effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Biglari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Immunodeficiency Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Vivien Béziat
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
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3
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Pan-Hammarström Q, Casanova JL. Human genetic and immunological determinants of SARS-CoV-2 and Epstein-Barr virus diseases in childhood: Insightful contrasts. J Intern Med 2023; 294:127-144. [PMID: 36906905 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence to suggest that severe disease in children infected with common viruses that are typically benign in other children can result from inborn errors of immunity or their phenocopies. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a cytolytic respiratory RNA virus, can lead to acute hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in children with inborn errors of type I interferon (IFN) immunity or autoantibodies against IFNs. These patients do not appear to be prone to severe disease during infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a leukocyte-tropic DNA virus that can establish latency. By contrast, various forms of severe EBV disease, ranging from acute hemophagocytosis to chronic or long-term illnesses, such as agammaglobulinemia and lymphoma, can manifest in children with inborn errors disrupting specific molecular bridges involved in the control of EBV-infected B cells by cytotoxic T cells. The patients with these disorders do not seem to be prone to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. These experiments of nature reveal surprising levels of redundancy of two different arms of immunity, with type I IFN being essential for host defense against SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory epithelial cells, and certain surface molecules on cytotoxic T cells essential for host defense against EBV in B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Inserm, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
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4
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Ogishi M, Yang R, Rodriguez R, Golec DP, Martin E, Philippot Q, Bohlen J, Pelham SJ, Arias AA, Khan T, Ata M, Al Ali F, Rozenberg F, Kong XF, Chrabieh M, Laine C, Lei WT, Han JE, Seeleuthner Y, Kaul Z, Jouanguy E, Béziat V, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Rao VK, Neven B, Fieschi C, Mansouri D, Shahrooei M, Pekcan S, Alkan G, Emiroğlu M, Tokgöz H, Uitto J, Hauck F, Bustamante J, Abel L, Keles S, Parvaneh N, Marr N, Schwartzberg PL, Latour S, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213662. [PMID: 36326697 PMCID: PMC9641312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity can underlie tuberculosis (TB). We report three patients from two kindreds without EBV viremia or disease but with severe TB and inherited complete ITK deficiency, a condition associated with severe EBV disease that renders immunological studies challenging. They have CD4+ αβ T lymphocytopenia with a concomitant expansion of CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) αβ and Vδ2- γδ T lymphocytes, both displaying a unique CD38+CD45RA+T-bet+EOMES- phenotype. Itk-deficient mice recapitulated an expansion of the γδ T and DN αβ T lymphocyte populations in the thymus and spleen, respectively. Moreover, the patients' T lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ in response to TCR crosslinking, mitogens, or forced synapse formation with autologous B lymphocytes. Finally, the patients' total lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ, and CD4+, CD8+, DN αβ T, Vδ2+ γδ T, and MAIT cells display impaired IFN-γ production in response to BCG. Inherited ITK deficiency undermines the development and function of various IFN-γ-producing T cell subsets, thereby underlying TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,The David Rockefeller Graduate Program, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Rémy Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominic P Golec
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emmanuel Martin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Bohlen
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Simon J Pelham
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andrés Augusto Arias
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia.,School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Taushif Khan
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manar Ata
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima Al Ali
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Department of Virology, Cochin Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Xiao-Fei Kong
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Candice Laine
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Wei-Te Lei
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ji Eun Han
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Zenia Kaul
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Pediatric Immunology and Hematology Department, Necker Hospital for Sick Children Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Claire Fieschi
- Clinical Immunology Department, Saint Louis Hospital, AP-HP Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1126, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sevgi Pekcan
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Alkan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Melike Emiroğlu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Tokgöz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nico Marr
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
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5
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Youssefian L, Saeidian AH, Tavasoli AR, Kalamati E, Naghipoor K, Hozhabrpour A, Mesdaghi M, Saffarian Z, Mahmoudi H, Nabavi M, Shokri S, Zeinali S, Béziat V, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E, Uitto J, Vahidnezhad H. Recalcitrant Cutaneous Warts in a Family with Inherited ICOS Deficiency. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2435-2445. [PMID: 35276224 PMCID: PMC9391267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recalcitrant warts, caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), can be a cutaneous manifestation of inborn error of immunity. This study investigated the clinical manifestations, immunodeficiency, single-gene susceptibility, and HPV repertoire in a consanguineous family with severe sinopulmonary infections and recalcitrant warts. Clinical and immunologic evaluations, including FACS and lymphocyte transformation test, provided evidence for immunodeficiency. Combined whole-exome sequencing and genome-wide homozygosity mapping were utilized to disclose candidate sequence variants. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was used to concomitantly investigate the HPV genotypes and the consequences of detected sequence variants in the host. The proband, a male aged 41 years, was found to be homozygous for the c.6delG, p.Lys2Asnfs∗17 variant in ICOS, encoding the inducible T-cell costimulator. This variant was located inside the 5 megabase of runs of homozygosity on 2q33.2. RNA sequencing confirmed the deleteriousness of the ICOS variant in three skin biopsies revealing significant downregulation of ICOS and its ligand, ICOSLG. Reads unaligned to the human genome were applied to 926 different viruses, and α-HPV57, β-HPV107, β-HPV14, and β-HPV17 were detected. Collectively, we describe a previously unrecognized inborn error of T-cell immunity to HPVs, indicating that autosomal recessive ICOS deficiency can underlie recalcitrant warts, emphasizing the immunologic underpinnings of recalcitrant warts at the nexus of human and viral genomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Genetics, Genomics & Cancer Biology PhD Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Kalamati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Zaman Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Karim Naghipoor
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amir Hozhabrpour
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mesdaghi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Saffarian
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nabavi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Rasool-E-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Shokri
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Rasool-E-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vivien Béziat
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris University, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris University, France; Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris University, France
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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6
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Akar-Ghibril N. Defects of the Innate Immune System and Related Immune Deficiencies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:36-54. [PMID: 34417936 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the host's first line of defense against pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that mediate recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLRs also activate signaling transduction pathways involved in host defense, inflammation, development, and the production of inflammatory cytokines. Innate immunodeficiencies associated with defective TLR signaling include mutations in NEMO, IKBA, MyD88, and IRAK4. Other innate immune defects have been associated with susceptibility to herpes simplex encephalitis, viral infections, and mycobacterial disease, as well as chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Phagocytes and natural killer cells are essential members of the innate immune system and defects in number and/or function of these cells can lead to recurrent infections. Complement is another important part of the innate immune system. Complement deficiencies can lead to increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, or impaired immune complex clearance. The innate immune system must work to quickly recognize and eliminate pathogens as well as coordinate an immune response and engage the adaptive immune system. Defects of the innate immune system can lead to failure to quickly identify pathogens and activate the immune response, resulting in susceptibility to severe or recurrent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Akar-Ghibril
- Division of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, 1311 N 35th Ave, Suite 220, 33021, Hollywood, FL, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
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7
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Saeidian AH, Youssefian L, Huang CY, Palizban F, Naji M, Saffarian Z, Mahmoudi H, Goodarzi A, Sotoudeh S, Vahidnezhad F, Amani M, Tavakoli N, Ajami A, Mozafarpoor S, Teimoorian M, Dorgaleleh S, Shokri S, Shenagari M, Abedi N, Zeinali S, Fortina P, Béziat V, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL, Uitto J, Vahidnezhad H. Whole-transcriptome sequencing-based concomitant detection of viral and human genetic determinants of cutaneous lesions. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156021. [PMID: 35316210 PMCID: PMC9089792 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe viral infections of the skin can occur in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). We report an all-in-one whole-transcriptome sequencing–based method by RNA-Seq on a single skin biopsy for concomitantly identifying the cutaneous virome and the underlying IEI. Skin biopsies were obtained from healthy and lesional skin from patients with cutaneous infections suspected to be of viral origin. RNA-Seq was utilized as the first-tier strategy for unbiased human genome-wide rare variant detection. Reads unaligned to the human genome were utilized for the exploration of 926 viruses in a viral genome catalog. In 9 families studied, the patients carried pathogenic variants in 6 human IEI genes, including IL2RG, WAS, CIB1, STK4, GATA2, and DOCK8. Gene expression profiling also confirmed pathogenicity of the human variants and permitted genome-wide homozygosity mapping, which assisted in identification of candidate genes in consanguineous families. This automated, online, all-in-one computational pipeline, called VirPy, enables simultaneous detection of the viral triggers and the human genetic variants underlying skin lesions in patients with suspected IEI and viral dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson Univerrsity, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Charles Y Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Fahimeh Palizban
- Laboratory and Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformactics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahtab Naji
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Zahra Saffarian
- Imam Khomeini Hospaital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudi
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Azadeh Goodarzi
- Department of Dermatology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Soheila Sotoudeh
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Fatemeh Vahidnezhad
- UCSC Silicon Valley Extension, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States of America
| | - Maliheh Amani
- Department of Dermatology, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Narjes Tavakoli
- Nobel Laboratory, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Province, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Ali Ajami
- Nobel Laboratory, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Province, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Samaneh Mozafarpoor
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Province, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mehrdad Teimoorian
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Saeed Dorgaleleh
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Sima Shokri
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohammad Shenagari
- Department of Microbiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Nima Abedi
- Bioinformatics Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Imagine Institute - INSERM U1163 (ex U980), Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockfeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson Univerrsity, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson Univerrsity, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Yin Z, Zou Y, Wang D, Huang X, Xiong S, Cao L, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhang N. Regulation of the Tec family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases in cardiovascular disease. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:119. [PMID: 35296647 PMCID: PMC8927484 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is a type of post-translational modification. Tec kinases, which are a subfamily of non-receptor PTKs, were originally discovered in the hematopoietic system and include five members: Tec, Btk, Itk/Emt/Tsk, Etk/Bmx, and Txk/Rlk. With the progression of modern research, certain members of the Tec family of kinases have been found to be expressed outside the hematopoietic system and are involved in the development and progression of a variety of diseases. The role of Tec family kinases in cardiovascular disease is receiving increasing attention. Tec kinases are involved in the occurrence and progression of ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction associated with sepsis, atrial fibrillation, myocardial hypertrophy, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, and myocardial infarction and post-myocardial. However, no reviews have comprehensively clarified the role of Tec kinases in the cardiovascular system. Therefore, this review summarizes research on the role of Tec kinases in cardiovascular disease, providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanming Zou
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shengjun Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Uitto J, Saeidian AH, Youssefian L, Saffarian Z, Casanova JL, Béziat V, Jouanguy E, Vahidnezhad H. Recalcitrant Warts, Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis, and the Tree-Man Syndrome: Phenotypic Spectrum of Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus Infections at the Intersection of Genetic Variability of Viral and Human Genomes. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1265-1269. [PMID: 34843682 PMCID: PMC9038624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can cause common warts, which usually resolve spontaneously or become recalcitrant, resistant to multiple treatments. In rare cases, they transform into cutaneous giant horns resulting in the tree-man syndrome (TMS). Defective β-HPVs can cause flat warts in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), a genetic disorder. In typical EV, limited to the skin, the mutated genes are critical for keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity, whereas atypical, syndromic EV involves genes controlling T cells. Inborn errors of immunity due to mutations in distinct genes underlying recalcitrant warts and the α-HPV2‒driven TMS have been identified, all disrupting T-cell immunity. Collectively, these observations attest to the wide phenotypic spectrum of cutaneous infections caused by different HPV types at the intersection of the genetic diversity of the viral and human genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Genetics, Genomics & Cancer Biology, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zahra Saffarian
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Imagine Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, University of Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Imagine Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, University of Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Imagine Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, University of Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Lino CNR, Ghosh S. Epstein-Barr Virus in Inborn Immunodeficiency-More Than Infection. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194752. [PMID: 34638238 PMCID: PMC8507541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is a common virus that is readily controlled by a healthy immune system and rarely causes serious problems in infected people. However, patients with certain genetic defects of their immune system might have difficulties controlling EBV and often develop severe and life-threatening conditions, such as severe inflammation and malignancies. In this review, we provide a summary of inherited immune diseases that lead to a high susceptibility to EBV infection and discuss how this infection is associated with cancer development. Abstract Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus affecting more than 90% of the world’s population. Upon infection, it establishes latency in B cells. It is a rather benign virus for immune-competent individuals, in whom infections usually go unnoticed. Nevertheless, EBV has been extensively associated with tumorigenesis. Patients suffering from certain inborn errors of immunity are at high risk of developing malignancies, while infection in the majority of immune-competent individuals does not seem to lead to immune dysregulation. Herein, we discuss how inborn mutations in TNFRSF9, CD27, CD70, CORO1A, CTPS1, ITK, MAGT1, RASGRP1, STK4, CARMIL2, SH2D1A, and XIAP affect the development, differentiation, and function of key factors involved in the immunity against EBV, leading to increased susceptibility to lymphoproliferative disease and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujal Ghosh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-811-6224; Fax: +49-211-811-6191
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11
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Mudasani G, Paidikondala K, Gurská S, Maddirala SJ, Džubák P, Das V, Gundla R. C‐5 Aryl Substituted Azaspirooxindolinones Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as Potential Inhibitors of Tec Family Kinases. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Mudasani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad 502102 Telangana India
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory Division AragenLifesciences Pvt. Ltd Survey No: 125(Part) & 126, IDA Mallapur Hyderabad 500 076 India
| | - Kalyani Paidikondala
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad 502102 Telangana India
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacký University Olomouc Hněvotínská 1333/5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Shambabu Joseph Maddirala
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory Division AragenLifesciences Pvt. Ltd Survey No: 125(Part) & 126, IDA Mallapur Hyderabad 500 076 India
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacký University Olomouc Hněvotínská 1333/5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacký University Olomouc Hněvotínská 1333/5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad 502102 Telangana India
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Abstract
The focus of this review is to examine the role of ITK signaling in multiple diseases and investigate the clinical potential of ITK inhibition. The diseases and potential interventions reviewed include T cell-derived malignancies as well as other neoplastic diseases, allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, certain infectious diseases, several autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, and finally the use of ITK inhibition in both solid organ and bone marrow transplantation recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Weeks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Esenboga S, Cagdas D, Alkanat NE, Güler Tezel G, Ersoy Evans S, Boztug K, Tezcan I. TMC8 mutation in a Turkish family with epidermodysplasia verruciformis including laryngeal papilloma and recurrent skin carcinoma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2263-2267. [PMID: 34416085 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) occur due to the defects in cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells, while in some PIDs, there are defects in various genes responsible for non-leucocyte immune response such as seen in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). EV caused by the mutations in TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 genes is called "typical." "Atypical" EV may develop in patients with primary immunodeficiencies originating from hematopoietic stem cells, which include severe T-cell failure, caused by inactivating biallelic mutations of STK4, RHOH, CORO1A, ITK, TPP2, DCLRE1C, LCK, RASGRP1, or DOCK8 genes. Here, we present a family with TMC8 gene mutation leading to disseminated epidermodysplasia verruciformis including laryngeal papilloma and recurrent cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Typical EV with impaired local, keratinocyte-intrinsic immune response should be considered when routine immunological examinations are normal in patients presenting with clinical signs of EV. Although it is not possible to prevent EV lesions, early and appropriate surveillance for malignancy is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Esenboga
- Pediatric Immunology Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Cagdas
- Pediatric Immunology Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazli Eylem Alkanat
- Department of Pathology Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaye Güler Tezel
- Department of Pathology Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ersoy Evans
- Department of Dermatology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Pediatric Immunology Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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师 琴, 汤 文, 贺 湘, 田 鑫. [Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor in a girl]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:739-742. [PMID: 34266534 PMCID: PMC8292655 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2103152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A girl, aged 7 years, was admitted due to pain in both lower limbs for more than one year. Lumbar MRI showed soft tissue masses in the paravertebral region. Cerebral MRI showed nodular masses in the cavernous sinus at both sides. Chest CT showed high-density nodules in the outer basal segment of the right inferior lobe and the anterior segment of the left upper lobe of the lung. Biopsy of lumbar lesions showed Epstein-Barr (EB) virus-related smooth muscle tumor. Genetic testing showed a de novo mutation, c.725_730delAGAGTA (p.K242_S243del), in the ITK gene. The masses in the lumbar vertebra were removed by surgery, and then the pain in both lower limbs disappeared. This article reports a case of EB virus-related smooth muscle tumor with a deletion mutation in the ITK gene, which provides experience for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- 琴 师
- />湖南省人民医院/湖南师范大学附属第一医院儿童医学中心血液肿瘤科, 湖南长沙 410005Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - 文芳 汤
- />湖南省人民医院/湖南师范大学附属第一医院儿童医学中心血液肿瘤科, 湖南长沙 410005Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - 湘玲 贺
- />湖南省人民医院/湖南师范大学附属第一医院儿童医学中心血液肿瘤科, 湖南长沙 410005Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - 鑫 田
- />湖南省人民医院/湖南师范大学附属第一医院儿童医学中心血液肿瘤科, 湖南长沙 410005Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
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15
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Primary immunodeficiencies reveal the molecular requirements for effective host defense against EBV infection. Blood 2020; 135:644-655. [PMID: 31942615 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an enigma; on one hand, it infects and persists in latent form in the vast majority of the global population, causing relatively benign disease in otherwise healthy individuals. On the other hand, EBV represents the first identified oncogenic virus, capable of causing ≥7 different types of malignancies, usually in immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, some individuals with defined inborn errors of immunity exhibit extreme susceptibility to EBV-induced disease, developing severe and often fatal infectious mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, lymphoproliferative disease, and/or EBV+ B-cell lymphoma. Thus, host and pathogen have coevolved to enable viral persistence and survival with minimal collateral damage to the healthy host. However, acquired or genetic disruptions to host defense that tip the balance in favor of EBV can have catastrophic effects. The study of primary immunodeficiencies has provided opportunities to define nonredundant requirements for host defense against EBV infection. This has not only revealed mechanisms underlying EBV-induced disease in these primary immunodeficiencies but also identified molecules and pathways that could be targeted to enhance the efficacy of an EBV-specific vaccine or treat severe EBV infection and pathological consequences in immunodeficient hosts.
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16
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Lechner KS, Neurath MF, Weigmann B. Role of the IL-2 inducible tyrosine kinase ITK and its inhibitors in disease pathogenesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1385-1395. [PMID: 32808093 PMCID: PMC7524833 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ITK (IL-2-inducible tyrosine kinase) belongs to the Tec family kinases and is mainly expressed in T cells. It is involved in TCR signalling events driving processes like T cell development as well as Th2, Th9 and Th17 responses thereby controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies have shown that ITK is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases as well as in carcinogenesis. The loss of ITK or its activity either by mutation or by the use of inhibitors led to a beneficial outcome in experimental models of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis among others. In humans, biallelic mutations in the ITK gene locus result in a monogenetic disorder leading to T cell dysfunction; in consequence, mainly EBV infections can lead to severe immune dysregulation evident by lymphoproliferation, lymphoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Furthermore, patients who suffer from angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma have been found to express significantly more ITK. These findings put ITK in the strong focus as a target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Lechner
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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Human genetic dissection of papillomavirus-driven diseases: new insight into their pathogenesis. Hum Genet 2020; 139:919-939. [PMID: 32435828 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect mucosal or cutaneous stratified epithelia. There are 5 genera and more than 200 types of HPV, each with a specific tropism and virulence. HPV infections are typically asymptomatic or result in benign tumors, which may be disseminated or persistent in rare cases, but a few oncogenic HPVs can cause cancers. This review deals with the human genetic and immunological basis of interindividual clinical variability in the course of HPV infections of the skin and mucosae. Typical epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is characterized by β-HPV-driven flat wart-like and pityriasis-like cutaneous lesions and non-melanoma skin cancers in patients with inborn errors of EVER1-EVER2-CIB1-dependent skin-intrinsic immunity. Atypical EV is associated with other infectious diseases in patients with inborn errors of T cells. Severe cutaneous or anogenital warts, including anogenital cancers, are also driven by certain α-, γ-, μ or ν-HPVs in patients with inborn errors of T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. The genetic basis of HPV diseases at other mucosal sites, such as oral multifocal epithelial hyperplasia or juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JRRP), remains poorly understood. The human genetic dissection of HPV-driven lesions will clarify the molecular and cellular basis of protective immunity to HPVs, and should lead to novel diagnostic, preventive, and curative approaches in patients.
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18
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Saeidian AH, Cohen-Nowak A, O'Donnell M, Shalabi D, McGuinn KP, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Niaziorimi F, Dasgeb B, Kasper DA, Lee JB, Uitto J, Nikbakht N. Linear basal cell nevus with a novel mosaic PTCH1 mutation. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:531-534. [PMID: 32298489 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The patched tumor suppressor gene (PTCH1) encodes a receptor, which is a key component of the hedgehog signalling pathway. Mutations in PTCH1 are implicated in the development of sporadic basal cell carcinomas (BCC), as well as those in Gorlin Syndrome. Rarely, BCCs may develop in a linear pattern along lines of Blaschko due to cutaneous mosaicism. In cases in which there are other features of Gorlin syndrome, genomic analysis has demonstrated lesional mutations in the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Causative mutations, however, have not been firmly demonstrated in the cases of linear and segmental BCCs in otherwise healthy individuals. Herein, we report a case of a 31 year-old Caucasian woman with linear development of multiple superficial BCCs in a Blaschkoid distribution without other characteristic findings of Gorlin syndrome. Genomic analysis of lesional skin by whole-exome sequencing identified a novel heterozygous mutation PTCH1: NM_000264.3, Exon 15, c.2336-2337insGGTAGGA, p.Asp779Glufs*13 in PTCH1, shared by two discrete samples within the lesion, while no mutations were found in the non-lesional skin or peripheral blood. Given the young age of our patient and linear distribution of BCCs on non-sun exposed skin, our findings suggest segmental mosaicism. The patient was treated with topical 5% imiquimod with histologically confirmed clearance of BCCs in 2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Cohen-Nowak
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan O'Donnell
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Doaa Shalabi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen P McGuinn
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Niaziorimi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bahar Dasgeb
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Kasper
- Dermatology and Skin Cancer Institute, Lansdale, PA, USA
| | - Jason B Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neda Nikbakht
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Tangye SG. Genetic susceptibility to EBV infection: insights from inborn errors of immunity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:885-901. [PMID: 32152698 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, infecting > 90% of the adult population. In the vast majority of healthy individuals, infection with EBV runs a relatively benign course. However, EBV is by no means a benign pathogen. Indeed, apart from being associated with at least seven different types of malignancies, EBV infection can cause severe and often fatal diseases-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, lymphoproliferative disease, B-cell lymphoma-in rare individuals with specific monogenic inborn errors of immunity. The discovery and detailed investigation of inborn errors of immunity characterized by heightened susceptibility to, or increased frequency of, EBV-induced disease have elegantly revealed cell types and signaling pathways that play critical and non-redundant roles in host-defense against EBV. These analyses have revealed not only mechanisms underlying EBV-induced disease in rare genetic conditions, but also identified molecules and pathways that could be targeted to treat severe EBV infection and pathological consequences in immunodeficient hosts, or even potentially enhance the efficacy of an EBV-specific vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,Clincial Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australasia (CIRCA), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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20
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Latour S, Fischer A. Signaling pathways involved in the T-cell-mediated immunity against Epstein-Barr virus: Lessons from genetic diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:174-189. [PMID: 31402499 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) provide researchers with unique models to understand in vivo immune responses in general and immunity to infections in particular. In humans, impaired immune control of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with the occurrence of several different immunopathologic conditions; these include non-malignant and malignant B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a severe inflammatory condition, and a chronic acute EBV infection of T cells. Studies of PIDs associated with a predisposition to develop severe, chronic EBV infections have led to the identification of key components of immunity to EBV - notably the central role of T-cell expansion and its regulation in the pathophysiology of EBV-associated diseases. On one hand, the defective expansion of EBV-specific CD8 T cells results from mutations in genes involved in T-cell activation (such as RASGRP1, MAGT1, and ITK), DNA metabolism (CTPS1) or co-stimulatory pathways (CD70, CD27, and TNFSFR9 (also known as CD137/4-1BB)) leads to impaired elimination of proliferating EBV-infected B cells and the occurrence of lymphoma. On the other hand, protracted T-cell expansion and activation after the defective killing of EBV-infected B cells is caused by genetic defects in the components of the lytic granule exocytosis pathway or in the small adapter protein SH2D1A (also known as SAP), a key activator of T- and NK cell-cytotoxicity. In this setting, the persistence of EBV-infected cells results in HLH, a condition characterized by unleashed T-cell and macrophage activation. Moreover, genetic defects causing selective vulnerability to EBV infection have highlighted the role of co-receptor molecules (CD27, CD137, and SLAM-R) selectively involved in immune responses against infected B cells via specific T-B cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
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21
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Vahidnezhad H, Youssefian L, Saeidian AH, Mansoori B, Jazayeri A, Azizpour A, Hesari KK, Yousefi M, Zeinali S, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL, Uitto J. A CIB1 Splice-Site Founder Mutation in Families with Typical Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1195-1198. [PMID: 30503243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Genetics, Genomics and Cancer Biology PhD Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Genetics, Genomics and Cancer Biology PhD Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Jazayeri
- Department of Information Science, College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arghavan Azizpour
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambriz Kamyab Hesari
- Department of Pathology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute or Iran, Tehran, Iran; Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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