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Multifunctional self-driven origami paper-based integrated microfluidic chip to detect CRP and PAB in whole blood. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 208:114225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ranasinghe RN, Biswas M, Vincent RP. Prealbumin: The clinical utility and analytical methodologies. Ann Clin Biochem 2020; 59:7-14. [PMID: 32429677 DOI: 10.1177/0004563220931885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prealbumin is a small protein which has been widely evaluated as a nutritional and a prognostic marker. The small size and concentration of prealbumin in blood proposes challenges on measuring it with high sensitivity and specificity. Over the years, a number of analytical methodologies have been developed, which may help establish prealbumin as a useful biomarker in routine clinical practice. The aim of the short review was to explore the current literature on the clinical utility of prealbumin and the advances made in the analytical methodologies of prealbumin. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for articles published between January 1980 and July 2019, with the general search terms of 'prealbumin', 'prognostic marker', 'nutritional marker', 'analytical methodologies' and 'malnutrition'. Additionally, we selected relevant articles and comprehensive overviews from reference lists of identified studies. The routine use of prealbumin in clinical practice remains debatable; however; it can complement clinical history, anthropometric assessment and physical examination to assess malnutrition with more certainty. Consensus on the clinical applications of prealbumin in the management of malnutrition is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvini Nk Ranasinghe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, , UK
| | - Milly Biswas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, , UK
| | - Royce P Vincent
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, , UK
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Yan J, Li G, Hu Y, Ou W, Wan Y. Construction of a synthetic phage-displayed Nanobody library with CDR3 regions randomized by trinucleotide cassettes for diagnostic applications. J Transl Med 2014; 12:343. [PMID: 25496223 PMCID: PMC4269866 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nanobodies (Nbs) have proved their great value as therapeutic molecules and clinical diagnostic tools. Although the routine procedure to obtain Nbs is to immunize camels with antigens, it is unavailable to immunize a camel when the antigens are highly toxic, pathogenic or nonimmunogenic. A synthetic phage display library is an alternative to generate Nbs against such targets, besides all the other ones. Methods We constructed a large and diverse synthetic phage display Nanobody (Nb) library based on the conserved camel single-domain antibody fragment (VHH) framework of cAbBCII10. Diversity was introduced in the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) by means of randomization of synthetic oligonucleotides. Then human prealbumin (PA) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were used to select specific Nbs from this library. Furthermore, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect PA based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-PA Nb isolated from this study and another biotinylated anti-PA Nb obtained from an immune library, in our previous study. Results A large and diverse synthetic phage display Nb library with CDR3 regions randomized by trinucleotide cassettes was constructed. The library size was 1.65 × 109 CFU/mL and the correct insertion ratio was nearly 100%. A Nb against human PA and against NGAL was successfully isolated from the synthetic library. The obtained anti-PA Nb was effectively used to develop a sandwich ELISA for PA detection and it demonstrated a working range from 50 to 1000 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 27.1 ng/mL. Conclusion This proposed novel synthetic library was a good source for obtaining some antigen-specific Nbs. This approach could provide crucial support to an immune library and a naïve library in the acquisition of specific Nbs, potentially functioning as a great resource for medical diagnostic applications. In addition, we have successfully developed a novel sandwich ELISA to detect PA, which could provide great assistance for clinical PA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China.
| | - Yonghong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Weijun Ou
- Jiangsu Nanobody Engineering and Research Center, Nantong, 226010, PR China.
| | - Yakun Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China. .,Jiangsu Nanobody Engineering and Research Center, Nantong, 226010, PR China.
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Ma L, Sun Y, Kang X, Wan Y. Development of nanobody-based flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay for sensitive detection of human prealbumin. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:165-71. [PMID: 24874660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, have novel and impactful applications in clinical diagnostics. Our objective is to develop a nanobody-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for sensitive detection of human prealbumin (PA). In this context, a phage display nanobody library is constructed via immunizing dromedary camel with human prealbumin. Three nanobodies have been identified by five successive bio-panning steps. Based on their high expression level and good affinity, two out of three are chosen for further study. Magnetic beads (MBs) were functionalized with PEI by acylamide bond formed between the carboxyl group on the surface of the MB. Then, an anti-PA nanobody (Nb1) can be effectively immobilized onto the surface of the functionalized MB using glutaradehyde as the link. The modified MBs with Nb1 can specifically capture the target PA and reacted with silica nanoparticles with co-immobilized HRP and anti-PA nanobody (Nb2). The concentration of PA was detected by flow injection chemiluminescence. When using MB/PEI as the carrier of anti-PA Nb1, the CL signal significantly increased to 4-fold compared with the signal using MB without PEI modification. The CL signal was further amplified to 5-fold when Si/Nb2 was used as the signal probe. Under optimized conditions, the present immunoassay exhibited a wide quantitative range from 0.05 to 1000 μg L(-1) with a detection limit of 0.01 μg L(-1). The sensitivity of the proposed immunoassay offers great promises in providing a sensitive, specific, time saving, and potential method for detecting PA in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education), Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education), Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China.
| | - Yakun Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China; Jiangsu Nanobody Engineering and Research Center, Nantong 226010, P.R. China.
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Yan B, Liu L, Wang S, Shen G, Yu R. Rapid, Simple, and Sensitive Immunoagglutination Assay with SiO2 Particles and Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Quantifying Schistosoma japonicum Antibodies. Clin Chem 2006; 52:2065-71. [PMID: 16990420 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.071555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: The resurgence of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis calls for more efficient diagnostic tests. We developed a rapid, simple, portable, and sensitive immunoagglutination assay that uses SiO2 particles and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for quantifying Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) antibodies (SjAb).Methods: We prepared submicrometer-sized silica particles derivatized with Sj antigens as replacements for traditional latex microspheres to specifically agglutinate in the presence of SjAb targets, and we used the QCM monitor to measure the resulting frequency shifts. We optimized the assay medium by adding poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a response accelerator of immunoagglutination. To minimize or eliminate any nonspecific agglutination or adsorption interferences, we conducted appropriate sealing procedures separately for silica particles and the QCM probe.Results: The measured frequency changes were linearly related to the SjAb concentrations in infected rabbit serum. The PEG-assisted immunoagglutination system was quantitatively sensitive to SjAb concentrations ranging from ∼0.70 to 32.31 mg/L, with a detection limit of ∼0.46 mg/L. The obtained linear regression equation was: y = 43.61 x + 80.44 (r = 0.9872). Several serum specimens were evaluated with the developed QCM immunoassay and the results were compared with ELISA, validating the feasibility of practical applications.Conclusions: This novel immunoagglutination-based QCM detection format is rapid, simple to use, and more portable than conventional diagnostic immunoassays, thus offering a promising alternative tool that can be used for point-of-care clinical diagnosis of schistosomiasis, particularly in epidemic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P.R. China.
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Lin CY, Chen CS, Shieh MS, Wu CH, Lee HM. Development of an automated immunoassay for advanced glycosylation end products in human serum. Clin Biochem 2002; 35:189-95. [PMID: 12074826 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonenzymatic reaction of protein and carbohydrate produce a series of brown fluorescent advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs). However, a convenient and rapid assay for serum AGEs level is currently unavailable. METHODS We raised AGEs-specific polyclonal antibodies, which were used to develop a fully automated, noncompetitive, homogeneous, light-scattering immunoassay for serum AGEs. RESULTS The assay requires a sample volume of 2 microL and takes a reaction time of 2 min. The coefficient of variation range from 1.8 to 6.1%, and the mean recovery rate was 98.6%. Comparative analysis shows moderate correlation with competitive ELISA (r = 0.8209, n = 52). The mean +/- SD concentration of AGEs in young and in older healthy subjects were 4.6 +/- 1.5 (n = 39) and 4.9 +/- 1.4 (n = 40), respectively. The level of AGEs was significantly higher in serum from patients with type II DM 7.8 +/- 4.8 (n = 89) than that from the normal subjects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The automatic immunoassay for AGEs is appropriate for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuai-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ortega-Vinuesa JL, Bastos-González D. A review of factors affecting the performances of latex agglutination tests. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2002; 12:379-408. [PMID: 11436976 DOI: 10.1163/156856201750195289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present review describes the different strategies followed to improve the performance of latex agglutination tests. The analysis is mainly focused on the diverse parameters that affect the final colloidal stability of the immunoprotein-latex system. These parameters include: the surface properties of polymer carriers; the different kind of antibodies usually employed; the use of BSA as stabilizer; the co-adsorption of various macromolecules (BSA, surfactants and lipids) and antibodies; recent approaches to colloidal stability at high ionic strengths due to hydration forces; and the covalent coupling of antibodies on functionalized latex particles. Special emphasis is given to the relation between electrophoretic mobility and the colloidal stability of the sensitized particles and how this knowledge can be utilized for a better understanding of the immunoagglutination kinetic.
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Holownia P, Perez-Amodio S, Price CP. Effect of poly(ethylene glycol), tetramethylammonium hydroxide, and other surfactants on enhancing performance in a latex particle immunoassay of C-reactive protein. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3426-31. [PMID: 11476244 DOI: 10.1021/ac001530g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a variety and combination of both ionic surfactants and different chain lengths of the polyelectrolyte poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the performance characteristics (with particular reference to signal response) of a homogeneous, latex agglutination immunoassay was investigated. The test analyte was human serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and the antibody reagent consisted of a sheep polyclonal anti-CRP IgG fraction covalently coupled to 50-nm-sized latex including a glycine-capped chloromethylstyrene shell. The amount and rate of immunoagglutination was monitored turbidimetrically after sample addition. It was found that 2.5 mmol/L concentrations of the small cationic surfactant tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMH), when present alone, substantially increased both reaction rates and sensitivity in the lower clinical ranges of CRP concentration when compared to normally used assay conditions containing PEG and the anionic detergent Gafac. The nonspecific binding (NSB) was also found to be unchanged. Evidence is presented that the TMH enhances the actual antibody-antigen interaction as opposed to the known effects of other surfactants in immunocomplex dissociation or in maintenance of colloidal stability. We suggest that the enhancement seen with TMH could be an alternative to PEG and may provide a new means of further extending detection limits. The utility of this type of immunoassay technology could therefore be increased whenever clinically required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Holownia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, St. Bartholomews and Royal London Hospital's School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK.
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Perez-Amodio S, Holownia P, Davey CL, Price CP. Effects of the ionic environment, charge, and particle surface chemistry for enhancing a latex homogeneous immunoassay of C-reactive protein. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3417-25. [PMID: 11476243 DOI: 10.1021/ac001529h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of the solution environment for a light-scattering, latex-particle-enhanced, homogeneous immunoassay of C-reactive protein (CRP) has been investigated in order to assess and optimize the immunoagglutination response. Latex particles of 50-170-nm sizes were covalently coupled with an IgG polyclonal antibody and subjected to an extensive optimization regime. This consisted of conditions responsible, in different degrees, for the principal attractive/repulsive forces affecting both colloidal stability and the antibody/antigen interaction: particle size, antibody concentration, ionic strength and species, pH, and amino acid chemistry of the particle surface. Careful control of these parameters was found to be necessary to achieve the desired effects of balancing high colloidal stability in the absence of antigen but promoting a rapid, sensitive, and dose-dependent agglutination with pathological serum samples. In addition, the estimation of fundamental properties governing intermolecular interaction (i.e. the "Hamaker" constant and critical coagulation concentration) was attempted to order to investigate a simple, practical means of defining a colloidal/immunoassay system under "real conditions" as well as "real time". It is concluded that because each antibody system is unique, a similar optimization should be performed in diagnostic immunoassays of this type to maximize their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perez-Amodio
- St. Bartholomew's and Royal London Hospital's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, UK
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Englebienne P, Van Hoonacker A, Valsamis J. Rapid Homogeneous Immunoassay for Human Ferritin in the Cobas Mira Using Colloidal Gold as the Reporter Reagent. Clin Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Valsamis
- Laboratory Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brugmann University Hospital, Place van Gehuchten 4, B-1020 Brussels, Belgium
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