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Abioye J, Lawson-Williams M, Lecanda A, Calhoon B, McQue AL, Colloms SD, Stark WM, Olorunniji FJ. High fidelity one-pot DNA assembly using orthogonal serine integrases. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200411. [PMID: 36504358 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large serine integrases (LSIs, derived from temperate phages) have been adapted for use in a multipart DNA assembly process in vitro, called serine integrase recombinational assembly (SIRA). The versatility, efficiency, and fidelity of SIRA is limited by lack of a sufficient number of LSIs whose activities have been characterized in vitro. METHODS AND MAJOR RESULTS In this report, we compared the activities in vitro of 10 orthogonal LSIs to explore their suitability for multiplex SIRA reactions. We found that Bxb1, ϕR4, and TG1 integrases were the most active among the set we studied, but several others were also usable. As proof of principle, we demonstrated high-efficiency one-pot assembly of six DNA fragments (made by PCR) into a 7.5 kb plasmid that expresses the enzymes of the β-carotenoid pathway in Escherichia coli, using six different LSIs. We further showed that a combined approach using a few highly active LSIs, each acting on multiple pairs of att sites with distinct central dinucleotides, can be used to scale up "poly-part" gene assembly and editing. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that use of multiple orthogonal integrases may be the most predictable, efficient, and programmable approach for SIRA and other in vitro applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumai Abioye
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Makeba Lawson-Williams
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alicia Lecanda
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brecken Calhoon
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arlene L McQue
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sean D Colloms
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Marshall Stark
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Femi J Olorunniji
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Sakai Y, Wilkens GD, Wolski K, Zapotoczny S, Heddle JG. Topogami: Topologically Linked DNA Origami. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:57-63. [PMID: 35211697 PMCID: PMC8861903 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA origami is a widely used DNA nanotechnology that allows construction of two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanometric shapes. The designability and rigidity of DNA origami make it an ideal material for construction of topologically linked molecules such as catenanes, which are attractive for their potential as motors and molecular machines. However, a general method for production of topologically linked DNA origami has been lacking. Here, we show that catenated single-stranded DNA circles can be produced and used as a universal scaffold for the production of topologically linked (catenated) DNA origami structures where the individual linked structures can be of any arbitrary design. Assembly of these topologically linked DNA origami structures is achieved via a simple one-pot annealing protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakai
- Bionanoscience and Biochemistry Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gerrit D Wilkens
- Bionanoscience and Biochemistry Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Żwirki I Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jonathan G Heddle
- Bionanoscience and Biochemistry Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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3
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Control of the Serine Integrase Reaction: Roles of the Coiled-Coil and Helix E Regions in DNA Site Synapsis and Recombination. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0070320. [PMID: 34060907 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00703-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage serine integrases catalyze highly specific recombination reactions between defined DNA segments called att sites. These reactions are reversible depending upon the presence of a second phage-encoded directionality factor. The bipartite C-terminal DNA-binding region of integrases includes a recombinase domain (RD) connected to a zinc-binding domain (ZD), which contains a long flexible coiled-coil (CC) motif that extends away from the bound DNA. We directly show that the identities of the phage A118 integrase att sites are specified by the DNA spacing between the RD and ZD DNA recognition determinants, which in turn directs the relative trajectories of the CC motifs on each subunit of the att-bound integrase dimer. Recombination between compatible dimer-bound att sites requires minimal-length CC motifs and 14 residues surrounding the tip where the pairing of CC motifs between synapsing dimers occurs. Our alanine-scanning data suggest that molecular interactions between CC motif tips may differ in integrative (attP × attB) and excisive (attL × attR) recombination reactions. We identify mutations in 5 residues within the integrase oligomerization helix that control the remodeling of dimers into tetramers during synaptic complex formation. Whereas most of these gain-of-function mutants still require the CC motifs for synapsis, one mutant efficiently, but indiscriminately, forms synaptic complexes without the CC motifs. However, the CC motifs are still required for recombination, suggesting a function for the CC motifs after the initial assembly of the integrase synaptic tetramer. IMPORTANCE The robust and exquisitely regulated site-specific recombination reactions promoted by serine integrases are integral to the life cycle of temperate bacteriophage and, in the case of the A118 prophage, are an important virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes. The properties of these recombinases have led to their repurposing into tools for genetic engineering and synthetic biology. In this report, we identify determinants regulating synaptic complex formation between correct DNA sites, including the DNA architecture responsible for specifying the identity of recombination sites, features of the unique coiled-coil structure on the integrase that are required to initiate synapsis, and amino acid residues on the integrase oligomerization helix that control the remodeling of synapsing dimers into a tetramer active for DNA strand exchange.
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4
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Rowland SJ, Boocock MR, Burke ME, Rice PA, Stark WM. The protein-protein interactions required for assembly of the Tn3 resolution synapse. Mol Microbiol 2021; 114:952-965. [PMID: 33405333 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific recombinase Tn3 resolvase initiates DNA strand exchange when two res recombination sites and six resolvase dimers interact to form a synapse. The detailed architecture of this intricate recombination machine remains unclear. We have clarified which of the potential dimer-dimer interactions are required for synapsis and recombination, using a novel complementation strategy that exploits a previously uncharacterized resolvase from Bartonella bacilliformis ("Bart"). Tn3 and Bart resolvases recognize different DNA motifs, via diverged C-terminal domains (CTDs). They also differ substantially at N-terminal domain (NTD) surfaces involved in dimerization and synapse assembly. We designed NTD-CTD hybrid proteins, and hybrid res sites containing both Tn3 and Bart dimer binding sites. Using these components in in vivo assays, we demonstrate that productive synapsis requires a specific "R" interface involving resolvase NTDs at all three dimer-binding sites in res. Synapses containing mixtures of wild-type Tn3 and Bart resolvase NTD dimers are recombination-defective, but activity can be restored by replacing patches of Tn3 resolvase R interface residues with Bart residues, or vice versa. We conclude that the Tn3/Bart family synapse is assembled exclusively by R interactions between resolvase dimers, except for the one special dimer-dimer interaction required for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally-J Rowland
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Martin R Boocock
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mary E Burke
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Phoebe A Rice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W Marshall Stark
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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5
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A novel decatenation assay for DNA topoisomerases using a singly-linked catenated substrate. Biotechniques 2020; 69:356-362. [PMID: 33000631 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Decatenation is a crucial in vivo reaction of DNA topoisomerases in DNA replication and is frequently used in in vitro drug screening. Usually this reaction is monitored using kinetoplast DNA as a substrate, although this assay has several limitations. Here we have engineered a substrate for Tn3 resolvase that generates a singly-linked catenane that can readily be purified from the DNA substrate after restriction enzyme digestion and centrifugation. We show that this catenated substrate can be used with high sensitivity in topoisomerase assays and drug-inhibition assays.
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6
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Standage-Beier K, Brookhouser N, Balachandran P, Zhang Q, Brafman DA, Wang X. RNA-Guided Recombinase-Cas9 Fusion Targets Genomic DNA Deletion and Integration. CRISPR J 2020; 2:209-222. [PMID: 31436506 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2019.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-based technologies have become central to genome engineering. However, CRISPR-based editing strategies are dependent on the repair of DNA breaks via endogenous DNA repair mechanisms, which increases susceptibility to unwanted mutations. Here we complement Cas9 with a recombinase's functionality by fusing a hyperactive mutant resolvase from transposon Tn3, a member of serine recombinases, to a catalytically inactive Cas9, which we term integrase Cas9 (iCas9). We demonstrate iCas9 targets DNA deletion and integration. First, we validate iCas9's function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a genome-integrated reporter. Cooperative targeting by CRISPR RNAs at spacings of 22 or 40 bp enables iCas9-mediated recombination. Next, iCas9's ability to target DNA deletion and integration in human HEK293 cells is demonstrated using dual GFP-mCherry fluorescent reporter plasmid systems. Finally, we show that iCas9 is capable of targeting integration into a genomic reporter locus. We envision targeting and design concepts of iCas9 will contribute to genome engineering and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Standage-Beier
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering and University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering and University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona.,Graduate Program in Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Parithi Balachandran
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering and University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering and University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering and University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering and University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
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7
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Olorunniji FJ, Lawson-Williams M, McPherson AL, Paget JE, Stark WM, Rosser SJ. Control of ϕC31 integrase-mediated site-specific recombination by protein trans-splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:11452-11460. [PMID: 31667500 PMCID: PMC6868429 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine integrases are emerging as core tools in synthetic biology and have applications in biotechnology and genome engineering. We have designed a split-intein serine integrase-based system with potential for regulation of site-specific recombination events at the protein level in vivo. The ϕC31 integrase was split into two extein domains, and intein sequences (Npu DnaEN and Ssp DnaEC) were attached to the two termini to be fused. Expression of these two components followed by post-translational protein trans-splicing in Escherichia coli generated a fully functional ϕC31 integrase. We showed that protein splicing is necessary for recombination activity; deletion of intein domains or mutation of key intein residues inactivated recombination. We used an invertible promoter reporter system to demonstrate a potential application of the split intein-regulated site-specific recombination system in building reversible genetic switches. We used the same split inteins to control the reconstitution of a split Integrase-Recombination Directionality Factor fusion (Integrase-RDF) that efficiently catalysed the reverse attR x attL recombination. This demonstrates the potential for split-intein regulation of the forward and reverse reactions using the integrase and the integrase-RDF fusion, respectively. The split-intein integrase is a potentially versatile, regulatable component for building synthetic genetic circuits and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi J Olorunniji
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Makeba Lawson-Williams
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Arlene L McPherson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jane E Paget
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology at the Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JD, UK.,Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, 2 EH9 3DW, UK
| | - W Marshall Stark
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Susan J Rosser
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology at the Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JD, UK.,Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, 2 EH9 3DW, UK
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8
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Trejo CS, Rock RS, Stark WM, Boocock MR, Rice PA. Snapshots of a molecular swivel in action. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:5286-5296. [PMID: 29315406 PMCID: PMC6007550 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the serine family of site-specific recombinases exchange DNA strands via 180° rotation about a central protein-protein interface. Modeling of this process has been hampered by the lack of structures in more than one rotational state for any individual serine recombinase. Here we report crystal structures of the catalytic domains of four constitutively active mutants of the serine recombinase Sin, providing snapshots of rotational states not previously visualized for Sin, including two seen in the same crystal. Normal mode analysis predicted that each tetramer's lowest frequency mode (i.e. most accessible large-scale motion) mimics rotation: two protomers rotate as a pair with respect to the other two. Our analyses also suggest that rotation is not a rigid body movement around a single symmetry axis but instead uses multiple pivot points and entails internal motions within each subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Trejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ronald S Rock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - W Marshall Stark
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Martin R Boocock
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Phoebe A Rice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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9
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Bogdanove AJ, Bohm A, Miller JC, Morgan RD, Stoddard BL. Engineering altered protein-DNA recognition specificity. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:4845-4871. [PMID: 29718463 PMCID: PMC6007267 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering is used to generate novel protein folds and assemblages, to impart new properties and functions onto existing proteins, and to enhance our understanding of principles that govern protein structure. While such approaches can be employed to reprogram protein-protein interactions, modifying protein-DNA interactions is more difficult. This may be related to the structural features of protein-DNA interfaces, which display more charged groups, directional hydrogen bonds, ordered solvent molecules and counterions than comparable protein interfaces. Nevertheless, progress has been made in the redesign of protein-DNA specificity, much of it driven by the development of engineered enzymes for genome modification. Here, we summarize the creation of novel DNA specificities for zinc finger proteins, meganucleases, TAL effectors, recombinases and restriction endonucleases. The ease of re-engineering each system is related both to the modularity of the protein and the extent to which the proteins have evolved to be capable of readily modifying their recognition specificities in response to natural selection. The development of engineered DNA binding proteins that display an ideal combination of activity, specificity, deliverability, and outcomes is not a fully solved problem, however each of the current platforms offers unique advantages, offset by behaviors and properties requiring further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bogdanove
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrew Bohm
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Miller
- Sangamo Therapeutics Inc. 501 Canal Blvd., Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Richard D Morgan
- New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Barry L Stoddard
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98019, USA
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10
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Olorunniji FJ, McPherson AL, Rosser SJ, Smith MCM, Colloms SD, Stark WM. Control of serine integrase recombination directionality by fusion with the directionality factor. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8635-8645. [PMID: 28666339 PMCID: PMC5737554 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage serine integrases are extensively used in biotechnology and synthetic biology for assembly and rearrangement of DNA sequences. Serine integrases promote recombination between two different DNA sites, attP and attB, to form recombinant attL and attR sites. The 'reverse' reaction requires another phage-encoded protein called the recombination directionality factor (RDF) in addition to integrase; RDF activates attL × attR recombination and inhibits attP × attB recombination. We show here that serine integrases can be fused to their cognate RDFs to create single proteins that catalyse efficient attL × attR recombination in vivo and in vitro, whereas attP × attB recombination efficiency is reduced. We provide evidence that activation of attL × attR recombination involves intra-subunit contacts between the integrase and RDF moieties of the fusion protein. Minor changes in the length and sequence of the integrase-RDF linker peptide did not affect fusion protein recombination activity. The efficiency and single-protein convenience of integrase-RDF fusion proteins make them potentially very advantageous for biotechnology/synthetic biology applications. Here, we demonstrate efficient gene cassette replacement in a synthetic metabolic pathway gene array as a proof of principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi J Olorunniji
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Arlene L McPherson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Susan J Rosser
- SynthSys - Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roger Land Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Margaret C M Smith
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sean D Colloms
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - W Marshall Stark
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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11
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Olorunniji FJ, Rosser SJ, Marshall Stark W. Purification and In Vitro Characterization of Zinc Finger Recombinases. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1642:229-245. [PMID: 28815504 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7169-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger recombinases (ZFRs) are designer site-specific recombinases that have been adapted for a variety of genome editing purposes. Due to their modular nature, ZFRs can be customized for targeted sequence recognition and recombination. There has been substantial research on the in vivo properties and applications of ZFRs; however, in order to fully understand and customize them, it will be necessary to study their properties in vitro. Experiments in vitro can allow us to optimize catalytic activities, improve target specificity, measure and minimize off-target activity, and characterize key steps in the recombination pathway that might be modified to improve performance. Here, we present a straightforward set of protocols for the expression and purification of ZFRs, an assay system for catalytic proficiency in vitro and bandshift assays for detection of sequence-specific DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi J Olorunniji
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Susan J Rosser
- SynthSys-Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, CH Waddington Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JD, Scotland
| | - W Marshall Stark
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland.
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12
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Bebel A, Karaca E, Kumar B, Stark WM, Barabas O. Structural snapshots of Xer recombination reveal activation by synaptic complex remodeling and DNA bending. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 28009253 PMCID: PMC5241119 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Xer site-specific recombinases play an essential genome maintenance role by unlinking chromosome multimers, but their mechanism of action has remained structurally uncharacterized. Here, we present two high-resolution structures of Helicobacter pylori XerH with its recombination site DNA difH, representing pre-cleavage and post-cleavage synaptic intermediates in the recombination pathway. The structures reveal that activation of DNA strand cleavage and rejoining involves large conformational changes and DNA bending, suggesting how interaction with the cell division protein FtsK may license recombination at the septum. Together with biochemical and in vivo analysis, our structures also reveal how a small sequence asymmetry in difH defines protein conformation in the synaptic complex and orchestrates the order of DNA strand exchanges. Our results provide insights into the catalytic mechanism of Xer recombination and a model for regulation of recombination activity during cell division. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19706.001 Similar to humans, bacteria store their genetic material in the form of DNA and arrange it into structures called chromosomes. In fact, most bacteria have a single circular chromosome. Bacteria multiply by simply dividing in two, and before that happens they must replicate their DNA so that each of the newly formed cells receives one copy of the chromosome. Occasionally, mistakes during the DNA replication process can cause the two chromosomes to become tangled with each other; this prevents them from separating into the newly formed cells. For instance, the chromosomes can become physically connected like links in a chain, or merge into one long string. This kind of tangling can result in cell death, so bacteria encode enzymes called Xer recombinases that can untangle chromosomes. These enzymes separate the chromosomes by cutting and rejoining the DNA strands in a process known as Xer recombination. Although Xer recombinases have been studied in quite some detail, many questions remain unanswered about how they work. How do Xer recombinases interact with DNA? How do they ensure they only work on tangled chromosomes? And how does a protein called FtsK ensure that Xer recombination takes place at the correct time and place? Bebel et al. have now studied the Xer recombinase from a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach ulcers, using a technique called X-ray crystallography. This enabled the three-dimensional structure of the Xer recombinase to be visualized as it interacted with DNA to form a Xer-DNA complex. Structures of the enzyme before and after it cut the DNA show that Xer-DNA complexes first assemble in an inactive state and are then activated by large conformational changes that make the DNA bend. Bebel et al. propose that the FtsK protein might trigger these changes and help to bend the DNA as it activates Xer recombination. Further work showed that the structures could be used to model and understand Xer recombinases from other species of bacteria. The next step is to analyze how FtsK activates Xer recombinases and to see if this process is universal amongst bacteria. Understanding how this process can be interrupted could help to develop new drugs that can kill harmful bacteria. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19706.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bebel
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ezgi Karaca
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Banushree Kumar
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Marshall Stark
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Orsolya Barabas
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Serine resolvases are an interesting group of site-specific recombinases that, in their native contexts, resolve large fused replicons into smaller separated ones. Some resolvases are encoded by replicative transposons and resolve the transposition product, in which the donor and recipient molecules are fused, into separate replicons. Other resolvases are encoded by plasmids and function to resolve plasmid dimers into monomers. Both types are therefore involved in the spread and maintenance of antibiotic-resistance genes. Resolvases and the closely related invertases were the first serine recombinases to be studied in detail, and much of our understanding of the unusual strand exchange mechanism of serine recombinases is owed to those early studies. Resolvases and invertases have also served as paradigms for understanding how DNA topology can be harnessed to regulate enzyme activity. Finally, their relatively modular structure, combined with a wealth of structural and biochemical data, has made them good choices for engineering chimeric recombinases with designer specificity. This chapter focuses on the current understanding of serine resolvases, with a focus on the contributions of structural studies.
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14
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Redesigning Recombinase Specificity for Safe Harbor Sites in the Human Genome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139123. [PMID: 26414179 PMCID: PMC4587366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases (SSRs) are valuable tools for genetic engineering due to their ability to manipulate DNA in a highly specific manner. Engineered zinc-finger and TAL effector recombinases, in particular, are two classes of SSRs composed of custom-designed DNA-binding domains fused to a catalytic domain derived from the resolvase/invertase family of serine recombinases. While TAL effector and zinc-finger proteins can be assembled to recognize a wide range of possible DNA sequences, recombinase catalytic specificity has been constrained by inherent base requirements present within each enzyme. In order to further expand the targeted recombinase repertoire, we used a genetic screen to isolate enhanced mutants of the Bin and Tn21 recombinases that recognize target sites outside the scope of other engineered recombinases. We determined the specific base requirements for recombination by these enzymes and demonstrate their potential for genome engineering by selecting for variants capable of specifically recombining target sites present in the human CCR5 gene and the AAVS1 safe harbor locus. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that complementing functional characterization with protein engineering is a potentially powerful approach for generating recombinases with expanded targeting capabilities.
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15
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Olorunniji FJ, McPherson AL, Pavlou HJ, McIlwraith MJ, Brazier JA, Cosstick R, Stark WM. Nicked-site substrates for a serine recombinase reveal enzyme-DNA communications and an essential tethering role of covalent enzyme-DNA linkages. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6134-43. [PMID: 25990737 PMCID: PMC4499144 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyse the mechanism and kinetics of DNA strand cleavages catalysed by the serine recombinase Tn3 resolvase, we made modified recombination sites with a single-strand nick in one of the two DNA strands. Resolvase acting on these sites cleaves the intact strand very rapidly, giving an abnormal half-site product which accumulates. We propose that these reactions mimic second-strand cleavage of an unmodified site. Cleavage occurs in a synapse of two sites, held together by a resolvase tetramer; cleavage at one site stimulates cleavage at the partner site. After cleavage of a nicked-site substrate, the half-site that is not covalently linked to a resolvase subunit dissociates rapidly from the synapse, destabilizing the entire complex. The covalent resolvase-DNA linkages in the natural reaction intermediate thus perform an essential DNA-tethering function. Chemical modifications of a nicked-site substrate at the positions of the scissile phosphodiesters result in abolition or inhibition of resolvase-mediated cleavage and effects on resolvase binding and synapsis, providing insight into the serine recombinase catalytic mechanism and how resolvase interacts with the substrate DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi J Olorunniji
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Arlene L McPherson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Hania J Pavlou
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Michael J McIlwraith
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - John A Brazier
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Richard Cosstick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - W Marshall Stark
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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16
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Abstract
Reversible site-specific DNA inversion reactions are widely distributed in bacteria and their viruses. They control a range of biological reactions that most often involve alterations of molecules on the surface of cells or phage. These programmed DNA rearrangements usually occur at a low frequency, thereby preadapting a small subset of the population to a change in environmental conditions, or in the case of phages, an expanded host range. A dedicated recombinase, sometimes with the aid of additional regulatory or DNA architectural proteins, catalyzes the inversion of DNA. RecA or other components of the general recombination-repair machinery are not involved. This chapter discusses site-specific DNA inversion reactions mediated by the serine recombinase family of enzymes and focuses on the extensively studied serine DNA invertases that are stringently controlled by the Fis-bound enhancer regulatory system. The first section summarizes biological features and general properties of inversion reactions by the Fis/enhancer-dependent serine invertases and the recently described serine DNA invertases in Bacteroides. Mechanistic studies of reactions catalyzed by the Hin and Gin invertases are then discussed in more depth, particularly with regards to recent advances in our understanding of the function of the Fis/enhancer regulatory system, the assembly of the active recombination complex (invertasome) containing the Fis/enhancer, and the process of DNA strand exchange by rotation of synapsed subunit pairs within the invertasome. The role of DNA topological forces that function in concert with the Fis/enhancer controlling element in specifying the overwhelming bias for DNA inversion over deletion and intermolecular recombination is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid C. Johnson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1737, Phone: 310 825-7800, Fax: 310 206-5272
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17
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
In site-specific recombination, two short DNA sequences (‘sites’) are each cut at specific points in both strands, and the cut ends are rejoined to new partners. The enzymes that mediate recognition of the sites and the subsequent cutting and rejoining steps are called recombinases. Most recombinases fall into one of two families according to similarities of their protein sequences and mechanisms; these families are known as the tyrosine recombinases and the serine recombinases, the names referring to the conserved amino acid residue that attacks the DNA phosphodiester and becomes covalently linked to a DNA strand end during catalysis. This chapter gives an overview of our current understanding of the serine recombinases, their types, biological roles, structures, catalytic mechanisms, mechanisms of regulation, and applications.
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18
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Sirk SJ, Gaj T, Jonsson A, Mercer AC, Barbas CF. Expanding the zinc-finger recombinase repertoire: directed evolution and mutational analysis of serine recombinase specificity determinants. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4755-66. [PMID: 24452803 PMCID: PMC3985619 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine recombinases are a diverse family of modular enzymes that promote high-fidelity DNA rearrangements between specific target sites. Replacement of their native DNA-binding domains with custom-designed Cys2–His2 zinc-finger proteins results in the creation of engineered zinc-finger recombinases (ZFRs) capable of achieving targeted genetic modifications. The flexibility afforded by zinc-finger domains enables the design of hybrid recombinases that recognize a wide variety of potential target sites; however, this technology remains constrained by the strict recognition specificities imposed by the ZFR catalytic domains. In particular, the ability to fully reprogram serine recombinase catalytic specificity has been impeded by conserved base requirements within each recombinase target site and an incomplete understanding of the factors governing DNA recognition. Here we describe an approach to complement the targeting capacity of ZFRs. Using directed evolution, we isolated mutants of the β and Sin recombinases that specifically recognize target sites previously outside the scope of ZFRs. Additionally, we developed a genetic screen to determine the specific base requirements for site-specific recombination and showed that specificity profiling enables the discovery of unique genomic ZFR substrates. Finally, we conducted an extensive and family-wide mutational analysis of the serine recombinase DNA-binding arm region and uncovered a diverse network of residues that confer target specificity. These results demonstrate that the ZFR repertoire is extensible and highlights the potential of ZFRs as a class of flexible tools for targeted genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Sirk
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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19
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Singh S, Rockenbach K, Dedrick RM, VanDemark AP, Hatfull GF. Cross-talk between diverse serine integrases. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:318-31. [PMID: 24161951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Phage-encoded serine integrases are large serine recombinases that mediate integrative and excisive site-specific recombination of temperate phage genomes. They are well suited for use in heterologous systems and for synthetic genetic circuits as the attP and attB attachment sites are small (<50 bp), there are no host factor or DNA supercoiling requirements, and they are strongly directional, doing only excisive recombination in the presence of a recombination directionality factor. Combining different recombinases that function independently and without cross-talk to construct complex synthetic circuits is desirable, and several different serine integrases are available. However, we show here that these functions are not reliably predictable, and we describe a pair of serine integrases encoded by mycobacteriophages Bxz2 and Peaches with unusual and unpredictable specificities. The integrases share only 59% amino acid sequence identity and the attP sites have fewer than 50% shared bases, but they use the same attB site and there is non-reciprocal cross-talk between the two systems. The DNA binding specificities do not result from differences in specific DNA contacts but from the constraints imposed by the configuration of the component half-sites within each of the attachment site DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15241, USA
| | - Kate Rockenbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15241, USA
| | - Rebekah M Dedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15241, USA
| | - Andrew P VanDemark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15241, USA
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15241, USA.
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20
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Gaj T, Sirk SJ, Barbas CF. Expanding the scope of site-specific recombinases for genetic and metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:1-15. [PMID: 23982993 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases are tremendously valuable tools for basic research and genetic engineering. By promoting high-fidelity DNA modifications, site-specific recombination systems have empowered researchers with unprecedented control over diverse biological functions, enabling countless insights into cellular structure and function. The rigid target specificities of many sites-specific recombinases, however, have limited their adoption in fields that require highly flexible recognition abilities. As a result, intense effort has been directed toward altering the properties of site-specific recombination systems by protein engineering. Here, we review key developments in the rational design and directed molecular evolution of site-specific recombinases, highlighting the numerous applications of these enzymes across diverse fields of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gaj
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
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21
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Keenholtz RA, Mouw KW, Boocock MR, Li NS, Piccirilli JA, Rice PA. Arginine as a general acid catalyst in serine recombinase-mediated DNA cleavage. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29206-14. [PMID: 23970547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.508028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the serine family of site-specific DNA recombinases use an unusual constellation of amino acids to catalyze the formation and resolution of a covalent protein-DNA intermediate. A recent high resolution structure of the catalytic domain of Sin, a particularly well characterized family member, provided a detailed view of the catalytic site. To determine how the enzyme might protonate and stabilize the 3'O leaving group in the strand cleavage reaction, we examined how replacing this oxygen with a sulfur affected the cleavage rate by WT and mutant enzymes. To facilitate direct comparison of the cleavage rates, key experiments used suicide substrates that prevented religation after cleavage. The catalytic defect associated with mutation of one of six highly conserved arginine residues, Arg-69 in Sin, was partially rescued by a 3' phosphorothiolate substrate. We conclude that Arg-69 has an important role in stabilizing the 3'O leaving group and is the prime candidate for the general acid that protonates the 3'O, in good agreement with the position it occupies in the high resolution structure of the active site of Sin.
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22
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Nomura W, Masuda A, Ohba K, Urabe A, Ito N, Ryo A, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Effects of DNA binding of the zinc finger and linkers for domain fusion on the catalytic activity of sequence-specific chimeric recombinases determined by a facile fluorescent system. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1510-7. [PMID: 22304662 DOI: 10.1021/bi201878x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Artificial zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) consist of Cys(2)-His(2)-type modules composed of ∼30 amino acids with a ββα structure that coordinates a zinc ion. ZFPs that recognize specific DNA target sequences can substitute for the binding domains of enzymes that act on DNA to create designer enzymes with programmable sequence specificity. The most studied of these engineered enzymes are zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs). ZFNs have been widely used to model organisms and are currently in human clinical trials with an aim of therapeutic gene editing. Difficulties with ZFNs arise from unpredictable mutations caused by nonhomologous end joining and off-target DNA cleavage and mutagenesis. A more recent strategy that aims to address the shortcomings of ZFNs involves zinc finger recombinases (ZFRs). A thorough understanding of ZFRs and methods for their modification promises powerful new tools for gene manipulation in model organisms as well as in gene therapy. In an effort to design efficient and specific ZFRs, the effects of the DNA binding affinity of the zinc finger domains and the linker sequence between ZFPs and recombinase catalytic domains have been assessed. A plasmid system containing ZFR target sites was constructed for evaluation of catalytic activities of ZFRs with variable linker lengths and numbers of zinc finger modules. Recombination efficiencies were evaluated by restriction enzyme analysis of isolated plasmids after reaction in Escherichia coli and changes in EGFP fluorescence in mammalian cells. The results provide information relevant to the design of ZFRs that will be useful for sequence-specific genome modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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23
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Site-specific recombinases as tools for heterologous gene integration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:227-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Heiss JK, Sanders ER, Johnson RC. Intrasubunit and intersubunit interactions controlling assembly of active synaptic complexes during Hin-catalyzed DNA recombination. J Mol Biol 2011; 411:744-64. [PMID: 21708172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Serine recombinases, which generate double-strand breaks in DNA, must be carefully regulated to ensure that chemically active DNA complexes are assembled correctly. In the Hin-catalyzed site-specific DNA inversion reaction, two inversely oriented recombination sites on the same DNA molecule assemble into a synaptic complex that uniquely generates inversion products. The Fis-bound recombinational enhancer, together with topological constraints directed by DNA supercoiling, functions to regulate Hin synaptic complex formation and activity. We have isolated a collection of gain-of-function mutants in 22 positions within the catalytic and oligomerization domains of Hin using two genetic screens and by site-directed mutagenesis. One genetic screen measured recombination in the absence of Fis and the other assessed SOS induction as a readout of increased DNA cleavage. These mutations, together with molecular modeling, identify important sites of dynamic intrasubunit and intersubunit interactions that regulate assembly of the active tetrameric recombination complex. Of particular interest are interactions between the oligomerization helix (helix E) and the catalytic domain of the same subunit that function to hold the dimer in an inactive state in the absence of the Fis/enhancer system. Among these is a relay involving a triad of phenylalanines that are proposed to switch positions during the transition from dimers to the catalytically active tetramer. Novel Hin mutants that generate synaptic complexes that are blocked at steps prior to DNA cleavage are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Heiss
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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25
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Keenholtz RA, Rowland SJ, Boocock MR, Stark WM, Rice PA. Structural basis for catalytic activation of a serine recombinase. Structure 2011; 19:799-809. [PMID: 21645851 PMCID: PMC3238390 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sin resolvase is a site-specific serine recombinase that is normally controlled by a complex regulatory mechanism. A single mutation, Q115R, allows the enzyme to bypass the entire regulatory apparatus, such that no accessory proteins or DNA sites are required. Here, we present a 1.86 Å crystal structure of the Sin Q115R catalytic domain, in a tetrameric arrangement stabilized by an interaction between Arg115 residues on neighboring subunits. The subunits have undergone significant conformational changes from the inactive dimeric state previously reported. The structure provides a new high-resolution view of a serine recombinase active site that is apparently fully assembled, suggesting roles for the conserved active site residues. The structure also suggests how the dimer-tetramer transition is coupled to assembly of the active site. The tetramer is captured in a different rotational substate than that seen in previous hyperactive serine recombinase structures, and unbroken crossover site DNA can be readily modeled into its active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A. Keenholtz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally-J. Rowland
- Division of Molecular Genetics, FBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin R. Boocock
- Division of Molecular Genetics, FBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - W. Marshall Stark
- Division of Molecular Genetics, FBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Phoebe A. Rice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Proudfoot C, McPherson AL, Kolb AF, Stark WM. Zinc finger recombinases with adaptable DNA sequence specificity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19537. [PMID: 21559340 PMCID: PMC3084882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases have become essential tools in genetics and molecular biology for the precise excision or integration of DNA sequences. However, their utility is currently limited to circumstances where the sites recognized by the recombinase enzyme have been introduced into the DNA being manipulated, or natural 'pseudosites' are already present. Many new applications would become feasible if recombinase activity could be targeted to chosen sequences in natural genomic DNA. Here we demonstrate efficient site-specific recombination at several sequences taken from a 1.9 kilobasepair locus of biotechnological interest (in the bovine β-casein gene), mediated by zinc finger recombinases (ZFRs), chimaeric enzymes with linked zinc finger (DNA recognition) and recombinase (catalytic) domains. In the "Z-sites" tested here, 22 bp casein gene sequences are flanked by 9 bp motifs recognized by zinc finger domains. Asymmetric Z-sites were recombined by the concomitant action of two ZFRs with different zinc finger DNA-binding specificities, and could be recombined with a heterologous site in the presence of a third recombinase. Our results show that engineered ZFRs may be designed to promote site-specific recombination at many natural DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Proudfoot
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Arlene L. McPherson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas F. Kolb
- Nutrition and Epigenetics Group, Life Long Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - W. Marshall Stark
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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27
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Brown WR, Lee NC, Xu Z, Smith MC. Serine recombinases as tools for genome engineering. Methods 2011; 53:372-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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28
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Abstract
Site-specific recombinases are enzymes that promote precise rearrangements of DNA sequences. They do this by cutting and rejoining the DNA strands at specific positions within a pair of target sites recognized and bound by the recombinase. One group of these enzymes, the serine recombinases, initiates strand exchange by making double-strand breaks in the DNA of the two sites, in an intermediate built around a catalytic tetramer of recombinase subunits. However, these catalytic steps are only the culmination of a complex pathway that begins when recombinase subunits recognize and bind to their target sites as dimers. To form the tetramer-containing reaction intermediate, two dimer-bound sites are brought together by protein dimer–dimer interactions. During or after this initial synapsis step, the recombinase subunit and tetramer conformations change dramatically by repositioning of component subdomains, bringing about a transformation of the enzyme from an inactive to an active configuration. In natural serine recombinase systems, these steps are subject to elaborate regulatory mechanisms in order to ensure that cleavage and rejoining of DNA strands only happen when and where they should, but we and others have identified recombinase mutants that have lost dependence on this regulation, thus facilitating the study of the basic steps leading to catalysis. We describe how our studies on activated mutants of two serine recombinases, Tn3 resolvase and Sin, are providing us with insights into the structural changes that occur before catalysis of strand exchange, and how these steps in the reaction pathway are regulated.
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29
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Structure-guided reprogramming of serine recombinase DNA sequence specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:498-503. [PMID: 21187418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014214108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine manipulation of cellular genomes is contingent upon the development of proteins and enzymes with programmable DNA sequence specificity. Here we describe the structure-guided reprogramming of the DNA sequence specificity of the invertase Gin from bacteriophage Mu and Tn3 resolvase from Escherichia coli. Structure-guided and comparative sequence analyses were used to predict a network of amino acid residues that mediate resolvase and invertase DNA sequence specificity. Using saturation mutagenesis and iterative rounds of positive antibiotic selection, we identified extensively redesigned and highly convergent resolvase and invertase populations in the context of engineered zinc-finger recombinase (ZFR) fusion proteins. Reprogrammed variants selectively catalyzed recombination of nonnative DNA sequences > 10,000-fold more effectively than their parental enzymes. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis revealed the molecular basis of resolvase and invertase DNA sequence specificity. When used as rationally designed ZFR heterodimers, the reprogrammed enzyme variants site-specifically modified unnatural and asymmetric DNA sequences. Early studies on the directed evolution of serine recombinase DNA sequence specificity produced enzymes with relaxed substrate specificity as a result of randomly incorporated mutations. In the current study, we focused our mutagenesis exclusively on DNA determinants, leading to redesigned enzymes that remained highly specific and directed transgene integration into the human genome with > 80% accuracy. These results demonstrate that unique resolvase and invertase derivatives can be developed to site-specifically modify the human genome in the context of zinc-finger recombinase fusion proteins.
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30
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Abstract
The processes of DNA topoisomerization and site-specific recombination are fundamentally similar: DNA cleavage by forming a phospho-protein covalent linkage, DNA topological rearrangement, and DNA ligation coupled with protein regeneration. Type IB DNA topoisomerases are structurally and mechanistically homologous to tyrosine recombinases. Both enzymes nick DNA double helices independent of metal ions, form 3'-phosphotyrosine intermediates, and rearrange the free 5' ends relative to the uncut strands by swiveling. In contrast, serine recombinases generate 5'-phospho-serine intermediates. A 180° relative rotation of the two halves of a 100 kDa terameric serine recombinase and DNA complex has been proposed as the mechanism of strand exchange. Here I propose an alternative mechanism. Interestingly, the catalytic domain of serine recombinases has structural similarity to the TOPRIM domain, conserved among all Type IA and Type II topoisomerases and responsible for metal binding and DNA cleavage. TOPRIM topoisomerases also cleave DNA to generate 5'-phosphate and 3'-OH groups. Based on the existing biochemical data and crystal structures of topoisomerase II and serine recombinases bound to pre- and post-cleavage DNA, I suggest a strand passage mechanism for DNA recombination by serine recombinases. This mechanism is reminiscent of DNA topoisomerization and does not require subunit rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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31
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Mouw KW, Steiner AM, Ghirlando R, Li NS, Rowland SJ, Boocock MR, Stark WM, Piccirilli JA, Rice PA. Sin resolvase catalytic activity and oligomerization state are tightly coupled. J Mol Biol 2010; 404:16-33. [PMID: 20868695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serine recombinases promote specific DNA rearrangements by a cut-and-paste mechanism that involves cleavage of all four DNA strands at two sites recognized by the enzyme. Dissecting the order and timing of these cleavage events and the steps leading up to them is difficult because the cleavage reaction is readily reversible. Here, we describe assays using activated Sin mutants and a DNA substrate with a 3'-bridging phosphorothiolate modification that renders Sin-mediated DNA cleavage irreversible. We find that activating Sin mutations promote DNA cleavage rather than simply stabilize the cleavage product. Cleavage events at the scissile phosphates on complementary strands of the duplex are tightly coupled, and the overall DNA cleavage rate is strongly dependent on Sin concentration. When combined with analytical ultracentrifugation data, these results suggest that Sin catalytic activity and oligomerization state are tightly linked, and that activating mutations promote formation of a cleavage-competent oligomeric state that is normally formed only transiently within the full synaptic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Mouw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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32
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Abstract
A remarkable feature of the serine resolvases is their regulation: the wild-type enzymes will catalyse intra- but not inter-molecular recombination, can sense the relative orientation of their sites and can exchange strands directionally, despite the fact that there is no net release of chemical bond energy. The key to this regulation is that they are only active within a large intertwined complex called the 'synaptosome'. Because substrate topology greatly facilitates (or, in other cases, inhibits) formation of the synaptosome, it acts as a 'topological filter'. Within the defined topology of the synaptosome, strand exchange releases supercoiling tension, providing an energy source to bias the reaction direction. The regulatory portion of this complex contains additional copies of the recombinase and sometimes other DNA-bending proteins. We are using a combination of X-ray crystallography, biochemistry and genetics to model the full synaptic complex and to understand how the regulatory portion activates the crossover-site-bound recombinases.
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33
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Olorunniji FJ, Stark WM. The catalytic residues of Tn3 resolvase. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:7590-602. [PMID: 19789272 PMCID: PMC2794168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the residues that participate in the catalysis of DNA cleavage and rejoining by the site-specific recombinase Tn3 resolvase, we mutated conserved polar or charged residues in the catalytic domain of an activated resolvase variant. We analysed the effects of mutations at 14 residues on proficiency in binding to the recombination site ('site I'), formation of a synaptic complex between two site Is, DNA cleavage and recombination. Mutations of Y6, R8, S10, D36, R68 and R71 resulted in greatly reduced cleavage and recombination activity, suggesting crucial roles of these six residues in catalysis, whereas mutations of the other residues had less dramatic effects. No mutations strongly inhibited binding of resolvase to site I, but several caused conspicuous changes in the yield or stability of the synapse of two site Is observed by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. The involvement of some residues in both synapsis and catalysis suggests that they contribute to a regulatory mechanism, in which engagement of catalytic residues with the substrate is coupled to correct assembly of the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Marshall Stark
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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34
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Dhar G, Heiss JK, Johnson RC. Mechanical constraints on Hin subunit rotation imposed by the Fis/enhancer system and DNA supercoiling during site-specific recombination. Mol Cell 2009; 34:746-59. [PMID: 19560425 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hin, a member of the serine family of site-specific recombinases, regulates gene expression by inverting a DNA segment. DNA inversion requires assembly of an invertasome complex in which a recombinational enhancer DNA segment bound by the Fis protein associates with the Hin synaptic complex at the base of a supercoiled DNA branch. Each of the four Hin subunits becomes covalently joined to the cleaved DNA ends, and DNA exchange occurs by translocation of a Hin subunit pair within the tetramer. We show here that, although the Hin tetramer forms a bidirectional molecular swivel, the Fis/enhancer system determines both the direction and number of subunit rotations. The chirality of supercoiling directs rotational direction, and the short DNA loop stabilized by Fis-Hin contacts limit rotational processivity, thereby ensuring that the DNA strands religate in the recombinant configuration. We identify multiple rotational conformers that are formed under different supercoiling and solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Dhar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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35
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Rowland SJ, Boocock MR, McPherson AL, Mouw KW, Rice PA, Stark WM. Regulatory mutations in Sin recombinase support a structure-based model of the synaptosome. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:282-98. [PMID: 19508283 PMCID: PMC2764113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The resolvase Sin regulates DNA strand exchange by assembling an elaborate interwound synaptosome containing catalytic and regulatory Sin tetramers, and an architectural DNA-bending protein. The crystal structure of the regulatory tetramer was recently solved, providing new insights into the structural basis for regulation. Here we describe the selection and characterization of two classes of Sin mutations that, respectively, bypass or disrupt the functions of the regulatory tetramer. Activating mutations, which allow the catalytic tetramer to assemble and function independently at site I (the crossover site), were found at approximately 20% of residues in the N-terminal domain. The most strongly activating mutation (Q115R) stabilized a catalytically active synaptic tetramer in vitro. The positions of these mutations suggest that they act by destabilizing the conformation of the ground-state site I-bound dimers, or by stabilizing the altered conformation of the active catalytic tetramer. Mutations that block activation by the regulatory tetramer mapped to just two residues, F52 and R54, supporting a functional role for a previously reported crystallographic dimer-dimer interface. We suggest how F52/R54 contacts between regulatory and catalytic subunits might promote assembly of the active catalytic tetramer within the synaptosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally-J Rowland
- University of Glasgow, FBLS, Division of Molecular Genetics, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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36
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Gordley RM, Gersbach CA, Barbas CF. Synthesis of programmable integrases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5053-8. [PMID: 19282480 PMCID: PMC2654808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812502106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate modification of the 3 billion-base-pair human genome requires tools with exceptional sequence specificity. Here, we describe a general strategy for the design of enzymes that target a single site within the genome. We generated chimeric zinc finger recombinases with cooperative DNA-binding and catalytic specificities that integrate transgenes with >98% accuracy into the human genome. These modular recombinases can be reprogrammed: New combinations of zinc finger domains and serine recombinase catalytic domains generate novel enzymes with distinct substrate sequence specificities. Because of their accuracy and versatility, the recombinases/integrases reported in this work are suitable for a wide variety of applications in biological research, medicine, and biotechnology where accurate delivery of DNA is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell M. Gordley
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, BCC 550, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Charles A. Gersbach
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, BCC 550, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, BCC 550, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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37
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Chemical shift mapping of γδ resolvase dimer and activated tetramer: Mechanistic implications for DNA strand exchange. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:2086-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Olorunniji FJ, He J, Wenwieser SVCT, Boocock MR, Stark WM. Synapsis and catalysis by activated Tn3 resolvase mutants. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:7181-91. [PMID: 19015124 PMCID: PMC2602789 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine recombinase Tn3 resolvase catalyses recombination between two 114 bp res sites, each of which contains binding sites for three resolvase dimers. We have analysed the in vitro properties of resolvase variants with ‘activating’ mutations, which can catalyse recombination at binding site I of res when the rest of res is absent. Site I × site I recombination promoted by these variants can be as fast as res×res recombination promoted by wild-type resolvase. Activated variants have reduced topological selectivity and no longer require the 2–3′ interface between subunits that is essential for wild-type resolvase-mediated recombination. They also promote formation of a stable synapse comprising a resolvase tetramer and two copies of site I. Cleavage of the DNA strands by the activated mutants is slow relative to the rate of synapsis. Stable resolvase tetramers were not detected in the absence of DNA or bound to a single site I. Our results lead us to conclude that the synapse is assembled by sequential binding of resolvase monomers to site I followed by interaction of two site I-dimer complexes. We discuss the implications of our results for the mechanisms of synapsis and regulation in recombination by wild-type resolvase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi J Olorunniji
- Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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39
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Abstract
PhiC31 integrase is a serine recombinase containing an N-terminal domain (NTD) that provides catalytic activity and a large C-terminal domain that controls which pair of DNA substrates is able to synapse. We show here that substitutions in amino acid V129 in the NTD can lead to defects in synapsis and DNA cleavage, indicating that the NTD also has an important role in synapsis.
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40
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Two-step site selection for serine-integrase-mediated excision: DNA-directed integrase conformation and central dinucleotide proofreading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3238-43. [PMID: 18299577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711649105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage-encoded serine-integrases are members of the large family of serine-recombinases and catalyze site-specific integrative recombination between a phage attP site and a bacterial attB site to form an integrated prophage. Prophage excision involves a second site-specific recombination event, in which the sites generated by integration, attL and attR, are used as substrates to regenerate attP and attB. Excision is catalyzed by integrase but also requires a phage-encoded recombination directionality factor (RDF). The Bxb1 recombination sites, attP and attB, are small (<50 bp), different in sequence, and quasisymmetrical, and they give rise to attL- and attR-recombinant products that are asymmetric but similar to each other, each being composed of B- and P-type half-sites. We show here that the determination of correct excision products is a two-step process, with a presynaptic RDF-dependent step that aligns attL and attR in the correct orientation and a postsynaptic step in which the nonpalindromic central dinucleotide confers identity to attL and attR and prevents each from recombining with itself.
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41
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Abstract
Integration, excision, and inversion of defined DNA segments commonly occur through site-specific recombination, a process of DNA breakage and reunion that requires no DNA synthesis or high-energy cofactor. Virtually all identified site-specific recombinases fall into one of just two families, the tyrosine recombinases and the serine recombinases, named after the amino acid residue that forms a covalent protein-DNA linkage in the reaction intermediate. Their recombination mechanisms are distinctly different. Tyrosine recombinases break and rejoin single strands in pairs to form a Holliday junction intermediate. By contrast, serine recombinases cut all strands in advance of strand exchange and religation. Many natural systems of site-specific recombination impose sophisticated regulatory mechanisms on the basic recombinational process to favor one particular outcome of recombination over another (for example, excision over inversion or deletion). Details of the site-specific recombination processes have been revealed by recent structural and biochemical studies of members of both families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel D F Grindley
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Phage Mu is the most efficient transposable element known, its high efficiency being conferred by an enhancer DNA element. Transposition is the end result of a series of well choreographed steps that juxtapose the enhancer and the two Mu ends within a nucleoprotein complex called the 'transpososome.' The particular arrangement of DNA and protein components lends extraordinary stability to the transpososome and regulates the frequency, precision, directionality, and mechanism of transposition. The structure of the transpososome, therefore, holds the key to understanding all of these attributes, and ultimately to explaining the runaway genetic success of transposable elements throughout the biological world. This review focuses on the path of the DNA within the Mu transpososome, as uncovered by recent topological analyses. It discusses why Mu topology cannot be analyzed by standard methods, and how knowledge of the geometry of site alignment during Flp and Cre site-specific recombination was harnessed to design a new methodology called 'difference topology.' This methodology has also revealed the order and dynamics of association of the three interacting DNA sites, as well as the role of the enhancer in assembly of the Mu transpososome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika M Harshey
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.
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43
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Gordley RM, Smith JD, Gräslund T, Barbas CF. Evolution of programmable zinc finger-recombinases with activity in human cells. J Mol Biol 2007; 367:802-13. [PMID: 17289078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases are important tools for genomic engineering in many living systems. Applications of recombinases are, however, constrained by the DNA targeting endemic of the recombinase used. A tremendous range of recombinase applications can be envisioned if the targeting of recombinase specificity can be made readily programmable. To address this problem we sought to generate zinc finger-recombinase fusion proteins (Rec(ZF)s) capable of site-specific function in a diversity of genetic contexts. Our first Rec(ZF), Tn3Ch15(X2), recombined substrates derived from the native Tn3 resolvase recombination site. Substrate Linked Protein Evolution (SLiPE) was used to optimize the catalytic domains of the enzymes Hin, Gin, and Tn3 for resolution between non-homologous sites. One of the evolved clones, GinL7C7, catalyzed efficient, site-specific recombination in a variety of sequence contexts. When introduced into human cells by retroviral transduction, GinL7C7 excised a 1.4 kb EGFP cassette out of the genome, diminishing fluorescence in approximately 17% of transduced cells. Following this template of rational design and directed evolution, Rec(ZF)s may eventually mediate gene therapies, facilitate the genetic manipulation of model organisms and cells, and mature into powerful new tools for molecular biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell M Gordley
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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44
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Kamtekar S, Ho RS, Cocco MJ, Li W, Wenwieser SVCT, Boocock MR, Grindley NDF, Steitz TA. Implications of structures of synaptic tetramers of gamma delta resolvase for the mechanism of recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10642-7. [PMID: 16807292 PMCID: PMC1483221 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604062103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of two mutants of the site-specific recombinase, gammadelta resolvase, that form activated tetramers have been determined. One, at 3.5-A resolution, forms a synaptic intermediate of resolvase that is covalently linked to two cleaved DNAs, whereas the other is of an unliganded structure determined at 2.1-A resolution. Comparisons of the four known tetrameric resolvase structures show that the subunits interact through the formation of a common core of four helices. The N-terminal halves of these helices superimpose well on each other, whereas the orientations of their C termini are more variable. The catalytic domains of resolvase in the unliganded structure are arranged asymmetrically, demonstrating that their positions can move substantially while preserving the four-helix core that forms the tetramer. These results suggest that the precleavage synaptic tetramer of gammadelta resolvase, whose structure is not known, may be formed by a similar four-helix core, but differ in the relative orientations of its catalytic and DNA-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger S. Ho
- Departments of *Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and
| | | | - Weikai Li
- Departments of *Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and
| | - Sandra V. C. T. Wenwieser
- Departments of *Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114; and
| | - Martin R. Boocock
- Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5NU, Scotland
| | | | - Thomas A. Steitz
- Departments of *Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and
- Chemistry, and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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45
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Rowland SJ, Boocock MR, Stark WM. DNA bending in the Sin recombination synapse: functional replacement of HU by IHF. Mol Microbiol 2006; 59:1730-43. [PMID: 16553879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The serine recombinase Sin requires a non-specific DNA-bending protein such as Hbsu for activity at its recombination site resH. Hbsu, and Sin subunits bound at site II of resH, together regulate recombination, ensuring selectivity for directly repeated resH sites by specifying assembly of an intertwined synapse. To investigate the role of the DNA-bending protein in defining the architecture of the synapse, we constructed a chimaeric recombination site (resF) which allows Hbsu to be substituted by IHF, binding specifically between site I (the crossover site) and site II. Two Sin dimers and one IHF dimer can bind together to the closely adjoining sites in resF, forming folded complexes. The precise position of the IHF site within the site I-site II spacer determines the conformation of these complexes, and also the reactivity of the resF sites in recombination assays. The data suggest that a sharp bend with a specific geometry is required in the spacer DNA, to bring the Sin dimers at sites I and II together in the correct relative orientation for synapse assembly and regulation, consistent with our model for a highly condensed synapse in which Hbsu/IHF has a purely architectural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally-J Rowland
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics, Anderson College, UK.
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46
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Bhardwaj A, Welfle K, Misselwitz R, Ayora S, Alonso JC, Welfle H. Conformation and stability of the Streptococcus pyogenes pSM19035-encoded site-specific β recombinase, and identification of a folding intermediate. Biol Chem 2006; 387:525-33. [PMID: 16740123 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Solution properties of β recombinase were studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation, denaturant-induced unfolding and thermal unfolding experiments. In high ionic strength buffer (1 M NaCl) β recombinase forms mainly dimers, and strongly tends to aggregate at ionic strength lower than 0.3 M NaCl. Urea and guanidinium chloride denaturants unfold β recombinase in a two-step process. The unfolding curves have bends at approximately 5 M and 2.2 M in urea and guanidinium chloride-containing buffers. Assuming a three-state unfolding model (N2→2I→2U), the total free energy change from 1 mol of native dimers to 2 mol of unfolded monomers amounts to ΔG
tot=17.9 kcal/mol, with ΔG
N2→2I=4.2 kcal/mol for the first transition and ΔG
I→U=6.9 kcal/mol for the second transition. Using sedimentation-equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation, the presence of β recombinase monomers was indicated at 5 M urea, and the urea dependence of the circular dichroism at 222 nm strongly suggests that folded monomers represent the unfolding intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Bhardwaj
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
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47
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Yin Z, Harshey RM. Enhancer-independent Mu transposition from two topologically distinct synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 102:18884-9. [PMID: 16380426 PMCID: PMC1323169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506873102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposition of Mu is strictly dependent on a specific orientation of the left (L) and right (R) ends of Mu and a distant enhancer site (E) located on supercoiled DNA. Five DNA crossings are trapped in the three-site synapse, two of which are contributed by the interwrapping of L and R. To determine the contribution of E to the interwrapping of Mu ends, we examined the topology of the LR synapse under two different enhancer-independent reaction conditions. One of these conditions, which also alleviates the requirement for a specific orientation of Mu ends, revealed two topologically distinct arrangements of the ends. In their normal relative orientation, L and R were either plectonemically interwrapped or aligned by random collision. Addition of the enhancer to this system channeled synapsis toward the interwrapped pathway. When the ends were in the wrong relative orientation, synapsis occurred exclusively by random collision. In the second enhancer-independent condition, which retains the requirement for a specific orientation of Mu ends, synapsis of L and R was entirely by interwrapping. The two distinct kinds of synapses also were identified by gel electrophoresis. We discuss these results in the context of the "topological filter" model and consider the many contributions the enhancer makes to the biologically relevant interwrapped synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Yin
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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48
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Reijns M, Lu Y, Leach S, Colloms SD. Mutagenesis of PepA suggests a new model for the Xer/cer synaptic complex. Mol Microbiol 2005; 57:927-41. [PMID: 16091035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PepA is an aminopeptidase and also functions as a DNA-binding protein in two unrelated systems in Escherichia coli: Xer site-specific recombination and transcriptional regulation of carAB. In these systems, PepA binds to and brings together distant segments of DNA to form interwrapped, nucleosome-like structures. Here we report the selection of PepA mutants that were unable to support efficient Xer recombination. These mutants were defective in DNA-binding and in transcriptional regulation of carAB, but had normal peptidase activity. The mutations define extended patches of basic residues on the surface of the N-terminal domain of PepA that flank a previously proposed DNA-binding groove in the C-terminal domain of PepA. Our results suggest that DNA passes through this C-terminal groove in the PepA hexamer, and is bound by N-terminal DNA-binding determinants at each end of the groove. Based on our data, we propose a new model for the Xer synaptic complex, in which two recombination sites are wrapped around a single hexamer of PepA, bringing the cross-over sites together for strand exchange by the Xer recombinases. In this model, PepA stabilizes negative plectonemic interwrapping between two segments of DNA by passing one segment through the C-terminal groove while the other is held in place in a loop over the groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reijns
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Anderson College, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, Scotland, UK
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49
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Nöllmann M, Byron O, Stark WM. Behavior of Tn3 resolvase in solution and its interaction with res. Biophys J 2005; 89:1920-31. [PMID: 15980165 PMCID: PMC1366695 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.058164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The solution properties of Tn3 resolvase (Tn3R) were studied by sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation, and small-angle neutron scattering. Tn3R was found to be in a monomer-dimer self-association equilibrium, with a dissociation constant of K(D)(1-2)=50 microM. Sedimentation velocity and small-angle neutron scattering data are consistent with a solution structure of dimeric Tn3R similar to that of gammadelta resolvase in a co-crystal structure, but with the DNA-binding domains in a more extended conformation. The solution conformations of sites I, II, and III were studied with small angle x-ray scattering and modeled using rigid-body and ab initio techniques. The structures of these sites do not show any distortion, at low resolution, from B-DNA. The equilibrium binding properties of Tn3R to the individual binding sites in res were investigated by employing fluorescence anisotropy measurements. It was found that site II and site III have the highest affinity for Tn3R, followed by site I. Finally, the affinity of Tn3R for nonspecific DNA was assayed by competition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Nöllmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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50
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Abstract
Sin recombinase from Staphylococcus aureus acts selectively on directly repeated resH sites, assembling an intertwined synapse in which exactly three supercoils are trapped between the points of strand exchange. Resolution requires the two Sin binding sites in resH (site I, where strand exchange occurs, and site II) and a non-specific DNA-bending protein (e.g. Hbsu). We show that a single amino acid substitution in Sin (I100T) is sufficient to relax the normal requirements for site II and Hbsu. Using this hyperactive protein, and the variant recombination site resH(AT), we investigate the roles of site II and Hbsu in synapsis and strand exchange. We conclude that Sin bound at site II, and Hbsu, act together to control site I alignment and the topology of the synapse, and to stimulate strand exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Rowland
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics, Anderson College, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK.
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