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Visagie JL, Aruwajoye GS, van der Sluis R. Pharmacokinetics of aspirin: evaluating shortcomings in the literature. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39092921 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2386368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspirin is known for its therapeutic benefits in preventing strokes and relieving pain. However, it is toxic to some individuals, and the biological mechanisms causing toxicity are unknown. Limited literature is available on the role of glycine conjugation as the principal pathway in aspirin detoxification. Previous studies have quantified this two-step enzyme reaction as a singular enzymatic process. Consequently, the individual contributions of these enzymes to the kinetics remain unclear. AREAS COVERED This review summarized the available information on the pharmacokinetics and detoxification of aspirin by the glycine conjugation pathway. Literature searches were conducted using Google Scholar and the academic journal databases accessible through the North-West University Library. Furthermore, the factors affecting interindividual variation in aspirin metabolism and what is known regarding aspirin toxicity were discussed. EXPERT OPINION The greatest drawback in understanding the pharmacokinetics of aspirin is the limited information available on the substrate preference of the xenobiotic ligase (ACSM) responsible for activating salicylate to salicyl-CoA. Furthermore, previous pharmacokinetic studies did not consider the contribution of other substrates from the diet or genetic variants, to the detoxification rate of glycine conjugation. Impaired glycine conjugation might contribute to adverse health effects seen in Reye's syndrome and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus Lukas Visagie
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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2
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Musyoka K, Chan CW, Gutiérrez Rico EM, Omondi P, Kijogi C, Okai T, Kongere J, Ngara M, Kagaya W, Kanoi BN, Hiratsuka M, Kido Y, Gitaka J, Kaneko A. Genetic variation present in the CYP3A4 gene in Ni-Vanuatu and Kenyan populations in malaria endemicity. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 57:101029. [PMID: 39079373 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme is involved in the metabolism of about 30 % of clinically used drugs, including the antimalarials artemether and lumefantrine. CYP3A4 polymorphisms yield enzymatic variants that contribute to inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. Here, we examined CYP3A4 polymorphisms in populations from malaria-endemic islands in Lake Victoria, Kenya, and Vanuatu, to expand on the limited data sets. We used archived dried blood spots collected from 142 Kenyan and 263 ni-Vanuatu adults during cross-sectional malaria surveys in 2013 and 2005-13, respectively, to detect CYP3A4 variation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. In Kenya, we identified 14 CYP3A4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including the 4713G (CYP3A4∗1B; allele frequency 83.9 %) and 19382A (CYP3A4∗15; 0.7 %) variants that were previously linked to altered metabolism of antimalarials. In Vanuatu, we detected 15 SNPs, including the 4713A (CYP3A4∗1A; 88.6 %) and 25183C (CYP3A4∗18; 0.6 %) variants. Additionally, we detected a rare and novel SNP C4614T (0.8 %) in the 5' untranslated region. A higher proportion of CYP3A4 genetic variance was found among ni-Vanuatu populations (16 %) than among Lake Victoria Kenyan populations (8 %). Our work augments the scarce data sets and contributes to improved precision medicine approaches, particularly to anti-malarial chemotherapy, in East African and Pacific Islander populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Musyoka
- Department of Virology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chim W Chan
- Department of Parasitology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Evelyn Marie Gutiérrez Rico
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Protus Omondi
- Department of Virology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Caroline Kijogi
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Okai
- Department of Virology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - James Kongere
- Department of Virology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mtakai Ngara
- Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wataru Kagaya
- Department of Eco-epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya; Centre for Malaria Elimination, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Department of Virology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya; Centre for Malaria Elimination, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Department of Parasitology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mugusi S, Mnkugwe RH, Sanga AA, Salahuddin A, Barclay V, Shayo G, Dahl ML, Aklillu E. CYP2B6 and ABCB1 genotypes predict methadone plasma exposure among patients on maintenance therapy against opioid addictions in Tanzania. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38993001 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) exhibits significant variability in pharmacokinetics and clinical response, partly due to genetic variations. However, data from sub-Saharan African populations are lacking. We examined plasma methadone variability and pharmacogenetic influences among opioid-addicted Tanzanian patients. METHODS Patients attending MMT clinics (n = 119) in Tanzania were genotyped for common functional variants of the CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, ABCB1, UGT2B7 and SLCO1B1 genotypes. Trough plasma concentrations of total methadone, S-methadone (S-MTD) and R-methadone (R-MTD), with their respective metabolites, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The methadone-to-EDDP metabolic ratio (MMR) was used to categorize the phenotype. RESULTS The proportions of MMR-predicted ultrarapid, extensive, intermediate and slow methadone metabolizer phenotypes were 2.5%, 58.2%, 23.7% and 15.6%, respectively. CYP2B6 genotype significantly correlated with S-methadone (P = .006), total methadone (P = .03), and dose-normalized methadone plasma concentrations (P = .001). Metabolic ratios of R-methadone (R-MTD/R-EDDP), S-methadone (S-MTD/S-EDDP), and total methadone (MMR) were significantly higher among patients homozygous for defective variants (*6 or *18) than heterozygous or CYP2B6*1/*1 genotypes (P < .001). The metabolic ratio for S-MTD and total methadone was significantly higher among ABCB1c.3435T/T than in the C/C genotype. No significant effect of CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2A6, UGT2B7 and SLCO1B1 genotypes on S-methadone, R-methadone, or total methadone was observed. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one in six opioid-addicted Tanzanian patients are methadone slow metabolizers, influenced by genetic factors. Both the CYP2B6 and ABCB1 genotypes are strong predictors of methadone metabolic capacity and plasma exposure. Further investigation is needed to determine their predictive value for methadone treatment outcomes and to develop genotype-based dosing algorithms for safe and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Mugusi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rajabu Hussein Mnkugwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anna A Sanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Azreen Salahuddin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victoria Barclay
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grace Shayo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marja-Liisa Dahl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gebreyesus TD, Makonnen E, Telele NF, Barry A, Mnkugwe RH, Gerba H, Dahl ML, Aklillu E. CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 genotypes predict praziquantel plasma exposure among Ethiopian school-aged children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11730. [PMID: 38778126 PMCID: PMC11111788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of praziquantel (PZQ), a racemic mixture and the only drug approved to treat S. mansoni infection, is mediated by genetically polymorphic enzymes. Periodic school-based mass drug administration (MDA) with PZQ is the core intervention to control schistosomiasis. However data on the impact of pharmacogenetic variation, nutrition, and infection status on plasma PZQ exposure is scarce. We investigated genetic and non-genetic factors influencing PZQ plasma concentration and its metabolic ratios (trans-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ and cis-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ). Four hundred forty-six school children aged 7-15 years from four primary schools in southern Ethiopia who received albendazole and PZQ preventive chemotherapy through MDA campaign were enrolled. Genotyping for common functional variants of CYP3A4 (*1B), CYP3A5 (*3, *6), CYP2C19 (*2, *3, *17), CYP2C9 (*2, *3), and CYP2J2*7 was performed. Plasma concentrations of PZQ, trans-4-OH-PZQ, and cis-4-OH-PZQ were quantified using UPLCMS/MS. Carriers of CYP2C19 defective variant alleles (*2 and *3) had significantly higher mean PZQ plasma concentration than CYP2C19*1/*1 or *17 carriers (p = 0.005). CYP2C19*1/*1 and CYP2C19*17 carriers had higher trans-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ and cis-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ metabolic ratios compared with CYP2C19*2 or *3 carriers (p < 0.001). CYP2J2*7 carriers had lower mean PZQ plasma concentration (p = 0.05) and higher trans-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ and cis-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ metabolic ratios. Male participants had significantly higher PZQ concentration (p = 0.006) and lower metabolic ratios (p = 0.001) than females. There was no significant effect of stunting, wasting, S. mansoni or soil-transmitted helminth infections, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, or CYP2C9 genotypes on plasma PZQ or its metabolic ratios. In conclusion, sex, CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 genotypes significantly predict PZQ plasma exposure among Ethiopian children. The impact of CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 genotypes on praziquantel treatment outcomes requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Dires Gebreyesus
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nigus Fikrie Telele
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abbie Barry
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajabu Hussein Mnkugwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Heran Gerba
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Marja-Liisa Dahl
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Centanni M, van de Velde ME, Uittenboogaard A, Kaspers GJL, Karlsson MO, Friberg LE. Model-Informed Precision Dosing to Reduce Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Pediatric Patients: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation Analysis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2024; 63:197-209. [PMID: 38141094 PMCID: PMC10847206 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) is a common adverse effect of vincristine, a drug often used in pediatric oncology. Previous studies demonstrated large inter- and intrapatient variability in vincristine pharmacokinetics (PK). Model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) can be applied to calculate patient exposure and individualize dosing using therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) measurements. This study set out to investigate the PK/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) relationship of VIPN and determine the utility of MIPD to support clinical decisions regarding dose selection and individualization. METHODS Data from 35 pediatric patients were utilized to quantify the relationship between vincristine dose, exposure and the development of VIPN. Measurements of vincristine exposure and VIPN (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE]) were available at baseline and for each subsequent dosing occasions (1-5). A PK and PKPD analysis was performed to assess the inter- and intraindividual variability in vincristine exposure and VIPN over time. In silico trials were performed to portray the utility of vincristine MIPD in pediatric subpopulations with a certain age, weight and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 genotype distribution. RESULTS A two-compartmental model with linear PK provided a good description of the vincristine exposure data. Clearance and distribution parameters were related to bodyweight through allometric scaling. A proportional odds model with Markovian elements described the incidence of Grades 0, 1 and ≥ 2 VIPN overdosing occasions. Vincristine area under the curve (AUC) was the most significant exposure metric related to the development of VIPN, where an AUC of 50 ng⋅h/mL was estimated to be related to an average VIPN probability of 40% over five dosing occasions. The incidence of Grade ≥ 2 VIPN reduced from 62.1 to 53.9% for MIPD-based dosing compared with body surface area (BSA)-based dosing in patients. Dose decreases occurred in 81.4% of patients with MIPD (vs. 86.4% for standard dosing) and dose increments were performed in 33.4% of patients (no dose increments allowed for standard dosing). CONCLUSIONS The PK and PKPD analysis supports the use of MIPD to guide clinical dose decisions and reduce the incidence of VIPN. The current work can be used to support decisions with respect to dose selection and dose individualization in children receiving vincristine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Centanni
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mirjam E van de Velde
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniek Uittenboogaard
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mats O Karlsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena E Friberg
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Chamboko CR, Veldman W, Tata RB, Schoeberl B, Tastan Bishop Ö. Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African Alleles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043383. [PMID: 36834793 PMCID: PMC9961538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine gives individuals tailored medical treatment, with the genotype determining the therapeutic strategy, the appropriate dosage, and the likelihood of benefit or toxicity. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme families 1, 2, and 3 play a pivotal role in eliminating most drugs. Factors that affect CYP function and expression have a major impact on treatment outcomes. Therefore, polymorphisms of these enzymes result in alleles with diverse enzymatic activity and drug metabolism phenotypes. Africa has the highest CYP genetic diversity and also the highest burden of malaria and tuberculosis, and this review presents current general information on CYP enzymes together with variation data concerning antimalarial and antituberculosis drugs, while focusing on the first three CYP families. Afrocentric alleles such as CYP2A6*17, CYP2A6*23, CYP2A6*25, CYP2A6*28, CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*18, CYP2C8*2, CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*8, CYP2C9*9, CYP2C19*9, CYP2C19*13, CYP2C19*15, CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*17, CYP2D6*29, and CYP3A4*15 are implicated in diverse metabolic phenotypes of different antimalarials such as artesunate, mefloquine, quinine, primaquine, and chloroquine. Moreover, CYP3A4, CYP1A1, CYP2C8, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2J2, and CYP1B1 are implicated in the metabolism of some second-line antituberculosis drugs such as bedaquiline and linezolid. Drug-drug interactions, induction/inhibition, and enzyme polymorphisms that influence the metabolism of antituberculosis, antimalarial, and other drugs, are explored. Moreover, a mapping of Afrocentric missense mutations to CYP structures and a documentation of their known effects provided structural insights, as understanding the mechanism of action of these enzymes and how the different alleles influence enzyme function is invaluable to the advancement of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiratidzo R Chamboko
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa
| | - Wayde Veldman
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa
| | - Rolland Bantar Tata
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa
| | - Birgit Schoeberl
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa
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Barry A, Kabatende J, Telele NF, Mnkugwe RH, Mugisha M, Ntirenganya L, Bienvenu E, Aklillu E. Effect of pharmacogenetic variations on praziquantel plasma concentration and safety outcomes among school children in Rwanda. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1446. [PMID: 36702944 PMCID: PMC9879930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
School-based mass drug administration (MDA) of Praziquantel (PZQ) is the global intervention strategy for elimination of schistosomiasis. Genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins influences drug exposure and treatment outcomes, but data on PZQ pharmacokinetics and safety outcomes are scarce. We investigated the effect of pharmacogenetics variations on PZQ plasma concentrations and safety outcomes among 462 Rwandan schoolchildren who received single dose PZQ and albendazole in MDA. Genotyping for common functional variant alleles CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5 (*3, *6, *7), CYP2C19 (*2, *3, *17), CYP2C9 (*2, *3) and CYP2J2*7 were done. Plasma concentration of PZQ, cis-4-OH-PZQ and trans-4-OH-PZQ were measured using LC/MS/MS. Active safety monitoring was done on days 1, 2, and 7 post-MDA. CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes were significantly associated with PZQ plasma concentrations and its cis- and trans-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ metabolic ratios (MR). CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 carriers had significantly higher PZQ concentration (p = 0.02), lower trans-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ (p < 0.001), and cis-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ (p = 0.02) MR. CYP2C19 (*2, *3) carriers had significantly higher plasma PZQ concentration than CYP2C19 *1/*1 and CYP2C19 *17 carriers (*1/*17 or *17/*17) (p < 0.001). CYP3A4 was significantly associated with cis-4-OH-PZQ MR (p = 0.04). Lower cis-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ MR (p < 0.0001) was a predictor of MDA-associated adverse events, but no significant association with genotypes were found. In conclusion, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes significantly influence the plasma PZQ concentration and its MR. Lower cis-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ MR is significant predictor of adverse events following MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie Barry
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Kabatende
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Nigus Fikrie Telele
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajabu Hussein Mnkugwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Michael Mugisha
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, KK 737, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Lazare Ntirenganya
- Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emile Bienvenu
- Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, KK 737, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nthontho KC, Ndlovu AK, Sharma K, Kasvosve I, Hertz DL, Paganotti GM. Pharmacogenetics of Breast Cancer Treatments: A Sub-Saharan Africa Perspective. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2022; 15:613-652. [PMID: 35761855 PMCID: PMC9233488 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s308531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death in low- and middle-income countries, in particular among sub-Saharan African women, where response to available anticancer treatment therapy is often limited by the recurrent breast tumours and metastasis, ultimately resulting in decreased overall survival rate. This can also be attributed to African genomes that contain more variation than those from other parts of the world. The purpose of this review is to summarize published evidence on pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic aspects related to specific available treatments and the known genetic variabilities associated with metabolism and/or transport of breast cancer drugs, and treatment outcomes when possible. The emphasis is on the African genetic variation and focuses on the genes with the highest strength of evidence, with a close look on CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, CYP19A1, UGT1A4, UGT2B7, UGT2B15, SLC22A16, SLC38A7, FcγR, DPYD, ABCB1, and SULT1A1, which are the genes known to play major roles in the metabolism and/or elimination of the respective anti-breast cancer drugs given to the patients. The genetic variability of their metabolism could be associated with different metabolic phenotypes that may cause reduced patients' adherence because of toxicity or sub-therapeutic doses. Finally, this knowledge enhances possible personalized treatment approaches, with the possibility of improving survival outcomes in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneuoe Cecilia Nthontho
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Andrew Khulekani Ndlovu
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Daniel Louis Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Giacomo Maria Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Mwaiswelo RO, Ngasala B, Msolo D, Kweka E, Mmbando BP, Mårtensson A. A single low dose of primaquine is safe and sufficient to reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes regardless of cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme activity in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania. Malar J 2022; 21:84. [PMID: 35279143 PMCID: PMC8917764 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primaquine is a pro-drug and its active metabolite is potent against mature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Primaquine is metabolized by a highly polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme. Mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme may lead to impaired primaquine activity. This study assessed if 0.25 mg/kg single-dose primaquine is safe and sufficient to reduce transmission of gametocytes in individuals with no, reduced, or increased CYP2D6 enzyme activity. Methods Between June 2019 and January 2020 children aged 1–10 years, attending at Yombo dispensary, Bagamoyo district, with confirmed microcopy-determined uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were enrolled in the study. The enrolled patients were treated with a standard artemether-lumefantrine regimen plus 0.25 mg/kg single-dose primaquine and followed up for 28 days for clinical and laboratory assessment. Primaquine was administered with the first dose of artemether-lumefantrine. Safety assessment involved direct questioning and recording of the nature and incidence of clinical signs and symptoms, and measurement of haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Blood samples collected from 100 patients were used for assessment of post-treatment infectiousness on day 7 using mosquito membrane feeding assays. Molecular methods were used to determine CYP2D6 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status. The primary outcome was the safety of 0.25 mg/kg single-dose primaquine based on CYP2D6 status. Results In total, 157 children [median age 6.4 (Interquartile range 4.0–8.2) years] were recruited, of whom 21.0% (33/157) and 12.7% (20/157) had reduced CYP2D6 and deficient G6PD activity, respectively. Day 3 mean absolute Hb concentration reduction was 1.50 g/dL [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.90] and 1.51 g/dL (95% CI 1.31–1.71) in reduced and normal CYP2D6 patients, respectively (t = 0.012, p = 0.990). The day 3 mean absolute Hb concentration reduction in G6PD deficient, G6PD normal and heterozygous female was 1.82 g/dL (95% CI 1.32–2.32), 1.48 g/dL (95% CI 1.30–1.67) and 1.47 g/dL (95% CI 0.76–2.18), respectively (F = 0.838, p = 0.435). Sixteen percent (16/98) of the patients each infected at least one mosquito on day 7, and of these, 10.0% (2/20) and 17.9% (14/78) had reduced and normal CYP2D6 enzyme activity, respectively (x2 = 0.736, p = 0.513). Conclusion Single-dose 0.25 mg/kg primaquine was safe and sufficient for reducing transmission of P. falciparum gametocytes regardless of CYP2D6 or G6PD status. Trial registration Study registration number: NCT03352843. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04100-1.
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10
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Levy S, Muench J. The epigenetic impact of adverse childhood experiences through the lens of personalized medicine. Epigenomics 2022; 14:425-429. [PMID: 35220755 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Levy
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.,Department of Medical Education, Providence Health and Services, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - John Muench
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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11
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Clinical pharmacokinetics of quinine and its relationship with treatment outcomes in children, pregnant women, and elderly patients, with uncomplicated and complicated malaria: a systematic review. Malar J 2022; 21:41. [PMID: 35144612 PMCID: PMC8832728 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standard dosage regimens of quinine formulated for adult patients with uncomplicated and complicated malaria have been applied for clinical uses in children, pregnant women, and elderly. Since these populations have anatomical and physiological differences from adults, dosage regimens formulated for adults may not be appropriate. The study aimed to (i) review existing information on the pharmacokinetics of quinine in children, pregnant women, and elderly populations, (ii) identify factors that influence quinine pharmacokinetics, and (iii) analyse the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and treatment outcomes (therapeutic and safety) of various dosage regimens of quinine. Methods Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and PubMed were the databases applied in this systematic search for relevant research articles published up to October 2020 using the predefined search terms. The retrieved articles were initially screened by titles and abstracts to exclude any irrelevant articles and were further evaluated based on full-texts, applying the predefined eligibility criteria. Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft, WA, USA) was used for data collection and management. Qualitative data are presented as numbers and percentages, and where appropriate, mean + SD or median (range) or range values. Results Twenty-eight articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria, 19 in children, 7 in pregnant women, and 2 in elderly (14 and 7 articles in complicated and uncomplicated malaria, respectively). Severity of infection, routes of administration, and nutritional status were shown to be the key factors impacting quinine pharmacokinetics in these vulnerable groups. Conclusions The recommended dosages for both uncomplicated and complicated malaria are, in general, adequate for elderly and children with uncomplicated malaria. Dose adjustment may be required in pregnant women with both uncomplicated and complicated malaria, and in children with complicated malaria. Pharmacokinetics studies relevant to clinical efficacy in these vulnerable groups of patients with large sample size and reassessment of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) should be considered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04065-1.
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12
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Mnkugwe RH, Minzi O, Kinung'hi S, Kamuhabwa A, Aklillu E. Effect of Pharmacogenetics Variations on Praziquantel Plasma Concentrations and Schistosomiasis Treatment Outcomes Among Infected School-Aged Children in Tanzania. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:712084. [PMID: 34531744 PMCID: PMC8438567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.712084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on pharmacogenetics of praziquantel (PZQ) and its relevance on plasma drug concentrations and schistosomiasis treatment outcomes are lacking. We investigated the effect of pharmacogenetics variations of PZQ on plasma drug levels and schistosomiasis treatment outcomes among infected Tanzanian school-aged children. A total of 340 Schistosoma mansoni infected children were enrolled and treated with single-dose PZQ. Stool samples analysis was done by thick smear Kato-Katz technique, and treatment efficacy was assessed at 3-weeks post-treatment. Safety was assessed within 4 h after PZQ intake. Plasma samples were collected at 4 h post-dose, and PZQ and trans-4-OH-PZQ concentrations were quantified using UPLCMS/MS. Genotyping for CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5 (*3, *6, *7), CYP2C19 (*2, *3, *17), and CYP2C9 (*2, *3) were done by Real-Time PCR. The median age (range) of the study participants was 12 years (7-17). There was a significant association of CYP2C19 genotypes with PZQ concentrations and its metabolic ratio (trans-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ). PZQ concentration was significantly higher among CYP2C19 (*2, *3) carriers than CYP2C19 *1/*1 and CYP2C19 *17 carriers (ultra-rapid metabolizers) (p = 0.04). The metabolic ratio was significantly higher among CYP2C19*17 carriers than CYP2C19 (*2, *3) carriers (p = 0.01). No significant effect of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 genotypes on treatment efficacy or adverse events were observed. Baseline infection intensity and CYP3A5 genotype were significant predictors of treatment associated-adverse events. In conclusion, CYP2C19 genotype significantly affects plasma PZQ concentration and its metabolic ratio. For the first time, we report the importance of pharmacogenetic variation for the treatment of schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajabu Hussein Mnkugwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Omary Minzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Safari Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Appolinary Kamuhabwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Fadlelmola FM, Zass L, Chaouch M, Samtal C, Ras V, Kumuthini J, Panji S, Mulder N. Data Management Plans in the genomics research revolution of Africa: Challenges and recommendations. J Biomed Inform 2021; 122:103900. [PMID: 34506960 PMCID: PMC9123155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drafting and writing a data management plan (DMP) is increasingly seen as a key part of the academic research process. A DMP is a document that describes how a researcher will collect, document, describe, share, and preserve the data that will be generated as part of a research project. The DMP illustrates the importance of utilizing best practices through all stages of working with data while ensuring accessibility, quality, and longevity of the data. The benefits of writing a DMP include compliance with funder and institutional mandates; making research more transparent (for reproduction and validation purposes); and FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable); protecting data subjects and compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and/or local data protection policies. In this review, we highlight the importance of a DMP in modern biomedical research, explaining both the rationale and current best practices associated with DMPs. In addition, we outline various funders’ requirements concerning DMPs and discuss open-source tools that facilitate the development and implementation of a DMP. Finally, we discuss DMPs in the context of African research, and the considerations that need to be made in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal M Fadlelmola
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Al-Gamaa Ave, Khartoum 11115, Sudan.
| | - Lyndon Zass
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melek Chaouch
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Chaimae Samtal
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz-Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Verena Ras
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Judit Kumuthini
- South African Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of Western Cape (UWC), Life Sciences Building, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sumir Panji
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicola Mulder
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Salles PF, Perce-da-Silva DS, Rossi AD, Raposo LR, Ramirez Ramirez AD, Pereira Bastos OM, Pratt-Riccio LR, Cassiano GC, Baptista ARS, Cardoso CC, Banic DM, Machado RLD. CYP2D6 Allele Frequency in Five Malaria Vivax Endemic Areas From Brazilian Amazon Region. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:542342. [PMID: 34366834 PMCID: PMC8343396 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.542342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variability was linked with individual responses to treatment and susceptibility to malaria by Plasmodium vivax. Polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene may modulate enzyme level and activity, thereby affecting individual responses to pharmacological treatment. The aim of the study was to investigate whether or not CYP2D6 single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1065852, rs38920-97, rs16947 and rs28371725 are unequally distributed in malaria by Plasmodium vivax individuals from the Brazilian Amazon region. The blood samples were collected from 220 unrelated Plasmodium vivax patients from five different endemic areas. Genotyping was performed using SNaPshot® and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. In all five areas, the rs1065852 (CYP2D6*10, C.100C > T), rs3892097 (CYP2D6*4, 1846C > T) and rs16947 (CYP2D6*2, C.2850G > A), as a homozygous genotype, showed the lowest frequencies. The rs28371725 (CYP2D6*41, 2988G > A) homozygous genotype was not detected, while the allele A was found in a single patient from Macapá region. No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found, although a borderline p-value was observed (p = 0.048) for the SNP rs3892097 in Goianésia do Pará, Pará state. No significant associations were detected in these frequencies among the five studied areas. For the SNP rs3892097, a higher frequency was observed for the C/T heterozygous genotype in the Plácido de Castro and Macapá, Acre and Amapá states, respectively. The distribution of the CYP2D6 alleles investigated in the different areas of the Brazilian Amazon is not homogeneous. Further investigations are necessary in order to determine which alleles might be informative to assure optimal drug dosing recommendations based on experimental pharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ferreira Salles
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Atila Duque Rossi
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luisa Riehl Raposo
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Saúde Global e Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Cynthia Chester Cardoso
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dalma Maria Banic
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Othman H, da Rocha JEB, Hazelhurst S. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Induces Divergent Dynamic Patterns in CYP3A5: A Microsecond Scale Biomolecular Simulation of Variants Identified in Sub-Saharan African Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7786. [PMID: 34360551 PMCID: PMC8346100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics aims to reveal variants associated with drug response phenotypes. Genes whose roles involve the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs, are highly polymorphic between populations. High coverage whole genome sequencing showed that a large proportion of the variants for these genes are rare in African populations. This study investigated the impact of such variants on protein structure to assess their functional importance. We used genetic data of CYP3A5 from 458 individuals from sub-Saharan Africa to conduct a structural bioinformatics analysis. Five missense variants were modeled and microsecond scale molecular dynamics simulations were conducted for each, as well as for the CYP3A5 wildtype and the Y53C variant, which has a known deleterious impact on enzyme activity. The binding of ritonavir and artemether to CYP3A5 variant structures was also evaluated. Our results showed different conformational characteristics between all the variants. No significant structural changes were noticed. However, the genetic variability seemed to act on the plasticity of the protein. The impact on drug binding might be drug dependant. We concluded that rare variants hold relevance in determining the pharmacogenomics properties of populations. This could have a significant impact on precision medicine applications in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcemeddine Othman
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa; (J.E.B.d.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Jorge E. B. da Rocha
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa; (J.E.B.d.R.); (S.H.)
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa; (J.E.B.d.R.); (S.H.)
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
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16
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Rajak P, Ganguly A, Sarkar S, Mandi M, Dutta M, Podder S, Khatun S, Roy S. Immunotoxic role of organophosphates: An unseen risk escalating SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112007. [PMID: 33493637 PMCID: PMC7825955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Consistent gathering of immunotoxic substances on earth is a serious global issue affecting people under pathogenic stress. Organophosphates are among such hazardous compounds that are ubiquitous in nature. They fuel oxidative stress to impair antiviral immune response in living entities. Aside, organophosphates promote cytokine burst and pyroptosis in broncho-alveolar chambers leading to severe respiratory ailments. At present, we witness COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2. Infection triggers cytokine storm coupled with inflammatory manifestations and pulmonary disorders in patients. Since organophosphate-exposure promotes necroinflammation and respiratory troubles hence during current pandemic situation, additional exposure to such chemicals can exacerbate inflammatory outcome and pulmonary maladies in patients, or pre-exposure to organophosphates might turn-out to be a risk factor for compromised immunity. Fortunately, antioxidants alleviate organophosphate-induced immunosuppression and hence under co-exposure circumstances, dietary intake of antioxidants would be beneficial to boost immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Rajak
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India.
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, A.B.N. Seal College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India.
| | - Saurabh Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Sayanti Podder
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Salma Khatun
- Department of Zoology, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sumedha Roy
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Pallerla SR, Elion Assiana DO, Linh LTK, Cho FN, Meyer CG, Fagbemi KA, Adegnika AA, Beng VP, Achidi EA, Kahunu GM, Bates M, Grobusch MP, Kremsner PG, Ntoumi F, Velavan TP. Pharmacogenetic considerations in the treatment of co-infections with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in Congolese populations of Central Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 104:207-213. [PMID: 33310105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infection, tuberculosis and malaria are the big three communicable diseases that plague sub-Saharan Africa. If these diseases occur as co-morbidities they require polypharmacy, which may lead to severe drug-drug-gene interactions and variation in adverse drug reactions, but also in treatment outcomes. Polymorphisms in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes are the major cause of these variations, but such polymorphisms may support the prediction of drug efficacy and toxicity. There is little information on allele frequencies of pharmacogenetic variants of enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs used to treat HIV-infection, TB and malaria in the Republic of Congo (ROC). The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the occurrence and allele frequencies of 32 pharmacogenetic variants localized in absorption distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and non-ADME genes and to compare the frequencies with population data of Africans and non-Africans derived from the 1000 Genomes Project. RESULTS We found significant differences in the allele frequencies of many of the variants when comparing the findings from ROC with those of non-African populations. On the other hand, only a few variants showed significant differences in their allele frequencies when comparing ROC with other African populations. In addition, considerable differences in the allele frequencies of the pharmacogenetic variants among the African populations were observed. CONCLUSIONS The findings contribute to the understanding of pharmacogenetic variants involved in the metabolism of drugs used to treat HIV-infection, TB and malaria in ROC and their diversity in different populations. Such knowledge helps to predict drug efficacy, toxicity and ADRs and to inform individual and population-based decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Reddy Pallerla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Darrel Ornelle Elion Assiana
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Le Thi Kieu Linh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Frederick Nchang Cho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Kaossarath Adédjokè Fagbemi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambarene, Lambarene, Gabon
| | - Véronique Penlap Beng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eric A Achidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Gauthier Mesia Kahunu
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mathew Bates
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambarene, Lambarene, Gabon; Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambarene, Lambarene, Gabon
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
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Shittu O, Opeyemi OA, Omotesho OB, Fakayode O, Asogwa N, Adeniyi OM, Fatoba IM, Salawu KM, Ajibaye O, Babamale OA, Iyiola OA, Aremu OI. Clinical Probe of Cyp2C8*2 Mutants in a Malaria Hyperendemic Zone: Evidence from North-Central, Nigeria. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2020; 63:119-123. [PMID: 33002398 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2020.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A tremendous level of success has been achieved since the introduction of chloroquine and the combination of amodiaquine and artemisinin for the treatment of both complicated and uncomplicated malaria infections in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the recent discovery of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum (P.f.) and the ability of the parasite to ingest CYP2C8 into its digestive vacuole is of great public health concern. This study probes the occurrence of CYP2C8*2 allelic mutant amongst malaria patients in North-Central Nigeria. METHODS Three hundred and eighty five (385) unrelated study participants were screened for current malaria episodes using routine microscopy and/or rapid diagnostic test strips (RDTs). Chelex extraction method was used for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identification of CYP2C8*2 (805A > T) variant respectively. Wild-type (A) and the defective allele (T) were differentiated with the use of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results obtained were further validated with Sanger sequencing of a few samples and thereafter, the genotype data were statistically processed. All alleles obtained were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. RESULTS Out of the 385 participants (45.5% Male and 54.5% Female) genotyped for SNPs, 75 (19.5%) had the autosomal recessive mutant trait. Occurrence of mutant traits was gender and ethnic independent (p > 0.05). Yoruba ethnic group recorded a reduction in proportion of genotypic defective CYP2C8*2 allele (T) (1 in every 8 persons) with a carrier percentage of 13.3% compared with Hausa (26.62%); Igbo (25.37%) and other minority ethnic groups (17.6%). CONCLUSIONS A remarkable inter-ethnic differences in autosomal recessive CYP2C8*2 allele was observed. By implication, there is a gradual incursion of genetic drift for poor CQ and AQ-Artemisinin metabolizers among the inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalere Shittu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | | | | | | | - Nnaemeka Asogwa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Olusola Ajibaye
- Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Oluyinka Ajibola Iyiola
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Isaac Aremu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Ingram CJE, Ekong R, Ansari-Pour N, Bradman N, Swallow DM. Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2020; 21:47-59. [PMID: 32683419 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-020-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inter-individual variation of drug metabolising enzymes (DMEs) leads to variable efficacy of many drugs and even adverse drug responses. Consequently, it would be desirable to test variants of many DMEs before drug treatment. Inter-ethnic differences in frequency mean that the choice of SNPs to test may vary across population groups. Here we examine the utility of testing representative groups as a way of assessing what variants might be tested. We show that publicly available population information is potentially useful for determining loci for pre-treatment genetic testing, and for determining the most prevalent risk haplotypes in defined groups. However, we also show that the NHS England classifications have limitations for grouping for these purposes, in particular for people of African descent. We conclude: (1) genotyping of hospital patients and people from the hospital catchment area confers no advantage over using samples from appropriate existing ethnic group collections or publicly available data, (2) given the current NHS England Black African grouping, a decision as to whether to test, would have to apply to all patients of recent Black African ancestry to cover reported risk alleles and (3) the current scarcity of available genome and drug effect data from Africans is a problem for both testing and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J E Ingram
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rosemary Ekong
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Naser Ansari-Pour
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Neil Bradman
- Henry Stewart Group, 40-41 Museum Street, London, WC1A 1LT, UK
| | - Dallas M Swallow
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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CYP2D6 Polymorphisms and the Safety and Gametocytocidal Activity of Single-Dose Primaquine for Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00538-19. [PMID: 31383656 PMCID: PMC6761544 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00538-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-dose primaquine (PQ) clears mature gametocytes and reduces the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum after artemisinin combination therapy. Genetic variation in CYP2D6, the gene producing the drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), influences plasma concentrations of PQ and its metabolites and is associated with PQ treatment failure in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Single-dose primaquine (PQ) clears mature gametocytes and reduces the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum after artemisinin combination therapy. Genetic variation in CYP2D6, the gene producing the drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), influences plasma concentrations of PQ and its metabolites and is associated with PQ treatment failure in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Using blood and saliva samples of varying quantity and quality from 8 clinical trials across Africa (n = 1,076), we were able to genotype CYP2D6 for 774 samples (72%). We determined whether genetic variation in CYP2D6 has implications for PQ efficacy in individuals with gametocytes at the time of PQ administration (n = 554) and for safety in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient individuals treated with PQ (n = 110). Individuals with a genetically inferred CYP2D6 poor/intermediate metabolizer status had a higher gametocyte prevalence on day 7 or 10 after PQ than those with an extensive/ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizer status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.10, 2.90]; P = 0.018). The mean minimum hemoglobin concentrations during follow-up for G6PD-deficient individuals were 11.8 g/dl for CYP2D6 extensive/ultrarapid metabolizers and 12.1 g/dl for CYP2D6 poor/intermediate metabolizers (P = 0. 803). CYP2D6 genetically inferred metabolizer status was also not associated with anemia following PQ treatment (P = 0.331). We conclude that CYP2D6 poor/intermediate metabolizer status may be associated with prolonged gametocyte carriage after treatment with single-low-dose PQ but not with treatment safety.
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Distribution of the cytochrome P450 CYP2C8*2 allele in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 85:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Nair A. [Pharmacogenomics of sevoflurane: role in emergence delirium]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2019; 69:423. [PMID: 31303310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nair
- Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Department of Anesthesiology, Hyderabad, India.
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Pharmacogenomics of sevoflurane: role in emergence delirium. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [PMID: 31303310 PMCID: PMC9391901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sepúlveda-Robles O, Espinoza-Gutiérrez B, Gomez-Verjan JC, Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, De Ita M, Silva-Miranda M, Espitia-Pinzón CI, Fernández-Ramírez F, Herrera-Salazar A, Mata-Rocha M, Ortega-Hernández A, Reyes-Chilpa R. Trypanocidal and toxicological assessment in vitro and in silico of three sesquiterpene lactones from Asteraceae plant species. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wu J, Yao N, Hu Q, Liu M, Zhang H, Xiong Y, Hu J, Xia C. Effect of panaxytriol on cytochrome P450 3A4 via the pregnane X receptor regulatory pathway. Phytother Res 2019; 33:968-975. [PMID: 30653754 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Panaxytriol (PXT) is one of the major effective components of red ginseng and Shenmai injection. The present study aimed to explore the effect of PXT on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) based on the pregnane X receptor (PXR)-CYP3A4 regulatory pathway in HepG2 cells and hPXR-overexpressing HepG2 cells treated with PXT for different time periods using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. PXT could upregulate the levels of PXR and CYP3A4 mRNA in HepG2 cells treated with PXT for 1 hr, with no impact on the expression of their protein levels. The expression levels of both PXR and CYP3A4 mRNA and protein in HepG2 cells treated with PXT for 24 hr increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of PXT on the expression of PXR and CYP3A4 mRNA and protein in hPXR-overexpressing HepG2 cells were similar to those in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the influence trend of PXT on CYP3A4 was consistent with that of PXR in HepG2 cells and hPXR-overexpressing HepG2 cells. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay in HepG2 cells further demonstrated that PXT treatment for specific time periods could significantly induce the expression of CYP3A4 mediated by the PXR regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Yao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyi Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinfang Hu
- Drug Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Understanding human genetic factors influencing primaquine safety and efficacy to guide primaquine roll-out in a pre-elimination setting in southern Africa. Malar J 2018; 17:120. [PMID: 29558929 PMCID: PMC5859786 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primaquine (PQ) is recommended as an addition to standard malaria treatments in pre-elimination settings due to its pronounced activity against mature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, the parasite stage responsible for onward transmission to mosquitoes. However, PQ may trigger haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient individuals. Additional human genetic factors, including polymorphisms in the human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) complex, may negatively influence the efficacy of PQ. This study assessed the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and two important CYP2D6 variants in representative pre-elimination settings in South Africa, to inform malaria elimination strategies. Methods Volunteers (n = 248) attending six primary health care facilities in a malaria-endemic region of South Africa were enrolled between October and November 2015. G6PD status was determined phenotypically, using a CareStart™ G6PD rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and genotypically for two common African G6PD variants, namely A+ (A376G) and A− (G202A, A542T, G680T & T968C) by PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and DNA sequencing. CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*17 variants were determined with PCR and RFLP. Results A prevalence of 13% (33/248) G6PD deficiency was observed in the cohort by G6PD RDT whilst by genotypic assessment, 32% (79/248) were A+ and 3.2% were A−, respectively. Among the male participants, 11% (6/55) were G6PD A− hemizygous; among females 1% (2/193) were G6PD A− homozygous and 16% (32/193) G6PD A− heterozygous. The strength of agreement between phenotyping and genotyping result was fair (Cohens Kappa κ = 0.310). The negative predictive value for the G6PD RDT for detecting hemizygous, homozygous and heterozygous individuals was 0.88 (95% CI 0.85–0.91), compared to the more sensitive genotyping. The CYP2D6*4 allele frequencies for CYP2D6*4 (inferred poor metabolizer phenotype) and CYP2D6*17 (inferred intermediate metabolizer phenotype) were 3.2 and 19.5%, respectively. Conclusions Phenotypic and genotypic analyses both detected low prevalence of G6PD deficiency and the CYP2D6*4 variants. These findings, combined with increasing data confirming safety of single low-dose PQ in individuals with African variants of G6PD deficiency, supports the deployment of single low-dose PQ as a gametocytocidal drug. PQ would pose minimal risks to the study populations and could be a useful elimination strategy in the study area.
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Pharmacogenomic Impact of CYP2C19 Variation on Clopidogrel Therapy in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine. J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8010008. [PMID: 29385765 PMCID: PMC5872082 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in response to antiplatelet therapy can be explained in part by pharmacogenomics, particularly of the CYP450 enzyme encoded by CYP2C19. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function variants help explain these interindividual differences. Individuals may carry multiple variants, with linkage disequilibrium noted among some alleles. In the current pharmacogenomics era, genomic variation in CYP2C19 has led to the definition of pharmacokinetic phenotypes for response to antiplatelet therapy, in particular, clopidogrel. Individuals may be classified as poor, intermediate, extensive, or ultrarapid metabolizers, based on whether they carry wild type or polymorphic CYP2C19 alleles. Variant alleles differentially impact platelet reactivity, concentration of plasma clopidogrel metabolites, and clinical outcomes. Interestingly, response to clopidogrel appears to be modulated by additional factors, such as sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors for ischemic heart disease, and drug-drug interactions. Furthermore, systems medicine studies suggest that a broader approach may be required to adequately assess, predict, preempt, and manage variation in antiplatelet response. Transcriptomics, epigenomics, exposomics, miRNAomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and mathematical, computational, and molecular modeling should be integrated with pharmacogenomics for enhanced prediction and individualized care. In this review of pharmacogenomic variation of CYP450, a systems medicine approach is described for tailoring antiplatelet therapy in clinical practice of precision cardiovascular medicine.
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Influences of Anlotinib on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Rats Using a Cocktail Method. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3619723. [PMID: 29441353 PMCID: PMC5758843 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3619723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of anlotinib (AL3818) on pharmacokinetics of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C6, CYP2D1, CYP2D2, and CYP3A1/2) by using five cocktail probe drugs in vivo. After pretreatment for 7 days with anlotinib (treatment group) or saline (control group) by oral administration, probe drugs phenacetin, tolbutamide, omeprazole, metoprolol, and midazolam were administered to rats by oral administration. Blood samples were obtained at a series of time-points and the concentrations of five probe drugs in plasma were determined by a UHPLC-MS/MS method. The results showed that treatment with anlotinib had no significant effect on rat CYP1A2, CYP2D2, and CYP2C6. However, anlotinib had a significant inductive effect on CYP2D1 and CYP3A1/2. Therefore, caution is needed during the concomitant use of anlotinib with other drugs metabolized by CYP2D1 and CYP3A1/2 because of potential drug-anlotinib interactions.
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Abstract
Purpose of review Identification of genetic variants to aid in individualized treatment of solid organ allograft recipients would improve graft survival. We will review the current state of knowledge for associations of variants with transplant outcomes. Recent findings Many studies have yet to exhibit robust and reproducible results, however, pharmacogenomic studies focusing on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, transporters and HLA variants have shown strong associations with outcomes and have relevance towards drugs used in transplant. Genome wide association study data for the immunosuppressant tacrolimus have identified multiple variants in the CYP3A5 gene associated with trough concentrations. Additionally, APOL1 variants had been shown to confer risk to the development of end stage renal disease in African Americans. Summary The field is rapidly evolving and new technology such as next generation sequencing, along with larger cohorts, will soon be commonly applied in transplantation to understand genetic association with outcomes and personalized medicine.
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Olafuyi O, Coleman M, Badhan RK. The application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to assess the impact of antiretroviral-mediated drug-drug interactions on piperaquine antimalarial therapy during pregnancy. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:464-478. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Olafuyi
- Aston Healthy Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School; Aston University; Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | - Michael Coleman
- Aston Pharmacy School; Aston University; Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | - Raj K.S. Badhan
- Aston Healthy Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School; Aston University; Birmingham B4 7ET UK
- Aston Pharmacy School; Aston University; Birmingham B4 7ET UK
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Onuki R, Yamaguchi R, Shibuya T, Kanehisa M, Goto S. Revealing phenotype-associated functional differences by genome-wide scan of ancient haplotype blocks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176530. [PMID: 28445522 PMCID: PMC5406033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide scans for positive selection have become important for genomic medicine, and many studies aim to find genomic regions affected by positive selection that are associated with risk allele variations among populations. Most such studies are designed to detect recent positive selection. However, we hypothesize that ancient positive selection is also important for adaptation to pathogens, and has affected current immune-mediated common diseases. Based on this hypothesis, we developed a novel linkage disequilibrium-based pipeline, which aims to detect regions associated with ancient positive selection across populations from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. By applying this pipeline to the genotypes in the International HapMap project database, we show that genes in the detected regions are enriched in pathways related to the immune system and infectious diseases. The detected regions also contain SNPs reported to be associated with cancers and metabolic diseases, obesity-related traits, type 2 diabetes, and allergic sensitization. These SNPs were further mapped to biological pathways to determine the associations between phenotypes and molecular functions. Assessments of candidate regions to identify functions associated with variations in incidence rates of these diseases are needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Onuki
- Bioinformatics Team, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shibuya
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Kanehisa
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Goto
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Amin AM, Sheau Chin L, Azri Mohamed Noor D, SK Abdul Kader MA, Kah Hay Y, Ibrahim B. The Personalization of Clopidogrel Antiplatelet Therapy: The Role of Integrative Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacometabolomics. Cardiol Res Pract 2017; 2017:8062796. [PMID: 28421156 PMCID: PMC5379098 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8062796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel is pivotal for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the variable platelets reactivity response to clopidogrel may lead to outcome failure and recurrence of cardiovascular events. Although many genetic and nongenetic factors are known, great portion of clopidogrel variable platelets reactivity remain unexplained which challenges the personalization of clopidogrel therapy. Current methods for clopidogrel personalization include CYP2C19 genotyping, pharmacokinetics, and platelets function testing. However, these methods lack precise prediction of clopidogrel outcome, often leading to insufficient prediction. Pharmacometabolomics which is an approach to identify novel biomarkers of drug response or toxicity in biofluids has been investigated to predict drug response. The advantage of pharmacometabolomics is that it does not only predict the response but also provide extensive information on the metabolic pathways implicated with the response. Integrating pharmacogenetics with pharmacometabolomics can give insight on unknown genetic and nongenetic factors associated with the response. This review aimed to review the literature on factors associated with the variable platelets reactivity response to clopidogrel, as well as appraising current methods for the personalization of clopidogrel therapy. We also aimed to review the literature on using pharmacometabolomics approach to predict drug response, as well as discussing the plausibility of using it to predict clopidogrel outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa M. Amin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Lim Sheau Chin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Yuen Kah Hay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Baharudin Ibrahim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Disease burden and the role of pharmacogenomics in African populations. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2017; 2:e1. [PMID: 29868213 PMCID: PMC5870420 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa poses a challenge in achieving quality healthcare. Although therapeutic drugs have generally improved health, their efficacy differs from individual to individual. Variability in treatment response is mainly because of genetic variants that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Method The intersection of disease burden and therapeutic intervention is reviewed, and the status of pharmacogenomics knowledge in African populations is explored. Results The most commonly studied variants with pharmacogenomics relevance are discussed, especially in genes coding for enzymes that affect the response to drugs used for HIV, malaria, sickle cell disease and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusions The genetically diverse African population is likely to benefit from a pharmacogenomics-based healthcare approach, especially with respect to reduction of drug side effects, and separation of responders and non-responders leading to optimized drug choices and doses for each patient.
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Pharmacogenomic implications of the evolutionary history of infectious diseases in Africa. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:112-120. [PMID: 27779243 PMCID: PMC5380847 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the common birthplace of all human populations, modern humans have lived longer on the African continent than in any other geographical region of the world. This long history, along with the evolutionary need to adapt to environmental challenges such as exposure to infectious agents, has led to greater genetic variation in Africans. The vast genetic variation in Africans also extends to genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of pharmaceuticals. Ongoing cataloging of these clinically relevant variants reveals huge allele-frequency differences within and between African populations. Here, we examine Africa's large burden of infectious disease, discuss key examples of known genetic variation modulating disease risk, and provide examples of clinically relevant variants critical for establishing dosing guidelines. We propose that a more systematic characterization of the genetic diversity of African ancestry populations is required if the current benefits of precision medicine are to be extended to these populations.
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Mitra S, Kshatriya GK. Genetic variation at Q192R and L55M polymorphisms in PON1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:251-256. [PMID: 27341351 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Earlier we have reported Q192R allele frequencies among four Indian populations as a part of an investigation of the distribution of Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms. Here we present the results obtained after screening eleven populations representing different regions of India for Q192R and L55M. Population genetic analysis examining the effect of micro-evolutionary forces at these loci confirmed genetic differentiation at Q192R earlier suggested. The study groups showed high frequencies of L55 and differential distribution of Q192 and R192. Tests for deviation from neutrality indicated heterozygote excess at rs662 which has Q192R polymorphism. Higher levels of heterozygosity at Q192R than L55M might be because of its role in wide substrate specificity of the enzyme. A small but highly significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was observed in a spatial autocorrelation analysis indicating non-random distribution of Q192 allele. Our findings are pertinent to toxicogenetic studies evaluating risk assessment towards organophosphate compounds among different continental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siuli Mitra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Motshoge T, Tawe L, Muthoga CW, Allotey J, Romano R, Quaye I, Paganotti GM. Cytochrome P450 2C8*2 allele in Botswana: Human genetic diversity and public health implications. Acta Trop 2016; 157:54-8. [PMID: 26836270 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 2C8 is a highly polymorphic gene and shows variation according to ethnicity. The CYP2C8*2 is a slow drug metabolism allele and shows 10-24% frequency in Black populations. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of CYP2C8*2 allele in Botswana among the San (or Bushmen) and the Bantu ethnic groups. For that purpose we recruited 544 children of the two ethnicities in three districts of Botswana from primary schools, collected blood samples, extracted DNA and genotyped them through PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The results demonstrated that in the San the prevalence of the CYP2C8*2 allele is significantly higher than among the Bantu-related ethnic groups (17.5% and 8.5% for San and Bantu, respectively; P=0.00002). These findings support the evidence of a different genetic background of the San with respect to Bantu-related populations, and highlight a possible higher risk of longer drug clearance or poor level of activation of pro-drugs among the San group.
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Marcsisin SR, Reichard G, Pybus BS. Primaquine pharmacology in the context of CYP 2D6 pharmacogenomics: Current state of the art. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 161:1-10. [PMID: 27016470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primaquine is the only antimalarial drug available to clinicians for the treatment of relapsing forms of malaria. Primaquine development and usage dates back to the 1940s and has been administered to millions of individuals to treat and eliminate malaria infections. Primaquine therapy is not without disadvantages, however, as it can cause life threatening hemolysis in humans with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. In addition, the efficacy of primaquine against relapsing malaria was recently linked to CYP 2D6 mediated activation to an active metabolite, the structure of which has escaped definitive identification for over 75years. CYP 2D6 is highly polymorphic among various human populations adding further complexity to a comprehensive understanding of primaquine pharmacology. This review aims to discuss primaquine pharmacology in the context of state of the art understanding of CYP 2D6 mediated 8-aminoquinoline metabolic activation, and shed light on the current knowledge gaps of 8-aminoquinoline mechanistic understanding against relapsing malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Marcsisin
- Military Malaria Research Program, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Gregory Reichard
- Military Malaria Research Program, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Brandon S Pybus
- Department of Pathology, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, FT. Gordon, GA 30905, USA
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Croft SL. Neglected tropical diseases in the genomics era: re-evaluating the impact of new drugs and mass drug administration. Genome Biol 2016; 17:46. [PMID: 26975569 PMCID: PMC4791878 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simon Croft answers Genome Biology's questions on ways to approach neglected tropical diseases in the genomics era, including re-evaluating the impact of new drugs and mass drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Implications of Pharmacogenetics for Antimicrobial Prescribing. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pharmacogenomics Implications of Using Herbal Medicinal Plants on African Populations in Health Transition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:637-63. [PMID: 26402689 PMCID: PMC4588186 DOI: 10.3390/ph8030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The most accessible points of call for most African populations with respect to primary health care are traditional health systems that include spiritual, religious, and herbal medicine. This review focusses only on the use of herbal medicines. Most African people accept herbal medicines as generally safe with no serious adverse effects. However, the overlap between conventional medicine and herbal medicine is a reality among countries in health systems transition. Patients often simultaneously seek treatment from both conventional and traditional health systems for the same condition. Commonly encountered conditions/diseases include malaria, HIV/AIDS, hypertension, tuberculosis, and bleeding disorders. It is therefore imperative to understand the modes of interaction between different drugs from conventional and traditional health care systems when used in treatment combinations. Both conventional and traditional drug entities are metabolized by the same enzyme systems in the human body, resulting in both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics interactions, whose properties remain unknown/unquantified. Thus, it is important that profiles of interaction between different herbal and conventional medicines be evaluated. This review evaluates herbal and conventional drugs in a few African countries and their potential interaction at the pharmacogenomics level.
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Aung AK, Haas DW, Hulgan T, Phillips EJ. Pharmacogenomics of antimicrobial agents. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1903-30. [PMID: 25495412 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial efficacy and toxicity varies between individuals owing to multiple factors. Genetic variants that affect drug-metabolizing enzymes may influence antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, thereby determining efficacy and/or toxicity. In addition, many severe immune-mediated reactions have been associated with HLA class I and class II genes. In the last two decades, understanding of pharmacogenomic factors that influence antimicrobial efficacy and toxicity has rapidly evolved, leading to translational success such as the routine use of HLA-B*57:01 screening to prevent abacavir hypersensitivity reactions. This article examines recent advances in the field of antimicrobial pharmacogenomics that potentially affect treatment efficacy and toxicity, and challenges that exist between pharmacogenomic discovery and translation into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ar Kar Aung
- Department of General Medicine & Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Korobkova EA. Effect of Natural Polyphenols on CYP Metabolism: Implications for Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1359-90. [PMID: 26042469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a large group of hemeproteins located on mitochondrial membranes or the endoplasmic reticulum. They play a crucial role in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous molecules. The activity of CYP is associated with a number of factors including redox potential, protein conformation, the accessibility of the active site by substrates, and others. This activity may be potentially modulated by a variety of small molecules. Extensive experimental data collected over the past decade point at the active role of natural polyphenols in modulating the catalytic activity of CYP. Polyphenols are widespread micronutrients present in human diets of plant origin and in medicinal herbs. These compounds may alter the activity of CYP either via direct interactions with the enzymes or by affecting CYP gene expression. The polyphenol-CYP interactions may significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs and thus influence the effectiveness of chemical therapies used in the treatment of different types of cancers, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CYPs are involved in the oxidation and activation of external carcinogenic agents, in which case the inhibition of the CYP activity is beneficial for health. CYPs also support detoxification processes. In this case, it is the upregulation of CYP genes that would be favorable for the organism. A CYP enzyme aromatase catalyzes the formation of estrone and estradiol from their precursors. CYPs also catalyze multiple reactions leading to the oxidation of estrogen. Estrogen signaling and oxidative metabolism of estrogen are associated with the development of cancer. Thus, polyphenol-mediated modulation of the CYP's activity also plays a vital role in estrogen carcinogenesis. The aim of the present review is to summarize the data collected over the last five to six years on the following topics: (1) the mechanisms of the interactions of CYP with food constituents that occur via the direct binding of polyphenols to the enzymes and (2) the mechanisms of the regulation of CYP gene expression mediated by polyphenols. The structure-activity relationship relevant to the ability of polyphenols to affect the activity of CYP is analyzed. The application of polyphenol-CYP interactions to diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Korobkova
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The Department of Sciences, City University of New York, 524 W 59th Street, New York, New York 10019, United States
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Siwo GH, Williams SM, Moore JH. The future of genomic medicine education in Africa. Genome Med 2015; 7:47. [PMID: 26246857 PMCID: PMC4526207 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many challenges and opportunities for Africans in the emerging area of genome medicine. In particular, there is a need for investment in local education using real-world African genetic data sets. Cloud-based computing platforms offer one solution for engaging the next generation of biomedical scientists in tackling disease in Africa, and by extension, the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey H Siwo
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ; IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA ; IBM Research-Africa, Sandton, 2196 South Africa
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Jason H Moore
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Abu-Elmagd M, Assidi M, Schulten HJ, Dallol A, Pushparaj PN, Ahmed F, Scherer SW, Al-Qahtani M. Individualized medicine enabled by genomics in Saudi Arabia. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 25951871 PMCID: PMC4315314 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-8-s1-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomedical research sector in Saudi Arabia has recently received special attention from the government, which is currently supporting research aimed at improving the understanding and treatment of common diseases afflicting Saudi Arabian society. To build capacity for research and training, a number of centres of excellence were established in different areas of the country. Among these, is the Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, with its internationally ranked and highly productive team performing translational research in the area of individualized medicine. Here, we present a panorama of the recent trends in different areas of biomedical research in Saudi Arabia drawing from our vision of where genomics will have maximal impact in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We describe advances in a number of research areas including; congenital malformations, infertility, consanguinity and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, cancer and genomic classifications in Saudi Arabia, epigenetic explanations of idiopathic disease, and pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. We conclude that CEGMR will continue to play a pivotal role in advances in the field of genomics and research in this area is facing a number of challenges including generating high quality control data from Saudi population and policies for using these data need to comply with the international set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- KACST Technology Innovation Centre in Personalized Medicine at King Abdulaziz University (CIPM), P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, P.O. Box 61519, Egypt
| | - Mourad Assidi
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- KACST Technology Innovation Centre in Personalized Medicine at King Abdulaziz University (CIPM), P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Ashraf Dallol
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- KACST Technology Innovation Centre in Personalized Medicine at King Abdulaziz University (CIPM), P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
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Marwa KJ, Schmidt T, Sjögren M, Minzi OMS, Kamugisha E, Swedberg G. Cytochrome P450 single nucleotide polymorphisms in an indigenous Tanzanian population: a concern about the metabolism of artemisinin-based combinations. Malar J 2014; 13:420. [PMID: 25363545 PMCID: PMC4228099 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin-based combinations currently recommended for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa are substrates of CYP enzymes. The cytochrome enzyme system is responsible for metabolism of about 80-90% of clinically used drugs. It is, therefore, important to obtain the pharmacogenetics of the population in the region with respect to these combinations and thereby enable practitioners to predict treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to detect and determine allelic frequencies of CYP2C8*2, CYP2C8*3, CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3 and CYP2B6*6 variant alleles in a Tanzanian indigenous population. METHODS Genomic DNA extraction from blood obtained from 256 participants who escorted patients at Karume Health Centre in Mwanza Tanzania, was carried out using the Gene JET™ Genomic DNA purification kit (Thermo Scientific). Genotyping for the cytochrome P450 variant alleles was performed using predesigned primers. Amplification was done by PCR while differentiation between alleles was done by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) (for CYP2C8*2, CYP2C8*3) and sequencing (for CYP2B6*6, CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*1B). RESULTS CYP2C8*2, CYP2C8*3, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*1B and CYP2B6*6 variant allelic frequencies were found to be 19,10,16,78 and 36% respectively. CONCLUSION Prevalence of CYP2C8*2, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*1B and CYP2B6*6 mutations in a Tanzanian population/subjects are common. The impact of these point mutations on the metabolism of anti-malarial drugs, particularly artemisinin-based combinations, and their potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol J Marwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania.
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