1
|
Wang Y, Wang J, Yang S, Liang Q, Gu Z, Wang Y, Mou H, Sun H. Selecting a preculture strategy for improving biomass and astaxanthin productivity of Chromochloris zofingiensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:117. [PMID: 38204137 PMCID: PMC10781847 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chromochloris zofingiensis is a potential source of natural astaxanthin; however, its rapid growth and astaxanthin enrichment cannot be achieved simultaneously. This study established autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic preculture patterns to assess their ameliorative effect on the C. zofingiensis heterotrophic growth state. In comparison, mixotrophic preculture (MP) exhibited the best improving effect on heterotrophic biomass concentration of C. zofingiensis (up to 121.5 g L-1) in a 20 L fermenter, reaching the global leading level. The astaxanthin productivity achieved 111 mg L-1 day-1, 7.4-fold higher than the best record. The transcriptome and 13C tracer-based metabolic flux analysis were used for mechanism inquiry. The results revealed that MP promoted carotenoid and lipid synthesis, and supported synthesis preference of low unsaturated fatty acids represented by C18:1 and C16:0. The MP group maintained the best astaxanthin productivity via mastering the balance between increasing glucose metabolism and inhibition of carotenoid synthesis. The MP strategy optimized the physiological state of C. zofingiensis and realized its heterotrophic high-density growth for an excellent astaxanthin yield on a pilot scale. This strategy exhibits great application potential in the microalgae-related industry. KEY POINTS: • Preculture strategies changed carbon flux and gene expression in C. zofingiensis • C. zofingiensis realized a high-density culture with MP and fed-batch culture (FBC) • Astaxanthin productivity achieved 0.111 g L-1 day-1 with MP and FBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qingping Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ziqiang Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Marine Science research Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang X, Wei L, Liang S, Wang Z, Li S. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis on the Effect of Sesamol on the Two-Stages Fermentation of Aurantiochytrium sp. for Enhancing DHA Accumulation. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:371. [PMID: 39195487 DOI: 10.3390/md22080371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium is a well-known long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) producer, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In order to reduce the cost or improve the productivity of DHA, many researchers are focusing on exploring the high-yield strain, reducing production costs, changing culture conditions, and other measures. In this study, DHA production was improved by a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, efficient and cheap soybean powder was used instead of conventional peptone, and the optimization of fermentation conditions (optimal fermentation conditions: temperature 28.7 °C, salinity 10.7‱, nitrogen source concentration 1.01 g/L, and two-nitrogen ratio of yeast extract to soybean powder 2:1) based on response surface methodology resulted in a 1.68-fold increase in biomass concentration. In the second stage, the addition of 2.5 mM sesamol increased the production of fatty acid and DHA by 93.49% and 98.22%, respectively, as compared to the optimal culture condition with unadded sesamol. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the addition of sesamol resulted in the upregulation of some genes related to fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant enzymes in Aurantiochytrium. This research provides a low-cost and effective culture method for the commercial production of DHA by Aurantiochytrium sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liyang Wei
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shitong Liang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zongkang Wang
- Ecological Fertilizer Research Institute, Shenzhen Batian Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chang Y, Wang Z, Li H, Dang W, Song Y, Kang X, Zhang H. Morphological Changes and Strong Cytotoxicity in Yarrowia lipolytica by Overexpressing Delta-12-Desaturase. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:126. [PMID: 38392798 PMCID: PMC10890566 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, delta-12 desaturase was overexpressed in Yarrowia lipolytica using the single-copy integrative vector pINA1312 and multicopy integrative vector pINA1292, resulting in the engineered yeast strains 1312-12 and 1292-12, respectively. The content of intracellular linoleic acid (LA) in the 1292-12 strain was much higher than in the 1312-12 strain and the control group. One interesting finding was that the 1292-12 strain showed obvious changes in surface morphology. The 1292-12 colonies were much smaller and smoother, whereas their single cells became much larger compared to the control strain. In addition, the dry cell weight (DCW) of the 1292-12 strain was obviously increased from 8.5 to 12.7 g/L, but the viable cell number sharply decreased from 107 to 105/mL. These results indicated that increased LA content in Yarrowia lipolytica could induce morphological changes or even oxidative stress-dependent cell death. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were accumulated in the 1292-12 strain, while the antioxidant activities of intracellular catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly decreased by 27.6 and 32.0%, respectively. Furthermore, it was also revealed that these issues could be ameliorated by the exogenous supplementation of vitamin C, fish and colza oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Chang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Public Health, Qilu Medical University, Zibo 255300, China
| | - Hequn Li
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Wenrui Dang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Xinxin Kang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Huaiyuan Zhang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ou Y, Li Y, Feng S, Wang Q, Yang H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals an Eicosapentaenoic Acid Accumulation Mechanism in a Schizochytrium sp. Mutant. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0013023. [PMID: 37093006 PMCID: PMC10269799 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00130-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) essential for human health. Schizochytrium is a marine eukaryote that has been widely utilized for the synthesis of PUFAs. The current low potency and performance of EPA production by fermentation of Schizochytrium spp. limits its prospect in commercial production of EPA. Since the synthesis pathway of EPA in Schizochytrium spp. is still unclear, mutagenesis combined with efficient screening methods are still desirable. In this study, a novel screening strategy was developed based on a two-step progressive mutagenesis method based on atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) and diethyl sulfate (DES) after multiple stresses (sethoxydim, triclosan and 2,2'-bipyridine) compound screening. Finally, the mutant strain DBT-64 with increased lipid (1.57-fold, 31.71 g/L) and EPA (5.64-fold, 1.86 g/L) production was screened from wild-type (W) strains; the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of mutant DBT-64 (M) was 11.41% lower than that of wild-type strains. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that the expression of genes related to the polyketide synthase, fatty acid prolongation, and triglyceride synthesis pathways was significantly upregulated in the mutant strain, while the expression of genes involved in the β-oxidation pathway and fatty acid degradation pathway was downregulated in favor of EPA biosynthesis in Schizochytrium. This study provides an effective strain improvement method to enhance EPA accumulation in Schizochytrium spp. IMPORTANCE Schizochytrium, a marine eukaryotic microorganism, has emerged as a candidate for the commercial production of PUFAs. EPA is an omega-3 PUFA with preventive and therapeutic effects against cardiovascular diseases, schizophrenia, and other disorders. Currently, the low potency and performance of EPA production by Schizochytrium spp. limits its commercialization. In this study, we performed two-step progressive mutagenesis based on ARTP and DES and screened multiple stresses (sethoxydim, triclosan, and 2,2'-bipyridine) to obtain the EPA-high-yielding Schizochytrium mutant. In addition, high expression of the polyketide synthase pathway, fatty acid elongation pathway, and triglyceride synthesis pathway in the mutants was confirmed by transcriptomic analysis. Therefore, the multistress screening platform established in this study is important for breeding EPA-producing Schizochytrium spp. and provides valuable information for regulating the proportion of EPA in microalgal lipids by means of genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoushuai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Metabolism balance regulation for squalene production by disturbing triglyceride (TAG) synthesis in Schizochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
6
|
Wu N, Xing M, Chen Y, Zhang C, Li Y, Song P, Xu Q, Liu H, Huang H. Improving the productivity of malic acid by alleviating oxidative stress during Aspergillus niger fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:151. [PMID: 36581946 PMCID: PMC9801644 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an attractive platform chemical, malic acid has been commonly used in the food, feed and pharmaceutical field. Microbial fermentation of biobased sources to produce malic acid has attracted great attention because it is sustainable and environment-friendly. However, most studies mainly focus on improving yield and ignore shortening fermentation time. A long fermentation period means high cost, and hinders the industrial applications of microbial fermentation. Stresses, especially oxidative stress generated during fermentation, inhibit microbial growth and production, and prolong fermentation period. Previous studies have shown that polypeptides could effectively relieve stresses, but the underlying mechanisms were poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, polypeptides (especially elastin peptide) addition improves the productivity of malic acid in A. niger, resulting in shortening of fermentation time from 120 to 108 h. Transcriptome and biochemical analyses demonstrated that both antioxidant enzyme-mediated oxidative stress defense system, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and nonenzymatic antioxidant system, such as glutathione, were enhanced in the presence of elastin peptide, suggesting elastin peptide relieving oxidative stresses is involved in many pathways. In order to further investigate the relationship between oxidative stress defense and malic acid productivity, we overexpressed three enzymes (Sod1, CAT, Tps1) related to oxidation resistance in A. niger, respectively, and these resulting strains display varying degree of improvement in malic acid productivity. Especially, the strain overexpressing the Sod1 gene achieved a malate titer of 91.85 ± 2.58 g/L in 96 h, corresponding to a productivity of 0.96 g/L/h, which performs better than elastin peptide addition. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation provides an excellent reference for alleviating the stress of the fungal fermentation process and improving fermentation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046 China
| | - Mingyan Xing
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Yaru Chen
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Yingfeng Li
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046 China
| | - Ping Song
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Qing Xu
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Hao Liu
- grid.413109.e0000 0000 9735 6249Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - He Huang
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan SU, Khan MU, Kalsoom F, Khan MI, Gao S, Unar A, Zubair M, Bilal M. Mechanisms of gene regulation by histone degradation in adaptation of yeast: an overview of recent advances. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:287. [PMID: 35482104 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Histones are important component of eukaryotic cells chromatin and consist of arginine and lysine residues. Histones play an important role in the protection of DNA. Their contents significantly affect high-level chromatin structure formation, gene expression, DNA replication, and other important life activities. Protein degradation is an important regulatory mechanism of histone content. Recent studies have revealed that modification of amino acid sequence is directly related to histone breakdown. In addition, histone degradation is closely related to covalent modifications, such as ubiquitination and acetylation, which are considered to be driving factors in gene regulation. Gene regulation is an important mechanism in adaptation to the environment and survival of species. With the introduction of highly efficient technology, various mutations in histones have been identified in yeast. In the field of epigenetics and the transmission of chromatin states, two widely used model organisms are the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Higher eukaryotes can use their silent loci to maintain their epigenetic states and providing the base to investigate mechanisms underlying development. Therfore, both species have contributed a plethora of information on these mechanisms in both yeast and higher eukaryotes. This study focuses on the role of histone modifications in controlling telomeric silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and centromeric silencing in S. pombe as examples of genetic loci that demonstrate epigenetic inheritance. In view of recent advances, this review focuses on the post-translational modification of histone amino acid residues and reviews the relationship between histone degradation and amino acid residue modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Fadia Kalsoom
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, District headquarters hospital, Jhang, 35200, Punjab Province, Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
| | - Shuang Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahsanullah Unar
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shah AM, Yang W, Mohamed H, Zhang Y, Song Y. Microbes: A Hidden Treasure of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827837. [PMID: 35369055 PMCID: PMC8968027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have gained a lot of attention for their potential in producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs are gaining scientific interest due to their important health-promoting effects on higher organisms including humans. The current sources of PUFAs (animal and plant) have associated limitations that have led to increased interest in microbial PUFAs as most reliable alternative source. The focus is on increasing the product value of existing oleaginous microbes or discovering new microbes by implementing new biotechnological strategies in order to compete with other sources. The multidisciplinary approaches, including metabolic engineering, high-throughput screening, tapping new microbial sources, genome-mining as well as co-culturing and elicitation for the production of PUFAs, have been considered and discussed in this review. The usage of agro-industrial wastes as alternative low-cost substrates in fermentation for high-value single-cell oil production has also been discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches combined with new technologies may help to uncover new microbial PUFA sources that may have nutraceutical and biotechnological importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yingtong Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Zhao X, Zhao C, Zhang J, Liu Y, Yao M, Liu J. Effects of glycerol and glucose on docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in Aurantiochyrium limacinum SFD-1502 by transcriptome analysis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:81-92. [PMID: 35289738 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2042820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has numerous functions in adjusting the organic health and pragmatic value in medicine and food field. In this study, we compared glycerol and glucose as the only carbon source for DHA production by Aurantiochytrium. When the glycerol concentration was 120 g/L, the maximum DHA yield was 11.08 g/L, and the DHA yield increased significantly, reaching 47.67% of the total lipid content. When the cells grew in glucose, the DHA proportion was 37.39%. Transcriptome data showed that the glycolysis pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle in Aurantiochytrium were significantly inhibited during glycerol culture, which promoted the tricarboxylic acid transport system and was conducive to the synthesis of fatty acids by acetyl coenzyme A; glucose as substrate activated fatty acid synthesis (FAS)pathway and produced more saturated fatty acids, while glycerol as substrate activated polyketide synthase (PKS)pathway and produced more long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This laid a foundation for fermentation metabolism regulation and molecular transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiu Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangying Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjing Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Jia YL, Geng SS, Du F, Xu YS, Wang LR, Sun XM, Wang QZ, Li Q. Progress of metabolic engineering for the production of eicosapentaenoic acid. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:838-855. [PMID: 34779326 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1971621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an essential ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid for human health. Currently, high-quality EPA production is largely dependent on the extraction of fish oil, but this unsustainable approach cannot meet its rising market demand. Biotechnological approaches for EPA production from microorganisms have received increasing attention due to their suitability for large-scale production and independence of the seasonal or climate restrictions. This review summarizes recent research on different microorganisms capable of producing EPA, such as microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, and introduces the different EPA biosynthesis pathways. Notably, some novel engineering strategies have been applied to endow and improve the abilities of microorganisms to synthesize EPA, including the construction and optimization of the EPA biosynthesis pathway, an increase in the acetyl-CoA pool supply, the increase of NADPH and the inhibition of competing pathways. This review aims to provide an updated summary of EPA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Geng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Zhuo Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grosfeld EV, Bidiuk VA, Mitkevich OV, Ghazy ESMO, Kushnirov VV, Alexandrov AI. A Systematic Survey of Characteristic Features of Yeast Cell Death Triggered by External Factors. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:886. [PMID: 34829175 PMCID: PMC8626022 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death in response to distinct stimuli can manifest different morphological traits. It also depends on various cell death signaling pathways, extensively characterized in higher eukaryotes but less so in microorganisms. The study of cell death in yeast, and specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can potentially be productive for understanding cell death, since numerous killing stimuli have been characterized for this organism. Here, we systematized the literature on external treatments that kill yeast, and which contains at least minimal data on cell death mechanisms. Data from 707 papers from the 7000 obtained using keyword searches were used to create a reference table for filtering types of cell death according to commonly assayed parameters. This table provides a resource for orientation within the literature; however, it also highlights that the common view of similarity between non-necrotic death in yeast and apoptosis in mammals has not provided sufficient progress to create a clear classification of cell death types. Differences in experimental setups also prevent direct comparison between different stimuli. Thus, side-by-side comparisons of various cell death-inducing stimuli under comparable conditions using existing and novel markers that can differentiate between types of cell death seem like a promising direction for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika V. Grosfeld
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow, Russia;
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Victoria A. Bidiuk
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Olga V. Mitkevich
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Eslam S. M. O. Ghazy
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Vitaliy V. Kushnirov
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Alexander I. Alexandrov
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi Y, Chen Z, Li Y, Cao X, Yang L, Xu Y, Li Z, He N. Function of ORFC of the polyketide synthase gene cluster on fatty acid accumulation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:163. [PMID: 34301326 PMCID: PMC8305795 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a potential source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), Schizochytrium sp. has been widely used in industry for PUFA production. Polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster is supposed to be the primary way of PUFA synthesis in Schizochytrium sp. As one of three open reading frames (ORF) in the PKS cluster, ORFC plays an essential role in fatty acid biosynthesis. However, the function of domains in ORFC in the fatty acid synthesis of Schizochytrium sp. remained unclear. RESULTS In this study, heterologous expression and overexpression were carried out to study the role of ORFC and its domains in fatty acid accumulation. Firstly, ORFC was heterologously expressed in yeast which increased the PUFA content significantly. Then, the dehydratase (DH) and enoyl reductase (ER) domains located on ORFC were overexpressed in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, respectively. Fatty acids profile analysis showed that the contents of PUFA and saturated fatty acid were increased in the DH and ER overexpression strains, respectively. This indicated that the DH and ER domains played distinct roles in lipid accumulation. Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that the pentose phosphate pathway and triacylglycerol biosynthesis were enhanced, while the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acids oxidation were weakened in DH-overexpression strain. However, the opposite effect was found in the ER-overexpression strain. CONCLUSION Therefore, ORFC was required for the biosynthesis of fatty acid. The DH domain played a crucial role in PUFA synthesis, whereas the ER domain might be related to saturated fatty acids (SFA) synthesis in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. This research explored the role of ORFC in the PKS gene cluster in Schizochytrium limacinum and provided potential genetic modification strategies for improving lipid production and regulating PUFA and SFA content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ishchuk OP, Frost AT, Muñiz-Paredes F, Matsumoto S, Laforge N, Eriksson NL, Martínez JL, Petranovic D. Improved production of human hemoglobin in yeast by engineering hemoglobin degradation. Metab Eng 2021; 66:259-267. [PMID: 33984513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for blood transfusions, the production of human hemoglobin (Hb) from sustainable sources is increasingly studied. Microbial production is an attractive option, as it may provide a cheap, safe, and reliable source of this protein. To increase the production of human hemoglobin by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the degradation of Hb was reduced through several approaches. The deletion of the genes HMX1 (encoding heme oxygenase), VPS10 (encoding receptor for vacuolar proteases), PEP4 (encoding vacuolar proteinase A), ROX1 (encoding heme-dependent repressor of hypoxic genes) and the overexpression of the HEM3 (encoding porphobilinogen deaminase) and the AHSP (encoding human alpha-hemoglobin-stabilizing protein) genes - these changes reduced heme and Hb degradation and improved heme and Hb production. The reduced hemoglobin degradation was validated by a bilirubin biosensor. During glucose fermentation, the engineered strains produced 18% of intracellular Hb relative to the total yeast protein, which is the highest production of human hemoglobin reported in yeast. This increased hemoglobin production was accompanied with an increased oxygen consumption rate and an increased glycerol yield, which (we speculate) is the yeast's response to rebalance its NADH levels under conditions of oxygen limitation and increased protein-production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olena P Ishchuk
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - August T Frost
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Facundo Muñiz-Paredes
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saki Matsumoto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Laforge
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nélida Leiva Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biotechnology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - José L Martínez
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang Q, Lu T, Yan J, Li J, Zhou H, Pan X, Lu Y, He N, Ling X. Regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis by enhancing carotenoid-mediated endogenous antioxidant capacity in Schizochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Jovanovic S, Dietrich D, Becker J, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. Microbial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids - high-value ingredients for aquafeed, superfoods, and pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:199-211. [PMID: 33540327 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have received worldwide attention in recent years due to an increasing awareness of their uniqueness in improving diet and human health and their apparently inevitable shortage in global availability. Microbial cell factories are a major solution to supplying these precious molecules in sufficient amounts and providing PUFA-rich aquafeed, superfoods, and medical formulations. This review assesses the PUFA world markets and highlights recent advances in upgrading and streamlining microalgae, yeasts, fungi, and bacteria for high-level PUFA production and broadening of the PUFA spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Jovanovic
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Demian Dietrich
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yalcin G, Lee CK. The Discovery of Druggable Anti-aging Agents. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2021; 24:232-242. [PMID: 33389971 PMCID: PMC7781965 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.20.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to extend the lifespan of many species. Research to identify compounds that imitate the results of CR has shown extensions of both lifespan and healthspan via different mechanisms. For example, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors such as rapamycin, phenols, and flavonoids show antioxidant characteristics, while spermidine induces autophagy. Herein, we summarize research progress and proposed mechanisms for the most well-known compounds showing lifespan-extending potential for anti-aging characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulperi Yalcin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mechanistic Insights into the Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Atherosclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5245308. [PMID: 33014272 PMCID: PMC7512065 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5245308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia has a prominent role in the onset of notorious atherosclerosis, a disease of medium to large arteries. Atherosclerosis is the prime root of cardiovascular events contributing to the most considerable number of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Factors like cellular senescence, genetics, clonal haematopoiesis, sedentary lifestyle-induced obesity, or diabetes mellitus upsurge the tendency of atherosclerosis and are foremost pioneers to definitive transience. Accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Ox-LDLs) in the tunica intima triggers the onset of this disease. In the later period of progression, the build-up plaques rupture ensuing thrombosis (completely blocking the blood flow), causing myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart attack, all of which are common atherosclerotic cardiovascular events today. The underlying mechanism is very well elucidated in literature but the therapeutic measures remains to be unleashed. Researchers tussle to demonstrate a clear understanding of treating mechanisms. A century of research suggests that lowering LDL, statin-mediated treatment, HDL, and lipid-profile management should be of prime interest to retard atherosclerosis-induced deaths. We shall brief the Ox-LDL-induced atherogenic mechanism and the treating measures in line to impede the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Udayan A, Sabapathy H, Arumugam M. Stress hormones mediated lipid accumulation and modulation of specific fatty acids in Nannochloropsis oceanica CASA CC201. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123437. [PMID: 32361202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of two plant growth regulators on selective modulation of nutraceutically important fatty acids. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) promoted microalgal growth compared to control. Treatment with 10 ppm salicylic acid (SA) induced significantly higher lipid production of 475 mg/L (2.2 fold). Interestingly treatment with higher doses of MeJA promoted monounsaturated fatty acid production, particularly oleic acid (C18:1) at early stationary growth phase, while treatment with SA induces essential omega 3 fatty acid production (EPA, C20:5). This significant modification of fatty acid compositions was correlated with the oxidative stress in terms of total reactive oxygen species production and endogenous growth hormone levels. Taken together, the results indicated that treatment with stress associated plant hormones significantly increased high value metabolite accumulation specifically MUFA and PUFA production by modulating stress mechanisms and endogenous growth hormone levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Udayan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Hariharan Sabapathy
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Muthu Arumugam
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang S, He Y, Sen B, Wang G. Reactive oxygen species and their applications toward enhanced lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123234. [PMID: 32245673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous microorganisms are among the most promising alternative sources of lipids for oleochemicals and biofuels. However, in the course of lipid production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated inevitably as byproducts of aerobic metabolisms. Although excessive accumulation of ROS leads to lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and protein denaturation, ROS accumulation has been suggested to enhance lipid synthesis in these microorganisms. There are many unresolved questions concerning this dichotomous view of ROS influence on lipid accumulation. These include what level of ROS triggers lipid overproduction, what mechanisms and targets are vital and whether ROS act as toxic byproducts or cellular messengers in these microorganisms? Here we review the current state of knowledge on ROS generation, antioxidative defense system, the dual effects of ROS on microbial lipid production, and ROS-induced lipid peroxidation and accumulation mechanisms. Toward the end, the review summarizes strategies that enhance lipid production based on ROS manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Leishmania Encodes a Bacterium-like 2,4-Dienoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase That Is Required for Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Intracellular Parasite Survival. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01057-20. [PMID: 32487758 PMCID: PMC7267886 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01057-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of important diseases in humans. These parasites develop as extracellular promastigotes in the digestive tract of their insect vectors and as obligate intracellular amastigotes that infect macrophages and other phagocytic cells in their vertebrate hosts. Promastigote-to-amastigote differentiation is associated with marked changes in metabolism, including the upregulation of enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, which may reflect adaptation to the intracellular niche. Here, we have investigated the function of one of these enzymes, a putative 2,4-dienoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase (DECR), which is specifically required for the β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Leishmania DECR shows close homology to bacterial DECR proteins, suggesting that it was acquired by lateral gene transfer. It is present in other trypanosomatids that have obligate intracellular stages (i.e., Trypanosoma cruzi and Angomonas) but is absent from dixenous parasites with an exclusively extracellular lifestyle (i.e., Trypanosoma brucei). A DECR-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was localized to the mitochondrion in both promastigote and amastigote stages, and the levels of expression increased in the latter stages. A Leishmania major Δdecr null mutant was unable to catabolize unsaturated fatty acids and accumulated the intermediate 2,4-decadienoyl-CoA, confirming DECR's role in β-oxidation. Strikingly, the L. major Δdecr mutant was unable to survive in macrophages and was avirulent in BALB/c mice. These findings suggest that β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is essential for intracellular parasite survival and that the bacterial origin of key enzymes in this pathway could be exploited in developing new therapies.IMPORTANCE The Trypanosomatidae are protozoan parasites that infect insects, plants, and animals and have evolved complex monoxenous (single host) and dixenous (two hosts) lifestyles. A number of species of Trypanosomatidae, including Leishmania spp., have evolved the capacity to survive within intracellular niches in vertebrate hosts. The adaptations, metabolic and other, that are associated with development of intracellular lifestyles remain poorly defined. We show that genomes of Leishmania and Trypanosomatidae that can survive intracellularly encode a 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase that is involved in catabolism of a subclass of fatty acids. The trypanosomatid enzyme shows closest similarity to the corresponding bacterial enzymes and is located in the mitochondrion and essential for intracellular growth of Leishmania The findings suggest that acquisition of this gene by lateral gene transfer from bacteria by ancestral monoxenous Trypanosomatidae likely contributed to the development of a dixenous lifestyle of these parasites.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zimmermann A, Tadic J, Kainz K, Hofer SJ, Bauer MA, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Madeo F. Transcriptional and epigenetic control of regulated cell death in yeast. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 352:55-82. [PMID: 32334817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unicellular organisms like yeast can undergo controlled demise in a manner that is partly reminiscent of mammalian cell death. This is true at the levels of both mechanistic and functional conservation. Yeast offers the combination of unparalleled genetic amenability and a comparatively simple biology to understand both the regulation and evolution of cell death. In this minireview, we address the capacity of the nucleus as a regulatory hub during yeast regulated cell death (RCD), which is becoming an increasingly central question in yeast RCD research. In particular, we explore and critically discuss the available data on stressors and signals that specifically impinge on the nucleus. Moreover, we also analyze the current knowledge on nuclear factors as well as on transcriptional control and epigenetic events that orchestrate yeast RCD. Altogether we conclude that the functional significance of the nucleus for yeast RCD in undisputable, but that further exploration beyond correlative work is necessary to disentangle the role of nuclear events in the regulatory network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Tadic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian J Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Improved Postharvest Quality of Cold Stored Blueberry by Edible Coating Based on Composite Gum Arabic/Roselle Extract. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
24
|
Vázquez J, Grillitsch K, Daum G, Mas A, Beltran G, Torija MJ. The role of the membrane lipid composition in the oxidative stress tolerance of different wine yeasts. Food Microbiol 2019; 78:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
25
|
Yalcin G, Lee CK. Recent studies on anti-aging compounds with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
26
|
Lou W, Ting HC, Reynolds CA, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Li Y, Ji J, Yu W, Liang Z, Stoyanovsky DA, Anthonymuthu TS, Frasso MA, Wipf P, Greenberger JS, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Greenberg ML. Genetic re-engineering of polyunsaturated phospholipid profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies a novel role for Cld1 in mitigating the effects of cardiolipin peroxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1354-1368. [PMID: 29935382 PMCID: PMC6641546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid localized almost exclusively within the mitochondrial membranes where it is synthesized. Newly synthesized CL undergoes acyl remodeling to produce CL species enriched with unsaturated acyl groups. Cld1 is the only identified CL-specific phospholipase in yeast and is required to initiate the CL remodeling pathway. In higher eukaryotes, peroxidation of CL, yielding CLOX, has been implicated in the cellular signaling events that initiate apoptosis. CLOX can undergo enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in the release of lipid mediators with signaling properties. Our previous findings suggested that CLD1 expression is upregulated in response to oxidative stress, and that one of the physiological roles of CL remodeling is to remove peroxidized CL. To exploit the powerful yeast model to study functions of CLD1 in CL peroxidation, we expressed the H. brasiliensis Δ12-desaturase gene in yeast, which then synthesized poly unsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) that are incorporated into CL species. Using LC-MS based redox phospholipidomics, we identified and quantified the molecular species of CL and other phospholipids in cld1Δ vs. WT cells. Loss of CLD1 led to a dramatic decrease in chronological lifespan, mitochondrial membrane potential, and respiratory capacity; it also resulted in increased levels of mono-hydroperoxy-CLs, particularly among the highly unsaturated CL species, including tetralinoleoyl-CL. In addition, purified Cld1 exhibited a higher affinity for CLOX, and treatment of cells with H2O2 increased CLD1 expression in the logarithmic growth phase. These data suggest that CLD1 expression is required to mitigate oxidative stress. The findings from this study contribute to our overall understanding of CL remodeling and its role in mitigating oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Lou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hsiu-Chi Ting
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christian A Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Wenxi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Zhuqing Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Detcho A Stoyanovsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael A Frasso
- Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics,and Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vázquez J, Grillitsch K, Daum G, Mas A, Torija MJ, Beltran G. Melatonin Minimizes the Impact of Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Saccharomyces and Non-conventional Yeast. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1933. [PMID: 30177925 PMCID: PMC6109679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is synthesized from tryptophan by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional yeast species. Antioxidant properties have been suggested as a possible role of melatonin in a S. cerevisiae wine strain. However, the possible antioxidant melatonin effect on non-Saccharomyces species and other strains of S. cerevisiae must be evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity of melatonin in eight S. cerevisiae strains and four non-conventional yeasts (Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Starmerella bacillaris, and Hanseniaspora uvarum). Therefore, the ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, fatty acid composition, and peroxisome proliferation were investigated. The results showed that the presence of melatonin increases peroxisome accumulation and slightly increases the catalase activity. When cells grown in the presence of melatonin were exposed to oxidative stress induced by H2O2, lower ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation were observed in all tested strains. Therefore, the increased catalase activity that was a consequence of oxidative stress was lower in the presence of melatonin. Moreover, the presence of MEL modulates cell FA composition, increasing oleic and palmitoleic acids and leading to higher UFA/SFA ratios, which have been previously related to a higher tolerance to H2O2. These findings demonstrate that melatonin can act as an antioxidant compound in both S. cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces yeasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vázquez
- Oenological Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oenology, University of Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Günther Daum
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Mas
- Oenological Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oenology, University of Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Torija
- Oenological Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oenology, University of Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gemma Beltran
- Oenological Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oenology, University of Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shlezinger N, Irmer H, Dhingra S, Beattie SR, Cramer RA, Braus GH, Sharon A, Hohl TM. Response to Comment on "Sterilizing immunity in the lung relies on targeting fungal apoptosis-like programmed cell death". Science 2018; 360:360/6395/eaas9457. [PMID: 29930111 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aouacheria et al question the interpretation of contemporary assays to monitor programmed cell death with apoptosis-like features (A-PCD) in Aspergillus fumigatus Although our study focuses on fungal A-PCD for host immune surveillance and infectious outcomes, the experimental approach incorporates multiple independent A-PCD markers and genetic manipulations based on fungal rather than mammalian orthologs to circumvent the limitations associated with any single approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neta Shlezinger
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10075, USA
| | - Henriette Irmer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sourabh Dhingra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sarah R Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10075, USA. .,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10075, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang S, He Y, Sen B, Chen X, Xie Y, Keasling JD, Wang G. Alleviation of reactive oxygen species enhances PUFA accumulation in Schizochytrium sp. through regulating genes involved in lipid metabolism. Metab Eng Commun 2018; 6:39-48. [PMID: 29896446 PMCID: PMC5994804 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular heterotrophic thraustochytrids are attractive candidates for commercial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) production. However, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in their aerobic fermentation process often limits their PUFA titer. Yet, the specific mechanisms of ROS involvement in the crosstalk between oxidative stress and intracellular lipid synthesis remain poorly described. Metabolic engineering to improve the PUFA yield in thraustochytrids without compromising growth is an important aspect of economic feasibility. To fill this gap, we overexpressed the antioxidative gene superoxide dismutase (SOD1) by integrating it into the genome of thraustochytrid Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 using a novel genetic transformation system. This study reports the ROS alleviation, enhanced PUFA production and transcriptome changes resulting from the SOD1 overexpression. SOD1 activity in the recombinant improved by 5.2-71.6% along with 7.8-38.5% decline in ROS during the fermentation process. Interestingly, the total antioxidant capacity in the recombinant remained higher than wild-type and above zero in the entire process. Although lipid profile was similar to that of wild-type, the concentrations of major fatty acids in the recombinant were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher. The PUFA titer increased up to 1232 ± 41 mg/L, which was 32.9% higher (p ≤ 0.001) than the wild type. Transcriptome analysis revealed strong downregulation of genes potentially involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisome and upregulation of genes catalyzing lipid biosynthesis. Our results enrich the knowledge on stress-induced PUFA biosynthesis and the putative role of ROS in the regulation of lipid metabolism in oleaginous thraustochytrids. This study provides a new and alternate strategy for cost-effective industrial fermentation of PUFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Berkeley Center for Synthetic Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3224, USA
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun XM, Geng LJ, Ren LJ, Ji XJ, Hao N, Chen KQ, Huang H. Influence of oxygen on the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:868-876. [PMID: 29174352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important environmental factors, oxygen is particularly important for synthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in microalgae. In general, a higher oxygen supply is beneficial for cell growth but obstructs PUFA synthesis. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under aerobic conditions, which leads to the peroxidation of lipids and especially PUFA, is an inevitable aspect of life, but is often ignored in fermentation processes. Irritability, microalgal cells are able to activate a number of anti-oxidative defenses, and the lipid profile of many species is reported to be altered under oxidative stress. In this review, the effects of oxygen on the PUFA synthesis, sources of oxidative damage, and anti-oxidative defense systems of microalgae were summarized and discussed. Moreover, this review summarizes the published reports on microalgal biotechnology involving direct/indirect oxygen regulation and new bioreactor designs that enable the improved production of PUFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Sun
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Jun Geng
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Hao
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Quan Chen
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sun XM, Ren LJ, Bi ZQ, Ji XJ, Zhao QY, Jiang L, Huang H. Development of a cooperative two-factor adaptive-evolution method to enhance lipid production and prevent lipid peroxidation in Schizochytrium sp. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:65. [PMID: 29563968 PMCID: PMC5851066 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizochytrium sp. is a marine microalga with great potential as a promising sustainable source of lipids rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This organism's lipid accumulation machinery can be induced by various stress conditions, but this stress induction usually comes at the expense of lower biomass in industrial fermentations. Moreover, oxidative damage induced by various environmental stresses can result in the peroxidation of lipids, and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which causes unstable DHA production, but is often ignored in fermentation processes. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new production strains that not only have a high DHA production capacity, but also possess strong antioxidant defenses. RESULTS Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is an effective method for the development of beneficial phenotypes in industrial microorganisms. Here, a novel cooperative two-factor ALE strategy based on concomitant low temperature and high salinity was applied to improve the production capacity of Schizochytrium sp. Low-temperature conditions were used to improve the DHA content, and high salinity was applied to stimulate lipid accumulation and enhance the antioxidative defense systems of Schizochytrium sp. After 30 adaptation cycles, a maximal cell dry weight of 126.4 g/L and DHA yield of 38.12 g/L were obtained in the endpoint strain ALE-TF30, which was 27.42 and 57.52% higher than parental strain, respectively. Moreover, the fact that ALE-TF30 had the lowest concentrations of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde among all strains indicated that lipid peroxidation was greatly suppressed by the evolutionary process. Accordingly, the ALE-TF30 strain exhibited an overall increase of gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and polyketide synthases compared to the parental strain. CONCLUSION This study provides important clues on how to overcome the negative effects of lipid peroxidation on DHA production in Schizochytrium sp. Taken together, the cooperative two-factor ALE process can not only increase the accumulation of lipids rich in DHA, but also prevent the loss of produced lipid caused by lipid peroxidation. The strategy proposed here may provide a new and alternative direction for the industrial cultivation of oil-producing microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qian Bi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-Yu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bi ZQ, Ren LJ, Hu XC, Sun XM, Zhu SY, Ji XJ, Huang H. Transcriptome and gene expression analysis of docosahexaenoic acid producer Schizochytrium sp. under different oxygen supply conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:249. [PMID: 30245741 PMCID: PMC6142690 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizochytrium sp. is a promising strain for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil and biodiesel, and has been widely used in the food additive and bioenergy industries. Oxygen is a particularly important environmental factor for cell growth and DHA synthesis. In general, higher oxygen supply favors lipid accumulation, but could lead to a reduction of the DHA percentage in total fatty acids in Schizochytrium sp. To tackle this problem, it is essential to understand the mechanisms regulating the response of Schizochytrium sp. to oxygen. In this study, we aimed to explore the acclimatization of this DHA producer to different oxygen supply conditions by examining the transcriptome changes. RESULTS Two different fermentation processes, namely normal oxygen supply condition (shift agitation speeds from 400 rpm to 300 rpm) and high oxygen supply condition (constant agitation speeds: 400 rpm), were designed to study how the fermentation characteristics of Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 were affected by different oxygen supply conditions. The results indicated that high oxygen supply condition resulted in 49% and 37.5% improvement in the maximum cell dry weight (CDW) and total lipid concentration, respectively. However, the DHA percentage in total fatty acids decreased to 35%, which was 31.4% lower than that produced by normal oxygen supply condition. Moreover, transcriptome analysis was performed to explore the effect of the oxygen supply condition on genetic expression and metabolism. The results showed that glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway metabolism-associated genes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were substantially upregulated in response to high oxygen supply, resulting in more NADPH was available for Schizochytrium. Specially, high oxygen supply condition also led to genes (Δ6 desaturase, Δ12 desaturase, FAS, ORFA, ORFB, and ORFC) involved in fatty acid biosynthesis upregulation. In addition, a transcriptional upregulation of catalase (CAT) became apparent under high oxygen supply condition, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were found to be down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate the differences of gene expression at different levels of oxygen availability in the DHA producer Schizochytrium. The results of transcriptome analyses indicated that high oxygen supply condition resulting in more NADPH and acetyl-CoA production for cell growth and lipid synthesis in Schizochytrium. Δ12 desaturase and ORFC showed higher expression levels at high oxygen supply condition, which might be the key regulators for enhancing fatty acid biosynthesis in the future. These results enrich the current knowledge regarding genetic expression and provide important information to enhance DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qian Bi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Chao Hu
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yu Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu J, Li G, Sui Y. Optimization of Culture Medium Enhances Viable Biomass Production and Biocontrol Efficacy of the Antagonistic Yeast, Candida diversa. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2021. [PMID: 29089939 PMCID: PMC5650984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viable biomass production is a key determinant of suitability of antagonistic yeasts as potential biocontrol agents. This study investigated the effects of three metal ions (magnesium, ferrous, and zinc) on biomass production and viability of the antagonistic yeast, Candida diversa. Using response surface methodology to optimize medium components, a maximum biomass was obtained, when the collective Mg2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ concentrations were adjusted in a minimal mineral (MM) medium. Compared with the unmodified MM, and three ion-deficient MM media, yeast cells cultured in the three ion-modified MM medium exhibited a lower level of cellular oxidative damage, and a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity. A biocontrol assay indicated that C. diversa grown in the ion-modified MM exhibited the greatest level of control of gray mold on apple fruit. These results provide new information on culture medium optimization to grow yeast antagonists in order to improve biomass production and biocontrol efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, College of Forestry and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangkun Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, College of Forestry and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ren LJ, Sun XM, Ji XJ, Chen SL, Guo DS, Huang H. Enhancement of docosahexaenoic acid synthesis by manipulation of antioxidant capacity and prevention of oxidative damage in Schizochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 223:141-148. [PMID: 27788427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-mediated cell damage is an important issue in aerobic fermentation. In order to counteract these problems, effect of ascorbic acid on cell growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production was investigated in Schizochytrium sp. Addition of 9g/L ascorbic acid resulted in 16.16% and 30.44% improvement in cell dry weight (CDW) and DHA yield, respectively. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of cells decreased from 2.17 at 12h to 0 at 60h and did not recover, while ascorbic acid addition could extend the time of arrival zero with the reduced intracellular ROS. However, ROS levels still increased after 72h. Therefore, to further solve the problem of high ROS levels and low T-AOC of cells after 72h, a two-point addition strategy was proposed. With this strategy, DHA yield was further increased to 38.26g/L. This work innovatively investigated the feasibility of manipulating Schizochytrium sp. cultivation through ROS level and T-AOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Jing Ren
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Lan Chen
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|