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Yu YF, Yang J, Zhao F, Lin Y, Han S. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal the methanol dissimilation pathway of Pichia pastoris. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:366. [PMID: 35549850 PMCID: PMC9103059 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) is a model organism widely used for the recombinant expression of eukaryotic proteins, and it can metabolize methanol as its sole carbon and energy source. Methanol is oxidized to formaldehyde by alcohol oxidase (AOX). In the dissimilation pathway, formaldehyde is oxidized to CO2 by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FLD), S-hydroxymethyl glutathione hydrolase (FGH) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH). RESULTS The transcriptome and metabolome of P. pastoris were determined under methanol cultivation when its dissimilation pathway cut off. Firstly, Δfld and Δfgh were significantly different compared to the wild type (GS115), with a 60.98% and 23.66% reduction in biomass, respectively. The differential metabolites between GS115 and Δfld were mainly enriched in ABC transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein digestion and absorption. Secondly, comparative transcriptome between knockout and wild type strains showed that oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and the TCA cycle were downregulated, while alcohol metabolism, proteasomes, autophagy and peroxisomes were upregulated. Interestingly, the down-regulation of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway was positively correlated with the gene order of dissimilation pathway knockdown. In addition, there were significant differences in amino acid metabolism and glutathione redox cycling that raised our concerns about formaldehyde sorption in cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that integrity of dissimilation pathway analysis based on transcriptomics and metabolomics was carried out in Pichia pastoris. The blockage of dissimilation pathway significantly down-regulates the level of oxidative phosphorylation and weakens the methanol assimilation pathway to the point where deficiencies in energy supply and carbon fixation result in inefficient biomass accumulation and genetic replication. In addition, transcriptional upregulation of the proteasome and autophagy may be a stress response to resolve formaldehyde-induced DNA-protein crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiashuo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fengguang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuangyan Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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2
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Valli M, Grillitsch K, Grünwald-Gruber C, Tatto NE, Hrobath B, Klug L, Ivashov V, Hauzmayer S, Koller M, Tir N, Leisch F, Gasser B, Graf AB, Altmann F, Daum G, Mattanovich D. A subcellular proteome atlas of the yeast Komagataella phaffii. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 20:5700286. [PMID: 31922548 PMCID: PMC6981350 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The compartmentalization of metabolic and regulatory pathways is a common pattern of living organisms. Eukaryotic cells are subdivided into several organelles enclosed by lipid membranes. Organelle proteomes define their functions. Yeasts, as simple eukaryotic single cell organisms, are valuable models for higher eukaryotes and frequently used for biotechnological applications. While the subcellular distribution of proteins is well studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this is not the case for other yeasts like Komagataella phaffii (syn. Pichia pastoris). Different to most well-studied yeasts, K. phaffii can grow on methanol, which provides specific features for production of heterologous proteins and as a model for peroxisome biology. We isolated microsomes, very early Golgi, early Golgi, plasma membrane, vacuole, cytosol, peroxisomes and mitochondria of K. phaffii from glucose- and methanol-grown cultures, quantified their proteomes by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of either unlabeled or tandem mass tag-labeled samples. Classification of the proteins by their relative enrichment, allowed the separation of enriched proteins from potential contaminants in all cellular compartments except the peroxisomes. We discuss differences to S. cerevisiae, outline organelle specific findings and the major metabolic pathways and provide an interactive map of the subcellular localization of proteins in K. phaffii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoska Valli
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karlheinz Grillitsch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine E Tatto
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Hrobath
- Institute of Statistics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Klug
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Vasyl Ivashov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Hauzmayer
- School of Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences FH-Campus Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Koller
- School of Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences FH-Campus Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Tir
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Leisch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Statistics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra B Graf
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,School of Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences FH-Campus Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther Daum
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Alcohol Oxidase from the Methylotrophic Yeast Ogataea polymorpha: Isolation, Purification, and Bioanalytical Application. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2280:231-248. [PMID: 33751439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1286-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.13; AOX) is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of primary short-chain alcohols to corresponding carbonyl compounds with a concomitant release of hydrogen peroxide. It is a key enzyme of methanol metabolism in methylotrophic yeasts, catalyzing the first step of methanol oxidation to formaldehyde.Here we describe the isolation and purification of AOX from the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha, and using this enzyme in enzymatic assay of ethanol, simultaneous analysis of methanol and formaldehyde, and in construction of amperometric biosensors selective to primary alcohols and formaldehyde.
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4
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Zhu J, Zhu Q, Gong R, Xu Q, Cai M, Jiang T, Zhou X, Zhou M, Zhang Y. PiggyBac transposon-mediated mutagenesis and application in yeast Komagataella phaffii. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1365-1376. [PMID: 30003383 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Around one-fourth of the Komagataella phaffii genes encode hypothetical proteins with unknown functions. However, lack of powerful tools for genetic screening in K. phaffii significantly limits the functional analysis of these unknown genes. Transposon mutagenesis has been utilized as an insertional mutagenesis tool in many other organisms and would be extremely valuable if it could be applied in K. phaffii. RESULTS In this study, we investigated in K. phaffii the transposition activity and efficiency of piggyBac (PB) transposon, a DNA transposon from the cabbage looper moth Trichoplusia ni through the integrated-plasmid system. We also designed a binary-plasmid system which could generate stable mutants. Finally we evaluated the quality of this mutagenesis system by a simple screening for functional genes involved in K. phaffii carbon catabolite repression. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that PB-mediated mutagenesis could be a feasible and useful tool for functional gene screening in K. phaffii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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5
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Schwarzhans JP, Luttermann T, Geier M, Kalinowski J, Friehs K. Towards systems metabolic engineering in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:681-710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Schwarzhans JP, Luttermann T, Wibberg D, Winkler A, Hübner W, Huser T, Kalinowski J, Friehs K. A Mitochondrial Autonomously Replicating Sequence from Pichia pastoris for Uniform High Level Recombinant Protein Production. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:780. [PMID: 28512458 PMCID: PMC5411459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pichia pastoris is a non-conventional methylotrophic yeast that is widely used for recombinant protein production, typically by stably integrating the target gene into the genome as part of an expression cassette. However, the comparatively high clonal variability associated with this approach usually necessitates a time intense screening step in order to find strains with the desired productivity. Some of the factors causing this clonal variability can be overcome using episomal vectors containing an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS). Here, we report on the discovery, characterization, and application of a fragment of mitochondrial DNA from P. pastoris for use as an ARS. First encountered as an off-target event in an experiment aiming for genomic integration, the newly created circular plasmid named “pMito” consists of the expression cassette and a fragment of mitochondrial DNA. Multiple matches to known ARS consensus sequence motifs, but no exact match to known chromosomal ARS from P. pastoris were detected on the fragment, indicating the presence of a novel ARS element. Different variants of pMito were successfully used for transformation and their productivity characteristics were assayed. All analyzed clones displayed a highly uniform expression level, exceeding by up to fourfold that of a reference with a single copy integrated in its genome. Expressed GFP could be localized exclusively to the cytoplasm via super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, indicating that pMito is present in the nucleus. While expression levels were homogenous among pMito clones, an apparent upper limit of expression was visible that could not be explained based on the gene dosage. Further investigation is necessary to fully understand the bottle-neck hindering this and other ARS vectors in P. pastoris from reaching their full capability. Lastly, we could demonstrate that the mitochondrial ARS from P. pastoris is also suitable for episomal vector transformation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, widening the potential for biotechnological application. pMito displayed strong potential to reduce clonal variability in experiments targeting recombinant protein production. These findings also showcase the as of yet largely untapped potential of mitochondrial ARS from different yeasts for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philipp Schwarzhans
- Fermentation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany.,Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Luttermann
- Fermentation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany.,Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, CeBiTec, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl Friehs
- Fermentation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
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7
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Zhan C, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Li X, Liu X, Bai Z. Transcription factor Mxr1 promotes the expression of Aox1 by repressing glycerol transporter 1 in Pichia pastoris. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:3061371. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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Regulation of Pichia pastoris promoters and its consequences for protein production. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:385-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Nallaseth FS, Anderson S. A screen for over-secretion of proteins by yeast based on a dual component cellular phosphatase and immuno-chromogenic stain for exported bacterial alkaline phosphatase reporter. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:36. [PMID: 23602005 PMCID: PMC3654994 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To isolate over-secretors, we subjected to saturation mutagenesis, a strain of P.pastoris exporting E. coli alkaline phosphatase (EAP) fused to the secretory domain of the yeast α factor pheromone through cellular PHO1/KEX2 secretory processing signals as the α-sec-EAP reporter protein. Direct chromogenic staining for α-sec-EAP activity is non-specific as its NBT/BCIP substrate cross-reacts with cellular phosphatases which can be inhibited with Levulinic acid. However, the parental E(P) strain only exports detectable levels of α-sec-EAP at 69 hours and not within the 36 hour period post-seeding required for effective screening with the consequent absence of a reference for secretion. We substituted the endogenous cellular phosphatase activity as a comparative reference for secretion rate and levels as well as for colony alignment while elevating specificity and sensitivity of detection of the exported protein with other innovative modifications of the immuno-chromogenic staining application for screening protein export mutants. Results Raising the specificity and utility of staining for α-sec-EAP activity required 5 modifications including some to published methods. These included, exploitation of endogenous phosphatase activity, reduction of the cell/protein burden, establishment of the direct relation between concentrations of transcriptional inducer and exported membrane immobilized protein and concentrations of protein exported into growth media, amplification of immuno-specificity and sensitivity of detection of α-sec-EAP reporter enzyme signal and restriction of staining to optimal concentrations of antisera and time periods. The resultant immuno-chromogenic screen allows for the detection of early secretion and as little as 1.3 fold over-secretion of α-sec-EAP reporter protein by E(M) mutants in the presence of 10 fold -216 fold higher concentrations of HSA. Conclusions The modified immuno-chromogenic screen is sensitive, specific and has led to the isolation of mutants E(M) over-secreting the α-sec-EAP reporter protein by a minimum of 50 fold higher levels than that exported by non-mutagenized E(P) parental strains. Unselected proteins were also over-secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferez S Nallaseth
- Department for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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10
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Production of recombinant proteins by yeast cells. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Parua PK, Ryan PM, Trang K, Young ET. Pichia pastoris 14-3-3 regulates transcriptional activity of the methanol inducible transcription factor Mxr1 by direct interaction. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:282-98. [PMID: 22625429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-finger transcription factor, Mxr1 activates methanol utilization and peroxisome biogenesis genes in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. Expression of Mxr1-dependent genes is regulated in response to various carbon sources by an unknown mechanism. We show here that this mechanism involves the highly conserved 14-3-3 proteins. 14-3-3 proteins participate in many biological processes in different eukaryotes. We have characterized a putative 14-3-3 binding region at Mxr1 residues 212-225 and mapped the major activation domain of Mxr1 to residues 246-280, and showed that phenylalanine residues in this region are critical for its function. Furthermore, we report that a unique and previously uncharacterized 14-3-3 family protein in P. pastoris complements Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14-3-3 functions and interacts with Mxr1 through its 14-3-3 binding region via phosphorylation of Ser215 in a carbon source-dependent manner. Indeed, our in vivo results suggest a carbon source-dependent regulation of expression of Mxr1-activated genes by 14-3-3 in P. pastoris. Interestingly, we observed 14-3-3-independent binding of Mxr1 to the promoters, suggesting a post-DNA binding function of 14-3-3 in regulating transcription. We provide the first molecular explanation of carbon source-mediated regulation of Mxr1 activity, whose mechanism involves a post-DNA binding role of 14-3-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra K Parua
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-7350, USA
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12
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13
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Guerrero-Olazarán M, Escamilla-Treviño LL, Castillo-Galván M, Gallegos-López JA, Viader-Salvadó JM. Recombinant shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) trypsinogen production in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:1310-6. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Leonovich OA, Kurales YA, Dutova TA, Isakova EP, Deryabina YI, Rabinovich YM. The regulation of peroxisomal matrix enzymes (alcohol oxidase and catalase) formation by the product of the gene Mth1 in methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683809020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Identification of hexose transporter-like sensor HXS1 and functional hexose transporter HXT1 in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:735-46. [PMID: 18310355 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00028-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We identified in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha (syn. Pichia angusta) a novel hexose transporter homologue gene, HXS1 (hexose sensor), involved in transcriptional regulation in response to hexoses, and a regular hexose carrier gene, HXT1 (hexose transporter). The Hxs1 protein exhibits the highest degree of primary sequence similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transporter-like glucose sensors, Snf3 and Rgt2. When heterologously overexpressed in an S. cerevisiae hexose transporter-less mutant, Hxt1, but not Hxs1, restores growth on glucose or fructose, suggesting that Hxs1 is nonfunctional as a carrier. In its native host, HXS1 is expressed at moderately low level and is required for glucose induction of the H. polymorpha functional low-affinity glucose transporter Hxt1. Similarly to other yeast sensors, one conserved amino acid substitution in the Hxs1 sequence (R203K) converts the protein into a constitutively signaling form and the C-terminal region of Hxs1 is essential for its function in hexose sensing. Hxs1 is not required for glucose repression or catabolite inactivation that involves autophagic degradation of peroxisomes. However, HXS1 deficiency leads to significantly impaired transient transcriptional repression in response to fructose, probably due to the stronger defect in transport of this hexose in the hxs1Delta deletion strain. Our combined results suggest that in the Crabtree-negative yeast H. polymorpha, the single transporter-like sensor Hxs1 mediates signaling in the hexose induction pathway, whereas the rate of hexose uptake affects the strength of catabolite repression.
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16
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Stasyk OV, Nazarko TY, Sibirny AA. Methods of plate pexophagy monitoring and positive selection for ATG gene cloning in yeasts. Methods Enzymol 2008; 451:229-39. [PMID: 19185724 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)03216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methods for colony assay of peroxisomal oxidases in yeasts provide a convenient and fast approach for monitoring peroxisome status. They have been used in several laboratories for the isolation of yeast mutants deficient in selective autophagic peroxisome degradation (pexophagy), catabolite repression of peroxisomal enzymes or mutants deficient in oxidases themselves. In this chapter, protocols for monitoring peroxisomal alcohol oxidase and amine oxidase directly in yeast colonies and examples of their application for mutant isolation are described. These methods were successfully utilized in several methylotrophic yeasts and the alkane-utilizing yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh V Stasyk
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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17
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Dmytruk KV, Sibirny AA. Molecular mechanisms of insertional mutagenesis in yeasts and mycelium fungi. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407080017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Hartner FS, Glieder A. Regulation of methanol utilisation pathway genes in yeasts. Microb Cell Fact 2006; 5:39. [PMID: 17169150 PMCID: PMC1781073 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylotrophic yeasts such as Candida boidinii, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia methanolica and Pichia pastoris are an emerging group of eukaryotic hosts for recombinant protein production with an ever increasing number of applications during the last 30 years. Their applications are linked to the use of strong methanol-inducible promoters derived from genes of the methanol utilisation pathway. These promoters are tightly regulated, highly repressed in presence of non-limiting concentrations of glucose in the medium and strongly induced if methanol is used as carbon source. Several factors involved in this tight control and their regulatory effects have been described so far. This review summarises available data about the regulation of promoters from methanol utilisation pathway genes. Furthermore, the role of cis and trans acting factors (e.g. transcription factors, glucose processing enzymes) in the expression of methanol utilisation pathway genes is reviewed both in the context of the native cell environment as well as in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz S Hartner
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis GmbH, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Krasovska OS, Stasyk OG, Nahorny VO, Stasyk OV, Granovski N, Kordium VA, Vozianov OF, Sibirny AA. Glucose-induced production of recombinant proteins in Hansenulapolymorpha mutants deficient in catabolite repression. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 97:858-70. [PMID: 17163508 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly used expression platform for production of recombinant proteins in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha relies on the strong and strictly regulated promoter from the gene encoding peroxisomal enzyme alcohol (or methanol) oxidase (P(MOX)). Expression from P(MOX) is induced by methanol and is partially derepressed in glycerol or xylose medium, whereas in the presence of hexoses, disaccharides or ethanol, it is repressed. The need for methanol for maximal induction of gene expression in large-scale fermentation is a significant drawback, as this compound is toxic, flammable, supports a slow growth rate and requires extensive aeration. We isolated H. polymorpha mutants deficient in glucose repression of P(MOX) due to an impaired HpGCR1 gene, and other yet unidentified secondary mutations. The mutants exhibited pronounced defects in P(MOX) regulation only by hexoses and xylose, but not by disaccharides or ethanol. With one of these mutant strains as hosts, we developed a modified two-carbon source mode expression platform that utilizes convenient sugar substrates for growth (sucrose) and induction of recombinant protein expression (glucose or xylose). We demonstrate efficient regulatable by sugar carbon sources expression of three recombinant proteins: a secreted glucose oxidase from the fungus Aspergillus niger, a secreted mini pro-insulin, and an intracellular hepatitis B virus surface antigen in these mutant hosts. The modified expression platform preserves the favorable regulatable nature of P(MOX) without methanol, making a convenient alternative to the traditional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena S Krasovska
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
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20
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Dux MP, Inan M. Identification and characterization of calcium and manganese transporting ATPase (PMR1) gene of Pichia pastoris. Yeast 2006; 23:613-21. [PMID: 16823889 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae PMR1 has been cloned in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The entire P. pastoris PMR1 gene (PpPMR1) codes a protein of 924 amino acids. Sequence analysis of the PpPMR1 cDNA and the genomic DNA revealed that there is no intron in the coding region. The putative gene product contains all of the conserved regions observed in P-type ATPases and exhibits 66.2%, 60.3% and 50.6% identity to Pichia angusta (Hansenula polymorpha), Saccharomyces cerevisiae PMR1 and human ATP2C1 gene products, respectively. A pmr1 null mutant strain of P. pastoris exhibited growth defects in media with the addition of EGTA, but with supplementation of Ca2+ to a calcium-deficient media reversed the growth defects of the mutant strain. Manganese reversed the growth defects of the mutant strain; however, the cell growth was not as profound as the Ca2+ -supplemented media. The results demonstrated that the P. pastoris gene encodes the functional homologue of the S. cerevisiae PMR1 gene product, a P-type Ca2+/Mn2+ -ATPase. The DNA sequence of the P. pastoris PMR1 gene has been submitted to GenBank under Accession No. DQ239958.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dux
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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21
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Lin-Cereghino GP, Godfrey L, de la Cruz BJ, Johnson S, Khuongsathiene S, Tolstorukov I, Yan M, Lin-Cereghino J, Veenhuis M, Subramani S, Cregg JM. Mxr1p, a key regulator of the methanol utilization pathway and peroxisomal genes in Pichia pastoris. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:883-97. [PMID: 16428444 PMCID: PMC1347016 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.3.883-897.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of the yeast Pichia pastoris on methanol induces the expression of genes whose products are required for its metabolism. Three of the methanol pathway enzymes are located in an organelle called the peroxisome. As a result, both methanol pathway enzymes and proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis (PEX proteins) are induced in response to this substrate. The most highly regulated of these genes is AOX1, which encodes alcohol oxidase, the first enzyme of the methanol pathway, and a peroxisomal enzyme. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for methanol regulation, we identify genes required for the expression of AOX1. Mutations in one gene, named MXR1 (methanol expression regulator 1), result in strains that are unable to (i) grow on the peroxisomal substrates methanol and oleic acid, (ii) induce the transcription of AOX1 and other methanol pathway and PEX genes, and (iii) form normal-appearing peroxisomes in response to methanol. MXR1 encodes a large protein with a zinc finger DNA-binding domain near its N terminus that has similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Adr1p. In addition, Mxr1p is localized to the nucleus in cells grown on methanol or other gluconeogenic substrates. Finally, Mxr1p specifically binds to sequences upstream of AOX1. We conclude that Mxr1p is a transcription factor that is necessary for the activation of many genes in response to methanol. We propose that MXR1 is the P. pastoris homologue of S. cerevisiae ADR1 but that it has gained new functions and lost others through evolution as a result of changes in the spectrum of genes that it controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Paul Lin-Cereghino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 2000 N.W. Walker Road, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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22
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Lemar KM, Passa O, Aon MA, Cortassa S, Müller CT, Plummer S, O’Rourke B, Lloyd D. Allyl alcohol and garlic (Allium sativum) extract produce oxidative stress in Candida albicans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:3257-3265. [PMID: 16207909 PMCID: PMC2711876 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Both the growth and respiration of Candida albicans are sensitive to extracts of Allium sativum and investigations into the anticandidal activities are now focussing on the purified constituents to determine the targets of inhibition. Of particular interest is allyl alcohol (AA), a metabolic product that accumulates after trituration of garlic cloves. Putative targets for AA were investigated by monitoring changes in intracellular responses after exposure of C. albicans cells to AA or a commercially available garlic extract. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy and other techniques were used. Changes typical of oxidative stress--NADH oxidation and glutathione depletion, and increased reactive oxygen species--were observed microscopically and by flow cytometry. Known targets for AA are alcohol dehydrogenases Adh1 and 2 (in the cytosol) and Adh3 (mitochondrial), although the significant decrease in NAD(P)H after addition of AA is indicative of another mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katey M. Lemar
- Microbiology, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, UK
| | - Ourania Passa
- Microbiology, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, UK
| | - Miguel A. Aon
- The Institute of Molecular Cardiobiology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, 844 Ross Building, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA
| | - Sonia Cortassa
- The Institute of Molecular Cardiobiology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, 844 Ross Building, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA
| | - Carsten T. Müller
- Microbiology, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, UK
| | - Sue Plummer
- Cultech Biospeciality Products Ltd, York Chambers, York Street, Swansea SA1 3NJ, Wales, UK
| | - Brian O’Rourke
- The Institute of Molecular Cardiobiology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, 844 Ross Building, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA
| | - David Lloyd
- Microbiology, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, UK
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23
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Stasyk OV, Stasyk OG, Komduur J, Veenhuis M, Cregg JM, Sibirny AA. A hexose transporter homologue controls glucose repression in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:8116-25. [PMID: 14660581 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310960200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis and synthesis of peroxisomal enzymes in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha are under the strict control of glucose repression. We identified an H. polymorpha glucose catabolite repression gene (HpGCR1) that encodes a hexose transporter homologue. Deficiency in GCR1 leads to a pleiotropic phenotype that includes the constitutive presence of peroxisomes and peroxisomal enzymes in glucose-grown cells. Glucose transport and repression defects in a UV-induced gcr1-2 mutant were found to result from a missense point mutation that substitutes a serine residue (Ser(85)) with a phenylalanine in the second predicted transmembrane segment of the Gcr1 protein. In addition to glucose, mannose and trehalose fail to repress the peroxisomal enzyme, alcohol oxidase in gcr1-2 cells. A mutant deleted for the GCR1 gene was additionally deficient in fructose repression. Ethanol, sucrose, and maltose continue to repress peroxisomes and peroxisomal enzymes normally and therefore, appear to have GCR1-independent repression mechanisms in H. polymorpha. Among proteins of the hexose transporter family of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the amino acid sequence of the H. polymorpha Gcr1 protein shares the highest similarity with a core region of Snf3p, a putative high affinity glucose sensor. Certain features of the phenotype exhibited by gcr1 mutants suggest a regulatory role for Gcr1p in a repression pathway, along with involvement in hexose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh V Stasyk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
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24
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Abstract
In the last two decades, much progress has been made in understanding the process of induction and biogenesis of peroxisomes, essential organelles in all eukaryotes. Only relatively recently, the first molecular studies on the selective degradation of this important organelle-a process known as pexophagy, which occurs when the organelles have become redundant-have been performed, especially using methylotrophic yeasts. The finding that pexophagy and other transport pathways to the vacuole (vacuolar protein sorting, autophagy, cytoplasm-to-vacuole-targeting and endocytosis) utilize common but also unique genes has placed pexophagy in the heart of the machinery that recycles cellular material. The quest is now on to understand how peroxisome degradation has become such a highly selective process and what the signals are that trigger it. In addition, because the prime determinant of pexophagy is located on the peroxisome itself, it has become essential to study the role of peroxisomal membrane proteins in the degradation process in detail. This review highlights the main achievements of the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Bellu
- Eukaryotic Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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25
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Sinclair G, Choy FYM. Synonymous codon usage bias and the expression of human glucocerebrosidase in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2002; 26:96-105. [PMID: 12356476 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase catalyzes the penultimate step in the breakdown of membrane glycosphingolipids. An inherited deficiency in this enzyme leads to the onset of Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disorder. Exogenous sources of this protein are required for biochemical and biophysical investigations and enzyme replacement therapy of Gaucher disease. Heterologous expression of glucocerebrosidase has been successful in mammalian and insect cell lines and although its use in enzyme replacement therapy of Gaucher disease has proven efficacious, current production levels limit the availability of the enzyme. Initial attempts to express human glucocerebrosidase using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris had limited success, despite significant levels of transcription. Using fragments of the glucocerebrosidase cDNA fused to the luciferase cDNA as a translational read-through reporter, the impact of synonymous codon usage bias on protein expression in P. pastoris was examined. A table of preferred codons was determined for P. pastoris and the codon usage of a 186-bp fragment of the glucocerebrosidase gene was optimized to that of the P. pastoris preferred set. A second construct with altered G+C content but no codon optimization was created for comparison. While the native glucocerebrosidase coding region limited luciferase activity to baseline levels, the codon optimized and G+C altered constructs increased luciferase activity 10.6- and 7.5-fold, respectively. Optimized G+C content, regardless of corresponding codon optimization, appears to be the major contributor to increased translational efficiency in this heterologous expression host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Sinclair
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, BC, V8W 3N5, Victoria, Canada.
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26
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Nazarko TY, Mala MJ, Sibirny AA. Development of the plate assay screening procedure for isolation of the mutants deficient in inactivation of peroxisomal enzymes in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.0005f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Y. Nazarko
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - M. J. Mala
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - A. A. Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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27
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Poirier Y, Erard N, MacDonald-Comber Petétot J. Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate in the peroxisome of Pichia pastoris. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 207:97-102. [PMID: 11886758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters naturally produced by bacteria that have properties of biodegradable plastics and elastomers. A PHA synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa modified at the carboxy-end for peroxisomal targeting was transformed in Pichia pastoris. The PHA synthase was expressed under the control of the promoter of the P. pastoris acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Synthesis of up to 1% medium-chain-length PHA per g dry weight was dependent on both the expression of the PHA synthase and the presence of oleic acid in the medium. PHA accumulated as inclusions within the peroxisomes. P. pastoris could be used as a model system to study how peroxisomal metabolism needs to be modified to increase PHA production in other eukaryotes, such as plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Poirier
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Institut d'Ecologie, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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28
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Johnson MA, Snyder WB, Cereghino JL, Veenhuis M, Subramani S, Cregg JM. Pichia pastoris Pex14p, a phosphorylated peroxisomal membrane protein, is part of a PTS-receptor docking complex and interacts with many peroxins. Yeast 2001; 18:621-41. [PMID: 11329173 DOI: 10.1002/yea.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisomal protein import machinery plays a central role in the assembly of this organelle in all eukaryotes. Genes encoding components of this machinery, termed peroxins or Pex proteins, have been isolated and characterized in several yeast species and in mammals, including humans. Here we report on one of these components, Pex14p, from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Work in other organisms has shown that Pex14p is located on the cytoplasmic surface of the peroxisomal membrane and binds peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) receptors carrying proteins bound for the peroxisomal matrix, results that have led to the hypothesis that Pex14p is a receptor-docking protein. P. pastoris Pex14p (PpPex14p) behaves like an integral membrane protein, with its C-terminus exposed on the cytosolic side of the peroxisomal membrane. PpPex14p complexes with many peroxins, including Pex3p (Snyder et al., 1999b), Pex5p, Pex7p, Pex13p, Pex17p, itself, and a previously unreported peroxin, Pex8p. A portion of Pex14p is phosphorylated, but both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of Pex14p interact with several peroxins. The interactions between Pex14p and other peroxins provide clues regarding the function of Pex14p in peroxisomal protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 20000 N.W. Walker Road, Beaverton, OR 97006-8921, USA
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29
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Lin Cereghino GP, Lin Cereghino J, Sunga AJ, Johnson MA, Lim M, Gleeson MA, Cregg JM. New selectable marker/auxotrophic host strain combinations for molecular genetic manipulation of Pichia pastoris. Gene 2001; 263:159-69. [PMID: 11223254 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and characterization of three new biosynthetic genes-ARG4, ADE1, and URA3-from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The predicted products of the genes share significant sequence similarity to their Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterparts, namely argininosuccinate lyase, PR-aminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase, and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, respectively. Along with the previously described HIS4 gene, each gene was incorporated as the yeast selectable marker into a set of shuttle vectors designed to express foreign genes in P. pastoris. In addition, we have constructed a series of host strains containing all possible combinations of ade1, arg4, his4, and ura3 auxotrophies to be used with these new vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Lin Cereghino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 20000 N.W. Walker Road, Beaverton, OR 97006-8921, USA
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30
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Cereghino GP, Cregg JM. Applications of yeast in biotechnology: protein production and genetic analysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1999; 10:422-7. [PMID: 10508632 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(99)00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in yeast expression systems, coupled with the development of yeast surface display and refinements in two-hybrid methodology, are expanding the role of yeasts in the process of understanding and engineering eukaryotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Cereghino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology 20 000 NW Walker Road, Beaverton, Oregon, 7006-8921, USA.
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