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Russell LB. Significance of the perigametic interval as a major source of spontaneous mutations that result in mosaics. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1999; 34:16-23. [PMID: 10462719 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1999)34:1<16::aid-em3>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An earlier analysis showed that a significant percentage of spontaneous specific-locus mutations in mice are recovered as mosaics and that the spontaneous mutation rate per cell cycle is probably higher for those mutations that produce mosaics than for those that produce whole-body mutants. The finding that the average germline composition of the mosaics was approximately 50% supported the suggestion that single-strand DNA alterations during the perigametic interval constitute the major source of spontaneous mosaics. Here, alternative origins of 50% germline mosaicism are examined. Supporting the earlier hypothesis is the finding that spontaneous mutations that are recovered as clusters constitute a different array of types from those giving rise to singletons, and the evidence from interspecies comparisons that a unique component of the life cycle, probably meiosis, makes a major contribution to spontaneous mutations. Biological factors associated with the perigametic interval were examined in an effort to suggest explanations for the observations that 1) the spontaneous mutation rate in that interval is high relative to that characterizing any mitotic cell cycle, 2) the types of mutations appear to be different from those arising during mitotic divisions, and 3) the spontaneous mutation rate for males is higher than that for females. It is concluded that the higher yield from the perigametic interval is consistent with what is known about methylation status in development of both sexes and with repair capacity in the male germline. For both parameters, differences between the sexes during their respective perigametic intervals may be at least partly responsible for the fact that the spontaneous mutation rate of mammalian females is lower than that of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Russell
- Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8077, USA.
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Drost JB, Lee WR. The developmental basis for germline mosaicism in mouse and Drosophila melanogaster. MUTATION AND EVOLUTION 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5210-5_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Kale P, Kale R. Induction of delayed mutations by benzene and ethylene dibromide in Drosophila. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1995; 25:211-215. [PMID: 7737139 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850250307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two carcinogens, ethylene dibromide and benzene, were used to induce delayed (germinal mosaic) sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in spermatozoa and spermatids of adult Drosophila males. Significant numbers of delayed mutations (in F3) were scored in absence of conventional (in F2) mutations. A large proportion of nonlethal F2 cultures carried delayed mutations, so much so that, in some cultures, all F2 females were carriers of mutations. The mechanism through which single strand damage to treated X chromosomes can result in such delayed lethals is discussed. These observations indicate that the delayed mutation test should be used for testing the mutagenicity of environmental compounds, especially carcinogens, which tested negative in the conventional sex-linked recessive lethal mutation test. The data will support the relationship between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis and, also will further enhance the sensitivity of the Drosophila mutation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kale
- Department of Biology, Alabama A. & M. University, Normal 35762, USA
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Inagaki E, Uchibori M, Fujikawa K, Miyamoto T, Sankaranarayanan K. Induction of dumpy mutations in female germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster by ethyl methanesulphonate. Mutat Res 1980; 70:121-5. [PMID: 6767970 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(80)90065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Vogel E, Natarajan AT. The relation between reaction kinetics and mutagenic action of mono-functional alkylating agents in higher eukaryotic systems. I. Recessive lethal mutations and translocations in Drosophila. Mutat Res 1979; 62:51-100. [PMID: 492198 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(79)90223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The relationship in Drosophila males between chemical reaction pattern of mono-functional alkylating agents (AA), described in terms of primary alkylation pattern with DNA and proteins as well as the Swain--Scott s factor, and their biological effectiveness were investigated. The agents chosen for comparative analysis were the nitrosamides ENU and MNU, the methanesulfonic esters iPMS, EMS and MMS, the dialkylsulfate DMS, and the nitrosamines DEN and DMN. Parameters of their biological activity were mortality (LC50) of treated adult males, induction in post-meiotic stages of X-chromosomal recessive lethal mutations and 2--3 translocations after either adult feeding or injection. Induced frequencies of recessive lethals, determined for each AA with a range of concentrations, served as biological dosimeter for interaction with target DNA in the germ line. The results are interpreted as indicating for these AA a causal connection between the pattern of primary alkylation of DNA and the quality of genetic damage observed. 1. The agent with the lowest s value, ENU, and its pendant DEN, failed to produce translocations at mutation frequencies that reached 44% for ENU. The highest chromosome-breaking activity was attributed to AA with high s, MMS and DMS. For MMS, the proportions of translocations (T) to mutations (M) approximately reached a 1 : 1 ratio in stored spermatozoa, at a recessive-lethal frequency of 14%. Ability to break chromosomes, as indicated by the T : M ratios, decreased in the sequence MMS greater than or equal to DMS, MNU greater than DMN greater than EMS greater than iPMS greater than ENU = DEN. 2. Nearly the reversed sequence in relative mutagenci effectivenss was obtained when the (directly acting) AA were arranged on the basis of their CM4/LC50 ratios (CM4, the exposure condition producing 4% recessive lethals after injection): ENU greater than EMS greater than iPMS, MNU greater than MMS = DMS. 3. Among the AA, EMS had a somewhat unique position, in that it was slightly less effective in the translocation test, and also less cytotoxic but more mutagenic in the recessive-lethal test than one would expect from its s value. This is taken as an indication of the influence on biological effectiveness of factors other than the s value, e.g. methylation versus ethylation and the lipid/water partition ratio. An example of the latter was also provided by DMS which, although having the same s as MMS, with its 5-fold higher lipid/water partition ratio, was more toxic than MMS. 4. For those AA that were clearly active in the translocation tests--MMS, DMS, MNU, DMN and EMS--delayed formation of exchanges was observed. Only in 17 out of 555 translocation tests with positive response translocations were already found in progeny from unstored spermatozoa. Consequently, it was concluded that performance of storage experiments in Drosophila is an absolute necessity for the detection of this type of rearrangement by AA. 5...
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Vosselman L. Sex determination of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen). Chromosoma 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00293477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Merriam JR. Estimating primordial cell numbers in Drosophila imaginal discs and histoblasts. Results Probl Cell Differ 1978; 9:71-96. [PMID: 373041 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-35803-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Muñoz ER, Barnett BM. II--III translocations induced by diethyl sulfate in mature sperm of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1977; 45:355-7. [PMID: 413032 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(77)90146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Matsudaira Y, Hieda K, Yamasaki T. On two models for the frequency distribution of lethals in Drosophila observed in F3s derived from a single F1 gonadal mosaic female, and the transmissibility. J Theor Biol 1977; 68:501-13. [PMID: 926804 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sadiq MF, Mathew C. Production of mosaic lethals in different germ cell stages of drosophila by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Mutat Res 1977; 45:31-9. [PMID: 411029 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(77)90040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The delayed effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was studied in Drosophila melanogaster by the proportion of mosaic progeny produced after this treatment. Following injection of the chemical into wild type males, complete and mosaic sex-linked recessive lethals were scored by the Muller-5 method, in five successive broods representing the different stages of spermatogenesis. All broods showed significant increase over the control in the frequencies of complete lethals with gradual decrease in mutation rate from the post-meiotic stages to the pre-meiotic ones. In the case of mosaic lethals, too, the post-meiotic stages were generally more sensitive; but the increase over the control was significant only for the mature spermatozoa. The extension of the experiment to F4 generation showed that a mosaic F1 female may produce further mosaic progeny. The production of lethal mutations in successive generations after treatment with MNNG supports the view that chemically induced instabilities can be transmitted as such over several generations.
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Abstract
This paper draws attention to the formal parallelism that exists between chromosomal-loss mosaicism and mutagenically induced mosaicism in Drosophila and suggests that, although the underlying processes by which these two types of genetic mosaics are generated are very different, the more refined methodology employed in developmental analyses of genetically induced chromosomal-loss mosaics may be profitably extrapolated to mutagenesis studies. Results obtained from various studies of genetically induced mosaics and from a previous EMS mutation induction experiment at the yellow locus are utilized to illustrate this methodology and to estimate the total mutagenicity rates of EMS.-The following are some of the tentative conclusions that have been drawn in this report regarding an EMS concentration that produced 31% F(2) lethals in the standard X-linked recessive lethal test: (1) The frequency of cuticular mosaics is at least 5 times that of F(3) lethals. (2) At least 60% of all cuticular mosaics go undetected in the standard X -linked recessive lethal test since their mutant tissue does not extend into the germ line. (3) The frequency of EMS-induced cryptic mosaics is probably less than 10% the frequency of cuticular mosaics. (4) Some EMS-induced mutations are probably bona fide completes; if confirmed, this inference must be taken into consideration in estimating the total mutagenicity rates of this agent and in molecular interpretations of its mechanism of action. (5) The fact that the proportion of mutant tissue in EMS-induced mosaics is greater than 25% is consistent with the suggestion that the action of EMS is occasionally delayed until after the first cleavage division of the embryo. (6) Such an EMS concentration causes on the average more than 5 independent genetic alterations in the entire haploid genome of an X-bearing sperm.-This report clarifies the experimental evidence that must be generated, and the methodology that can be used to analyze this evidence, if it is of interest to render these and related conclusions regarding the effect of EMS on D. melanogaster more accurate, or if it is of interest to conduct a similar analysis for other mutagens that cause a significant degree of mosaicism.
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A study of germinal mosaicism inDrosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977; 182:203-211. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1976] [Accepted: 03/01/1977] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Baker BS. Paternal loss (pal): a meiotic mutant in Drosophila melanogaster causing loss of paternal chromosomes. Genetics 1975; 80:267-96. [PMID: 805757 PMCID: PMC1213327 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/80.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a male-specific meiotic mutant, paternal los (pal), in D. melanogaster have been examined genetically. The results indicate the following: (1) When homozygous in males, pal can cause loss, but not nondisjunction, of any chromosome pair. The pal-induced chromosome loss produces exceptional progeny that apparently failed to receive one, or more, paternal chromosomes and, in addition, mosaic progeny during whose early mitotic divisions one or more paternal chromosomes were lost. (2) Only paternally derived chromosomes are lost. (3) Mitotic chromosome loss can occur in homozygous pal+progeny of pal males. (4) Chromosomes differ in their susceptibility to pal-induced loss. The site responsible for the insensitivity vs. sensitivity of the X chromosome to pal mapped to the basal region of the X chromosome at, or near, the centromere. From these results, it is suggested that pal+acts in male gonia to specify a product that is a component of, or interacts with, the centromeric region of chromosomes and is necessary for the normal segregation of paternal chromosomes. In the presence of pal, defective chromosomes are produced and these chromosomes tend to get lost during the early cleavage divisions of the zygote. (5) The loss of heterologous chromosome pairs is not independent; there are more cases of simultaneous loss of two chromosomes than expected from independence. Moreover, an examination of cases of simultaneous somatic loss of two heterologs reveals an asymmetry in the early mitotic divisions of the zygote such that when two heterologs are lost at a somatic cleavage division, almost invariably one daughter nucleus fails to get either, and the other daughter nucleus receives its normal chromosome complement. It is suggested that this asymmetry is not a property of pal but is rather a normal process that is being revealed by the mutant. (6) The somatic loss of chromosomes in the progeny of pal males allows the construction of fate maps of the blastoderm. Similar fate maps are obtained using data from gynandromorphs and from marked Y chromosome (nonsexually dimorphic) mosaics.
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Matsudaira Y, Yamasaki T. On the relationship between the frequency of two types of lethal-mutation and x-ray doses in Drosophila. Mutat Res 1975; 27:341-6. [PMID: 804127 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(75)90291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The dose-frequency relationship for each of 2 types of lethal mutations, fractional- and whole-lethal, was obtained using X-rays on Drosophila melanogaster. The results show that fractional-lethal mutations are induced by X-rays, and also that the proportion of fractional-lethal mutations in the total of mutations tends to decrease with increasing doses, namely, 61% at o R, 47% at 500 R, 37% at 1000 R and 20% at 2000 R. The same tendency is observed with visible mutations. In order to consider the problems related to the above results, the relationship between the true frequency and the observed frequency of the induced lethal mutations is discussed, taking into consideration the existence of the ostensible whole-lethal and the ostensible normal.
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Comparison of the Mutagenic Effects of Chemicals and Ionizing Radiation Using Drosophila melanogaster Test Systems. Radiat Res 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-523350-7.50095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Chromosome breakage in Drosophila melanogaster induced by a monofunctional alkylating agent (EMS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(73)90056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Suter KE. [X-ray-induced mutation spectra of different germ-cell stages of Drosophila males with a double marked Y-chromosome and either a normal X-or a ring-X-chromosome (author's transl)]. Mutat Res 1973; 19:83-98. [PMID: 4792276 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(73)90116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ondrej M. The proportion of complete mutations, mosaics and instabilities induced by ethylnitrosourea in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1971; 12:159-69. [PMID: 4999367 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(71)90137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sobels FH, Leigh B. The induction by x-rays of double mosaics involving the Y-chromosome, supporting first cleavage segregation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1971; 12:100-1. [PMID: 4999504 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(71)90078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Postlethwait JH, Schneiderman HA. A clonal analysis of development in Drosophila melanogaster: morphogenesis, determination, and growth in the wild-type antenna. Dev Biol 1971; 24:477-519. [PMID: 5578888 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(71)90061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Williamson JH. Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutants in the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1970; 10:597-605. [PMID: 5519703 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Leigh B, Sobels FH. Induction by x-rays of isochromosomes in the germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster males. Evidence for nuclear selection in embryogenesis. Mutat Res 1970; 10:475-87. [PMID: 5519690 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Brink NG. Complete and mosaic visible mutations produced by ethyl methanesulphonate in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1970; 10:227-36. [PMID: 5489971 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lee WR, Sega GA, Bishop JB. Chemically induced mutations observed as mosaics in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1970; 9:323-36. [PMID: 5480476 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rinehart RR. Spontaneous sex-linked recessive lethal frequencies from aged and non-aged spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1969; 7:417-23. [PMID: 5807335 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(69)90112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lee WR, Sega GA, Alford CF. Mutations produced by transmutation of phosphorus-32 to sulfur-32 within Drosophila DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:1472-9. [PMID: 5237881 PMCID: PMC223948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.4.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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