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Ming H, Zhang M, Rajput S, Logsdon D, Zhu L, Schoolcraft WB, Krisher RL, Jiang Z, Yuan Y. In vitro culture alters cell lineage composition and cellular metabolism of bovine blastocyst†. Biol Reprod 2024; 111:11-27. [PMID: 38408205 PMCID: PMC11247278 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Profiling bovine blastocyst transcriptome at the single-cell level has enabled us to reveal the first cell lineage segregation, during which the inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE), and an undefined population of transitional cells were identified. By comparing the transcriptome of blastocysts derived in vivo (IVV), in vitro from a conventional culture medium (IVC), and in vitro from an optimized reduced nutrient culture medium (IVR), we found a delay of the cell fate commitment to ICM in the IVC and IVR embryos. Developmental potential differences between IVV, IVC, and IVR embryos were mainly contributed by ICM and transitional cells. Pathway analysis of these non-TE cells between groups revealed highly active metabolic and biosynthetic processes, reduced cellular signaling, and reduced transmembrane transport activities in IVC embryos that may lead to reduced developmental potential. IVR embryos had lower activities in metabolic and biosynthetic processes but increased cellular signaling and transmembrane transport, suggesting these cellular mechanisms may contribute to improved blastocyst development compared to IVC embryos. However, the IVR embryos had compromised development compared to IVV embryos with notably over-active transmembrane transport activities that impaired ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ming
- Department of Animal Sciences, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
| | - Sandeep Rajput
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
- Genus plc, DeForest, WI, USA
| | - Deirdre Logsdon
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
| | - Linkai Zhu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Krisher
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
- Genus plc, DeForest, WI, USA
| | - Zongliang Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ye Yuan
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
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Hadžić K, Gregor A, Auernigg-Haselmaier S, Longo V, Pignitter M, Duszka K. Restrictive diets have a beneficial impact on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in male mice. J Nutr 2024; 154:121-132. [PMID: 37952777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we assessed the impact of restrictive diets, including caloric restriction (CR), intermittent fasting (IF), or fasting-mimicking diet (FMD), on a healthy gastrointestinal tract. We revealed that each of the diets shows anti-inflammatory outcomes. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to verify the diets' applicability in treating colitis. METHODS We exposed a mouse model with mild chronic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis to ad libitum control feeding, CR, IF, or FMD. The collected samples were analyzed for markers of inflammation. RESULTS The diets reduced DSS-triggered increases in spleen weight and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Diet intervention also influenced occludin levels, small intestine morphology, as well as cytokine and inflammatory gene expression, mainly in the mucosa of the proximal colon. The diets did not reverse DSS-enhanced gut permeability and thickening of the colon muscularis externa. Concerning inflammatory gene expression, the impact of DSS and the dietary intervention was limited to the colon as we did not measure major changes in the jejunum mucosa, Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Further, rather modest changes in the concentration of intestinal bile acids were observed in response to the diets, whereas taurine and its conjugates levels were strongly affected. CONCLUSIONS Despite the differences in the dietary protocol, the tested diets showed very similar impacts and, therefore, may be interchangeable when aiming to reduce inflammation in the colon. However, FMD showed the most consistent beneficial impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajs Hadžić
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - András Gregor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Valter Longo
- Longevity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Purushothaman K, Tan JKH, Lau D, Saju JM, Thevasagayam NM, Wee CL, Vij S. Feed Restriction Modulates Growth, Gut Morphology and Gene Expression in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041814. [PMID: 33670431 PMCID: PMC7917766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in daily caloric or nutrient intake has been observed to promote health benefits in mammals and other vertebrates. Feed Restriction (FR), whereby the overall food intake of the organism is reduced, has been explored as a method to improve metabolic and immune health, as well as to optimize productivity in farming. However, less is known regarding the molecular and physiological consequences of FR. Using the model organism, Danio rerio, we investigated the impact of a short-term (month-long) FR on growth, gut morphology and gene expression. Our data suggest that FR has minimal effects on the average growth rates, but it may affect weight and size heterogeneity in a sex-dependent manner. In the gut, we observed a significant reduction in gut circumference and generally lower mucosal heights, whereas other parameters remained unchanged. Gene Ontology (GO), EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis identified numerous metabolic, reproductive, and immune response pathways that were affected by FR. These results broaden our understanding of FR and contribute towards growing knowledge of its effects on vertebrate health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathiresan Purushothaman
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Jerryl Kim Han Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Dr, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
| | - Doreen Lau
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Jolly M. Saju
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Natascha M. Thevasagayam
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Caroline Lei Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Dr, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (C.L.W.); (S.V.)
| | - Shubha Vij
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.W.); (S.V.)
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4
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Peña-Villalobos I, Casanova-Maldonado I, Lois P, Sabat P, Palma V. Adaptive Physiological and Morphological Adjustments Mediated by Intestinal Stem Cells in Response to Food Availability in Mice. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1821. [PMID: 30670976 PMCID: PMC6331426 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated plastic changes in the morphology of the digestive tract in rodents subjected to caloric restriction or restricted availability. Nevertheless, studies that link these morphological responses to physiological consequences are scarce. In order to investigate short-term plastic responses in the intestine, we acclimated adult Mus musculus (BALB/c) males for 20 days to four distinctive treatments: two caloric regimens (ad libitum and 60% of calorie ingestion) and two levels of periodicity of the regimens (continuous and stochastic treatment). At the end of the treatment we analyzed the cell proliferation and cell death dynamics of small intestinal crypts in these animals. In addition, we measured organ masses and lengths, hydrolytic digestive enzyme activities, and energy output from feces. Finally, in order to explore the metabolic changes generated by these dietary conditions we assessed the catabolic activity (i.e., enzymes) of the liver. Our results show that individuals acclimated to a continuous and 60% regimen presented longer intestines in comparison to the other treatments. Indeed, their intestines grew with a rate of 0.22 cm/day, generating a significant caloric reduction in the content of their feces. Besides, both mass and intestinal lengths were predicted strongly by the stabilization coefficient of BrdU+ proliferating cells per crypt, the latter correlating positively with the activity of n-aminopeptidases. Interestingly, by using pharmacological inhibition of the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by Rapamycin, we were able to recapitulate similar changes in the proliferation dynamics of intestinal stem cells. Based on our results, we propose that the impact of caloric restriction on macroscopic variation in morphology and functional changes in digestive n-aminopeptidases occurs through synchronization in the proliferation rate of stem and/or progenitor cells located in the small intestinal crypts and requires mTORC1 as a key mediator. Hence, we suggest that an excessive stem and progenitor activity could result in increased crypts branching and might therefore underlie the reported intestinal tissue expansion in response to short-term caloric restriction. Summarizing, we demonstrate for the first time that short-term caloric restriction induces changes in the level of cell proliferation dynamics explaining in part digestive tract plasticity in adaptive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Peña-Villalobos
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Casanova-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Lois
- Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sabat
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Duszka K, Ellero-Simatos S, Ow GS, Defernez M, Paramalingam E, Tett A, Ying S, König J, Narbad A, Kuznetsov VA, Guillou H, Wahli W. Complementary intestinal mucosa and microbiota responses to caloric restriction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11338. [PMID: 30054525 PMCID: PMC6063912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is key for nutrient absorption and for interactions between the microbiota and its host. Therefore, the intestinal response to caloric restriction (CR) is thought to be more complex than that of any other organ. Submitting mice to 25% CR during 14 days induced a polarization of duodenum mucosa cell gene expression characterised by upregulation, and downregulation of the metabolic and immune/inflammatory pathways, respectively. The HNF, PPAR, STAT, and IRF families of transcription factors, particularly the Pparα and Isgf3 genes, were identified as potentially critical players in these processes. The impact of CR on metabolic genes in intestinal mucosa was mimicked by inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Furthermore, multiple duodenum and faecal metabolites were altered in CR mice. These changes were dependent on microbiota and their magnitude corresponded to microbial density. Further experiments using mice with depleted gut bacteria and CR-specific microbiota transfer showed that the gene expression polarization observed in the mucosa of CR mice is independent of the microbiota and its metabolites. The holistic interdisciplinary approach that we applied allowed us to characterize various regulatory aspects of the host and microbiota response to CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, 31300, France
| | - Ghim Siong Ow
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Singapore, 13867, Singapore
| | - Marianne Defernez
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, , Norwich Science Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7UA, UK
| | - Eeswari Paramalingam
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Adrian Tett
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, , Norwich Science Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7UA, UK
| | - Shi Ying
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, , Norwich Science Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7UA, UK
| | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, , Norwich Science Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7UA, UK
| | - Vladimir A Kuznetsov
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Singapore, 13867, Singapore
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, 31300, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, 31300, France.
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Mitchell SE, Tang Z, Kerbois C, Delville C, Konstantopedos P, Bruel A, Derous D, Green C, Aspden RM, Goodyear SR, Chen L, Han JJ, Wang Y, Promislow DE, Lusseau D, Douglas A, Speakman JR. The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: I. impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on body composition in the C57BL/6 mouse. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15902-30. [PMID: 26079539 PMCID: PMC4599246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Faced with reduced levels of food, animals must adjust to the consequences of the shortfall in energy. We explored how C57BL/6 mice withdrew energy from different body tissues during three months of food restriction at graded levels up to 40% (calorie restriction: CR). We compared this to the response to equivalent levels of protein restriction (PR) without a shortfall in calories. Under CR there was a dynamic change in body mass over 30 days and thereafter it stabilized. The time to reach stability was independent of the level of restriction. At the end of three months whole body dissections revealed differential utilization of the different tissues. Adipose tissue depots were the most significantly utilized tissue, and provided 55.8 to 60.9% of the total released energy. In comparison, reductions in the sizes of structural tissues contributed between 29.8 and 38.7% of the energy. The balance was made up by relatively small changes in the vital organs. The components of the alimentary tract grew slightly under restriction, particularly the stomach, and this was associated with a parallel increase in assimilation efficiency of the food (averaging 1.73%). None of the changes under CR were recapitulated by equivalent levels of PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Zhanhui Tang
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Celine Kerbois
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Camille Delville
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Penelope Konstantopedos
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Aurélie Bruel
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Cara Green
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard M. Aspden
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon R. Goodyear
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jackie J.D. Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel E.L. Promislow
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
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Wegner CJ, Kim B, Lee J. Trust your gut: galvanizing nutritional interest in intestinal cholesterol metabolism for protection against cardiovascular diseases. Nutrients 2013; 5:208-22. [PMID: 23325147 PMCID: PMC3571644 DOI: 10.3390/nu5010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the intestine is a key target organ for overall health and longevity. Complementing these studies is the discovery of the trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux pathway and the emerging role of the intestine in reverse cholesterol transport. The surfacing dynamics of the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the intestine provides an attractive platform for intestine-specific nutritional intervention strategies to lower blood cholesterol levels for protection against cardiovascular diseases. Notably, there is mounting evidence that stimulation of pathways associated with calorie restriction may have a large effect on the regulation of cholesterol removal by the intestine. However, intestinal energy metabolism, specifically the idiosyncrasies surrounding intestinal responses to energy deprivation, is poorly understood. The goal of this paper is to review recent insights into cholesterol regulation by the intestine and to discuss the potential for positive regulation of intestine-driven cholesterol removal through the nutritional induction of pathways associated with calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Wegner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 216 Advanced Technology Laboratory Building, 1392 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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8
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Organ-specific mediation of lifespan extension: more than a gut feeling? Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:436-44. [PMID: 22706186 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are composed of an interactive network of various tissues that are functionally organized as discrete organs. If aging were slowed in a specific tissue or organ how would that impact longevity at the organismal level? In recent years, molecular genetic approaches in invertebrate model systems have dramatically improved our understanding of the aging process and have provided insight into the preceding question. In this review, we discuss tissue and organ-specific interventions that prolong lifespan in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. These interventions include reduced Insulin/IGF-1 signaling, knockdown of genes important for mitochondrial electron transport chain function and, finally, up-regulation of the Drosophila PGC-1 homolog. An emerging theme from these studies is that the intestine is an important target organ in mediating lifespan extension at the organismal level.
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10
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Douard V, Ferraris RP. Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E227-37. [PMID: 18398011 PMCID: PMC2652499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90245.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fructose is now such an important component of human diets that increasing attention is being focused on the fructose transporter GLUT5. In this review, we describe the regulation of GLUT5 not only in the intestine and testis, where it was first discovered, but also in the kidney, skeletal muscle, fat tissue, and brain where increasing numbers of cell types have been found to have GLUT5. GLUT5 expression levels and fructose uptake rates are also significantly affected by diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and inflammation and seem to be induced during carcinogenesis, particularly in the mammary glands. We end by highlighting research areas that should yield information needed to better understand the role of GLUT5 during normal development, metabolic disturbances, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Douard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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11
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Kristan DM. Chronic calorie restriction increases susceptibility of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) to a primary intestinal parasite infection. Aging Cell 2007; 6:817-25. [PMID: 17973970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term calorie restriction (CR) has numerous benefits; however, effects of CR on susceptibility to intact pathogens are not well understood. Because CR enhances immune function of laboratory mice (Mus musculus), it was hypothesized that mice subjected to CR would be less susceptible to experimental infections of the intestinal parasite Heligmosomoides bakeri. Furthermore, because H. bakeri must combat a greater host immune response by CR mice compared to fully fed mice, it also was also hypothesized that (i) worms living in CR hosts would have lower reproduction than worms from ad libitum-fed mice, and (ii) CR mice would have a more female-biased sex ratio as male worms may be more vulnerable to host immune response than female worms. Mice were subjected to CR for 6.7 months and were then infected with H. bakeri for one additional month. As expected, CR mice had equal or enhanced immune response (eosinophils and immunoglobin G1 production) to H. bakeri infection compared to ad libitum-fed mice, and CR mice harbored a more female-biased sex ratio than ad libitum-fed mice. Contrary to predictions, CR mice had more worms than ad libitum-fed mice and the worms from CR mice produced more eggs than worms from ad libitum-fed mice. These data indicate that, despite the evidence that long-term CR enhances traditional measures of immune function, CR may actually increase susceptibility to intact parasite infection. Furthermore, changes in worm reproduction and differential survival of male vs. female worms may influence host-parasite transmission dynamics during long-term host CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Kristan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
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12
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Commare CE, Tappenden KA. Development of the infant intestine: implications for nutrition support. Nutr Clin Pract 2007; 22:159-73. [PMID: 17374790 DOI: 10.1177/0115426507022002159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of preterm births has continued to increase over the past 25 years, and therefore the optimal feeding of these infants is an important clinical concern. This review focuses on intestinal development and physiology, with a particular emphasis on developmentally immature functions of the preterm intestine and the resulting implications for nutrition therapies used to feed the preterm infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coryn E Commare
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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13
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Amen-Ra N. How dietary restriction catalyzed the evolution of the human brain: An exposition of the nutritional neurotrophic neoteny theory. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:1147-53. [PMID: 17445994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this theoretical treatise is to explain the evolution of human encephalization. The evolutionary expansion of the human brain is herein regarded as a single component of an interrelated complex encompassing depressed somatic and sexual development and increased longevity. These cardinal phenotypic features, termed the Quadripartite Complex, were selected for their adaptiveness amidst the environmental deterioration extant during the formative phase of human evolution--the Plio-Pleistocene period. This interval of environmental transformation inevitably eventuated in ecological alteration and dietary diminution. Suggestively, experimentally imposed dietary restriction routinely results in lengthened lifespan, delayed sexual maturation, depressed growth and increased encephalization as a concomitant consequence of body mass reduction and brain mass maintenance. Thus, dietary restriction ostensibly induces discernible metabolic adaptations whether incurred ontologically or evolutionarily. Several experiments indicate that dietary restriction promotes the preservation and generation of neurons via induction of neurotrophic factors. To the extent that neurogenesis is a molecular mediator of mental acuity, it is evident that nutrition and cognition are intimately linked. Extrapolating to an evolutionary context, increased intelligence ought to confer advantages to organisms enduring dietary deprivation insofar as increased intelligence ensures more facile food acquisition. This reasoning underlies the nutritional neurotrophic neoteny (N(3)) theory, which holds that humans exhibit an altered pattern of neurotrophin expression resulting from positive selection for heightened intelligence amidst environmental deterioration and consequent dietary deficiency. The altered pattern of neurotrophin expression exhibited by humans, it is deduced, results in a protracted phase of developmental neurogenesis and a resultant retention of neurons that would otherwise be extirpated due to programmed cell death. Importantly, during neonatal neurogenesis mammals produce an excess number of neurons whose eventual destruction is dictated by neurotrophic factors. An altered pattern of neurotrophin expression during neurogenesis, as N(3) proposes, could therefore furnish a larger adult brain. As to how humans could afford to accrete exuberant neural tissue under conditions of chronic food scarcity the homo hypothalamic hypometabolism (H(3)) theory offers a plausible answer: reduced growth and delayed sexual maturation, mediated by the hypothalamus and its endocrine effectors, offset the energetic costs of increased encephalization in humans. H(3) is herein presented as a general theory of human evolution while N(3) may be regarded as a special theory of human encephalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nūn Amen-Ra
- Amenta Press Inc., P.O. Box 236, Damascus, MD 20872, USA.
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Cui XL, Jiang L, Ferraris RP. Regulation of rat intestinal GLUT2 mRNA abundance by luminal and systemic factors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1612:178-85. [PMID: 12787936 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fructose in the lumen of the small intestine is transported across the brush border membrane by GLUT5, then across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2, which also transports glucose. Diets containing high fructose (HF) specifically enhance intestinal GLUT5 expression in neonatal rats, but there is little information concerning the dietary regulation of GLUT2 expression during early development. In this study, we perfused for 1-4 h 100 mM fructose, glucose (HG), alpha-methylglucose, or mannitol solutions into the jejunum of anaesthetized 20-day-old rat pups. GLUT2 mRNA abundance increased only in HF- and HG-perfused intestines, an effect inhibited by actinomycin D but not by cycloheximide. Bypassed (Thiry-Vella) intestinal loops were constructed, then pups were fed either HF or low-carbohydrate diets for 5 days. GLUT2 mRNA abundance increased significantly in both bypassed and anastomosed intestines of Thiry-Vella pups fed HF. In contrast, GLUT5 mRNA abundance increased only in the anastomosed segment. In sham-operated pups, GLUT2 and GLUT5 mRNA abundance increased in both intestinal regions that corresponded to the bypassed and anastomosed regions of Thiry-Vella pups. SGLT1 mRNA abundance was independent of diet and intestinal region in both Thiry-Vella and sham-operated pups. Unlike GLUT5 expression, which is regulated at the level of transcription only by luminal fructose, GLUT2 mRNA expression is transcriptionally regulated by luminal fructose and glucose as well as by systemic factors released during their absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lin Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
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Jiang L, David ES, Espina N, Ferraris RP. GLUT-5 expression in neonatal rats: crypt-villus location and age-dependent regulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G666-74. [PMID: 11518678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.3.g666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The rat fructose transporter normally appears after completion of weaning but can be precociously induced by early feeding of a high-fructose diet. In this study, the crypt-villus site, the metabolic nature of the signal, and the age dependence of induction were determined. In weaning rats fed high-glucose pellets, GLUT-5 mRNA expression was modest, localized mainly in the upper three-fourths of the villus, and there was little expression in the villus base. When fed high-fructose pellets, GLUT-5 mRNA expression was two to three times greater in all regions except the villus base. Intestinal perfusion in vivo of a nonmetabolizable fructose analog, 3-O-methylfructose, tended to increase fructose uptake rate and moderately increased GLUT-5 mRNA abundance but had no effect on glucose uptake rates and SGLT1 mRNA abundance. Gavage feeding of high-fructose, but not high-glucose, solutions enhanced fructose uptake only in pups > or =14 days, suggesting that GLUT-5 regulation is markedly age dependent. Fructose or its metabolites upregulate GLUT-5 expression in all enterocytes, except those in the crypt and villus base and in pups <14 days old.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Biological Transport/physiology
- Dietary Carbohydrates/pharmacology
- Fructose/analogs & derivatives
- Fructose/metabolism
- Fructose/pharmacokinetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Transporter Type 5
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intubation, Gastrointestinal
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/biosynthesis
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/genetics
- Perfusion
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Graduate School of the Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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Ferraris RP, Cao QX, Prabhakaram S. Chronic but not acute energy restriction increases intestinal nutrient transport in mice. J Nutr 2001; 131:779-86. [PMID: 11238759 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.3.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic energy restriction (ER) dramatically enhances intestinal absorption of nutrients by aged mice. Do adaptations in nutrient absorption develop only after extended ER or immediately after its initiation? To determine the time course of adaptations, we measured rates of intestinal glucose, fructose and proline transport 1-270 d after initiation of ER (70% of ad libitum) in 3-mo old mice. Mice of the same age that consumed food ad libitum (AL) served as controls; a third group was starved for 1 or 2 d only, to distinguish the effects of acute ER from those of starvation. Acute ER of 1, 2 and 10 d had no effect on nutrient absorption. Starvation significantly decreased intestinal mass per centimeter, thereby reducing transport per centimeter and intestinal absorptive capacity without significantly altering transport per milligram of intestine. ER for 24 d enhanced only fructose uptake, whereas ER for 270 d enhanced uptake of all nutrients by 20-100%. Despite marked differences in body weights, the wet weights of the stomach, small intestine, cecum and large intestine were generally similar in AL and ER mice, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract was spared during ER. In contrast, the wet weights of the lungs, kidneys, spleen, heart, pancreas and liver each differed by 40-120% between ER and AL mice. Intestinal transport adaptations develop gradually during ER, and the main mechanism underlying these adaptations is a dramatic increase in transport activity per milligram tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103-2714, USA.
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Abstract
Fasting or malnutrition (FM) has dramatic effects on small intestinal mucosal structure and transport function. Intestinal secretion of ions and fluid is increased by FM both under basal conditions and in response to secretory agonists. Intestinal permeability to ions and macromolecules may also be elevated by FM, which increases the potential for fluid and electrolyte losses and for anaphylactic responses to luminal antigens. Mucosal atrophy induced by FM reduces total intestinal absorption of nutrients, but nutrient absorption normalized to mucosal mass may actually be enhanced by a variety of mechanisms, including increased transporter gene expression, electrochemical gradients, and ratio of mature to immature cells. These observations underscore the value of enteral feeding during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMD-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA.
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Jiang L, Ferraris RP. Developmental reprogramming of rat GLUT-5 requires de novo mRNA and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G113-20. [PMID: 11123204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.1.g113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fructose transporter (GLUT-5) expression is low in mid-weaning rat small intestine, increases normally after weaning is completed, and can be precociously induced by premature consumption of a high-fructose (HF) diet. In this study, an in vivo perfusion model was used to determine the mechanisms regulating this substrate-induced reprogramming of GLUT-5 development. HF (100 mM) but not high-glucose (HG) perfusion increased GLUT-5 activity and mRNA abundance. In contrast, HF and HG perfusion had no effect on Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT-1) expression but increased c-fos and c-jun expression. Intraperitoneal injection of actinomycin D before intestinal perfusion blocked the HF-induced increase in fructose uptake rate and GLUT-5 mRNA abundance. Actinomycin D also prevented the perfusion-induced increase in c-fos and c-jun mRNA abundance but did not affect glucose uptake rate and SGLT-1 mRNA abundance. Cycloheximide blocked the HF-induced increase in fructose uptake rate but not the increase in GLUT-5 mRNA abundance and had no effect on glucose uptake rate and SGLT-1 mRNA abundance. In neonatal rats, the substrate-induced reprogramming of intestinal fructose transport is likely to involve transcription and translation of the GLUT-5 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Graduate School of the Biomedical Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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