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Cortés Zamora EB, Mas Romero M, Tabernero Sahuquillo MT, Avendaño Céspedes A, Andrés-Petrel F, Gómez Ballesteros C, Sánchez-Flor Alfaro V, López-Bru R, López-Utiel M, Celaya Cifuentes S, Plaza Carmona L, Gil García B, Pérez Fernández-Rius A, Alcantud Córcoles R, Roldán García B, Romero Rizos L, Sánchez-Jurado PM, Luengo Márquez C, Esbrí Víctor M, León Ortiz M, Ariza Zafra G, Martín Sebastiá E, López Jiménez E, Paterna Mellinas G, Martínez-Sánchez E, Noguerón García A, Ruiz García MF, García-Molina R, Estrella Cazalla JDD, Abizanda P. Psychological and Functional Impact of COVID-19 in Long-Term Care Facilities: The COVID-A Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:431-443. [PMID: 35123862 PMCID: PMC8782739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the psychological and functional sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults living in long term care facilities (LTCFs). DESIGN Cohort longitudinal study SETTING ANT PARTICIPANTS: A total of 215 residents ≥ 65 years without moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment, living in five LTCFs in Albacete (Spain). MEASUREMENTS Baseline on-site data were collected between March - June 2020 and three-month follow-up between June to September 2020. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disturbances were measured as psychological variables. Disability in basic activities of daily living (BADL), ambulation and frailty were assessed as functional variables. Differences were analyzed in relation to level of comorbidity and test positivity for COVID-19. RESULTS At baseline, residents with COVID-19 presented worse functionality, higher frailty levels and malnutrition risk compared to non-COVID-19 residents. At three-month follow-up, higher rates of clinically significant depressive symptoms (57.7%), anxiety symptoms (29.3%), PTSD symptoms (19.1%) and sleep disturbances (93.0%) were found among residents regardless of COVID status. Thus, among 215 residents, 101 (47%) experienced a decline in BADL from baseline to the 3-month follow-up (median functional loss = 5 points in Barthel Index). In multivariate analyses, COVID-19 status did not explain either the functional or the ambulation loss. By contrast, residents with low comorbidity and COVID-19 presented higher PTSD symptoms (effect 2.58; 95% CI 0.93 to 4.23) and anxiety symptoms (effect 2.10; 95% CI 0.48 to 3.73) compared to the low comorbidity/non-COVID19 group. CONCLUSION COVID-19 pandemic was associated, after three-months, with high psychological impact in older adults in LTCFs., specifically with higher post-traumatic stress and anxiety symptoms. Functional decline did not differ in relation to COVID-19 status but could be related to isolation strategies used for pandemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Belén Cortés Zamora
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Marta Mas Romero
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tabernero Sahuquillo
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Almudena Avendaño Céspedes
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain,CIBERFES (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, JDEC, PA), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain,Facultad de Medicina (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, PA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Fernando Andrés-Petrel
- Department of Statistics (FAP), Foundation of the National Paraplegics Hospital of Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Cristina Gómez Ballesteros
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Victoria Sánchez-Flor Alfaro
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rita López-Bru
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Melisa López-Utiel
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Sara Celaya Cifuentes
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Laura Plaza Carmona
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Borja Gil García
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez Fernández-Rius
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rubén Alcantud Córcoles
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Belén Roldán García
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luis Romero Rizos
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain,CIBERFES (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, JDEC, PA), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain,Facultad de Medicina (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, PA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Manuel Sánchez-Jurado
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain,CIBERFES (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, JDEC, PA), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain,Facultad de Medicina (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, PA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen Luengo Márquez
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain,Facultad de Medicina (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, PA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Mariano Esbrí Víctor
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Matilde León Ortiz
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gabriel Ariza Zafra
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Elena Martín Sebastiá
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Esther López Jiménez
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gema Paterna Mellinas
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Esther Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alicia Noguerón García
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Fe Ruiz García
- Vasco Núñez de Balboa Facility (MFRG, JDEC), Consejería de Bienestar Social de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rafael García-Molina
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Estrella Cazalla
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain,CIBERFES (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, JDEC, PA), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain,Vasco Núñez de Balboa Facility (MFRG, JDEC), Consejería de Bienestar Social de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Abizanda
- Department of Geriatrics (EBCZ, MMR, MTTS, AAC, CGB, VSFA, RLB, MLU, SCC, LPC, BGG, APFR, RAC, BRG, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, MEV, MLO, GAZ, EMS, ELJ, GPM, EMS, ANG, RGM, JDEC, PA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain; CIBERFES (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, JDEC, PA), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (AAC, LRR, PMSJ, CLM, PA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.
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