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Byrne CJ, Khurana S, Kumar A, Tai TC. Inflammatory Signaling in Hypertension: Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Biosynthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:343. [PMID: 30013513 PMCID: PMC6036303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is increasingly recognized for its role in the genesis and progression of hypertension. The adrenal gland is a major site that coordinates the stress response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal system. Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla function in the neuro-hormonal regulation of blood pressure and have a well-established link to hypertension. The immune system has an active role in the progression of hypertension and cytokines are powerful modulators of adrenal cell function. Adrenal medullary cells integrate neural, hormonal, and immune signals. Changes in adrenal cytokines during the progression of hypertension may promote blood pressure elevation by influencing catecholamine biosynthesis. This review highlights the potential interactions of cytokine signaling networks with those of catecholamine biosynthesis within the adrenal, and discusses the role of cytokines in the coordination of blood pressure regulation and the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Byrne
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - T. C. Tai
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Lee SE, Oh E, Lee B, Kim YJ, Oh DY, Jung K, Choi JS, Kim J, Kim SJ, Yang JW, An J, Oh YL, Choi YL. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase downregulation is associated with malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:24141-53. [PMID: 27007161 PMCID: PMC5029690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PCC/PGL) is defined by the presence of metastases at non-chromaffin sites, which makes it difficult to prospectively diagnose malignancy. Here, we performed array CGH (aCGH) and paired gene expression profiling of fresh, frozen PCC/PGL samples (n = 12), including three malignant tumors, to identify genes that distinguish benign from malignant tumors. Most PCC/PGL cases showed few copy number aberrations, regardless of malignancy status, but mRNA analysis revealed that 390 genes were differentially expressed in benign and malignant tumors. Expression of the enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), which catalyzes the methylation of norepinephrine to epinephrine, was significantly lower in malignant PCC/PGL as compared to benign samples. In 62 additional samples, we confirmed that PNMT mRNA and protein levels were decreased in malignant PCC/PGL using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The present study demonstrates that PNMT downregulation correlates with malignancy in PCC/PGL and identifies PNMT as one of the most differentially expressed genes between malignant and benign tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ensel Oh
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo-Yi Oh
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Jung
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Choi
- The Center for Anti-Cancer Companion Diagnostics, School of Biological Science, Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junghan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Wook Yang
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jungsuk An
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Lyun Oh
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon La Choi
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Grandbois J, Khurana S, Graff K, Nguyen P, Meltz L, Tai TC. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene expression in adrenergic neurons of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 635:103-110. [PMID: 27769893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epinephrine is synthesised by the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), primarily in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and secondarily in brainstem adrenergic neurons of the medulla oblongata. Epinephrine is an important neurotransmitter/neurohormone involved in cardiovascular regulation; however, overproduction is detrimental with negative outcomes such as cellular damage, cardiovascular dysfunction, and hypertension. Genetic mapping studies have linked elevated expression of PNMT to hypertension. Adrenergic neurons are responsible for blood pressure regulation and are the only PNMT containing neurons in the brainstem. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether elevated blood pressure found in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is associated with altered regulation of the PNMT gene in catecholaminergic neurons. C1, C2, and C3 adrenergic regions of 16 week old Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats were excised using micropunch microdissection for mRNA expression analyses. Results from the current study confirm high PNMT mRNA expression in all three brainstem adrenergic regions (C1: 2.96-fold; C2: 2.17-fold; C3 1.20-fold) of the SHR compared to normotensive WKY rats. Furthermore, the immediate early gene transcription factor (Egr-1) mRNA was elevated in the C1 (1.84-fold), C2 (8.57-fold) and C3 (2.41-fold) regions in the brainstem of the SHR. Low mRNA expression for transcription factors Sp1 and GR was observed, while no change was observed for AP-2. The findings presented propose that alterations in the PNMT gene regulation in the brainstem contribute to enhanced PNMT production and epinephrine synthesis in the SHR, a genetic model of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Grandbois
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Graff
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Phong Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Leah Meltz
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - T C Tai
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
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Nguyen P, Khurana S, Peltsch H, Grandbois J, Eibl J, Crispo J, Ansell D, Tai TC. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure programs adrenal PNMT expression and adult hypertension. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:117-27. [PMID: 26475702 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs) programs for hypertension later in life. The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of prenatal GC exposure on the postnatal regulation of the gene encoding for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the catecholamine, epinephrine. PNMT has been linked to hypertension and is elevated in animal models of hypertension. Male offspring of Wistar-Kyoto dams treated with dexamethasone (DEX) developed elevated systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure compared to saline-treated controls. Plasma epinephrine levels were also elevated in adult rats exposed to DEX in utero. RT-PCR analysis revealed adrenal PNMT mRNA was higher in DEX exposed adult rats. This was associated with increased mRNA levels of transcriptional regulators of the PNMT gene: Egr-1, AP-2, and GR. Western blot analyses showed increased expression of PNMT protein, along with increased Egr-1 and GR in adult rats exposed to DEX in utero. Furthermore, gel mobility shift assays showed increased binding of Egr-1 and GR to DNA. These results suggest that increased PNMT gene expression via altered transcriptional activity is a possible mechanism by which prenatal exposure to elevated levels of GCs may program for hypertension later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nguyen
- Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Khurana
- Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Peltsch
- Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Grandbois
- Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Eibl
- Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Crispo
- Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Ansell
- Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - T C Tai
- Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Medical Sciences DivisionNorthern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of BiologyChemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Sciences ProgramLaurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Essential hypertension has long been considered to be primarily 'genetic,' though recent studies have only revealed minor contributions to blood pressure. Technology has advanced tremendously in the recent years, with much focus on DNA studies utilizing both candidate gene and genome-wide association studies. However, many new areas that need continued investigation have arisen. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to DNA studies, genetic studies are actively pursuing previously unexplored areas of potential variation, such as that which occurs posttranscriptionally in RNA and posttranslationally in protein structure. Advances have also been made in animal models and systems biology for large-scale integrative approaches. However, many other areas need continued investigation in the genetics of hypertension, including improved phenotyping and trait definition, gene-by-gene interactions (epistasis), and gene-by-environment interactions. 'Next generation' sequencing will assist researchers in performing more extensive genetic studies even more quickly, especially on unusual (rare) genetic variants. SUMMARY Hypertension appears to have many genetic contributions from each regulatory area ranging from DNA to RNA to protein to postprotein to interactive influences of the environment on genes. New technologies have enabled such research to advance in the recent years. However, for this complex trait of hypertension, continued efforts must progress in all of these areas as well as in increased modeling and sequencing, so that the knowledge may be united for a comprehensive understanding of this common disease, such that diagnosis and treatment options in hypertensive patients and those at risk are facilitated.
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Nguyen P, Peltsch H, de Wit J, Crispo J, Ubriaco G, Eibl J, Tai T. Regulation of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene in the adrenal gland of the spontaneous hypertensive rat. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:280-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Peters WR, MacMurry JP, Walker J, Giese RJ, Comings DE. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase G-148A genetic variant and weight loss in obese women. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:415-9. [PMID: 12634439 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the impact of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) G-148A gene and nutritional variables on weight loss in obese women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES One hundred forty-nine women, ages 45 to 65 with a body mass index of >30 kg/m(2), participated in a 6-month, open-label intervention that included sibutramine (15 mg/d) and a monthly health-education class. Anthropometric measurements, vital signs, food frequency, exercise log, medication compliance, and psychological and sociological questionnaires were completed each month. Genetic polymorphisms of PNMT were determined. RESULTS Univariate analysis of G/G, G/A, and A/A genotypes against tertiles of percentage of weight loss were significant at 3 but not at 6 months (Pearson chi(2): p < 0.006; homozygous/heterozygosity: p < 0.002, p < 0.253, and p < 0.122, respectively). A regression model that included the PNMT genetic variation and certain nutrition and exercise variables demonstrated that only the PNMT gene (beta = 0.360, SE 0.585, and p = 0.003) was statistically significant at 6 months, and the total calories (beta = -0.925, SE = 0.004, and p = 0.009), fiber intake (beta = 0.621, SE = 0.124, and p = 0.000), and PNMT (beta = 0.262, SE = 1.415, and p = 0.024) were significant. DISCUSSION The homozygosity/heterozygosity of the PNMT gene was highly predictive of significant weight loss with sibutramine during the first 3 months, which highlights the need for specific pharmacotherapy. The early weight-loss success of those subjects who were homozygous for PNMT may have motivated and selected those that would make further dietary changes, which then augmented their final weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren R Peters
- Loma Linda University, Center for Health Promotion, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
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Mann MB, Wu S, Rostamkhani M, Tourtellotte W, MacMurray JP, Comings DE. Association between the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 124:101-5. [PMID: 11958827 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the terminal enzyme of the catecholamine biosynthesis pathway, catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine (NE) to epinephrine (EPI). PNMT is a candidate gene for multiple sclerosis (MS) for two reasons. PNMT is known to map to a region identified in two genome screens for MS and it directly regulates the amounts of NE and EPI, both of which play a significant role in the modulation of the innate immune response. The frequencies of two promoter polymorphisms of the PNMT gene showed genetic association in a case-control study of 108 patients with MS and 774 ethnically and age-matched control subjects. In subjects with MS, significant differences in the frequency of the GG genotype at the G-387A marker and the AA genotype at the G-182A marker were observed. Additionally, when both markers were combined and evaluated, highly significant differences between the polymorphism distributions in patients with MS and control subjects were detected. The data suggest that these promoter polymorphisms of the PNMT gene, both independently and cumulatively, show association with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Mann
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Julier C, Delépine M, Keavney B, Terwilliger J, Davis S, Weeks DE, Bui T, Jeunemaître X, Velho G, Froguel P, Ratcliffe P, Corvol P, Soubrier F, Lathrop GM. Genetic susceptibility for human familial essential hypertension in a region of homology with blood pressure linkage on rat chromosome 10. Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6:2077-85. [PMID: 9328471 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/6.12.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a significant risk factor for heart attack and stroke and represents a major public health burden because of its high prevalence (e.g. 15-20% of the European and American populations). Although blood pressure is known to have a strong genetic determination, the genes responsible for susceptibility to essential hypertension are mostly unknown. Loci involved in blood pressure regulation have been found by linkage in experimental hereditary hypertensive rat strains, but their relationship to human hypertension has not been extensively investigated. One of the principal blood pressure loci has been mapped to rat chromosome 10 and we have undertaken an investigation of the homologous region on human chromosome 17 in familial essential hypertension. Affected sib-pair analysis and parametric analysis with ascertainment correction gave significant evidence of linkage ( P <0.0001 in some analyses) near two closely linked microsatellite markers, D17S183 and D17S934, that reside 18 cM proximal to the ACE locus in the homology region. Our results indicate that chromosome 17q could contain a susceptibility locus for human hypertension and show that comparative mapping may be a useful approach for identification of such loci in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Julier
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
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Klimes I, Seböková E. Hypertension and the insulin resistance syndrome of rats. Are they related? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 827:13-34. [PMID: 9329739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Klimes
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Koike G, Jacob HJ, Krieger JE, Szpirer C, Hoehe MR, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ. Investigation of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene as a candidate gene for hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 26:595-601. [PMID: 7558218 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.26.4.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mapping studies have located a gene, Bp1, that accounts for approximately 30% of the genetic variation in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) to a region on chromosome 10 containing the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene. In humans, the gene encoding phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) was localized near the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene on human chromosome 17. Since most of human chromosome 17 is known to be homologous to rat chromosome 10 and PNMT is known to play a role in blood pressure homeostasis, we reasoned (1) that the rat gene encoding PNMT (Pnmt) may reside on chromosome 10 within the confidence interval containing Bp1 and (2) that Pnmt is a good candidate gene for Bp1. With the use of a somatic cell hybrid panel and genetic mapping techniques, Pnmt mapped within the confidence interval that contains Bp1. To examine further this possibility of Pnmt as a candidate for Bp1, we cloned and characterized Pnmts of the original parental strains, the Wistar-Kyoto rat and SHRSP from the Heidelberg colony. We did not identify any sequence differences between the Wistar-Kyoto rats and SHRSP in the primary structure, in 1077 bp of the 5'-flanking region, or in the 256-bp 3'-end region, making Pnmt an unlikely gene for the genetic basis of salt-loaded hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koike
- Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford (Calif) University School of Medicine 94305-5246, USA
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