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Kushwah N, Bora K, Maurya M, Pavlovich MC, Chen J. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1379. [PMID: 37507918 PMCID: PMC10376043 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in aging-related eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, and glaucoma. With age, antioxidant reparative capacity decreases, and excess levels of reactive oxygen species produce oxidative damage in many ocular cell types underling age-related pathologies. In AMD, loss of central vision in the elderly is caused primarily by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and degeneration and/or choroidal neovascularization that trigger malfunction and loss of photo-sensing photoreceptor cells. Along with various genetic and environmental factors that contribute to AMD, aging and age-related oxidative damage have critical involvement in AMD pathogenesis. To this end, dietary intake of antioxidants is a proven way to scavenge free radicals and to prevent or slow AMD progression. This review focuses on AMD and highlights the pathogenic role of oxidative stress in AMD from both clinical and experimental studies. The beneficial roles of antioxidants and dietary micronutrients in AMD are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Iulmetova LN, Kulemin NA, Sharova EI. The approach to patient clustering based on the microchip data confined to distinct loci using the combinations of variants. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2023.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy is a socially significant hereditary disease. More than a half of cases in the European population are caused by the increased number of trinucleotude repeats in the TCF4 gene. The study was aimed to develop and test the approach of dividing patients into groups based on the chip-based genotyping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) results. The analysis was conducted using FECD Genetics Multi-center Study and AREDs project datasets containing the data of 1721 clinical cases and 2408 control patients. When analyzing the GWAS results, the patients and the control group were divided into two groups by means of hierarchical clustering suggesting that patients with the increased number of repeats in the TCF4 gene are carriers of specific combinations of genomic variants (haplotypes). It was shown that individual variants cannot be used for the molecular genetic stratification of patients with the increased number of repeats in TCF4 due to inconsistent results obtained for the variants. Furthermore, the haplotype-based approach outperformed the SNPs in terms of odds ratio. The paper proposes a method that enables further search for the biologically relevant combinations of genomic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- LN Iulmetova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - NA Kulemin
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - EI Sharova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
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3
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King BC, Blom AM. Intracellular complement: Evidence, definitions, controversies, and solutions. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:104-119. [PMID: 36100972 PMCID: PMC10086947 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The term "intracellular complement" has been introduced recently as an umbrella term to distinguish functions of complement proteins that take place intracellularly, rather than in the extracellular environment. However, this rather undefined term leaves some confusion as to the classification of what intracellular complement really is, and as to which intracellular compartment(s) it should refer to. In this review, we will describe the evidence for both canonical and non-canonical functions of intracellular complement proteins, as well as the current controversies and unanswered questions as to the nature of the intracellular complement. We also suggest new terms to facilitate the accurate description and discussion of specific forms of intracellular complement and call for future experiments that will be required to provide more definitive evidence and a better understanding of the mechanisms of intracellular complement activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C King
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Rodríguez de Córdoba S. Genetic variability shapes the alternative pathway complement activity and predisposition to complement-related diseases. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:71-90. [PMID: 36089777 PMCID: PMC10086816 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of next-generation sequencing technologies has provided a sharp picture of the genetic variability in the components and regulators of the alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system and has revealed the association of many AP variants with different rare and common diseases. An important finding that has emerged from these analyses is that each of these complement-related diseases associate with genetic variants altering specific aspects of the activation and regulation of the AP. These genotype-phenotype correlations have provided valuable insights into their pathogenic mechanisms with important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. While genetic variants in coding regions and structural variants are reasonably well characterized and occasionally have been instrumental to uncover unknown features of the complement proteins, data about complement expressed quantitative trait loci are still very limited. A crucial task for future studies will be to identify these quantitative variations and to determine their impact in the overall activity of the AP. This is fundamental as it is now clear that the consequences of genetic variants in the AP are additive and that susceptibility or resistance to disease is the result of specific combinations of genetic variants in different complement components and regulators ("complotypes").
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Schäfer N, Rasras A, Ormenisan DM, Amslinger S, Enzmann V, Jägle H, Pauly D. Complement Factor H-Related 3 Enhanced Inflammation and Complement Activation in Human RPE Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:769242. [PMID: 34819935 PMCID: PMC8606654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement Factor H-Related 3 (FHR-3) is a major regulator of the complement system, which is associated with different diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the non-canonical local, cellular functions of FHR-3 remained poorly understood. Here, we report that FHR-3 bound to oxidative stress epitopes and competed with FH for interaction. Furthermore, FHR-3 was internalized by viable RPE cells and modulated time-dependently complement component (C3, FB) and receptor (C3aR, CR3) expression of human RPE cells. Independently of any external blood-derived proteins, complement activation products were detected. Anaphylatoxin C3a was visualized in treated cells and showed a translocation from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane after FHR-3 exposure. Subsequently, FHR-3 induced a RPE cell dependent pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Inflammasome NLRP3 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of IL-1ß, IL-18, IL-6 and TNF-α were induced after FHR-3-RPE interaction. Our previously published monoclonal anti-FHR-3 antibody, which was chimerized to reduce immunogenicity, RETC-2-ximab, ameliorated the effect of FHR-3 on ARPE-19 cells. Our studies suggest FHR-3 as an exogenous trigger molecule for the RPE cell "complosome" and as a putative target for a therapeutic approach for associated degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schäfer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anas Rasras
- Chemistry Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Delia M. Ormenisan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Amslinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Jägle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Pappas CM, Zouache MA, Matthews S, Faust CD, Hageman JL, Williams BL, Richards BT, Hageman GS. Protective chromosome 1q32 haplotypes mitigate risk for age-related macular degeneration associated with the CFH-CFHR5 and ARMS2/HTRA1 loci. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:60. [PMID: 34563268 PMCID: PMC8466924 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-variant associations with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the most prevalent causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide, have been studied extensively. However, because of a lack of refinement of these associations, there remains considerable ambiguity regarding what constitutes genetic risk and/or protection for this disease, and how genetic combinations affect this risk. In this study, we consider the two most common and strongly AMD-associated loci, the CFH-CFHR5 region on chromosome 1q32 (Chr1 locus) and ARMS2/HTRA1 gene on chromosome 10q26 (Chr10 locus). RESULTS By refining associations within the CFH-CFHR5 locus, we show that all genetic protection against the development of AMD in this region is described by the combination of the amino acid-altering variant CFH I62V (rs800292) and genetic deletion of CFHR3/1. Haplotypes based on CFH I62V, a CFHR3/1 deletion tagging SNP and the risk variant CFH Y402H are associated with either risk, protection or neutrality for AMD and capture more than 99% of control- and case-associated chromosomes. We find that genetic combinations of CFH-CFHR5 haplotypes (diplotypes) strongly influence AMD susceptibility and that individuals with risk/protective diplotypes are substantially protected against the development of disease. Finally, we demonstrate that AMD risk in the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus is also mitigated by combinations of CFH-CFHR5 haplotypes, with Chr10 risk variants essentially neutralized by protective CFH-CFHR5 haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of considering protective CFH-CFHR5 haplotypes when assessing genetic susceptibility for AMD. It establishes a framework that describes the full spectrum of AMD susceptibility using an optimal set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with known functional consequences. It also indicates that protective or preventive complement-directed therapies targeting AMD driven by CFH-CFHR5 risk haplotypes may also be effective when AMD is driven by ARMS2/HTRA1 risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Pappas
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Moussa A Zouache
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Stacie Matthews
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Caitlin D Faust
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jill L Hageman
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Brandi L Williams
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Burt T Richards
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Gregory S Hageman
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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7
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Cipriani V, Tierney A, Griffiths JR, Zuber V, Sergouniotis PI, Yates JRW, Moore AT, Bishop PN, Clark SJ, Unwin RD. Beyond factor H: The impact of genetic-risk variants for age-related macular degeneration on circulating factor-H-like 1 and factor-H-related protein concentrations. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1385-1400. [PMID: 34260948 PMCID: PMC8387294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss; there is strong genetic susceptibility at the complement factor H (CFH) locus. This locus encodes a series of complement regulators: factor H (FH), a splice variant factor-H-like 1 (FHL-1), and five factor-H-related proteins (FHR-1 to FHR-5), all involved in the regulation of complement factor C3b turnover. Little is known about how AMD-associated variants at this locus might influence FHL-1 and FHR protein concentrations. We have used a bespoke targeted mass-spectrometry assay to measure the circulating concentrations of all seven complement regulators and demonstrated elevated concentrations in 352 advanced AMD-affected individuals for all FHR proteins (FHR-1, p = 2.4 × 10-10; FHR-2, p = 6.0 × 10-10; FHR-3, p = 1.5 × 10-5; FHR-4, p = 1.3 × 10-3; FHR-5, p = 1.9 × 10-4) and FHL-1 (p = 4.9 × 10-4) when these individuals were compared to 252 controls, whereas no difference was seen for FH (p = 0.94). Genome-wide association analyses in controls revealed genome-wide-significant signals at the CFH locus for all five FHR proteins, and univariate Mendelian-randomization analyses strongly supported the association of FHR-1, FHR-2, FHR-4, and FHR-5 with AMD susceptibility. These findings provide a strong biochemical explanation for how genetically driven alterations in circulating FHR proteins could be major drivers of AMD and highlight the need for research into FHR protein modulation as a viable therapeutic avenue for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cipriani
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom; UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Tierney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NY, United Kingdom
| | - John R Griffiths
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NY, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Zuber
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis I Sergouniotis
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - John R W Yates
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom; Ophthalmology Department, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA
| | - Paul N Bishop
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Clark
- University Eye Clinic, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, 72076, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, 72076, Germany; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre and Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NQ, United Kingdom.
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8
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Lorés-Motta L, van Beek AE, Willems E, Zandstra J, van Mierlo G, Einhaus A, Mary JL, Stucki C, Bakker B, Hoyng CB, Fauser S, Clark SJ, de Jonge MI, Nogoceke E, Koertvely E, Jongerius I, Kuijpers TW, den Hollander AI. Common haplotypes at the CFH locus and low-frequency variants in CFHR2 and CFHR5 associate with systemic FHR concentrations and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1367-1384. [PMID: 34260947 PMCID: PMC8387287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the principal cause of blindness in the elderly population. A strong effect on AMD risk has been reported for genetic variants at the CFH locus, encompassing complement factor H (CFH) and the complement-factor-H-related (CFHR) genes, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We aimed to dissect the role of factor H (FH) and FH-related (FHR) proteins in AMD in a cohort of 202 controls and 216 individuals with AMD. We detected elevated systemic levels of FHR-1 (p = 1.84 × 10-6), FHR-2 (p = 1.47 × 10-4), FHR-3 (p = 1.05 × 10-5) and FHR-4A (p = 1.22 × 10-2) in AMD, whereas FH concentrations remained unchanged. Common AMD genetic variants and haplotypes at the CFH locus strongly associated with FHR protein concentrations (e.g., FH p.Tyr402His and FHR-2 concentrations, p = 3.68 × 10-17), whereas the association with FH concentrations was limited. Furthermore, in an International AMD Genomics Consortium cohort of 17,596 controls and 15,894 individuals with AMD, we found that low-frequency and rare protein-altering CFHR2 and CFHR5 variants associated with AMD independently of all previously reported genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals (p = 5.03 × 10-3 and p = 2.81 × 10-6, respectively). Low-frequency variants in CFHR2 and CFHR5 led to reduced or absent FHR-2 and FHR-5 concentrations (e.g., p.Cys72Tyr in CFHR2 and FHR-2, p = 2.46 × 10-16). Finally, we showed localization of FHR-2 and FHR-5 in the choriocapillaris and in drusen. Our study identifies FHR proteins as key proteins in the AMD disease mechanism. Consequently, therapies that modulate FHR proteins might be effective for treating or preventing progression of AMD. Such therapies could target specific individuals with AMD on the basis of their genotypes at the CFH locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorés-Motta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525EX, the Netherlands; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Anna E van Beek
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1066CX, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, 4051, Switzerland
| | - Esther Willems
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands; Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Zandstra
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1066CX, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1066CX, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred Einhaus
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Mary
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Stucki
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525EX, the Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525EX, the Netherlands
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Simon J Clark
- University Eye Clinic, Department for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Institue for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M139PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525GA, the Netherlands
| | - Everson Nogoceke
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Elod Koertvely
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1066CX, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1066CX, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525EX, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525GA, the Netherlands.
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9
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Huang R, Chen Z, Li W, Fan C, Liu J. Immune system‑associated genes increase malignant progression and can be used to predict clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1199-1211. [PMID: 32319580 PMCID: PMC7115743 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant types of cancer, and is associated with high recurrence rates and a poor response to chemotherapy. Immune signatures in the microenvironment of HCC have not been well explored systematically. The aim of the present study was to identify prognostic immune signatures and build a nomogram for use in clinical evaluation. Using bioinformatics analysis, RNA‑seq data and overall survival (OS) information on 370 HCC cases from TCGA and 232 HCC cases from ICGC were analyzed. The differential expression of select immune genes, based on previously published studies, between HCC and adjacent tissue were analyzed using the limma package in R. Enrichment of pathways and gene ontology analysis was performed using clusterProfiler. Subsequently, univariate Cox regression analysis, Lasso penalty linear regression and multivariate Cox regression models were used to construct a model for immune risk score (IRS). The R packages, survival and survivalROC, were used to plot survival and the associated receiver operating characteristic curves. Infiltration of immune cells was calculated using Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource, with significance examined using a Pearson's correlation test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Based on the analysis, expression of 200 immune genes were upregulated and 47 immune genes were downregulated immune genes. In the multivariate Cox model, 5 genes (enhancer of zest homology 2, ferritin light chain, complement factor H related 3, isthmin 2, cyclin dependent kinase 5) were used to generate the IRS. By stratifying according to the median IRS, it was shown that patients with a high IRS had poor OS rates after 1, 2, 3 and 5 years, and this result was consistent across the testing, training and independent validation cohorts. Additionally, the IRS was correlated with the abundance of infiltrating immune cells. The nomogram built using IRS and clinical characteristics, was able to predict 1, 3 and 5 year OS with area under the curve values of >0.8. These results suggest that the model developed to calculate the IRS may be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment strategies and for prognostic prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000
| | - Zheng Chen
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200000
| | | | - Chunmei Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yue Bei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong 512026, P.R. China
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10
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Cipriani V, Lorés-Motta L, He F, Fathalla D, Tilakaratna V, McHarg S, Bayatti N, Acar İE, Hoyng CB, Fauser S, Moore AT, Yates JRW, de Jong EK, Morgan BP, den Hollander AI, Bishop PN, Clark SJ. Increased circulating levels of Factor H-Related Protein 4 are strongly associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:778. [PMID: 32034129 PMCID: PMC7005798 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. Genetic variants at the chromosome 1q31.3 encompassing the complement factor H (CFH, FH) and CFH related genes (CFHR1-5) are major determinants of AMD susceptibility, but their molecular consequences remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that FHR-4 plays a prominent role in AMD pathogenesis. We show that systemic FHR-4 levels are elevated in AMD (P-value = 7.1 × 10-6), whereas no difference is seen for FH. Furthermore, FHR-4 accumulates in the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and drusen, and can compete with FH/FHL-1 for C3b binding, preventing FI-mediated C3b cleavage. Critically, the protective allele of the strongest AMD-associated CFH locus variant rs10922109 has the highest association with reduced FHR-4 levels (P-value = 2.2 × 10-56), independently of the AMD-protective CFHR1-3 deletion, and even in those individuals that carry the high-risk allele of rs1061170 (Y402H). Our findings identify FHR-4 as a key molecular player contributing to complement dysregulation in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cipriani
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Laura Lorés-Motta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Fan He
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Dina Fathalla
- Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, and UK DRI Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Viranga Tilakaratna
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Selina McHarg
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nadhim Bayatti
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - İlhan E Acar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, 50924, Germany
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
- Ophthalmology Department, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John R W Yates
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, and UK DRI Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6525 HR, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Bishop
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Simon J Clark
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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A mega-analysis of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) provides insight into the regulatory architecture of gene expression variation in liver. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5865. [PMID: 29650998 PMCID: PMC5897392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic variants in the human genome associated with diseases and traits. Nevertheless, for most loci the causative variant is still unknown. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in disease relevant tissues is an excellent approach to correlate genetic association with gene expression. While liver is the primary site of gene transcription for two pathways relevant to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), namely the complement system and cholesterol metabolism, we explored the contribution of AMD associated variants to modulate liver gene expression. We extracted publicly available data and computed the largest eQTL data set for liver tissue to date. Genotypes and expression data from all studies underwent rigorous quality control. Subsequently, Matrix eQTL was used to identify significant local eQTL. In total, liver samples from 588 individuals revealed 202,489 significant eQTL variants affecting 1,959 genes (Q-Value < 0.001). In addition, a further 101 independent eQTL signals were identified in 93 of the 1,959 eQTL genes. Importantly, our results independently reinforce the notion that high density lipoprotein metabolism plays a role in AMD pathogenesis. Taken together, our study generated a first comprehensive map reflecting the genetic regulatory landscape of gene expression in liver.
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Sastre-Ibáñez M, Barreiro-González A, Gallego-Pinazo R, Dolz-Marco R, García-Armendariz B. Geographic atrophy: Etiopathogenesis and current therapies. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2018; 93:22-34. [PMID: 28886928 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy is characterized by severe visual deficit whose etiology and pathophysiology are yet to be elucidated. As a working hypothesis, oxidative damage could trigger a chronic inflammation in Bruch's membrane-RPE-choriocapillaris complex, mostly due to complement pathway overactivation. Some individuals with mutations in the complement system and other factors have diminished capacity in the modulation of the inflammatory response, which results in cell damage and waste accumulation. This accumulation of intracellular and extracellular waste products manifests as drusen and pigmentary changes that precede the atrophy of photoreceptors, RPE, choriocapillaris with an ischemic process with decreased choroid flow. All these processes can be detected as tomographic findings and autofluorescence signals that are useful in the evaluation of patients with atrophic AMD, which helps to establish an individualized prognosis. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and therapies that decrease the accumulation of toxins for the preservation of the RPE cells and photoreceptors are being investigated in order to slow down the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sastre-Ibáñez
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España.
| | - A Barreiro-González
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - R Gallego-Pinazo
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - R Dolz-Marco
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - B García-Armendariz
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
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Iannaccone A, Hollingsworth TJ, Koirala D, New DD, Lenchik NI, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Gerling IC, Radic MZ, Giorgianni F. Retinal pigment epithelium and microglia express the CD5 antigen-like protein, a novel autoantigen in age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2016; 155:64-74. [PMID: 27989757 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on a novel autoantigen expressed in human macular tissues, identified following an initial Western blot (WB)-based screening of sera from subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for circulating auto-antibodies (AAbs) recognizing macular antigens. Immunoprecipitation, 2D-gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), WBs, immunohistochemistry (IHC), human primary and ARPE-19 immortalized cell cultures were used to characterize this novel antigen. An approximately 40-kDa autoantigen in AMD was identified as the scavenger receptor CD5 antigen-like protein (CD5L), also known as apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM). CD5L/AIM was localized to human RPE by IHC and WB methods and to retinal microglial cells by IHC. ELISAs with recombinant CD5L/AIM on a subset of AMD sera showed a nearly 2-fold higher anti-CD5L/AIM reactivity in AMD vs. Control sera (p = 0.000007). Reactivity ≥0.4 was associated with 18-fold higher odds of having AMD (χ2 = 21.42, p = 0.00063). Circulating CD5L/AIM levels were also nearly 2-fold higher in AMD sera compared to controls (p = 0.0052). The discovery of CD5L/AIM expression in the RPE and in retinal microglial cells adds to the known immunomodulatory roles of these cells in the retina. The discovery of AAbs recognizing CD5L/AIM identifies a possible novel disease biomarker and suggest a potential role for CD5L/AIM in the pathogenesis of AMD in situ. The possible mechanisms via which anti-CD5L/AIM AAbs may contribute to AMD pathogenesis are discussed. In particular, since CD5L is known to stimulate autophagy and to participate in oxidized LDL uptake in macrophages, we propose that anti-CD5L/AIM auto-antibodies may play a role in drusen biogenesis and inflammatory RPE damage in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaccone
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - T J Hollingsworth
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Diwa Koirala
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David D New
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nataliya I Lenchik
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ivan C Gerling
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marko Z Radic
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
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14
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Schäfer N, Grosche A, Reinders J, Hauck SM, Pouw RB, Kuijpers TW, Wouters D, Ehrenstein B, Enzmann V, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Pauly D. Complement Regulator FHR-3 Is Elevated either Locally or Systemically in a Selection of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:542. [PMID: 27965669 PMCID: PMC5124756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement factor H-related protein-3 (FHR-3) is a soluble regulator of the complement system. Homozygous cfhr3/1 deletion is a genetic risk factor for the autoimmune form of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS), while also found to be protective in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The precise function of FHR-3 remains to be fully characterized. We generated four mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for FHR-3 (RETC) without cross-reactivity to the complement factor H (FH)-family. These antibodies detected FHR-3 from human serum with a mean concentration of 1 μg/mL. FHR-3 levels in patients were significantly increased in sera from systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica but remained almost unchanged in samples from AMD or aHUS patients. Moreover, by immunostaining of an aged human donor retina, we discovered a local FHR-3 production by microglia/macrophages. The mAb RETC-2 modulated FHR-3 binding to C3b but not the binding of FHR-3 to heparin. Interestingly, FHR-3 competed with FH for binding C3b and the mAb RETC-2 reduced the interaction of FHR-3 and C3b, resulting in increased FH binding. Our results unveil a previously unknown systemic involvement of FHR-3 in rheumatoid diseases and a putative local role of FHR-3 mediated by microglia/macrophages in the damaged retina. We conclude that the local FHR-3/FH equilibrium in AMD is a potential therapeutic target, which can be modulated by our specific mAb RETC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schäfer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Joerg Reinders
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Boris Ehrenstein
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach , Bad Abbach , Germany
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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15
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Dezidério Sacconi DP, Cabral de Vasconcellos JP, Endo Hirata F, MacCord Medina F, Rim PHH, Barbosa de Melo M. Evaluation of CFH Y402H polymorphism and CFHR3/CFHR1 deletion in age-related macular degeneration patients from Brazil. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:459-461. [PMID: 26942649 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1120315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fábio Endo Hirata
- b Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Flávio MacCord Medina
- b Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Priscila Hae Hyun Rim
- b Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Mônica Barbosa de Melo
- a Laboratory of Human Genetics , Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
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16
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Chaudhary V, Brent M, Lam WC, Devenyi R, Teichman J, Mak M, Barbosa J, Kaur H, Carter R, Farrokhyar F. Genetic Risk Evaluation in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment Response. Ophthalmologica 2016; 236:88-94. [PMID: 27362858 DOI: 10.1159/000446819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacogenetic relationship between CFH haplotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with response to ranibizumab treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective cohort study involving 70 treatment-naive nAMD patients. Patients were genotyped for CFH haplotypes and SNPs in the C3, ARMS2, and mtDNA genes. Visual acuity and central macular thickness were assessed at baseline and during 6 monthly follow-up visits. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between genotypes and a gain of ≥15 letters at the 6-month endpoint after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS CFH haplotypes were associated with a gain of ≥15 letters at the 6-month endpoint (p = 0.046). Patients expressing protective haplotypes were more likely to achieve a gain of ≥15 letters relative to the greatly increased risk haplotypes [OR 6.58 (95% CI: 1.37, 31.59)]. CONCLUSION CFH is implicated in nAMD patient treatment response to ranibizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Chaudhary
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Hamilton Regional Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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17
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Tan PL, Bowes Rickman C, Katsanis N. AMD and the alternative complement pathway: genetics and functional implications. Hum Genomics 2016; 10:23. [PMID: 27329102 PMCID: PMC4915094 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-016-0079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ocular neurodegenerative disorder and is the leading cause of legal blindness in Western societies, with a prevalence of up to 8 % over the age of 60, which continues to increase with age. AMD is characterized by the progressive breakdown of the macula (the central region of the retina), resulting in the loss of central vision including visual acuity. While its molecular etiology remains unclear, advances in genetics and genomics have illuminated the genetic architecture of the disease and have generated attractive pathomechanistic hypotheses. Here, we review the genetic architecture of AMD, considering the contribution of both common and rare alleles to susceptibility, and we explore the possible mechanistic links between photoreceptor degeneration and the alternative complement pathway, a cascade that has emerged as the most potent genetic driver of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perciliz L Tan
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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18
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Karkhane R, Ahmadraji A, Riazi Esfahani M, Roohipour R, Alami Harandi Z, Lashay A, Kermani MS, Roozafzoon R, Khoshzaban A. Complement factor H and LOC387715/ARMS2/HTRA1 variant's frequencies and phenotypic associations in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, a pilot study. J Curr Ophthalmol 2016; 28:32-6. [PMID: 27239600 PMCID: PMC4881216 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the frequency of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of complement factor H (CFH) and LOC387715/ARMS2/HRTA1 and their association with some of the presenting clinical features of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods In this prospective non-comparative case series forty four naïve patients with neovascular AMD were genotyped using sequencing or Sequenom iPLEX technology. Descriptive tests were used for displaying the magnitude of each allele, gender distribution, and age at diagnosis. Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the correlation between visual acuity (VA) and different alleles. Also Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison between age at the time of diagnosis and different alleles. Results The most frequent SNP among studied patients was rs1061147 with 100% frequency rate. The least common was rs2672598 with a frequency of 52.27%. Only the allele rs800292 of CFH locus on 1q32 was associated with VA better than 20/200 (p value = 0.034). The frequency of this allele was 77.27% (34 patients) in this study. There was no significant association between any of alleles, and VA worse than 20/200(p > 0.05). Fifteen patients had bilateral exudative AMD (34.09%). There was no significant difference between alleles in bilateral neovascular AMD and unilateral disease. Also bilateral and unilateral patients were not different in terms of age, gender or VA (p value: 0.330, 0.764 and 0.456 respectively). There was also no significant association between any of SNPs and bilaterality of disease. Conclusion We designated the frequencies of SNPs of CFH and LOC387715/ARMS2/HRTA1 in neovascular AMD in a sample of Iranian patients. Only the allele rs800292 of CFH locus on chromosome 1q32 was associated with better VA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Karkhane
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Ahmadraji
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Riazi Esfahani
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramak Roohipour
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Alami Harandi
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Lashay
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharifzadeh Kermani
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Roozafzoon
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Khoshzaban
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shaw PX, Stiles T, Douglas C, Ho D, Fan W, Du H, Xiao X. Oxidative stress, innate immunity, and age-related macular degeneration. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016; 3:196-221. [PMID: 27239555 PMCID: PMC4882104 DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss affecting tens of millions of elderly worldwide. Early AMD is characterized by the appearance of soft drusen, as well as pigmentary changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These soft, confluent drusen can progress into two forms of advanced AMD: geographic atrophy (GA, or dry AMD) or choroidal neovascularization (CNV, or wet AMD). Both forms of AMD result in a similar clinical progression in terms of loss of central vision. The exact mechanism for developing early AMD, as well as triggers responsible for progressing to advanced stage of disease, is still largely unknown. However, significant evidence exists demonstrating a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors as causes of AMD progression. Multiple genes and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found associated with AMD, including various genes involved in the complement pathway, lipid metabolism and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Of the known genetic contributors to disease risk, the CFH Y402H and HTRA1/ARMS polymorphisms contribute to more than 50% of the genetic risk for AMD. Environmentally, oxidative stress plays a critical role in many aging diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and AMD. Due to the exposure to sunlight and high oxygen concentration, the oxidative stress burden is higher in the eye than other tissues, which can be further complicated by additional oxidative stressors such as smoking. Increasingly, evidence is accumulating suggesting that functional abnormalities of the innate immune system incurred via high risk genotypes may be contributing to the pathogenesis of AMD by altering the inflammatory homeostasis in the eye, specifically in the handling of oxidation products. As the eye in non-pathological instances maintains a low level of inflammation despite the presence of a relative abundance of potentially inflammatory molecules, we have previously hypothesized that the tight homeostatic control of inflammation via the innate immune system is likely critical for avoidance of disease progression. However, the presence of a multitude of potential triggers of inflammation results in a sensitive balance in which perturbations thereof would subsequently alter the inflammatory state of the retina, leading to a state of chronic inflammation and pathologic progression. In this review, we will highlight the background literature surrounding the known genetic and environmental contributors to AMD risk, as well as a discussion of the potential mechanistic interplay of these factors that lead to disease pathogenesis with particular emphasis on the delicate control of inflammatory homeostasis and the centrality of the innate immune system in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter X Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Travis Stiles
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daisy Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wei Fan
- Huaxi Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | | | - Xu Xiao
- Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Cooke Bailey JN, Hoffman JD, Sardell RJ, Scott WK, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. The Application of Genetic Risk Scores in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5030031. [PMID: 26959068 PMCID: PMC4810102 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a highly prevalent and impactful disease of aging, is inarguably influenced by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Various risk scores have been tested that assess measurable genetic and environmental contributions to disease. We herein summarize and review the ability and utility of these numerous models for prediction of AMD and suggest additional risk factors to be incorporated into clinically useful predictive models of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Cooke Bailey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Joshua D Hoffman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Rebecca J Sardell
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - William K Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Xie J, Kiryluk K, Li Y, Mladkova N, Zhu L, Hou P, Ren H, Wang W, Zhang H, Chen N, Gharavi AG. Fine Mapping Implicates a Deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3 in Protection from IgA Nephropathy in Han Chinese. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3187-3194. [PMID: 26940089 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An intronic variant at the complement factor H (CFH) gene on chromosome 1q32 (rs6677604) associates with risk of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but the association signal has not been uniformly replicated in Han Chinese populations. We investigated whether the causal sequence variant resides in the CFH gene or the neighboring complement factor H-related 1 (CFHR1) gene and CFHR3, which harbor an 84-kb combined deletion (CFHR3,1Δ) in linkage disequilibrium with rs6677604. Imputation of 1000 Genomes Project data did not suggest new causal single-nucleotide variants within the CFH cluster. We next performed copy number analysis across the CFH locus in two independent Han Chinese case-control cohorts (combined n=3581). The CFHR3,1Δ and rs6677604-A alleles were rare (4.4% in patients and 7.1% in controls) and in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other (r2=0.95); of these alleles, CFHR3,1Δ associated more significantly with decreased risk of IgAN (odds ratio [OR], 0.56; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.46 to 0.70; P=8.5 × 10-8 versus OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.75; P=1.6 × 10-6 for rs6677604-A). Moreover, CFHR3,1Δ explained all of the association signal at rs6677604 and remained significant after conditioning on rs6677604 genotype (P=0.01). Exploratory analyses of clinical and histopathologic parameters using the Oxford classification criteria revealed a suggestive association of CFHR3,1Δ with reduced tubulointerstitial injury (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.79). These data indicate that dysregulated activity of the alternative complement pathway contributes to IgAN pathogenesis in both Asians and Europeans and implicate CFHR3,1Δ as the functional allele at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Xie
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Yifu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Nikol Mladkova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Li Zhu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Hou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
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Iannaccone A, Giorgianni F, New DD, Hollingsworth TJ, Umfress A, Alhatem AH, Neeli I, Lenchik NI, Jennings BJ, Calzada JI, Satterfield S, Mathews D, Diaz RI, Harris T, Johnson KC, Charles S, Kritchevsky SB, Gerling IC, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Radic MZ. Circulating Autoantibodies in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Recognize Human Macular Tissue Antigens Implicated in Autophagy, Immunomodulation, and Protection from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145323. [PMID: 26717306 PMCID: PMC4696815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated sera from elderly subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for presence of autoantibodies (AAbs) against human macular antigens and characterized their identity. METHODS Sera were collected from participants in the Age-Related Maculopathy Ancillary (ARMA) Study, a cross-sectional investigation ancillary to the Health ABC Study, enriched with participants from the general population. The resulting sample (mean age: 79.2±3.9 years old) included subjects with early to advanced AMD (n = 131) and controls (n = 231). Sera were tested by Western blots for immunoreactive bands against human donor macular tissue homogenates. Immunoreactive bands were identified and graded, and odds ratios (OR) calculated. Based on these findings, sera were immunoprecipitated, and subjected to 2D gel electrophoresis (GE). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the targets recognized by circulating AAbs seen on 2D-GE, followed by ELISAs with recombinant proteins to confirm LC-MS/MS results, and quantify autoreactivities. RESULTS In AMD, 11 immunoreactive bands were significantly more frequent and 13 were significantly stronger than in controls. Nine of the more frequent bands also showed stronger reactivity. OR estimates ranged between 4.06 and 1.93, and all clearly excluded the null value. Following immunoprecipitation, 2D-GE and LC-MS/MS, five of the possible autoreactivity targets were conclusively identified: two members of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family, HSPA8 and HSPA9; another member of the HSP family, HSPB4, also known as alpha-crystallin A chain (CRYAA); Annexin A5 (ANXA5); and Protein S100-A9, also known as calgranulin B that, when complexed with S100A8, forms calprotectin. ELISA testing with recombinant proteins confirmed, on average, significantly higher reactivities against all targets in AMD samples compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with other evidence supporting the role of inflammation and the immune system in AMD pathogenesis, AAbs were identified in AMD sera, including early-stage disease. Identified targets may be mechanistically linked to AMD pathogenesis because the identified proteins are implicated in autophagy, immunomodulation, and protection from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In particular, a role in autophagy activation is shared by all five autoantigens, raising the possibility that the detected AAbs may play a role in AMD via autophagy compromise and downstream activation of the inflammasome. Thus, we propose that the detected AAbs provide further insight into AMD pathogenesis and have the potential to contribute to disease biogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - David D. New
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - T. J. Hollingsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Allison Umfress
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Albert H. Alhatem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Indira Neeli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Nataliya I. Lenchik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Jennings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Jorge I. Calzada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Dennis Mathews
- Eye Specialty Group, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Rocio I. Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Tamara Harris
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Karen C. Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Steve Charles
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ivan C. Gerling
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Marko Z. Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
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Horie-Inoue K, Inoue S. Genomic aspects of age-related macular degeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:263-75. [PMID: 25111812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major late-onset posterior eye disease that causes central vision to deteriorate among elderly populations. The predominant lesion of AMD is the macula, at the interface between the outer retina and the inner choroid. Recent advances in genetics have revealed that inflammatory and angiogenic pathways play critical roles in the pathophysiology of AMD. Genome-wide association studies have identified ARMS2/HTRA1 and CFH as major AMD susceptibility genes. Genetic studies for AMD will contribute to the prevention of central vision loss, the development of new treatment, and the maintenance of quality of vision for productive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Genome-wide association studies: getting to pathogenesis, the role of inflammation/complement in age-related macular degeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a017186. [PMID: 25213188 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, degenerative, and significant cause of visual impairment and blindness in the elderly. Genetic and epidemiological studies have confirmed that AMD has a strong genetic component, which has encouraged the application of increasingly sophisticated genetic techniques to uncover the important underlying genetic variants. Although various genes and pathways have been implicated in the risk for AMD, complement activation has been emphasized repeatedly throughout the literature as having a major role both physiologically and genetically in susceptibility to and pathogenesis of this disease. This article explores the research efforts that brought about the discovery and characterization of the role of inflammatory and immune processes (specifically complement) in AMD. The focus herein is on the genetic evidence for the role of complement in AMD as supported specifically by genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which interrogate hundreds of thousands of variants across the genome in a hypothesis-free approach, and other genetic interrogation methods.
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25
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Askou AL. Development of gene therapy for treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92 Thesis3:1-38. [PMID: 24953666 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular neovascular diseases are the leading cause of blindness in the Western world in individuals over the age of 50. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of these diseases. Exudative AMD, the late-stage form, is characterized by abnormal neovessel development, sprouting from the choroid into the avascular subretinal space, where it can suddenly cause irreversible damage to the vulnerable photoreceptor (PR) cells essential for our high-resolution, central vision. The molecular basis of AMD is not well understood, but several growth factors have been implicated including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the advent of anti-VEGF therapy has markedly changed the outcome of treatment. However, common to all current therapies for exudative AMD are the complications of repeated monthly intravitreal injections, which must be continued throughout one's lifetime to maintain visual benefits. Additionally, some patients do not benefit from established treatments. Strategies providing long-term suppression of inappropriate ocular angiogenesis are therefore needed, and gene therapy offers a potential powerful technique. This study aimed to develop a strategy based on RNA interference (RNAi) for the sustained attenuation of VEGF. We designed a panel of anti-VEGF short hairpin RNAs (shRNA), and based on the most potent shRNAs, microRNA (miRNA)-mimicked hairpins were developed. We demonstrated an additive VEGF silencing effect when we combined the miRNAs in a tricistronic miRNA cluster. To meet the requirements for development of medical treatments for AMD with long-term effects, the shRNA/miRNA is expressed from vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) or lentivirus (LV). Both vector systems have been found superior in terms of transduction efficiency and persistence in gene expression in retinal cells. The capacity of AAV-encoded RNAi effector molecules to silence endogenous VEGF gene expression was evaluated in mouse models, including the model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and we found that subretinal administration of self-complementary (sc)-AAV2/8 encoding anti-VEGF shRNAs can impair vessel formation. In parallel, a significant reduction of endogenous VEGF was demonstrated following injection of scAAV2/8 vectors expressing multiple anti-VEGF miRNAs into murine hind limb muscles. Furthermore, in an ongoing project we have designed versatile, multigenic LV vectors with combined expression of multiple miRNAs and proteins, including pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a multifunctional, secreted protein that has anti-angiogenic and neurotrophic functions. Co-expression of miRNAs and proteins from a single viral vector increases safety by minimizing the viral load necessary to obtain a therapeutic effect and thereby reduces the risk of insertional mutagenesis as well as the immune response against viral proteins. Our results show co-expression of functional anti-VEGF-miRNAs and PEDF in cell studies, and in vivo studies reveal an efficient retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific gene expression following the incorporation of the vitelliform macular dystrophy 2 (VMD2) promoter, demonstrating the potential applicability of our multigenic LV vectors in ocular anti-VEGF gene therapy, including combination therapy for treatment of exudative AMD. In conclusion, these highly promising data clearly demonstrate that viral-encoded RNAi effector molecules can be used for the inhibition of neovascularization and will, in combination with the growing interest of applying DNA- or RNA-based technologies in the clinic, undoubtedly contribute to the development of efficacious long-term gene therapy treatment of intraocular neovascular diseases.
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26
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Complement factor H and related proteins in age-related macular degeneration. C R Biol 2014; 337:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Wickremasinghe SS, Chong EWT, Guymer RH. Lifestyle and age-related macular degeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.4.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Kraivong R, Vasanawathana S, Limpitikul W, Malasit P, Tangthawornchaikul N, Botto M, Screaton GR, Mongkolsapaya J, Pickering MC. Complement alternative pathway genetic variation and Dengue infection in the Thai population. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:326-34. [PMID: 23919682 PMCID: PMC3828836 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue disease is a mosquito-borne infection caused by Dengue virus. Infection may be asymptomatic or variably manifest as mild Dengue fever (DF) to the most severe form, Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). Mechanisms that influence disease severity are not understood. Complement, an integral component of the immune system, is activated during Dengue infection and the degree of activation increases with disease severity. Activation of the complement alternative pathway is influenced by polymorphisms within activation (factor B rs12614/rs641153, C3 rs2230199) and regulatory [complement factor H (CFH) rs800292] proteins, collectively termed a complotype. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the complotype influences disease severity during secondary Dengue infection. In addition to the complotype, we also assessed two other disease-associated CFH polymorphisms (rs1061170, rs3753394) and a structural polymorphism within the CFH protein family. We did not detect any significant association between the examined polymorphisms and Dengue infection severity in the Thai population. However, the minor allele frequencies of the factor B and C3 polymorphisms were less than 10%, so our study was not sufficiently powered to detect an association at these loci. We were also unable to detect a direct interaction between CFH and Dengue NS1 using both recombinant NS1 and DV2-infected culture supernatants. We conclude that the complotype does not influence secondary Dengue infection severity in the Thai population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kraivong
- Molecular Immunology, Imperial College, London, UK
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29
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Baird PN, Chakrabarti S. How genetic studies have advanced our understanding of age-related macular degeneration and their impact on patient care: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:53-64. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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30
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Ratnapriya R, Swaroop A. Genetic architecture of retinal and macular degenerative diseases: the promise and challenges of next-generation sequencing. Genome Med 2013; 5:84. [PMID: 24112618 PMCID: PMC4066589 DOI: 10.1186/gm488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs) display wide variation in their mode of inheritance, underlying genetic defects, age of onset, and phenotypic severity. Molecular mechanisms have not been delineated for many retinal diseases, and treatment options are limited. In most instances, genotype-phenotype correlations have not been elucidated because of extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods, including exome, genome, transcriptome and epigenome sequencing, provide novel avenues towards achieving comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture of RDDs. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has already revealed several new RDD genes, whereas RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq analyses are expected to uncover novel aspects of gene regulation and biological networks that are involved in retinal development, aging and disease. In this review, we focus on the genetic characterization of retinal and macular degeneration using NGS technology and discuss the basic framework for further investigations. We also examine the challenges of NGS application in clinical diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in aged individuals. Recent advances have highlighted the essential role of immune processes in the development, progression and treatment of AMD. In this Review we discuss recent discoveries related to the immunological aspects of AMD pathogenesis. We outline the diverse immune cell types, inflammatory activators and pathways that are involved. Finally, we discuss the future of inflammation-directed therapeutics to treat AMD in the growing aged population.
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Garland DL, Fernandez-Godino R, Kaur I, Speicher KD, Harnly JM, Lambris JD, Speicher DW, Pierce EA. Mouse genetics and proteomic analyses demonstrate a critical role for complement in a model of DHRD/ML, an inherited macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:52-68. [PMID: 23943789 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macular degenerations, inherited and age related, are important causes of vision loss. Human genetic studies have suggested perturbation of the complement system is important in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. The mechanisms underlying the involvement of the complement system are not understood, although complement and inflammation have been implicated in drusen formation. Drusen are an early clinical hallmark of inherited and age-related forms of macular degeneration. We studied one of the earliest stages of macular degeneration which precedes and leads to the formation of drusen, i.e. the formation of basal deposits. The studies were done using a mouse model of the inherited macular dystrophy Doyne Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy/Malattia Leventinese (DHRD/ML) which is caused by a p.Arg345Trp mutation in EFEMP1. The hallmark of DHRD/ML is the formation of drusen at an early age, and gene targeted Efemp1(R345W/R345W) mice develop extensive basal deposits. Proteomic analyses of Bruch's membrane/choroid and Bruch's membrane in the Efemp1(R345W/R345W) mice indicate that the basal deposits comprise normal extracellular matrix (ECM) components present in abnormal amounts. The proteomic analyses also identified significant changes in proteins with immune-related function, including complement components, in the diseased tissue samples. Genetic ablation of the complement response via generation of Efemp1(R345W/R345W):C3(-/-) double-mutant mice inhibited the formation of basal deposits. The results demonstrate a critical role for the complement system in basal deposit formation, and suggest that complement-mediated recognition of abnormal ECM may participate in basal deposit formation in DHRD/ML and perhaps other macular degenerations.
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Bassaganyas L, Riveira-Muñoz E, García-Aragonés M, González JR, Cáceres M, Armengol L, Estivill X. Worldwide population distribution of the common LCE3C-LCE3B deletion associated with psoriasis and other autoimmune disorders. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:261. [PMID: 23594316 PMCID: PMC3639927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence of the importance of copy number variants (CNV) in genetic diversity among individuals and populations, as well as in some common genetic diseases. We previously characterized a common 32-kb insertion/deletion variant of the PSORS4 locus at chromosome 1q21 that harbours the LCE3C and LCE3B genes. This variant allele (LCE3C_LCE3B-del) is common in patients with psoriasis and other autoimmune disorders from certain ethnic groups. Results Using array-CGH (Agilent 244 K) in samples from the HapMap and Human Genome Diversity Panel (HGDP) collections, we identified 54 regions showing population differences in comparison to Africans. We provided here a comprehensive population-genetic analysis of one of these regions, which involves the 32-kb deletion of the PSORS4 locus. By a PCR-based genotyping assay we characterised the profiles of the LCE3C_LCE3B-del and the linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern between the variant allele and the tag SNP rs4112788. Our results show that most populations tend to have a higher frequency of the deleted allele than Sub-Saharan Africans. Furthermore, we found strong LD between rs4112788G and LCE3C_LCE3B-del in most non-African populations (r2 >0.8), in contrast to the low concordance between loci (r2 <0.3) in the African populations. Conclusions These results are another example of population variability in terms of biomedical interesting CNV. The frequency distribution of the LCE3C_LCE3B-del allele and the LD pattern across populations suggest that the differences between ethnic groups might not be due to natural selection, but the consequence of genetic drift caused by the strong bottleneck that occurred during “out of Africa” expansion.
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Determining the population frequency of the CFHR3/CFHR1 deletion at 1q32. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60352. [PMID: 23613724 PMCID: PMC3629053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to measure the copy number of CFHR3 and CFHR1 in DNA samples from 238 individuals from the UK and 439 individuals from the HGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel. We have then calculated the allele frequency and frequency of homozygosity for the copy number polymorphism represented by the CFHR3/CFHR1 deletion. There was a highly significant difference between geographical locations in both the allele frequency (X2 = 127.7, DF = 11, P-value = 4.97x10-22) and frequency of homozygosity (X2 = 142.3, DF = 22, P-value = 1.33x10-19). The highest frequency for the deleted allele (54.7%) was seen in DNA samples from Nigeria and the lowest (0%) in samples from South America and Japan. The observed frequencies in conjunction with the known association of the deletion with AMD, SLE and IgA nephropathy is in keeping with differences in the prevalence of these diseases in African and European Americans. This emphasises the importance of identifying copy number polymorphism in disease.
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Melville H, Carpiniello M, Hollis K, Staffaroni A, Golestaneh N. Stem cells: a new paradigm for disease modeling and developing therapies for age-related macular degeneration. J Transl Med 2013; 11:53. [PMID: 23452406 PMCID: PMC3599723 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over age 55 in the U.S. and the developed world. This condition leads to the progressive impairment of central visual acuity. There are significant limitations in the understanding of disease progression in AMD as well as a lack of effective methods of treatment. Lately, there has been considerable enthusiasm for application of stem cell biology for both disease modeling and therapeutic application. Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been used in cell culture assays and in vivo animal models. Recently a clinical trial was approved by FDA to investigate the safety and efficacy of the human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation in sub-retinal space of patients with dry AMD These studies suggest that stem cell research may provide both insight regarding disease development and progression, as well as direction for therapeutic innovation for the millions of patients afflicted with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Melville
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Matthew Carpiniello
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kia Hollis
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Andrew Staffaroni
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nady Golestaneh
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Liu MM, Chan CC, Tuo J. Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics. Hum Genomics 2012; 6:13. [PMID: 23244519 PMCID: PMC3500238 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-6-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifaceted disease involving contributions from both genetic and environmental influences. Previous work exploring the genetic contributions of AMD has implicated numerous genomic regions and a variety of candidate genes as modulators of AMD susceptibility. Nevertheless, much of this work has revolved around single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and it is apparent that a significant portion of the heritability of AMD cannot be explained through these mechanisms. In this review, we consider the role of common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, microRNAs, and mitochondrial genetics in AMD. Copy number variations in regulators of complement activation genes (CFHR1 and CFHR3) and glutathione S transferase genes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) have been associated with AMD, and several additional loci have been identified as regions of potential interest but require further evaluation. MicroRNA dysregulation has been linked to the retinal pigment epithelium degeneration in geographic atrophy, ocular neovascularization, and oxidative stress, all of which are hallmarks in the pathogenesis of AMD. Certain mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and SNPs in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase genes have also been associated with AMD. The role of these additional mechanisms remains only partly understood, but the importance of their further investigation is clear to elucidate more completely the genetic basis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
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Bradley DT, Meng W, Hughes AE. Macular Degeneration Genetics. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:1287-8.e1; author reply 1288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gorin MB. Genetic insights into age-related macular degeneration: controversies addressing risk, causality, and therapeutics. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:467-86. [PMID: 22561651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common condition among the elderly population that leads to the progressive central vision loss and serious compromise of quality of life for its sufferers. It is also one of the few disorders for whom the investigation of its genetics has yielded rich insights into its diversity and causality and holds the promise of enabling clinicians to provide better risk assessments for individuals as well as to develop and selectively deploy new therapeutics to either prevent or slow the development of disease and lessen the threat of vision loss. The genetics of AMD began initially with the appreciation of familial aggregation and increase risk and expanded with the initial association of APOE variants with the disease. The first major breakthroughs came with family-based linkage studies of affected (and discordant) sibs, which identified a number of genetic loci and led to the targeted search of the 1q31 and 10q26 loci for associated variants. Three of the initial four reports for the CFH variant, Y402H, were based on regional candidate searches, as were the two initial reports of the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus variants. Case-control association studies initially also played a role in discovering the major genetic variants for AMD, and the success of those early studies have been used to fuel enthusiasm for the methodology for a number of diseases. Until 2010, all of the subsequent genetic variants associated with AMD came from candidate gene testing based on the complement factor pathway. In 2010, several large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified genes that had not been previously identified. Much of this historical information is available in a number of recent reviews (Chen et al., 2010b; Deangelis et al., 2011; Fafowora and Gorin, 2012b; Francis and Klein, 2011; Kokotas et al., 2011). Large meta analysis of AMD GWAS has added new loci and variants to this collection (Chen et al., 2010a; Kopplin et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2011). This paper will focus on the ongoing controversies that are confronting AMD genetics at this time, rather than attempting to summarize this field, which has exploded in the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Gorin
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Sivakumaran TA, Igo RP, Kidd JM, Itsara A, Kopplin LJ, Chen W, Hagstrom SA, Peachey NS, Francis PJ, Klein ML, Chew EY, Ramprasad VL, Tay WT, Mitchell P, Seielstad M, Stambolian DE, Edwards AO, Lee KE, Leontiev DV, Jun G, Wang Y, Tian L, Qiu F, Henning AK, LaFramboise T, Sen P, Aarthi M, George R, Raman R, Das MK, Vijaya L, Kumaramanickavel G, Wong TY, Swaroop A, Abecasis GR, Klein R, Klein BEK, Nickerson DA, Eichler EE, Iyengar SK. A 32 kb critical region excluding Y402H in CFH mediates risk for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25598. [PMID: 22022419 PMCID: PMC3192039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H shows very strong association with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), and recent data suggest that multiple causal variants are associated with disease. To refine the location of the disease associated variants, we characterized in detail the structural variation at CFH and its paralogs, including two copy number polymorphisms (CNP), CNP147 and CNP148, and several rare deletions and duplications. Examination of 34 AMD-enriched extended families (N = 293) and AMD cases (White N = 4210 Indian = 134; Malay = 140) and controls (White N = 3229; Indian = 117; Malay = 2390) demonstrated that deletion CNP148 was protective against AMD, independent of SNPs at CFH. Regression analysis of seven common haplotypes showed three haplotypes, H1, H6 and H7, as conferring risk for AMD development. Being the most common haplotype H1 confers the greatest risk by increasing the odds of AMD by 2.75-fold (95% CI = [2.51, 3.01]; p = 8.31×10(-109)); Caucasian (H6) and Indian-specific (H7) recombinant haplotypes increase the odds of AMD by 1.85-fold (p = 3.52×10(-9)) and by 15.57-fold (P = 0.007), respectively. We identified a 32-kb region downstream of Y402H (rs1061170), shared by all three risk haplotypes, suggesting that this region may be critical for AMD development. Further analysis showed that two SNPs within the 32 kb block, rs1329428 and rs203687, optimally explain disease association. rs1329428 resides in 20 kb unique sequence block, but rs203687 resides in a 12 kb block that is 89% similar to a noncoding region contained in ΔCNP148. We conclude that causal variation in this region potentially encompasses both regulatory effects at single markers and copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theru A. Sivakumaran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Kidd
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andy Itsara
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Kopplin
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Neal S. Peachey
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Francis
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vedam L. Ramprasad
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Wan-Ting Tay
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Dwight E. Stambolian
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Albert O. Edwards
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kristine E. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dmitry V. Leontiev
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gyungah Jun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liping Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Feiyou Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alice K. Henning
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas LaFramboise
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Parveen Sen
- Department of Medical Retina, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Manoharan Aarthi
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Ronnie George
- Department of Glaucoma, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Rajiv Raman
- Department of Medical Retina, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Manmath Kumar Das
- Department of Medical Retina, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Lingam Vijaya
- Department of Medical Retina, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Govindasamy Kumaramanickavel
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Kellogg Eye Center and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) play an important role in human disease and population diversity. Advancements in technology have allowed for the analysis of CNVs in thousands of individuals with disease in addition to thousands of controls. These studies have identified rare CNVs associated with neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. In addition, copy number polymorphisms (CNPs) are present at higher frequencies in the population, show high diversity in copy number, sequence, and structure, and have been associated with multiple phenotypes, primarily related to immune or environmental response. However, the landscape of copy number variation still remains largely unexplored, especially for smaller CNVs and those embedded within complex regions of the human genome. An integrated approach including characterization of single nucleotide variants and CNVs in a large number of individuals with disease and normal genomes holds the promise of thoroughly elucidating the genetic basis of human disease and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Genome Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Khandhadia S, Cipriani V, Yates JRW, Lotery AJ. Age-related macular degeneration and the complement system. Immunobiology 2011; 217:127-46. [PMID: 21868123 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. It is a complex multifactorial disease, and despite new advances in treatment, many patients still succumb to visual impairment. The complement pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, and recently variants in several genes encoding complement pathway proteins have been associated with AMD. Complement proteins have been found in histological specimens of eyes with AMD. Altered levels of both intrinsic complement proteins and activated products have been found in the circulation of patients with AMD. Complement activation may be triggered by oxidative stress, resulting from retinal exposure to incoming light; indeed an inter-play between these two pathological processes seems to exist. Finally, complement inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This article reviews the role of the complement system in AMD, and the potential of complement inhibition in preventing the devastating blindness resulting from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khandhadia
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, University of Southampton, UK
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Leveziel N, Tilleul J, Puche N, Zerbib J, Laloum F, Querques G, Souied EH. Genetic factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica 2011; 226:87-102. [PMID: 21757876 DOI: 10.1159/000328981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, multifactorial disease associated with environmental and genetic factors. This review emphasizes the clinical impact of the major genetic factors mainly located in the complement factor H gene and on the 10q26 locus, and their current and future implications for the management of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leveziel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, University of Paris XII, Créteil, France.
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Buschini E, Piras A, Nuzzi R, Vercelli A. Age related macular degeneration and drusen: neuroinflammation in the retina. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:14-25. [PMID: 21740956 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation protects from dangerous stimuli, restoring normal tissue homeostasis. Inflammatory response in the nervous system ("neuroinflammation") has distinct features, which are shared in several diseases. The retina is an immune-privileged site, and the tight balance of immune reaction can be disrupted and lead to age-related macular disease (AMD) and to its peculiar sign, the druse. Excessive activation of inflammatory and immunological cascade with subsequent induction of damage, persistent activation of resident immune cells, accumulation of byproducts that exceeds the normal capacity of clearance giving origin to a chronic local inflammation, alterations in the activation of the complement system, infiltration of macrophages, T-lymphocytes and mast-cells from the bloodstream, participate in the mechanisms which originate the drusen. In addition, aging of the retina and AMD involve also para-inflammation, by which immune cells react to persistent stressful stimuli generating low-grade inflammation, aimed at restoring function and maintaining tissue homeostasis by varying the set point in relation to the new altered conditions. This mechanism is also seen in the normal aging retina, but, in the presence of noxious stimuli as in AMD, it can become chronic and have an adverse outcome. Finally, autophagy may provide new insights to understand AMD pathology, due to its contribution in the removal of defective proteins. Therefore, the AMD retina can represent a valuable model to study neuroinflammation, its mechanisms and therapy in a restricted and controllable environment. Targeting these pathways could represent a new way to treat and prevent both exudative and dry forms of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Buschini
- NICO, Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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Teo SM, Ku CS, Naidoo N, Hall P, Chia KS, Salim A, Pawitan Y. A population-based study of copy number variants and regions of homozygosity in healthy Swedish individuals. J Hum Genet 2011; 56:524-33. [PMID: 21633363 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of copy number variants (CNVs) and regions of homozygosity (ROHs) have been well documented in previous studies. In addition, their roles in complex diseases and traits have since been increasingly appreciated. However, only a limited amount of CNV and ROH data is currently available for the Swedish population. We conducted a population-based study to detect and characterize CNVs and ROHs in 87 randomly selected healthy Swedish individuals using the Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0. More than 600 CNV loci were detected in the population using two different CNV-detection algorithms (PennCNV and Birdsuite). A total of 196 loci were consistently identified by both algorithms, suggesting their reliability. Numerous disease-associated and pharmacogenetics-related genes were found to be overlapping with common CNV loci such as CFHR1/R3, LCE3B/3C, UGT2B17 and GSTT1. Correlation analysis between copy number polymorphisms (CNPs) and genome-wide association studies-identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms also indicates the potential roles of several CNPs as causal variants for diseases and traits such as body mass index, Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis. In addition, we also identified a total of 14 815 ROHs 500 kb or 2814 ROHs 1M in the Swedish individuals with an average of 170 and 32 regions detected per individual respectively. Approximately 141 Mb or 4.92% of the genome is homozygous in each individual of the Swedish population. This is the first population-based study to investigate the population characteristics of CNVs and ROHs in the Swedish population. This study found many CNV loci that warrant further investigation, and also highlighted the abundance and importance of investigating ROHs for their associations with complex diseases and traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Teo
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhao J, Wu H, Khosravi M, Cui H, Qian X, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Langefeld CD, Williams AH, Comeau ME, Ziegler JT, Marion MC, Adler A, Glenn SB, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Pons-Estel BA, Harley JB, Bae SC, Bang SY, Cho SK, Jacob CO, Vyse TJ, Niewold TB, Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Kimberly RP, Edberg JC, Brown EE, Alarcon GS, Petri MA, Ramsey-Goldman R, Vilá LM, Reveille JD, James JA, Gilkeson GS, Kamen DL, Freedman BI, Anaya JM, Merrill JT, Criswell LA, Scofield RH, Stevens AM, Guthridge JM, Chang DM, Song YW, Park JA, Lee EY, Boackle SA, Grossman JM, Hahn BH, Goodship THJ, Cantor RM, Yu CY, Shen N, Tsao BP. Association of genetic variants in complement factor H and factor H-related genes with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002079. [PMID: 21637784 PMCID: PMC3102741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex polygenic autoimmune disease, is associated with increased complement activation. Variants of genes encoding complement regulator factor H (CFH) and five CFH-related proteins (CFHR1-CFHR5) within the chromosome 1q32 locus linked to SLE, have been associated with multiple human diseases and may contribute to dysregulated complement activation predisposing to SLE. We assessed 60 SNPs covering the CFH-CFHRs region for association with SLE in 15,864 case-control subjects derived from four ethnic groups. Significant allelic associations with SLE were detected in European Americans (EA) and African Americans (AA), which could be attributed to an intronic CFH SNP (rs6677604, in intron 11, Pmeta = 6.6×10−8, OR = 1.18) and an intergenic SNP between CFHR1 and CFHR4 (rs16840639, Pmeta = 2.9×10−7, OR = 1.17) rather than to previously identified disease-associated CFH exonic SNPs, including I62V, Y402H, A474A, and D936E. In addition, allelic association of rs6677604 with SLE was subsequently confirmed in Asians (AS). Haplotype analysis revealed that the underlying causal variant, tagged by rs6677604 and rs16840639, was localized to a ∼146 kb block extending from intron 9 of CFH to downstream of CFHR1. Within this block, the deletion of CFHR3 and CFHR1 (CFHR3-1Δ), a likely causal variant measured using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, was tagged by rs6677604 in EA and AS and rs16840639 in AA, respectively. Deduced from genotypic associations of tag SNPs in EA, AA, and AS, homozygous deletion of CFHR3-1Δ (Pmeta = 3.2×10−7, OR = 1.47) conferred a higher risk of SLE than heterozygous deletion (Pmeta = 3.5×10−4, OR = 1.14). These results suggested that the CFHR3-1Δ deletion within the SLE-associated block, but not the previously described exonic SNPs of CFH, might contribute to the development of SLE in EA, AA, and AS, providing new insights into the role of complement regulators in the pathogenesis of SLE. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease, associated with increased complement activation. Previous studies have provided evidence for the presence of SLE susceptibility gene(s) in the chromosome 1q31-32 locus. Within 1q32, genes encoding complement regulator factor H (CFH) and five CFH-related proteins (CFHR1-CFHR5) may contribute to the development of SLE, because genetic variants of these genes impair complement regulation and predispose to various human diseases. In this study, we tested association of genetic variants in the region containing CFH and CFHRs with SLE. We identified genetic variants predisposing to SLE in European American, African American, and Asian populations, which might be attributed to the deletion of CFHR3 and CFHR1 genes but not previously identified disease-associated exonic variants of CFH. This study provides the first evidence for consistent association between CFH/CFHRs and SLE across multi-ancestral SLE datasets, providing new insights into the role of complement regulators in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hui Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Melanie Khosravi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Huijuan Cui
- Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Qian
- Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adrienne H. Williams
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Comeau
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julie T. Ziegler
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Miranda C. Marion
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adam Adler
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stuart B. Glenn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucia, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | - John B. Harley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Young Bang
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Divisions of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy B. Niewold
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kathy L. Moser
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Graciela S. Alarcon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Vilá
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - John D. Reveille
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Diane L. Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Joan T. Merrill
- Clinical Pharmacology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | | | - Yeong Wook Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Ah Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Grossman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bevra H. Hahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Rita M. Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nan Shen
- Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Spencer KL, Olson LM, Schnetz-Boutaud N, Gallins P, Wang G, Scott WK, Agarwal A, Jakobsdottir J, Conley Y, Weeks DE, Gorin MB, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. Dissection of chromosome 16p12 linkage peak suggests a possible role for CACNG3 variants in age-related macular degeneration susceptibility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1748-54. [PMID: 21169531 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disorder of the retina, characterized by drusen, geographic atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization. Cigarette smoking and the genetic variants CFH Y402H, ARMS2 A69S, CFB R32Q, and C3 R102G have been strongly and consistently associated with AMD. Multiple linkage studies have found evidence suggestive of another AMD locus on chromosome 16p12 but the gene responsible has yet to be identified. METHODS In the initial phase of the study, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across chromosome 16 were examined for linkage and/or association in 575 Caucasian individuals from 148 multiplex and 77 singleton families. Additional variants were tested in an independent dataset of unrelated cases and controls. According to these results, in combination with gene expression data and biological knowledge, five genes were selected for further study: CACNG3, HS3ST4, IL4R, Q7Z6F8, and ITGAM. RESULTS After genotyping additional tagging SNPs across each gene, the strongest evidence for linkage and association was found within CACNG3 (rs757200 nonparametric LOD* = 3.3, APL (association in the presence of linkage) P = 0.06, and rs2238498 MQLS (modified quasi-likelihood score) P = 0.006 in the families; rs2283550 P = 1.3 × 10(-6), and rs4787924 P = 0.002 in the case-control dataset). After adjusting for known AMD risk factors, rs2283550 remained strongly associated (P = 2.4 × 10(-4)). Furthermore, the association signal at rs4787924 was replicated in an independent dataset (P = 0.035) and in a joint analysis of all the data (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CACNG3 is the best candidate for an AMD risk gene within the 16p12 linkage peak. More studies are needed to confirm this association and clarify the role of the gene in AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee L Spencer
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Chen Y, Bedell M, Zhang K. Age-related macular degeneration: genetic and environmental factors of disease. Mol Interv 2011; 10:271-81. [PMID: 21045241 DOI: 10.1124/mi.10.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual impairment among the elderly in developed countries, and its prevalence is thus increasing as the population ages; however, treatment options remain limited because the etiology and pathogenesis of AMD are incompletely defined. Recently, much progress has been made in gene discovery and mechanistic studies, which clearly indicate that AMD involves the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. The identification of genes that have a substantial impact on the risk for AMD is not only facilitating the diagnosis and screening of populations at risk but is also elucidating key molecular pathways of pathogenesis. Pharmacogenetic studies of treatment responsiveness among patients with the "wet" form of AMD are increasingly proving to be clinically relevant; pharmacogenetic approaches hold great promise for both identifying patients with the best chance for vision recovery as well as tailoring individualized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Association study of complement factor H, C2, CFB, and C3 and age-related macular degeneration in a Han Chinese population. Retina 2010; 30:1177-84. [PMID: 20523265 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3181cea676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genes in the complement pathway, including complement factor H (CFH), C2/BF, and C3, have been reported to be associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Genetic variants, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in these genes were geno-typed for a case-control association study in a mainland Han Chinese population. METHODS One hundred and fifty-eight patients with wet AMD, 80 patients with soft drusen, and 220 matched control subjects were recruited among Han Chinese in mainland China. Seven SNPs in CFH and two SNPs in C2, CFB', and C3 were genotyped using the ABI SNaPshot method. A deletion of 84,682 base pairs covering the CFHR1 and CFHR3 genes was detected by direct polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Four SNPs, including rs3753394 (P = 0.0276), rs800292 (P = 0.0266), rs1061170 (P = 0.00514), and rs1329428 (P = 0.0089), in CFH showed a significant association with wet AMD in the cohort of this study. A haplotype containing these four SNPs (CATA) significantly increased protection of wet AMD with a P value of 0.0005 and an odds ratio of 0.29 (95% confidence interval: 0.15-0.60). Unlike in other populations, rs2274700 and rs1410996 did not show a significant association with AMD in the Chinese population of this study. None of the SNPs in CFH showed a significant association with drusen, and none of the SNPs in CFH, C2, CFB, and C3 showed a significant association with either wet AMD or drusen in the cohort of this study. The CFHR1 and CFHR3 deletion was not polymorphic in the Chinese population and was not associated with wet AMD or drusen. CONCLUSION This study showed that SNPs rs3753394 (P = 0.0276), rs800292 (P = 0.0266), rs1061170 (P = 0.00514), and rs1329428 (P = 0.0089), but not rs7535263, rs1410996, or rs2274700, in CFH were significantly associated with wet AMD in a mainland Han Chinese population. This study showed that CFH was more likely to be AMD susceptibility gene at Chr.1q31 based on the finding that the CFHR1 and CFHR3 deletion was not polymorphic in the cohort of this study, and none of the SNPs that were significantly associated with AMD in a white population in C2, CFB, and C3 genes showed a significant association with AMD.
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50
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Meyer KJ, Davis LK, Schindler EI, Beck JS, Rudd DS, Grundstad AJ, Scheetz TE, Braun TA, Fingert JH, Alward WL, Kwon YH, Folk JC, Russell SR, Wassink TH, Stone EM, Sheffield VC. Genome-wide analysis of copy number variants in age-related macular degeneration. Hum Genet 2010; 129:91-100. [PMID: 20981449 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex genetic disease, with many loci demonstrating appreciable attributable disease risk. Despite significant progress toward understanding the genetic and environmental etiology of AMD, identification of additional risk factors is necessary to fully appreciate and treat AMD pathology. In this study, we investigated copy number variants (CNVs) as potential AMD risk variants in a cohort of 400 AMD patients and 500 AMD-free controls ascertained at the University of Iowa. We used three publicly available copy number programs to analyze signal intensity data from Affymetrix GeneChip SNP Microarrays. CNVs were ranked based on prevalence in the disease cohort and absence from the control group; high interest CNVs were subsequently confirmed by qPCR. While we did not observe a single-locus "risk CNV" that could account for a major fraction of AMD, we identified several rare and overlapping CNVs containing or flanking compelling candidate genes such as NPHP1 and EFEMP1. These and other candidate genes highlighted by this study deserve further scrutiny as sources of genetic risk for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie J Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Genetics Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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