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Smith T, Knudsen KJ, Ritchie SA. A novel inducible animal model for studying chronic plasmalogen deficiency associated with Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2024; 1843:149132. [PMID: 39053687 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are vinyl-ether glycerophospholipids critical for the structure and function of neuronal membranes. Deficient plasmalogen levels are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has led to the hypothesis that plasmalogen deficiency might drive disease onset and progression. However, the lack of a suitable animal model with late-onset plasmalogen deficiency has prevented testing of this hypothesis. The goal of this project was therefore to develop and characterize a mouse model capable of undergoing a plasmalogen deficiency only in adulthood, mirroring the chronic decline thought to occur in AD. We report here the creation of a novel animal model containing a tamoxifen-inducible knockout of the Gnpat gene encoding the first step in the plasmalogen biosynthetic pathway. Tamoxifen treatment in adult animals resulted in a significant reduction of plasmalogens in both the circulation and tissues as early as four weeks. By four months, changes in behavior and nerve function were observed, with strong correlations between residual brain plasmalogen levels, hyperactivity, and latency. The model will be useful for further elucidating the role of plasmalogens in AD and evaluating plasmalogen therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Smith
- Med-Life Discoveries LP, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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2
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Maffioli E, Nonnis S, Negri A, Fontana M, Frabetti F, Rossi AR, Tedeschi G, Toni M. Environmental Temperature Variation Affects Brain Lipid Composition in Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9629. [PMID: 39273578 PMCID: PMC11394874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves deeper into the impact of environmental temperature variations on the nervous system in teleost fish. Previous research has demonstrated that exposing adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to 18 °C and 34 °C for 4 or 21 days induces behavioural changes compared to fish kept at a control temperature of 26 °C, suggesting alterations in the nervous system. Subsequent studies revealed that these temperature conditions also modify brain protein expression, indicating potential neurotoxic effects. The primary aim of this work was to investigate the effects of prolonged exposure (21 days) to 18 °C or 34 °C on the brain lipidomes of adult zebrafish compared to a control temperature. Analysis of the brain lipidome highlighted significant alteration in the relative abundances of specific lipid molecules at 18 °C and 34 °C, confirming distinct effects induced by both tested temperatures. Exposure to 18 °C resulted in an increase in levels of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, alongside a general reduction in levels of sphingolipids, including sphingomyelin. Conversely, exposure to 34 °C produced more pronounced effects, with increases in levels of phosphatidylethanolamine and those of various sphingolipids such as ceramide, gangliosides, and sphingomyelin, alongside a reduction in levels of ether phospholipids, including lysophosphatidylethanolamine ether, phosphatidylethanolamine ether, and phosphatidylglycerol ether, as well as levels of glycolipids like monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. These results, when integrated with existing proteomic and behavioural data, offer new insights into the effects of thermal variations on the nervous system in teleost fish. Specifically, our proteomic and lipidomic findings suggest that elevated temperatures may disrupt mitochondrial function, increase neuronal susceptibility to oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, alter axonal myelination, impair nerve impulse transmission, hinder synapse function and neurotransmitter release, and potentially lead to increased neuronal death. These findings are particularly relevant in the fields of cell biology, neurobiology, and ecotoxicology, especially in the context of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- CRC "Innovation for Well-Being and Environment" (I-WE), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Armando Negri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Manuela Fontana
- Unitech OMICs, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Frabetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-DIMEC, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- CRC "Innovation for Well-Being and Environment" (I-WE), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia Toni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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3
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Jiang Z, Sun Y, Liu S. Association between human blood metabolites and cerebral cortex architecture: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1386844. [PMID: 38784905 PMCID: PMC11111910 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1386844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of circulating metabolites may affect brain function and cognition, associated with alterations in the cerebral cortex architecture. However, the exact cause remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the causal effect of circulating metabolites on the cerebral cortex architecture. Methods This study utilized retrieved data from genome-wide association studies to investigate the relationship between blood metabolites and cortical architecture. A total of 1,091 metabolites and 309 metabolite ratios were used for exposure. The brain cortex surface area and cortex thickness were selected as the primary outcomes in this study. In this study, the inverse variance weighting method was used as the main analytical method, complemented by sensitivity analyses that were more robust to pleiotropy. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analysis was performed via MetaboAnalyst 6.0. Finally, reverse Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to assess the potential for reverse causation. Results After correcting for the false discovery rate (FDR), we identified 37 metabolites and 9 metabolite ratios that showed significant causal associations with cortical structures. Among these, Oxalate was found to be most strongly associated with cortical surface area (β: 2387.532, 95% CI 756.570-4018.495, p = 0.037), while Tyrosine was most correlated with cortical thickness (β: -0.015, 95% CI -0.005 to -0.025, p = 0.025). Furthermore, pathway analysis based on metabolites identified six significant metabolic pathways associated with cortical structures and 13 significant metabolic pathways based on metabolite ratios. Conclusion The identified metabolites and relevant metabolic pathways reveal potential therapeutic pathways for reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. These findings will help guide health policies and clinical practice in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yining Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Cedillo L, Ahsan FM, Li S, Stuhr NL, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Adedoja A, Murphy LM, Yerevanian A, Emans S, Dao K, Li Z, Peterson ND, Watrous J, Jain M, Das S, Pukkila-Worley R, Curran SP, Soukas AA. Ether lipid biosynthesis promotes lifespan extension and enables diverse pro-longevity paradigms in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2023; 12:e82210. [PMID: 37606250 PMCID: PMC10444025 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biguanides, including the world's most prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes, metformin, not only lower blood sugar, but also promote longevity in preclinical models. Epidemiologic studies in humans parallel these findings, indicating favorable effects of metformin on longevity and on reducing the incidence and morbidity associated with aging-related diseases. Despite this promise, the full spectrum of molecular effectors responsible for these health benefits remains elusive. Through unbiased screening in Caenorhabditis elegans, we uncovered a role for genes necessary for ether lipid biosynthesis in the favorable effects of biguanides. We demonstrate that biguanides prompt lifespan extension by stimulating ether lipid biogenesis. Loss of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery also mitigates lifespan extension attributable to dietary restriction, target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibition, and mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibition. A possible mechanistic explanation for this finding is that ether lipids are required for activation of longevity-promoting, metabolic stress defenses downstream of the conserved transcription factor skn-1/Nrf. In alignment with these findings, overexpression of a single, key, ether lipid biosynthetic enzyme, fard-1/FAR1, is sufficient to promote lifespan extension. These findings illuminate the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery as a novel therapeutic target to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucydalila Cedillo
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Fasih M Ahsan
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Sainan Li
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Nicole L Stuhr
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Adebanjo Adedoja
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Luke M Murphy
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Armen Yerevanian
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Sinclair Emans
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Khoi Dao
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- Biomedical Informatics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchooCambridgeUnited States
| | - Nicholas D Peterson
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Jeramie Watrous
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Biomedical Informatics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchooCambridgeUnited States
| | - Read Pukkila-Worley
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Sean P Curran
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
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5
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Horta Remedios M, Liang W, González LN, Li V, Da Ros VG, Cohen DJ, Zaremberg V. Ether lipids and a peroxisomal riddle in sperm. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1166232. [PMID: 37397249 PMCID: PMC10309183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1166232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm are terminally differentiated cells that lack most of the membranous organelles, resulting in a high abundance of ether glycerolipids found across different species. Ether lipids include plasmalogens, platelet activating factor, GPI-anchors and seminolipid. These lipids play important roles in sperm function and performance, and thus are of special interest as potential fertility markers and therapeutic targets. In the present article, we first review the existing knowledge on the relevance of the different types of ether lipids for sperm production, maturation and function. To further understand ether-lipid metabolism in sperm, we then query available proteomic data from highly purified sperm, and produce a map of metabolic steps retained in these cells. Our analysis pinpoints the presence of a truncated ether lipid biosynthetic pathway that would be competent for the production of precursors through the initial peroxisomal core steps, but devoid of subsequent microsomal enzymes responsible for the final synthesis of all complex ether-lipids. Despite the widely accepted notion that sperm lack peroxisomes, the thorough analysis of published data conducted herein identifies nearly 70% of all known peroxisomal resident proteins as part of the sperm proteome. In view of this, we highlight open questions related to lipid metabolism and possible peroxisomal functions in sperm. We propose a repurposed role for the truncated peroxisomal ether-lipid pathway in detoxification of products from oxidative stress, which is known to critically influence sperm function. The likely presence of a peroxisomal-derived remnant compartment that could act as a sink for toxic fatty alcohols and fatty aldehydes generated by mitochondrial activity is discussed. With this perspective, our review provides a comprehensive metabolic map associated with ether-lipids and peroxisomal-related functions in sperm and offers new insights into potentially relevant antioxidant mechanisms that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weisheng Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lucas N. González
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vanina G. Da Ros
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Débora J. Cohen
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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6
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Hayashi D, Dennis EA. Molecular basis of unique specificity and regulation of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A 2 (PNPLA9) and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108395. [PMID: 36990122 PMCID: PMC10174669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are major components of cell membranes and consist of a glycerol backbone esterified with one of over 30 unique fatty acids at each of the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. In addition, in some human cells and tissues as much as 20% of the glycerophospholipids contain a fatty alcohol rather than an ester in the sn-1 position, although it can also occur in the sn-2 position. The sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone contains a phosphodiester bond linked to one of more than 10 unique polar head-groups. Hence, humans contain thousands of unique individual molecular species of phospholipids given the heterogeneity of the sn-1 and sn-2 linkage and carbon chains and the sn-3 polar groups. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 fatty acyl chain resulting in lyso-phospholipids and free fatty acids that then undergo further metabolism. PLA2's play a critical role in lipid-mediated biological responses and membrane phospholipid remodeling. Among the PLA2 enzymes, the Group VIA calcium-independent PLA2 (GVIA iPLA2), also referred to as PNPLA9, is a fascinating enzyme with broad substrate specificity and it is implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Especially notable, the GVIA iPLA2 is implicated in the sequelae of several neurodegenerative diseases termed "phospholipase A2-associated neurodegeneration" (PLAN) diseases. Despite many reports on the physiological role of the GVIA iPLA2, the molecular basis of its enzymatic specificity was unclear. Recently, we employed state-of-the-art lipidomics and molecular dynamics techniques to elucidate the detailed molecular basis of its substrate specificity and regulation. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of the enzymatic action of GVIA iPLA2 and provide a perspective on future therapeutic strategies for PLAN diseases targeting GVIA iPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
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7
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Honsho M, Fujiki Y. Regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis in mammalian cells and tissues. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:118-123. [PMID: 36720320 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a unique family of cellular glycerophospholipids that contain a vinyl-ether bond. Synthesis of plasmalogens is initiated in peroxisomes and completed in the endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of plasmalogens in several organs of patients with deficiency in peroxisome biogenesis suggests that de novo synthesis of plasmalogens contributes significantly to plasmalogen homeostasis in humans. Plasmalogen biosynthesis is spatiotemporally regulated by a feedback mechanism that senses the amount of plasmalogens in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and regulates the stability of fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (FAR1), the rate-limiting enzyme for plasmalogen biosynthesis. Dysregulation of plasmalogen synthesis impairs cholesterol synthesis in cells and brain, resulting in the reduced expression of genes such as mRNA encoding myelin basic protein, a phenotype found in the cerebellum of plasmalogen-deficient mice. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis and the link between plasmalogen homeostasis and cholesterol biosynthesis, and address the pathogenesis of impaired plasmalogen homeostasis in rodent and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Honsho
- Department of Neuroinflammation and Brain Fatigue Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food-Kyushu University Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan.
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8
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Barnes-Vélez JA, Aksoy Yasar FB, Hu J. Myelin lipid metabolism and its role in myelination and myelin maintenance. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100360. [PMID: 36588745 PMCID: PMC9800635 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a specialized cell membrane indispensable for rapid nerve conduction. The high abundance of membrane lipids is one of myelin's salient features that contribute to its unique role as an insulator that electrically isolates nerve fibers across their myelinated surface. The most abundant lipids in myelin include cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, and plasmalogens, each playing critical roles in myelin development as well as function. This review serves to summarize the role of lipid metabolism in myelination and myelin maintenance, as well as the molecular determinants of myelin lipid homeostasis, with an emphasis on findings from genetic models. In addition, the implications of myelin lipid dysmetabolism in human diseases are highlighted in the context of hereditary leukodystrophies and neuropathies as well as acquired disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Barnes-Vélez
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054-1901, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
| | - Fatma Betul Aksoy Yasar
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054-1901, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054-1901, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
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9
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Dorninger F, Kiss A, Rothauer P, Stiglbauer-Tscholakoff A, Kummer S, Fallatah W, Perera-Gonzalez M, Hamza O, König T, Bober MB, Cavallé-Garrido T, Braverman NE, Forss-Petter S, Pifl C, Bauer J, Bittner RE, Helbich TH, Podesser BK, Todt H, Berger J. Overlapping and Distinct Features of Cardiac Pathology in Inherited Human and Murine Ether Lipid Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1884. [PMID: 36768204 PMCID: PMC9914995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited deficiency in ether lipids, a subgroup of glycerophospholipids with unique biochemical and biophysical properties, evokes severe symptoms in humans resulting in a multi-organ syndrome. Mouse models with defects in ether lipid biosynthesis have widely been used to understand the pathophysiology of human disease and to study the roles of ether lipids in various cell types and tissues. However, little is known about the function of these lipids in cardiac tissue. Previous studies included case reports of cardiac defects in ether-lipid-deficient patients, but a systematic analysis of the impact of ether lipid deficiency on the mammalian heart is still missing. Here, we utilize a mouse model of complete ether lipid deficiency (Gnpat KO) to accomplish this task. Similar to a subgroup of human patients with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), a fraction of Gnpat KO fetuses present with defects in ventricular septation, presumably evoked by a developmental delay. We did not detect any signs of cardiomyopathy but identified increased left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure in middle-aged ether-lipid-deficient mice. By comprehensive electrocardiographic characterization, we consistently found reduced ventricular conduction velocity, as indicated by a prolonged QRS complex, as well as increased QRS and QT dispersion in the Gnpat KO group. Furthermore, a shift of the Wenckebach point to longer cycle lengths indicated depressed atrioventricular nodal function. To complement our findings in mice, we analyzed medical records and performed electrocardiography in ether-lipid-deficient human patients, which, in contrast to the murine phenotype, indicated a trend towards shortened QT intervals. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the cardiac phenotype upon ether lipid deficiency is highly heterogeneous, and although the manifestations in the mouse model only partially match the abnormalities in human patients, the results add to our understanding of the physiological role of ether lipids and emphasize their importance for proper cardiac development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Kiss
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Rothauer
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Stiglbauer-Tscholakoff
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Structural Preclinical Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kummer
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wedad Fallatah
- Department of Genetic Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mireia Perera-Gonzalez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ouafa Hamza
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa König
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael B. Bober
- Skeletal Dysplasia Program, Nemours Children’s Hospital, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Tiscar Cavallé-Garrido
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nancy E. Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reginald E. Bittner
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas H. Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Structural Preclinical Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K. Podesser
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Todt
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Zandl-Lang M, Plecko B, Köfeler H. Lipidomics-Paving the Road towards Better Insight and Precision Medicine in Rare Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021709. [PMID: 36675224 PMCID: PMC9866746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the application of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) has significantly facilitated the identification of disease-associated mutations, the diagnostic rate of rare diseases is still below 50%. This causes a diagnostic odyssey and prevents specific treatment, as well as genetic counseling for further family planning. Increasing the diagnostic rate and reducing the time to diagnosis in children with unclear disease are crucial for a better patient outcome and improvement of quality of life. In many cases, NGS reveals variants of unknown significance (VUS) that need further investigations. The delineation of novel (lipid) biomarkers is not only crucial to prove the pathogenicity of VUS, but provides surrogate parameters for the monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic interventions. Lipids are essential organic compounds in living organisms, serving as building blocks for cellular membranes, energy storage and signaling molecules. Among other disorders, an imbalance in lipid homeostasis can lead to chronic inflammation, vascular dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, analyzing lipids in biological samples provides great insight into the underlying functional role of lipids in healthy and disease statuses. The method of choice for lipid analysis and/or huge assemblies of lipids (=lipidome) is mass spectrometry due to its high sensitivity and specificity. Due to the inherent chemical complexity of the lipidome and the consequent challenges associated with analyzing it, progress in the field of lipidomics has lagged behind other omics disciplines. However, compared to the previous decade, the output of publications on lipidomics has increased more than 17-fold within the last decade and has, therefore, become one of the fastest-growing research fields. Combining multiple omics approaches will provide a unique and efficient tool for determining pathogenicity of VUS at the functional level, and thereby identifying rare, as well as novel, genetic disorders by molecular techniques and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zandl-Lang
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, ZMF, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence:
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11
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Kocherlakota S, Swinkels D, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Mouse Models to Study Peroxisomal Functions and Disorders: Overview, Caveats, and Recommendations. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:469-500. [PMID: 36952207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
During the last three decades many mouse lines were created or identified that are deficient in one or more peroxisomal functions. Different methodologies were applied to obtain global, hypomorph, cell type selective, inducible, and knockin mice. Whereas some models closely mimic pathologies in patients, others strongly deviate or no human counterpart has been reported. Often, mice, apparently endowed with a stronger transcriptional adaptation, have to be challenged with dietary additions or restrictions in order to trigger phenotypic changes. Depending on the inactivated peroxisomal protein, several approaches can be taken to validate the loss-of-function. Here, an overview is given of the available mouse models and their most important characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kocherlakota
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Wanders RJA, Baes M, Ribeiro D, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham HR. The physiological functions of human peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:957-1024. [PMID: 35951481 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00051.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles that play a central role in human physiology by catalyzing a range of unique metabolic functions. The importance of peroxisomes for human health is exemplified by the existence of a group of usually severe diseases caused by an impairment in one or more peroxisomal functions. Among others these include the Zellweger spectrum disorders, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and Refsum disease. To fulfill their role in metabolism, peroxisomes require continued interaction with other subcellular organelles including lipid droplets, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. In recent years it has become clear that the metabolic alliance between peroxisomes and other organelles requires the active participation of tethering proteins to bring the organelles physically closer together, thereby achieving efficient transfer of metabolites. This review intends to describe the current state of knowledge about the metabolic role of peroxisomes in humans, with particular emphasis on the metabolic partnership between peroxisomes and other organelles and the consequences of genetic defects in these processes. We also describe the biogenesis of peroxisomes and the consequences of the multiple genetic defects therein. In addition, we discuss the functional role of peroxisomes in different organs and tissues and include relevant information derived from model systems, notably peroxisomal mouse models. Finally, we pay particular attention to a hitherto underrated role of peroxisomes in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. The synaptic lipidome in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184033. [PMID: 35964712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adequate homeostasis of lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism is essential for cells to perform highly specific tasks in our organism, and the brain, with its uniquely high energetic requirements, posesses singular characteristics. Some of these are related to its extraordinary dotation of synapses, the specialized subcelluar structures where signal transmission between neurons occurs in the central nervous system. The post-synaptic compartment of excitatory synapses, the dendritic spine, harbors key molecules involved in neurotransmission tightly packed within a minute volume of a few femtoliters. The spine is further compartmentalized into nanodomains that facilitate the execution of temporo-spatially separate functions in the synapse. Lipids play important roles in this structural and functional compartmentalization and in mechanisms that impact on synaptic transmission. This review analyzes the structural and dynamic processes involving lipids at the synapse, highlighting the importance of their homeostatic balance for the physiology of this complex and highly specialized structure, and underscoring the pathologies associated with disbalances of lipid metabolism, particularly in the perinatal and late adulthood periods of life. Although small variations of the lipid profile in the brain take place throughout the adult lifespan, the pathophysiological consequences are clinically manifested mostly during late adulthood. Disturbances in lipid homeostasis in the perinatal period leads to alterations during nervous system development, while in late adulthood they favor the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina.
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Honsho M, Abe Y. Molecular insights into peroxisome homeostasis and peroxisome biogenesis disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119330. [PMID: 35917894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane organelles essential for cell metabolism including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, synthesis of etherlipid plasmalogens, and redox homeostasis. Investigations into peroxisome biogenesis and the human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) have identified 14 PEX genes encoding peroxins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and the mutation of PEX genes is responsible for the PBDs. Many recent findings have further advanced our understanding of the biology, physiology, and consequences of a functional deficit of peroxisomes. In this Review, we discuss cell defense mechanisms that counteract oxidative stress by 1) a proapoptotic Bcl-2 factor BAK-mediated release to the cytosol of H2O2-degrading catalase from peroxisomes and 2) peroxisomal import suppression of catalase by Ser232-phosphorylation of Pex14, a docking protein for the Pex5-PTS1 complex. With respect to peroxisome division, the important issue of how the energy-rich GTP is produced and supplied for the division process was recently addressed by the discovery of a nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like protein, termed DYNAMO1 in a lower eukaryote, which has a mammalian homologue NME3. In regard to the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, a new PBD model mouse defective in Pex14 manifests a dysregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB pathway, an important signaling pathway for cerebellar morphogenesis. Communications between peroxisomes and other organelles are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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15
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Ishibashi T, Baba H. Paranodal Axoglial Junctions, an Essential Component in Axonal Homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:951809. [PMID: 35874818 PMCID: PMC9299063 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.951809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, a high density of voltage-gated Na+ channel at nodes of Ranvier and of voltage-gated K+ channel at juxtaparanodes is necessary for rapid propagation of action potential, that is, for saltatory conduction in myelinated axons. Myelin loops attach to the axonal membrane and form paranodal axoglial junctions (PNJs) at paranodes adjacent to nodes of Ranvier. There is growing evidence that the PNJs contribute to axonal homeostasis in addition to their roles as lateral fences that restrict the location of nodal axolemmal proteins for effective saltatory conduction. Perturbations of PNJs, as in specific PNJ protein knockouts as well as in myelin lipid deficient mice, result in internodal axonal alterations, even if their internodal myelin is preserved. Here we review studies showing that PNJs play crucial roles in the myelinated axonal homeostasis. The present evidence points to two functions in particular: 1) PNJs facilitate axonal transport of membranous organelles as well as cytoskeletal proteins; and 2) they regulate the axonal distribution of type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) in cerebellar Purkinje axons. Myelinated axonal homeostasis depends among others on the state of PNJs, and consequently, a better understanding of this dependency may contribute to the clarification of CNS disease mechanisms and the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ishibashi
- Department of Functional Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hiroko Baba
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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16
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Fallatah W, Cui W, Di Pietro E, Carter GT, Pounder B, Dorninger F, Pifl C, Moser AB, Berger J, Braverman NE. A Pex7 Deficient Mouse Series Correlates Biochemical and Neurobehavioral Markers to Genotype Severity—Implications for the Disease Spectrum of Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886316. [PMID: 35898397 PMCID: PMC9310236 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1) is a peroxisome biogenesis disorder caused by defects in PEX7 leading to impairment in plasmalogen (Pls) biosynthesis and phytanic acid (PA) oxidation. Pls deficiency is the main pathogenic factor that determines the severity of RCDP. Severe (classic) RCDP patients have negligible Pls levels, congenital cataracts, skeletal dysplasia, growth and neurodevelopmental deficits, and cerebral hypomyelination and cerebellar atrophy on brain MRI. Individuals with milder or nonclassic RCDP have higher Pls levels, better growth and cognitive outcomes. To better understand the pathophysiology of RCDP disorders, we generated an allelic series of Pex7 mice either homozygous for the hypomorphic allele, compound heterozygous for the hypomorphic and null alleles or homozygous for the null allele. Pex7 transcript and protein were almost undetectable in the hypomorphic model, and negligible in the compound heterozygous and null mice. Pex7 deficient mice showed a graded reduction in Pls and increases in C26:0-LPC and PA in plasma and brain according to genotype. Neuropathological evaluation showed significant loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells over time and a decrease in brain myelin basic protein (MBP) content in Pex7 deficient models, with more severe effects correlating with Pex7 genotype. All Pex7 deficient mice exhibited a hyperactive behavior in the open field environment. Brain neurotransmitters analysis of Pex7 deficient mice showed a significant reduction in levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA. Also, a significant correlation was found between brain neurotransmitter levels, the hyperactivity phenotype, Pls level and the severity of Pex7 genotype. In conclusion, our study showed evidence of a genotype-phenotype correlation between the severity of Pex7 deficiency and several clinical and neurobiochemical phenotypes in RCDP1 mouse models. We propose that PA accumulation may underlie the cerebellar atrophy seen in older RCDP1 patients, as even relatively low tissue levels were strongly associated with Purkinje cells loss over time in the murine models. Also, our data demonstrate the interrelation between Pls, brain neurotransmitter deficiencies and the neurobehavioral phenotype, which could be further used as a valuable clinical endpoint for therapeutic interventions. Finally, these models show that incremental increases in Pex7 levels result in dramatic improvements in phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Fallatah
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Wedad Fallatah, ; Nancy E. Braverman,
| | - Wei Cui
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Peroxisome Disease Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erminia Di Pietro
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Peroxisome Disease Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Grace T. Carter
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Peroxisome Disease Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brittany Pounder
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Peroxisome Disease Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann B. Moser
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nancy E. Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Peroxisome Disease Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Wedad Fallatah, ; Nancy E. Braverman,
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17
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Narine M, Colognato H. Current Insights Into Oligodendrocyte Metabolism and Its Power to Sculpt the Myelin Landscape. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:892968. [PMID: 35573837 PMCID: PMC9097137 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.892968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Once believed to be part of the nervenkitt or "nerve glue" network in the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendroglial cells now have established roles in key neurological functions such as myelination, neuroprotection, and motor learning. More recently, oligodendroglia has become the subject of intense investigations aimed at understanding the contributions of its energetics to CNS physiology and pathology. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of oligodendroglial metabolism in regulating key stages of oligodendroglial development and health, its role in providing energy to neighboring cells such as neurons, as well as how alterations in oligodendroglial bioenergetics contribute to disease states. Importantly, we highlight how certain inputs can regulate oligodendroglial metabolism, including extrinsic and intrinsic mediators of cellular signaling, pharmacological compounds, and even dietary interventions. Lastly, we discuss emerging studies aimed at discovering the therapeutic potential of targeting components within oligodendroglial bioenergetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanlall Narine
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Holly Colognato
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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18
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Liu Y, Castano D, Girolamo F, Trigueros-Motos L, Bae HG, Neo SP, Oh J, Narayanaswamy P, Torta F, Rye KA, Jo DG, Gunaratne J, Jung S, Virgintino D, Singaraja RR. Loss of ABCA8B decreases myelination by reducing oligodendrocyte precursor cells in mice. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100147. [PMID: 34752805 PMCID: PMC8953628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The myelin sheath, which is wrapped around axons, is a lipid-enriched structure produced by mature oligodendrocytes. Disruption of the myelin sheath is observed in several neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. A crucial component of myelin is sphingomyelin, levels of which can be increased by ABCA8, a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family. ABCA8 is highly expressed in the cerebellum, specifically in oligodendroglia. However, whether ABCA8 plays a role in myelination and mechanisms that would underlie this role remain unknown. Here, we found that the absence of Abca8b, a mouse ortholog of ABCA8, led to decreased numbers of cerebellar oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes in mice. We show that in oligodendrocytes, ABCA8 interacts with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), a molecule essential for OPC proliferation, migration, and myelination. In the absence of Abca8b, localization of CSPG4 to the plasma membrane was decreased, contributing to reduced cerebellar CSPG4 expression. Cerebellar CSPG4+ OPCs were also diminished, leading to decreased mature myelinating oligodendrocyte numbers and cerebellar myelination levels in Abca8b-/- mice. In addition, electron microscopy analyses showed that the number of nonmyelinated cerebellar axons was increased, whereas cerebellar myelin thickness (g-ratio), myelin sheath periodicity, and axonal diameter were all decreased, indicative of disordered myelin ultrastructure. In line with disrupted cerebellar myelination, Abca8b-/- mice showed lower cerebellar conduction velocity and disturbed locomotion. In summary, ABCA8 modulates cerebellar myelination, in part through functional regulation of the ABCA8-interacting protein CSPG4. Our findings suggest that ABCA8 disruption may contribute to the pathophysiology of myelin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Liu
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Castano
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Laia Trigueros-Motos
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suat Peng Neo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeongah Oh
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pradeep Narayanaswamy
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kerry Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Roshni R Singaraja
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
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19
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Hayashi D, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA. Each phospholipase A 2 type exhibits distinct selectivity toward sn-1 ester, alkyl ether, and vinyl ether phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159067. [PMID: 34634490 PMCID: PMC9188868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are major components of cell membranes and have enormous variation in the composition of fatty acyl chains esterified on the sn-1 and sn-2 position as well as the polar head groups on the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes constitute a superfamily of enzymes which play a critical role in metabolism and signal transduction by hydrolyzing the sn-2 acyl chains of glycerophospholipids. In human cell membranes, in addition to the conventional diester phospholipids, a significant amount is the sn-1 ether-linked phospholipids which play a critical role in numerous biological activities. However, precisely how PLA2s distinguish the sn-1 acyl chain linkage is not understood. In the present study, we expanded the technique of lipidomics to determine the unique in vitro specificity of three major human PLA2s, including Group IVA cytosolic cPLA2, Group VIA calcium-independent iPLA2, and Group V secreted sPLA2 toward the linkage at the sn-1 position. Interestingly, cPLA2 prefers sn-1 vinyl ether phospholipids known as plasmalogens over conventional ester phospholipids and the sn-1 alkyl ether phospholipids. iPLA2 showed similar activity toward vinyl ether and ester phospholipids at the sn-1 position. Surprisingly, sPLA2 preferred ester phospholipids over alkyl and vinyl ether phospholipids. By taking advantage of molecular dynamics simulations, we found that Trp30 in the sPLA2 active site dominates its specificity for diester phospholipids.
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20
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Byeon SK, Madugundu AK, Jain AP, Bhat FA, Jung JH, Renuse S, Darrow J, Bakker A, Albert M, Moghekar A, Pandey A. Cerebrospinal fluid lipidomics for biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Omics 2021; 17:454-463. [PMID: 34125126 PMCID: PMC8210464 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00186d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is associated with serious neurologic sequelae resulting from neurodegenerative changes. Identification of markers of early-stage AD could be important for designing strategies to arrest the progression of the disease. The brain is rich in lipids because they are crucial for signal transduction and anchoring of membrane proteins. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an excellent specimen for studying the metabolism of lipids in AD because it can reflect changes occurring in the brain. We aimed to identify CSF lipidomic alterations associated with AD, using untargeted lipidomics, carried out in positive and negative ion modes. We found CSF lipids that were significantly altered in AD cases. In addition, comparison of CSF lipid profiles between persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD showed a strong positive correlation between the lipidomes of the MCI and AD groups. The novel lipid biomarkers identified in this study are excellent candidates for validation in a larger set of patient samples and as predictive biomarkers of AD through future longitudinal studies. Once validated, the lipid biomarkers could lead to early detection, disease monitoring and the ability to measure the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Kee Byeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA.
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21
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Developmental and Degenerative Cerebellar Pathologies in Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Deficiency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33417211 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of the cerebellum is exquisitely dependent on peroxisomal β-oxidation metabolism. Patients with peroxisomal β-oxidation defects commonly develop malformation, leukodystrophy, and/or atrophy of the cerebellum depending on the gene defect and on the severity of the mutation. By analyzing mouse models lacking the central peroxisomal β-oxidation enzyme, multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), either globally or in selected cell types, insights into the pathomechanisms could be obtained. All mouse models developed ataxia, but the onset was earlier in global and neural-selective (Nestin) Mfp2-/- knockout mice as compared to Purkinje cell (PC)-selective Mfp2 knockouts.At the histological level, this was associated with developmental anomalies in global and Nestin-Mfp2-/- mice, including aberrant wiring of PCs by parallel and climbing fibers and altered electrical properties of PCs. In all mouse models, dystrophy of PC axons with swellings initiating in the deep cerebellar nuclei and evolving to the proximal axon, preceded death of PCs. These degenerative features are in part mediated by deficient peroxisomal β-oxidation within PCs but are accelerated when MFP2 is also absent from other neural cell types. The metabolic causes of the diverse cerebellar pathologies remain unknown.In conclusion, peroxisomal β-oxidation is required both for the development and for the maintenance of the cerebellum. This is mediated by PC autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms.
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Bioactive Ether Lipids: Primordial Modulators of Cellular Signaling. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010041. [PMID: 33430006 PMCID: PMC7827237 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primacy of lipids as essential components of cellular membranes is conserved across taxonomic domains. In addition to this crucial role as a semi-permeable barrier, lipids are also increasingly recognized as important signaling molecules with diverse functional mechanisms ranging from cell surface receptor binding to the intracellular regulation of enzymatic cascades. In this review, we focus on ether lipids, an ancient family of lipids having ether-linked structures that chemically differ from their more prevalent acyl relatives. In particular, we examine ether lipid biosynthesis in the peroxisome of mammalian cells, the roles of selected glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids in signal transduction in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and finally, the potential therapeutic contributions of synthetic ether lipids to the treatment of cancer.
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Deb R, Joshi N, Nagotu S. Peroxisomes of the Brain: Distribution, Functions, and Associated Diseases. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:986-1006. [PMID: 33400183 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are versatile cell organelles that exhibit a repertoire of organism and cell-type dependent functions. The presence of oxidases and antioxidant enzymes is a characteristic feature of these organelles. The role of peroxisomes in various cell types in human health and disease is under investigation. Defects in the biogenesis of the organelle and its function lead to severe debilitating disorders. In this manuscript, we discuss the distribution and functions of peroxisomes in the nervous system and especially in the brain cells. The important peroxisomal functions in these cells and their role in the pathology of associated disorders such as neurodegeneration are highlighted in recent studies. Although the cause of the pathogenesis of these disorders is still not clearly understood, emerging evidence supports a crucial role of peroxisomes. In this review, we discuss research highlighting the role of peroxisomes in brain development and its function. We also provide an overview of the major findings in recent years that highlight the role of peroxisome dysfunction in various associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachayeeta Deb
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Neha Joshi
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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24
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Montani L. Lipids in regulating oligodendrocyte structure and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:114-122. [PMID: 32912639 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes enwrap central nervous system axons with myelin, a lipid enriched highly organized multi-layer membrane structure that allows for fast long-distance saltatory conduction of neuronal impulses. Myelin has an extremely high lipid content (∼80 % of its dry weight) and a peculiar lipid composition, with a 2:2:1 cholesterol:phospholipid:glycolipid ratio. Inherited neurodegenerative diseases of the lipids (caused by mutations in lipogenic enzymes) often present oligodendrocyte and/or myelin defects which contribute to the overall disease pathophysiology. These phenomena triggered an increasing number of studies over the functions lipid exert to shape and maintain myelin, and brought to the finding that lipids are more than only structural building blocks. They act as signaling molecules to drive proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, as well as proliferation of premyelinating oligodendrocytes, and their maturation into myelinating ones. Here, we summarize key findings in these areas, while presenting the main related human diseases. Despite many advances in the field, various questions remain open which we briefly discuss. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Role of Lipids in CNS Cell Physiology and Pathology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montani
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland.
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25
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Fontaine D, Figiel S, Félix R, Kouba S, Fromont G, Mahéo K, Potier-Cartereau M, Chantôme A, Vandier C. Roles of endogenous ether lipids and associated PUFAs in the regulation of ion channels and their relevance for disease. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:840-858. [PMID: 32265321 PMCID: PMC7269763 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ether lipids (ELs) are lipids characterized by the presence of either an ether linkage (alkyl lipids) or a vinyl ether linkage [i.e., plasmalogens (Pls)] at the sn1 position of the glycerol backbone, and they are enriched in PUFAs at the sn2 position. In this review, we highlight that ELs have various biological functions, act as a reservoir for second messengers (such as PUFAs) and have roles in many diseases. Some of the biological effects of ELs may be associated with their ability to regulate ion channels that control excitation-contraction/secretion/mobility coupling and therefore cell physiology. These channels are embedded in lipid membranes, and lipids can regulate their activities directly or indirectly as second messengers or by incorporating into membranes. Interestingly, ELs and EL-derived PUFAs have been reported to play a key role in several pathologies, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Investigations leading to a better understanding of their mechanisms of action in pathologies have opened a new field in cancer research. In summary, newly identified lipid regulators of ion channels, such as ELs and PUFAs, may represent valuable targets to improve disease diagnosis and advance the development of new therapeutic strategies for managing a range of diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fontaine
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France
| | - Sandy Figiel
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France
| | - Romain Félix
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France
| | - Sana Kouba
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France; Department of Pathology, CHRU Bretonneau, F-37044 Tours CEDEX 9, France
| | - Karine Mahéo
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, F-37200 Tours, France
| | | | - Aurélie Chantôme
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Christophe Vandier
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France. mailto:
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26
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Poitelon Y, Kopec AM, Belin S. Myelin Fat Facts: An Overview of Lipids and Fatty Acid Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040812. [PMID: 32230947 PMCID: PMC7226731 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is critical for the proper function of the nervous system and one of the most complex cell–cell interactions of the body. Myelination allows for the rapid conduction of action potentials along axonal fibers and provides physical and trophic support to neurons. Myelin contains a high content of lipids, and the formation of the myelin sheath requires high levels of fatty acid and lipid synthesis, together with uptake of extracellular fatty acids. Recent studies have further advanced our understanding of the metabolism and functions of myelin fatty acids and lipids. In this review, we present an overview of the basic biology of myelin lipids and recent insights on the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and functions in myelinating cells. In addition, this review may serve to provide a foundation for future research characterizing the role of fatty acids and lipids in myelin biology and metabolic disorders affecting the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Abe Y, Tamura S, Honsho M, Fujiki Y. A Mouse Model System to Study Peroxisomal Roles in Neurodegeneration of Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:119-143. [PMID: 33417212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen PEX genes are currently identified as genes responsible for peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Patients with PBDs manifest as neurodegenerative symptoms such as neuronal migration defect and malformation of the cerebellum. To address molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, mouse models for the PBDs have been generated by targeted disruption of Pex genes. Pathological phenotypes and metabolic abnormalities in Pex-knockout mice well resemble those of the patients with PBDs. The mice with tissue- or cell type-specific inactivation of Pex genes have also been established by using a Cre-loxP system. The genetically modified mice reveal that pathological phenotypes of PBDs are mediated by interorgan and intercellular communications. Despite the illustrations of detailed pathological phenotypes in the mutant mice, mechanistic insights into pathogenesis of PBDs are still underway. In this chapter, we overview the phenotypes of Pex-inactivated mice and the current understanding of the pathogenesis underlying PBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Honsho M, Okumoto K, Tamura S, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:45-54. [PMID: 33417206 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are presented in all eukaryotic cells and play essential roles in many of lipid metabolic pathways, including β-oxidation of fatty acids and synthesis of ether-linked glycerophospholipids, such as plasmalogens. Impaired peroxisome biogenesis, including defects of membrane assembly, import of peroxisomal matrix proteins, and division of peroxisome, causes peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Fourteen complementation groups of PBDs are found, and their complementing genes termed PEXs are isolated. Several new mutations in peroxins from patients with mild PBD phenotype or patients with phenotypes unrelated to the commonly observed impairments of PBD patients are found by next-generation sequencing. Exploring a dysfunctional step(s) caused by the mutation is important for unveiling the pathogenesis of novel mutation by means of cellular and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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29
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Honsho M, Dorninger F, Abe Y, Setoyama D, Ohgi R, Uchiumi T, Kang D, Berger J, Fujiki Y. Impaired plasmalogen synthesis dysregulates liver X receptor-dependent transcription in cerebellum. J Biochem 2019; 166:353-361. [PMID: 31135054 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn) is regulated by modulating the stability of fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (Far1) on peroxisomal membrane, a rate-limiting enzyme in plasmalogen synthesis. Dysregulation of plasmalogen homeostasis impairs cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured cells by altering the stability of squalene epoxidase (SQLE). However, regulation of PlsEtn synthesis and physiological consequences of plasmalogen homeostasis in tissues remain unknown. In the present study, we found that the protein but not the transcription level of Far1 in the cerebellum of the Pex14 mutant mouse expressing Pex14p lacking its C-terminal region (Pex14ΔC/ΔC) is higher than that from wild-type mouse, suggesting that Far1 is stabilized by the lowered level of PlsEtn. The protein level of SQLE was increased, whereas the transcriptional activity of the liver X receptors (LXRs), ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is lowered in the cerebellum of Pex14ΔC/ΔC and the mice deficient in dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase, the initial enzyme for the synthesis of PlsEtn. These results suggest that the reduction of plasmalogens in the cerebellum more likely compromises the cholesterol homeostasis, thereby reducing the transcriptional activities of LXRs, master regulators of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ohgi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Ruiz M, Cuillerier A, Daneault C, Deschênes S, Frayne IR, Bouchard B, Forest A, Legault JT, Vaz FM, Rioux JD, Burelle Y, Des Rosiers C. Lipidomics unveils lipid dyshomeostasis and low circulating plasmalogens as biomarkers in a monogenic mitochondrial disorder. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123231. [PMID: 31341105 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction characterizes many rare and common age-associated diseases. The biochemical consequences, underlying clinical manifestations, and potential therapeutic targets, remain to be better understood. We tested the hypothesis that lipid dyshomeostasis in mitochondrial disorders goes beyond mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, particularly in liver. This was achieved using comprehensive untargeted and targeted lipidomics in a case-control cohort of patients with Leigh syndrome French-Canadian variant (LSFC), a mitochondrial disease caused by mutations in LRPPRC, and in mice harboring liver-specific inactivation of Lrpprc (H-Lrpprc-/-). We discovered a plasma lipid signature discriminating LSFC patients from controls encompassing lower levels of plasmalogens and conjugated bile acids, which suggest perturbations in peroxisomal lipid metabolism. This premise was reinforced in H-Lrpprc-/- mice, which compared with littermates recapitulated a similar, albeit stronger peroxisomal metabolic signature in plasma and liver including elevated levels of very-long-chain acylcarnitines. These mice also presented higher transcript levels for hepatic markers of peroxisome proliferation in addition to lipid remodeling reminiscent of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Our study underscores the value of lipidomics to unveil unexpected mechanisms underlying lipid dyshomeostasis ensuing from mitochondrial dysfunction herein implying peroxisomes and liver, which likely contribute to the pathophysiology of LSFC, but also other rare and common mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition and.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexanne Cuillerier
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Deschênes
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Anik Forest
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Frederic M Vaz
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John D Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yan Burelle
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Department of Nutrition and.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Baba H, Ishibashi T. The Role of Sulfatides in Axon–Glia Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:165-179. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are key metabolic organelles, which contribute to cellular lipid metabolism, e.g. the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of myelin sheath lipids, as well as cellular redox balance. Peroxisomal dysfunction has been linked to severe metabolic disorders in man, but peroxisomes are now also recognized as protective organelles with a wider significance in human health and potential impact on a large number of globally important human diseases such as neurodegeneration, obesity, cancer, and age-related disorders. Therefore, the interest in peroxisomes and their physiological functions has significantly increased in recent years. In this review, we intend to highlight recent discoveries, advancements and trends in peroxisome research, and present an update as well as a continuation of two former review articles addressing the unsolved mysteries of this astonishing organelle. We summarize novel findings on the biological functions of peroxisomes, their biogenesis, formation, membrane dynamics and division, as well as on peroxisome-organelle contacts and cooperation. Furthermore, novel peroxisomal proteins and machineries at the peroxisomal membrane are discussed. Finally, we address recent findings on the role of peroxisomes in the brain, in neurological disorders, and in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Manheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alfred Voelkl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Dariush Fahimi
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Maeba R, Araki A, Fujiwara Y. Serum Ethanolamine Plasmalogen and Urine Myo-Inositol as Cognitive Decline Markers. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 87:69-111. [PMID: 30342713 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), were linked at the clinical and molecular levels. Brain insulin deficiency and resistance may be key events in AD pathology mechanistically linking AD to T2DM. Ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtns) are abundant in the brain and play essential roles in neuronal function and myelin formation. As such, PlsEtn deficiency may be pathologically relevant in some neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Decreased brain PlsEtn associated with dementia may reflect serum PlsEtn deficiency. We hypothesized that myo-inositol plays a role in myelin formation through its facilitation of PlsEtn biosynthesis. Excessive urinary myo-inositol (UMI) loss would likely result in PlsEtn deficiency potentially leading to demyelinating diseases such as dementia. Accordingly, measurement of both serum PlsEtn and baseline UMI excretion could improve the detection of cognitive impairment (CI) in a more specific and reliable manner. To verify our hypothesis, we conducted a clinical observational study of memory clinic outpatients (MCO) and cognitively normal elderly (NE) for nearly 4.5years. We demonstrated that serum PlsEtn concentration associated with UMI excretion was useful for predicting advancing dementia in patients with mild CI. Because hyperglycemia and associated insulin resistance might be a leading cause of increased baseline UMI excretion, serum PlsEtn quantitation would be useful in detecting CI among the elderly with hyperglycemia. Our findings suggest that myo-inositol is a novel candidate molecule linking T2DM to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouta Maeba
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Araki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Ether lipids, such as plasmalogens, are peroxisome-derived glycerophospholipids in which the hydrocarbon chain at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone is attached by an ether bond, as opposed to an ester bond in the more common diacyl phospholipids. This seemingly simple biochemical change has profound structural and functional implications. Notably, the tendency of ether lipids to form non-lamellar inverted hexagonal structures in model membranes suggests that they have a role in facilitating membrane fusion processes. Ether lipids are also important for the organization and stability of lipid raft microdomains, cholesterol-rich membrane regions involved in cellular signaling. In addition to their structural roles, a subset of ether lipids are thought to function as endogenous antioxidants, and emerging studies suggest that they are involved in cell differentiation and signaling pathways. Here, we review the biology of ether lipids and their potential significance in human disorders, including neurological diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Dean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Lee S, Cheung-See-Kit M, Williams TA, Yamout N, Zufferey R. The glycosomal alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase TbADS is essential for the synthesis of ether glycerophospholipids in procyclic trypanosomes. Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:71-78. [PMID: 29355496 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are the main constituents of the biological membranes in Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans. The present work reports the characterization of the alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase TbADS that catalyzes the committed step in ether glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. TbADS localizes to the glycosomal lumen. TbADS complemented a null mutant of Leishmania major lacking alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase activity and restored the formation of normal form of the ether lipid based virulence factor lipophosphoglycan. Despite lacking alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase activity, a null mutant of TbADS in procyclic trypanosomes remained viable and exhibited normal growth. Comprehensive analysis of cellular glycerophospholipids showed that TbADS was involved in the biosynthesis of all ether glycerophospholipid species, primarily found in the PE and PC classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Melanie Cheung-See-Kit
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Tyler A Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Nader Yamout
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Rachel Zufferey
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA.
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36
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Dorninger F, Herbst R, Kravic B, Camurdanoglu BZ, Macinkovic I, Zeitler G, Forss-Petter S, Strack S, Khan MM, Waterham HR, Rudolf R, Hashemolhosseini S, Berger J. Reduced muscle strength in ether lipid-deficient mice is accompanied by altered development and function of the neuromuscular junction. J Neurochem 2017; 143:569-583. [PMID: 28555889 PMCID: PMC5725694 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inherited deficiency in ether lipids, a subgroup of phospholipids whose biosynthesis needs peroxisomes, causes the fatal human disorder rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. The exact roles of ether lipids in the mammalian organism and, therefore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are still largely enigmatic. Here, we used glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase knockout (Gnpat KO) mice to study the consequences of complete inactivation of ether lipid biosynthesis and documented substantial deficits in motor performance and muscle strength of these mice. We hypothesized that, probably in addition to previously described cerebellar abnormalities and myelination defects in the peripheral nervous system, an impairment of neuromuscular transmission contributes to the compromised motor abilities. Structurally, a morphologic examination of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in diaphragm muscle at different developmental stages revealed aberrant axonal branching and a strongly increased area of nerve innervation in Gnpat KO mice. Post-synaptically, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters colocalized with nerve terminals within a widened endplate zone. In addition, we detected atypical AChR clustering, as indicated by decreased size and number of clusters following stimulation with agrin, in vitro. The turnover of AChRs was unaffected in ether lipid-deficient mice. Electrophysiological evaluation of the adult diaphragm indicated that although evoked potentials were unaltered in Gnpat KO mice, ether lipid deficiency leads to fewer spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion events but, conversely, an increased post-synaptic response to spontaneous vesicle exocytosis. We conclude from our findings that ether lipids are essential for proper development and function of the NMJ and may, therefore, contribute to motor performance. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Herbst
- Section for Synapse Formation, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojana Kravic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bahar Z Camurdanoglu
- Section for Synapse Formation, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Macinkovic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zeitler
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Strack
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Muzamil Majid Khan
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Said Hashemolhosseini
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Berger J. From peroxisomal disorders to common neurodegenerative diseases - the role of ether phospholipids in the nervous system. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2761-2788. [PMID: 28796901 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The emerging diverse roles of ether (phospho)lipids in nervous system development and function in health and disease are currently attracting growing interest. Plasmalogens, a subgroup of ether lipids, are important membrane components involved in vesicle fusion and membrane raft composition. They store polyunsaturated fatty acids and may serve as antioxidants. Ether lipid metabolites act as precursors for the formation of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchors; others, like platelet-activating factor, are implicated in signaling functions. Consolidating the available information, we attempt to provide molecular explanations for the dramatic neurological phenotype in ether lipid-deficient human patients and mice by linking individual functional properties of ether lipids with pathological features. Furthermore, recent publications have identified altered ether lipid levels in the context of many acquired neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autism. Finally, current efforts to restore ether lipids in peroxisomal disorders as well as AD are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Honsho M, Fujiki Y. Plasmalogen homeostasis - regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis and its physiological consequence in mammals. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2720-2729. [PMID: 28686302 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens, mostly ethanolamine-containing alkenyl ether phospholipids, are a major subclass of glycerophospholipids. Plasmalogen synthesis is initiated in peroxisomes and completed in the endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of plasmalogens in several organs of peroxisome biogenesis-defective patients suggests that the de novo synthesis of plasmalogens plays a pivotal role in its homeostasis in tissues. Plasmalogen synthesis is regulated by modulating the stability of fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 on peroxisomal membranes, a rate-limiting enzyme in plasmalogen synthesis, by sensing plasmalogens in the inner leaflet of plasma membranes. Dysregulation of plasmalogen homeostasis impairs cholesterol biosynthesis by altering the stability of squalene monooxygenase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, implying physiological consequences of plasmalogen homeostasis with respect to cholesterol metabolism in cells, as well as in organs such as the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Manso Y, Holland PR, Kitamura A, Szymkowiak S, Duncombe J, Hennessy E, Searcy JL, Marangoni M, Randall AD, Brown JT, McColl BW, Horsburgh K. Minocycline reduces microgliosis and improves subcortical white matter function in a model of cerebral vascular disease. Glia 2017; 66:34-46. [PMID: 28722234 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a key mechanism associated with white matter disruption in cerebral vascular disease and dementia. In a mouse model relevant to studying cerebral vascular disease, we have previously shown that cerebral hypoperfusion disrupts axon-glial integrity and the distribution of key paranodal and internodal proteins in subcortical myelinated axons. This disruption of myelinated axons is accompanied by increased microglia and cognitive decline. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether hypoperfusion impairs the functional integrity of white matter, its relation with axon-glial integrity and microglial number, and whether by targeting microglia these effects can be improved. We show that in response to increasing durations of hypoperfusion, the conduction velocity of myelinated fibres in the corpus callosum is progressively reduced and that paranodal and internodal axon-glial integrity is disrupted. The number of microglial cells increases in response to hypoperfusion and correlates with disrupted paranodal and internodal integrity and reduced conduction velocities. Further minocycline, a proposed anti-inflammatory and microglia inhibitor, restores white matter function related to a reduction in the number of microglia. The study suggests that microglial activation contributes to the structural and functional alterations of myelinated axons induced by cerebral hypoperfusion and that dampening microglia numbers/proliferation should be further investigated as potential therapeutic benefit in cerebral vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Manso
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Holland
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Akihiro Kitamura
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Szymkowiak
- University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG
| | - Jessica Duncombe
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Edel Hennessy
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - James L Searcy
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Randall
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jon T Brown
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Daniela D'Agostino
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and McGill University Health Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Braverman
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Vanderstuyft E, Malheiro AR, Brites P, Gall D, Schiffmann SN, Baes M. Early-onset Purkinje cell dysfunction underlies cerebellar ataxia in peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:157-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Sub-Chronic Neuropathological and Biochemical Changes in Mouse Visual System after Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153608. [PMID: 27088355 PMCID: PMC4835061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) results in neuropathological and biochemical consequences in the human visual system. Using a recently developed mouse model of r-mTBI, with control mice receiving repetitive anesthesia alone (r-sham) we assessed the effects on the retina and optic nerve using histology, immunohistochemistry, proteomic and lipidomic analyses at 3 weeks post injury. Retina tissue was used to determine retinal ganglion cell (RGC) number, while optic nerve tissue was examined for cellularity, myelin content, protein and lipid changes. Increased cellularity and areas of demyelination were clearly detectable in optic nerves in r-mTBI, but not in r-sham. These changes were accompanied by a ~25% decrease in the total number of Brn3a-positive RGCs. Proteomic analysis of the optic nerves demonstrated various changes consistent with a negative effect of r-mTBI on major cellular processes like depolymerization of microtubules, disassembly of filaments and loss of neurons, manifested by decrease of several proteins, including neurofilaments (NEFH, NEFM, NEFL), tubulin (TUBB2A, TUBA4A), microtubule-associated proteins (MAP1A, MAP1B), collagen (COL6A1, COL6A3) and increased expression of other proteins, including heat shock proteins (HSP90B1, HSPB1), APOE and cathepsin D. Lipidomic analysis showed quantitative changes in a number of phospholipid species, including a significant increase in the total amount of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), including the molecular species 16:0, a known demyelinating agent. The overall amount of some ether phospholipids, like ether LPC, ether phosphatidylcholine and ether lysophosphatidylethanolamine were also increased, while the majority of individual molecular species of ester phospholipids, like phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, were decreased. Results from the biochemical analysis correlate well with changes detected by histological and immunohistochemical methods and indicate the involvement of several important molecular pathways. This will allow future identification of therapeutic targets for improving the visual consequences of r-mTBI.
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Berger J, Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M. Peroxisomes in brain development and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:934-55. [PMID: 26686055 PMCID: PMC4880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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44
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Régal L, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders: A Review on Cerebellar Pathologies. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:663-78. [PMID: 26201894 PMCID: PMC8029412 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles with diverse metabolic tasks including essential roles in lipid metabolism. They are of utmost importance for the normal functioning of the nervous system as most peroxisomal disorders are accompanied with neurological symptoms. Remarkably, the cerebellum exquisitely depends on intact peroxisomal function both during development and adulthood. In this review, we cover all aspects of cerebellar pathology that were reported in peroxisome biogenesis disorders and in diseases caused by dysfunction of the peroxisomal α-oxidation, β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis pathways. We also discuss the phenotypes of mouse models in which cerebellar pathologies were recapitulated and search for connections with the metabolic abnormalities. It becomes increasingly clear that besides the most severe forms of peroxisome dysfunction that are associated with developmental cerebellar defects, milder impairments can give rise to ataxia later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell MetabolismKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineTARGIDKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic DisordersUZ Brussel—University Hospital Brussels1000BrusselsBelgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell MetabolismKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
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45
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Honsho M, Abe Y, Fujiki Y. Dysregulation of Plasmalogen Homeostasis Impairs Cholesterol Biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28822-33. [PMID: 26463208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.656983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogen biosynthesis is regulated by modulating fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 stability in a manner dependent on cellular plasmalogen level. However, physiological significance of the regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis remains unknown. Here we show that elevation of the cellular plasmalogen level reduces cholesterol biosynthesis without affecting the isoprenylation of proteins such as Rab and Pex19p. Analysis of intermediate metabolites in cholesterol biosynthesis suggests that the first oxidative step in cholesterol biosynthesis catalyzed by squalene monooxygenase (SQLE), an important regulator downstream HMG-CoA reductase in cholesterol synthesis, is reduced by degradation of SQLE upon elevation of cellular plasmalogen level. By contrast, the defect of plasmalogen synthesis causes elevation of SQLE expression, resulting in the reduction of 2,3-epoxysqualene required for cholesterol synthesis, hence implying a novel physiological consequence of the regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Honsho
- From the Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- From the Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- From the Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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46
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Luoma AM, Kuo F, Cakici O, Crowther MN, Denninger AR, Avila RL, Brites P, Kirschner DA. Plasmalogen phospholipids protect internodal myelin from oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:296-310. [PMID: 25801291 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in a range of degenerative conditions, including aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and neurological disorders. Myelin is a lipid-rich multilamellar sheath that facilitates rapid nerve conduction in vertebrates. Given the high energetic demands and low antioxidant capacity of the cells that elaborate the sheaths, myelin is considered intrinsically vulnerable to oxidative damage, raising the question whether additional mechanisms prevent structural damage. We characterized the structural and biochemical basis of ROS-mediated myelin damage in murine tissues from both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). To determine whether ROS can cause structural damage to the internodal myelin, whole sciatic and optic nerves were incubated ex vivo with a hydroxyl radical-generating system consisting of copper (Cu), hydrogen peroxide (HP), and ortho-phenanthroline (OP). Quantitative assessment of unfixed tissue by X-ray diffraction revealed irreversible compaction of myelin membrane stacking in both sciatic and optic nerves. Incubation in the presence of the hydroxyl radical scavenger sodium formate prevented this damage, implicating hydroxyl radical species. Myelin membranes are particularly enriched in plasmalogens, a class of ether-linked phospholipids proposed to have antioxidant properties. Myelin in sciatic nerve from plasmalogen-deficient (Pex7 knockout) mice was significantly more vulnerable to Cu/OP/HP-mediated ROS-induced compaction than myelin from WT mice. Our results directly support the role of plasmalogens as endogenous antioxidants providing a defense that protects ROS-vulnerable myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Luoma
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Fonghsu Kuo
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Ozgur Cakici
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Michelle N Crowther
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Andrew R Denninger
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Robin L Avila
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Kirschner
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA.
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47
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Moreira GCM, Godoy TF, Boschiero C, Gheyas A, Gasparin G, Andrade SCS, Paduan M, Montenegro H, Burt DW, Ledur MC, Coutinho LL. Variant discovery in a QTL region on chromosome 3 associated with fatness in chickens. Anim Genet 2015; 46:141-7. [PMID: 25643900 DOI: 10.1111/age.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal fat content is an economically important trait in commercially bred chickens. Although many quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to fat deposition have been detected, the resolution for these regions is low and functional variants are still unknown. The current study was conducted aiming at increasing resolution for a region previously shown to have a QTL associated with fat deposition, to detect novel variants from this region and to annotate those variants to delineate potentially functional ones as candidates for future studies. To achieve this, 18 chickens from a parental generation used in a reciprocal cross between broiler and layer lines were sequenced using the Illumina next-generation platform with an initial coverage of 18X/chicken. The discovery of genetic variants was performed in a QTL region located on chromosome 3 between microsatellite markers LEI0161 and ADL0371 (33,595,706-42,632,651 bp). A total of 136,054 unique SNPs and 15,496 unique INDELs were detected in this region, and after quality filtering, 123,985 SNPs and 11,298 INDELs were retained. Of these variants, 386 SNPs and 15 INDELs were located in coding regions of genes related to important metabolic pathways. Loss-of-function variants were identified in several genes, and six of those, namely LOC771163, EGLN1, GNPAT, FAM120B, THBS2 and GGPS1, were related to fat deposition. Therefore, these loss-of-function variants are candidate mutations for conducting further studies on this important trait in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C M Moreira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
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Malheiro AR, da Silva TF, Brites P. Plasmalogens and fatty alcohols in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:111-21. [PMID: 25432520 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a special class of ether-phospholipids, best recognized by their vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerobackbone and by the observation that their deficiency causes rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). The complex plasmalogen biosynthetic pathway involves multiple enzymatic steps carried-out in peroxisomes and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens resides in the formation of the fatty alcohol responsible for the formation of an intermediate with an alkyl-linked moiety. The regulation in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens also takes place at this step using a feedback mechanism to stimulate or inhibit the biosynthesis. As such, fatty alcohols play a relevant role in the formation of ether-phospholipids. These advances in our understanding of complex lipid biosynthesis brought two seemingly distinct disorders into the spotlight. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is caused by defects in the microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) leading to the accumulation of fatty alcohols and fatty aldehydes. In RCDP cells, the defect in plasmalogens is thought to generate a feedback signal to increase their biosynthesis, through the activity of fatty acid reductases to produce fatty alcohols. However, the enzymatic defects in either glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) or alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) disrupt the biosynthesis and result in the accumulation of the fatty alcohols. A detailed characterization on the processes and enzymes that govern these intricate biosynthetic pathways, as well as, the metabolic characterization of defects along the pathway should increase our understanding of the causes and mechanisms behind these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Malheiro
- Lab Nerve Regeneration, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Porto, Portugal
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49
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Dorninger F, Brodde A, Braverman NE, Moser AB, Just WW, Forss-Petter S, Brügger B, Berger J. Homeostasis of phospholipids - The level of phosphatidylethanolamine tightly adapts to changes in ethanolamine plasmalogens. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:117-28. [PMID: 25463479 PMCID: PMC4331674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ethanolamine plasmalogens constitute a group of ether glycerophospholipids that, due to their unique biophysical and biochemical properties, are essential components of mammalian cellular membranes. Their importance is emphasized by the consequences of defects in plasmalogen biosynthesis, which in humans cause the fatal disease rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). In the present lipidomic study, we used fibroblasts derived from RCDP patients, as well as brain tissue from plasmalogen-deficient mice, to examine the compensatory mechanisms of lipid homeostasis in response to plasmalogen deficiency. Our results show that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a diacyl glycerophospholipid, which like ethanolamine plasmalogens carries the head group ethanolamine, is the main player in the adaptation to plasmalogen insufficiency. PE levels were tightly adjusted to the amount of ethanolamine plasmalogens so that their combined levels were kept constant. Similarly, the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in ethanolamine phospholipids was maintained upon plasmalogen deficiency. However, we found an increased incorporation of arachidonic acid at the expense of docosahexaenoic acid in the PE fraction of plasmalogen-deficient tissues. These data show that under conditions of reduced plasmalogen levels, the amount of total ethanolamine phospholipids is precisely maintained by a rise in PE. At the same time, a shift in the ratio between ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs occurs, which might have unfavorable, long-term biological consequences. Therefore, our findings are not only of interest for RCDP but may have more widespread implications also for other disease conditions, as for example Alzheimer's disease, that have been associated with a decline in plasmalogens. PE accurately compensates for the lack of plasmalogens in vitro and in vivo. PE levels decrease to adapt to excess of ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtn). Plasmalogen deficiency favors incorporation of arachidonic acid into PE. Docosahexaenoic acid in ethanolamine phospholipids decreases upon PlsEtn depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Brodde
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nancy E Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital, 4060 Ste-Catherine West, PT-406.2, Montreal, QC H3Z 2Z3, Canada.
| | - Ann B Moser
- Peroxisomal Diseases Laboratory, The Hugo W Moser Research Institute, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Wilhelm W Just
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Chaverneff F, Mierzwa A, Weinstock M, Ketcham M, Lang EJ, Rosenbluth J. Dysmyelination with preservation of transverse bands in a long-lived allele of the quaking mouse. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:197-208. [PMID: 25185516 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The new mutant mouse shaking (shk) differs from other "myelin mutants" in having a more stable neurological impairment and a much longer lifespan. We have shown that transverse bands (TBs), the component of the paranodal junction (PNJ) that attaches the myelin sheath to the axon, are present in the shk central nervous system (CNS), in contrast to more severely affected mutants, in which TBs are absent or rare. We have proposed that TBs are the major determinant underlying shk neurological stability and longevity. Here we report that TBs are abundant not only in the shk CNS but also in its peripheral nervous system (PNS), which, as in other "myelin mutants", is not as severely dysmyelinated as the CNS but does display structural abnormalities likely to affect impulse propagation. In particular, myelin sheaths are thinner than normal, and some axonal segments lack myelin sheaths entirely. In addition, we establish that the shk mutation, previously localized to chromosome 17, is a quaking (qk) allele consisting of a 105-nucleotide insertion in the qk regulatory region that decreases qk transcription but does not extend to the Parkin and Parkin coregulated genes, which are affected in the qk allele. We conclude that: 1) dysmyelination is less severe in the shk PNS than in the CNS, but TBs, which are present in both locations, stabilize the PNJs and prevent the progressive neurological deficits seen in mutants lacking TBs; and 2) the insertional mutation in shk mice is sufficient to produce the characteristic neurological phenotype without involvement of the Parkin and Parkin coregulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Chaverneff
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016
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