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Trainito A, Muscarà C, Gugliandolo A, Chiricosta L, Salamone S, Pollastro F, Mazzon E, D'Angiolini S. Cannabinol (CBN) Influences the Ion Channels and Synaptic-Related Genes in NSC-34 Cell Line: A Transcriptomic Study. Cells 2024; 13:1573. [PMID: 39329756 DOI: 10.3390/cells13181573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia are associated with altered neuronal excitability, resulting from dysfunctions in the molecular architecture and physiological regulation of ion channels and synaptic transmission. Ion channels and synapses are regarded as suitable therapeutic targets in modern pharmacology. Cannabinoids have received great attention as an original therapeutic approach for their effects on human health due to their ability to modulate the neurotransmitter release through interaction with the endocannabinoid system. In our study, we explored the effect of cannabinol (CBN) through next-generation sequencing analysis of NSC-34 cell physiology. Our findings revealed that CBN strongly influences the ontologies related to ion channels and synapse activity at all doses tested. Specifically, the genes coding for calcium and potassium voltage-gated channel subunits, and the glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors (Cacna1b, Cacna1h, Cacng8, Kcnc3, Kcnd1, Kcnd2, Kcnj4, Grik5, Grik1, Slc17a7, Gabra5), were up-regulated. Conversely, the genes involved into serotoninergic and cholinergic pathways (Htr3a, Htr3b, Htr1b, Chrna3, Chrnb2, Chrnb4), were down-regulated. These findings highlight the influence of CBN in the expression of genes involved into ion influx and synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Trainito
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Chiricosta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone D'Angiolini
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
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Verma S, Vats A, Ahuja V, Vats K, Khurana S, Vats Y, Gourie-Devi M, Wajid S, Ganguly NK, Chakraborti P, Taneja V. Functional consequences of familial ALS-associated SOD1 L84F in neuronal and muscle cells. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23461. [PMID: 38317639 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301979r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive skeletal muscle denervation and loss of motor neurons that results in muscle atrophy and eventual death due to respiratory failure. Previously, we identified a novel SOD1L84F variation in a familial ALS case. In this study, we examined the functional consequences of SOD1L84F overexpression in the mouse motor neuron cell line (NSC-34). The cells expressing SOD1L84F showed increased oxidative stress and increased cell death. Interestingly, SOD1L84F destabilized the native dimer and formed high molecular weight SDS-resistant protein aggregates. Furthermore, SOD1L84F also decreased the percentage of differentiated cells and significantly reduced neurite length. A plethora of evidence suggested active involvement of skeletal muscle in disease initiation and progression. We observed differential processing of the mutant SOD1 and perturbations of cellular machinery in NSC-34 and muscle cell line C2C12. Unlike neuronal cells, mutant protein failed to accumulate in muscle cells probably due to the activated autophagy, as evidenced by increased LC3-II and reduced p62. Further, SOD1L84F altered mitochondrial dynamics only in NSC-34. In addition, microarray analysis also revealed huge variations in differentially expressed genes between NSC-34 and C2C12. Interestingly, SOD1L84F hampered the endogenous FUS autoregulatory mechanism in NSC-34 by downregulating retention of introns 6 and 7 resulting in a two-fold upregulation of FUS. No such changes were observed in C2C12. Our findings strongly suggest the differential processing and response towards the mutant SOD1 in neuronal and muscle cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Verma
- Department of Biotechnology and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Vats
- Department of Biotechnology and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vanshika Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Kavita Vats
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shiffali Khurana
- Department of Biotechnology and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Yuvraj Vats
- Department of Biotechnology and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
| | | | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
| | | | - Pradip Chakraborti
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Biotechnology and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
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3
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Wen D, Ji Y, Li Y, Duan W, Wang Y, Li Z, Tao M, Liu Y. OPTN gene therapy increases autophagy and protects mitochondria in SOD1-G93A-expressing transgenic mice and cells. FEBS J 2024; 291:795-813. [PMID: 37983563 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor neuron (MN) death. Mutation of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene, which results in abnormal protein aggregation, is one of the causes of familial ALS. Autophagic dysfunction occurs in SOD1-G93A mutant mice as the disease progresses, but the etiology of this disease is still unclear. Optineurin (OPTN) is an adaptor that is involved in autophagy and participates in aggrephagy and mitophagy. Previous studies have established that OPTN mutations contribute to diseases such as glaucoma and ALS. However, the function of OPTN in autophagy and mitophagy has not been intensively investigated in models of ALS. In this study, we assessed the beneficial effect of OPTN on autophagy and mitochondrial function by intrathecally injecting adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-OPTN into SOD1-G93A transgenic mice and by administering lentivirus (LV)-OPTN to cells expressing the SOD1-G93A mutant protein. The expression of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) was increased and autophagy was elevated after OPTN gene therapy, as shown by a lower level of p62 and a higher level of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II. Moreover, using electron microscopy, we observed a hyperpolarized mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reversal of mitochondrial morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, the protein level of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) was increased, suggesting that mitophagy was increased. Our findings from both animal and cell line studies strongly suggest that OPTN gene therapy is a powerful strategy to increase autophagy and protect mitochondria to prevent the progression of ALS and could be effective in the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingxiao Ji
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weisong Duan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meichun Tao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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4
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Brzozowa-Zasada M, Piecuch A, Bajdak-Rusinek K, Gołąbek K, Michalski M, Janelt K, Matysiak N. Glutaredoxin 2 Protein (Grx2) as an Independent Prognostic Factor Associated with the Survival of Colon Adenocarcinoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1060. [PMID: 38256132 PMCID: PMC10816802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2; Glrx2) is a glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase located in mitochondria, which is central to the regulation of glutathione homeostasis and mitochondrial redox, and plays a crucial role in highly metabolic tissues. In response to mitochondrial redox signals and oxidative stress, Grx2 can catalyze the oxidation and S-glutathionylation of membrane-bound thiol proteins in mitochondria. Therefore, it can have a significant impact on cancer development. To investigate this further, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of Grx2 protein expression in colon adenocarcinoma samples collected from patients with primary colon adenocarcinoma (stage I and II) and patients with metastasis to regional lymph nodes (stage III). The results of our study revealed a significant relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of Grx2 and tumor histological grade, depth of invasion, regional lymph node involvement, angioinvasion, staging, and PCNA immunohistochemical expression. It was found that 87% of patients with stage I had high levels of Grx2 expression. In contrast, only 33% of patients with stage II and 1% of patients with stage III had high levels of Grx2 expression. Moreover, the multivariate analysis revealed that the immunohistochemical expression of Grx2 protein apart from the grade of tumor differentiation was an independent prognostic factors for the survival of patients with colon adenocarcinoma. Studies analyzing Grx2 levels in patients' blood confirmed that the highest levels of serum Grx2 protein was also found in stage I patients, which was reflected in the survival curves. A higher level of Grx2 in the serum has been associated with a more favorable outcome. These results were supported by in vitro analysis conducted on colorectal cancer cell lines that corresponded to stages I, II, and III of colorectal cancer, using qRT-PCR and Western Blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Brzozowa-Zasada
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (N.M.)
| | - Adam Piecuch
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (N.M.)
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Gołąbek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (N.M.)
- Zabrze Silesian Nanomicroscopy Centre in Zabrze, Silesia LabMed-Research and Implementation Centre, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamil Janelt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Natalia Matysiak
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (N.M.)
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5
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Fujii J, Osaki T, Soma Y, Matsuda Y. Critical Roles of the Cysteine-Glutathione Axis in the Production of γ-Glutamyl Peptides in the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098044. [PMID: 37175751 PMCID: PMC10179188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl moiety that is attached to the cysteine (Cys) residue in glutathione (GSH) protects it from peptidase-mediated degradation. The sulfhydryl group of the Cys residue represents most of the functions of GSH, which include electron donation to peroxidases, protection of reactive sulfhydryl in proteins via glutaredoxin, and glutathione conjugation of xenobiotics, whereas Cys-derived sulfur is also a pivotal component of some redox-responsive molecules. The amount of Cys that is available tends to restrict the capacity of GSH synthesis. In in vitro systems, cystine is the major form in the extracellular milieu, and a specific cystine transporter, xCT, is essential for survival in most lines of cells and in many primary cultivated cells as well. A reduction in the supply of Cys causes GPX4 to be inhibited due to insufficient GSH synthesis, which leads to iron-dependent necrotic cell death, ferroptosis. Cells generally cannot take up GSH without the removal of γ-glutamyl moiety by γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) on the cell surface. Meanwhile, the Cys-GSH axis is essentially common to certain types of cells; primarily, neuronal cells that contain a unique metabolic system for intercellular communication concerning γ-glutamyl peptides. After a general description of metabolic processes concerning the Cys-GSH axis, we provide an overview and discuss the significance of GSH-related compounds in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Osaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yuya Soma
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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6
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Chakraborty S, Sircar E, Mishra A, Choudhuri A, Dutta S, Bhattacharyya C, Chakraborty S, Bhaumik T, Si S, Rao S, Sarma A, Ray A, Sachin K, Sengupta R. De-glutathionylases: The resilient underdogs to keep neurodegeneration at bay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 653:83-92. [PMID: 36863212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteins become S-glutathionylated as a result of the derivatization of their cysteine thiols with the thiolate anion derivative of glutathione; this process is frequently linked to diseases and protein misbehavior. Along with the other well-known oxidative modifications like S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation has quickly emerged as a major contributor to a number of diseases, with a focus on neurodegeneration. The immense clinical significance of S-glutathionylation in cell signaling and the genesis of diseases are progressively coming to light with advanced research, which is also creating new opportunities for prompt diagnostics that utilize this phenomenon. In-depth investigation in recent years has revealed other significant deglutathionylases in addition to glutaredoxin, necessitating the hunt for their specific substrates. The precise catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes must also be understood, along with how the intracellular environment affects their impact on protein conformation and function. These insights must then be extrapolated to the understanding of neurodegeneration and the introduction of novel and clever therapeutic approaches to clinics. Clarifying the importance of the functional overlap of glutaredoxin and other deglutathionylases and examining their complementary functions as defense systems in the face of stress are essential prerequisites for predicting and promoting cell survival under high oxidative/nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surupa Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Esha Sircar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India; Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Akansha Mishra
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Ankita Choudhuri
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Sreejita Dutta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Camelia Bhattacharyya
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Souhridhra Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Tamal Bhaumik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Somsundar Si
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Suhasini Rao
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Anish Sarma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Anirban Ray
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Kumar Sachin
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, 248016, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, India
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University, Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India.
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7
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Jagtap YA, Kumar P, Kinger S, Dubey AR, Choudhary A, Gutti RK, Singh S, Jha HC, Poluri KM, Mishra A. Disturb mitochondrial associated proteostasis: Neurodegeneration and imperfect ageing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1146564. [PMID: 36968195 PMCID: PMC10036443 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1146564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The disturbance in mitochondrial functions and homeostasis are the major features of neuron degenerative conditions, like Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease, along with protein misfolding. The aberrantly folded proteins are known to link with impaired mitochondrial pathways, further contributing to disease pathogenesis. Despite their central significance, the implications of mitochondrial homeostasis disruption on other organelles and cellular processes remain insufficiently explored. Here, we have reviewed the dysfunction in mitochondrial physiology, under neuron degenerating conditions. The disease misfolded proteins impact quality control mechanisms of mitochondria, such as fission, fusion, mitophagy, and proteasomal clearance, to the detriment of neuron. The adversely affected mitochondrial functional roles, like oxidative phosphorylation, calcium homeostasis, and biomolecule synthesis as well as its axes and contacts with endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes are also discussed. Mitochondria sense and respond to multiple cytotoxic stress to make cell adapt and survive, though chronic dysfunction leads to cell death. Mitochondria and their proteins can be candidates for biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Investigation of internetworking between mitochondria and neurodegeneration proteins can enhance our holistic understanding of such conditions and help in designing more targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Anandrao Jagtap
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sumit Kinger
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankur Rakesh Dubey
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akash Choudhary
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
- *Correspondence: Amit Mishra,
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8
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Vašková J, Kočan L, Vaško L, Perjési P. Glutathione-Related Enzymes and Proteins: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031447. [PMID: 36771108 PMCID: PMC9919958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione is found in all eukaryotic cells, and due to the compartmentalization of biochemical processes, its synthesis takes place exclusively in the cytosol. At the same time, its functions depend on its transport to/from organelles and interorgan transport, in which the liver plays a central role. Glutathione is determined as a marker of the redox state in many diseases, aging processes, and cell death resulting from its properties and reactivity. It also uses other enzymes and proteins, which enables it to engage and regulate various cell functions. This paper approximates the role of these systems in redox and detoxification reactions such as conjugation reactions of glutathione-S-transferases, glyoxylases, reduction of peroxides through thiol peroxidases (glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins) and thiol-disulfide exchange reactions catalyzed by glutaredoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Vašková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (P.P.); Tel.: +42-155-234-3232 (J.V.)
| | - Ladislav Kočan
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Vaško
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pál Perjési
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, 7600 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (P.P.); Tel.: +42-155-234-3232 (J.V.)
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9
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Vrettou S, Wirth B. S-Glutathionylation and S-Nitrosylation in Mitochondria: Focus on Homeostasis and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15849. [PMID: 36555492 PMCID: PMC9779533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox post-translational modifications are derived from fluctuations in the redox potential and modulate protein function, localization, activity and structure. Amongst the oxidative reversible modifications, the S-glutathionylation of proteins was the first to be characterized as a post-translational modification, which primarily protects proteins from irreversible oxidation. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that S-glutathionylation plays a key role in core cell processes, particularly in mitochondria, which are the main source of reactive oxygen species. S-nitrosylation, another post-translational modification, was identified >150 years ago, but it was re-introduced as a prototype cell-signaling mechanism only recently, one that tightly regulates core processes within the cell’s sub-compartments, especially in mitochondria. S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation are modulated by fluctuations in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and, in turn, orchestrate mitochondrial bioenergetics machinery, morphology, nutrients metabolism and apoptosis. In many neurodegenerative disorders, mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative/nitrosative stresses trigger or exacerbate their pathologies. Despite the substantial amount of research for most of these disorders, there are no successful treatments, while antioxidant supplementation failed in the majority of clinical trials. Herein, we discuss how S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation interfere in mitochondrial homeostasis and how the deregulation of these modifications is associated with Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Friedreich’s ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vrettou
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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10
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A. HP, Diwakar L, Ravindranath V. Protein Glutathionylation and Glutaredoxin: Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122334. [PMID: 36552543 PMCID: PMC9774553 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. One of the major enzyme systems involved in the defense against reactive oxygen species are the tripeptide glutathione and oxidoreductase glutaredoxin. Glutathione and glutaredoxin system are very important in the brain because of the oxidative modification of protein thiols to protein glutathione mixed disulfides with the concomitant formation of oxidized glutathione during oxidative stress. Formation of Pr-SSG acts as a sink in the brain and is reduced back to protein thiols during recovery, thus restoring protein functions. This is unlike in the liver, which has a high turnover of glutathione, and formation of Pr-SSG is very minimal as liver is able to quickly quench the prooxidant species. Given the important role glutathione and glutaredoxin play in the brain, both in normal and pathologic states, it is necessary to study ways to augment the system to help maintain the protein thiol status. This review details the importance of glutathione and glutaredoxin systems in several neurodegenerative disorders and emphasizes the potential augmentation of this system as a target to effectively protect the brain during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseena P. A.
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Latha Diwakar
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-80-22933433; Fax: +91-80-23603323
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11
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Pozo Devoto VM, Onyango IG, Stokin GB. Mitochondrial behavior when things go wrong in the axon. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:959598. [PMID: 35990893 PMCID: PMC9389222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.959598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal homeostasis is maintained by processes that include cytoskeletal regulation, cargo transport, synaptic activity, ionic balance, and energy supply. Several of these processes involve mitochondria to varying degrees. As a transportable powerplant, the mitochondria deliver ATP and Ca2+-buffering capabilities and require fusion/fission to maintain proper functioning. Taking into consideration the long distances that need to be covered by mitochondria in the axons, their transport, distribution, fusion/fission, and health are of cardinal importance. However, axonal homeostasis is disrupted in several disorders of the nervous system, or by traumatic brain injury (TBI), where the external insult is translated into physical forces that damage nervous tissue including axons. The degree of damage varies and can disconnect the axon into two segments and/or generate axonal swellings in addition to cytoskeletal changes, membrane leakage, and changes in ionic composition. Cytoskeletal changes and increased intra-axonal Ca2+ levels are the main factors that challenge mitochondrial homeostasis. On the other hand, a proper function and distribution of mitochondria can determine the recovery or regeneration of the axonal physiological state. Here, we discuss the current knowledge regarding mitochondrial transport, fusion/fission, and Ca2+ regulation under axonal physiological or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorio M. Pozo Devoto
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Isaac G. Onyango
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Gorazd B. Stokin
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Neurosciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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12
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Olesen MA, Villavicencio-Tejo F, Quintanilla RA. The use of fibroblasts as a valuable strategy for studying mitochondrial impairment in neurological disorders. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:36. [PMID: 35787292 PMCID: PMC9251940 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction leading to synaptic failure, cognitive impairment, and motor injury. Among these diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have raised a significant research interest. These disorders present common neuropathological signs, including neuronal dysfunction, protein accumulation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial abnormalities. In this context, mitochondrial impairment is characterized by a deficiency in ATP production, excessive production of reactive oxygen species, calcium dysregulation, mitochondrial transport failure, and mitochondrial dynamics deficiencies. These defects in mitochondrial health could compromise the synaptic process, leading to early cognitive dysfunction observed in these NDs. Interestingly, skin fibroblasts from AD, PD, HD, and ALS patients have been suggested as a useful strategy to investigate and detect early mitochondrial abnormalities in these NDs. In this context, fibroblasts are considered a viable model for studying neurodegenerative changes due to their metabolic and biochemical relationships with neurons. Also, studies of our group and others have shown impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics in fibroblasts from patients diagnosed with sporadic and genetic forms of AD, PD, HD, and ALS. Interestingly, these mitochondrial abnormalities have been observed in the brain tissues of patients suffering from the same pathologies. Therefore, fibroblasts represent a novel strategy to study the genesis and progression of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, PD, HD, and ALS. This review discusses recent evidence that proposes fibroblasts as a potential target to study mitochondrial bioenergetics impairment in neurological disorders and consequently to search for new biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Villavicencio-Tejo
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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13
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Zhao J, Wang X, Huo Z, Chen Y, Liu J, Zhao Z, Meng F, Su Q, Bao W, Zhang L, Wen S, Wang X, Liu H, Zhou S. The Impact of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132049. [PMID: 35805131 PMCID: PMC9265651 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive and highly fatal neurodegenerative disease. Although the pathogenesis of ALS remains unclear, increasing evidence suggests that a key contributing factor is mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are organelles in eukaryotic cells responsible for bioenergy production, cellular metabolism, signal transduction, calcium homeostasis, and immune responses and the stability of their function plays a crucial role in neurons. A single disorder or defect in mitochondrial function can lead to pathological changes in cells, such as an impaired calcium buffer period, excessive generation of free radicals, increased mitochondrial membrane permeability, and oxidative stress (OS). Recent research has also shown that these mitochondrial dysfunctions are also associated with pathological changes in ALS and are believed to be commonly involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. This article reviews the latest research on mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on the progression of ALS, with specific attention to the potential of novel therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.M.); (Q.S.); (W.B.)
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.M.); (Q.S.); (W.B.)
| | - Zijun Huo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.M.); (Q.S.); (W.B.)
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.M.); (Q.S.); (W.B.)
| | - Jinmeng Liu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhenhan Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.M.); (Q.S.); (W.B.)
| | - Fandi Meng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.M.); (Q.S.); (W.B.)
| | - Qi Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.M.); (Q.S.); (W.B.)
| | - Weiwei Bao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (F.M.); (Q.S.); (W.B.)
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261061, China;
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Huancai Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261061, China;
- Correspondence: (H.L.); or (S.Z.)
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.); or (S.Z.)
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14
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Lanznaster D, Bruno C, Bourgeais J, Emond P, Zemmoura I, Lefèvre A, Reynier P, Eymieux S, Blanchard E, Vourc’h P, Andres CR, Bakkouche SE, Herault O, Favard L, Corcia P, Blasco H. Metabolic Profile and Pathological Alterations in the Muscle of Patients with Early-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061307. [PMID: 35740329 PMCID: PMC9220134 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse biomarkers and pathological alterations have been found in muscle of patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the relation between such alterations and dysfunction in energetic metabolism remains to be investigated. We established the metabolome of muscle and serum of ALS patients and correlated these findings with the clinical status and pathological alterations observed in the muscle. We obtained data from 20 controls and 17 ALS patients (disease duration: 9.4 ± 6.8 months). Multivariate metabolomics analysis identified a distinct serum metabolome for ALS compared to controls (p-CV-ANOVA < 0.035) and revealed an excellent discriminant profile for muscle metabolome (p-CV-ANOVA < 0.0012). Citramalate was discriminant for both muscle and serum. High lauroylcarnitine levels in muscle were associated with low Forced Vital Capacity. Transcriptomics analysis of key antioxidant enzymes showed an upregulation of SOD3 (p = 0.0017) and GLRX2(1) (p = 0.0022) in ALS muscle. Analysis of mitochondrial enzymatic activity in muscle revealed higher complex II/CS (p = 0.04) and lower LDH (p = 0.03) activity in ALS than in controls. Our study showed, for the first time, a global dysfunction in the muscle of early-stage ALS patients. Furthermore, we identified novel metabolites to be employed as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Lanznaster
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Clément Bruno
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Bourgeais
- CNRS ERL7001, EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.); (O.H.)
| | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Ilyess Zemmoura
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Neurochirurgie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Antoine Lefèvre
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France;
- Mitovasc-Mitolab, UMR CNRS6015-INSERM1083, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Eymieux
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (S.E.); (E.B.)
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (S.E.); (E.B.)
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourc’h
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Christian R. Andres
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | | | - Olivier Herault
- CNRS ERL7001, EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.); (O.H.)
| | - Luc Favard
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Philippe Corcia
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Hélène Blasco
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
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15
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Cha SJ, Kim K. Effects of the Edaravone, a Drug Approved for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, on Mitochondrial Function and Neuroprotection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020195. [PMID: 35204078 PMCID: PMC8868074 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Edaravone, the first known free radical scavenger, has demonstrated cellular protective properties in animals and humans. Owing to its antioxidant activity, edaravone modulates oxidative damage in various diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. In 2015, edaravone was approved in Japan to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The distinguishing pathogenic features of neurodegenerative diseases include high reactive oxygen species levels and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the correlation between mitochondria and edaravone has not been elucidated. This review highlights recent studies on novel therapeutic perspectives of edaravone in terms of its effect on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Cha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea;
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea;
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-413-5024; Fax: +82-41-413-5006
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16
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An S, Shi J, Li Z, Feng M, Cao G. The effects of acrylamide-mediated dorsal root ganglion neurons injury on ferroptosis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221129786. [PMID: 36154307 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221129786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble chemical applied in industrial and laboratory processes. The neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide involves both peripheral and central nervous system. Hence, there is a growing urgency to investigate the mechanisms of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity and search novel therapeutic target for the nerve repair. The effects of ACR on the proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron production of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and Schwann cells were determined. 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) staining and transwell assay were applied to detect the proliferation and migration capacity of DRG cells. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) was used to suppress ferroptosis induced by ACR. RT-PCR analysis was performed to examine the expression of neurotrophic factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Moreover, Iron, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents were measured to reveal the regulation of ferroptosis in ACR-related nerve injury. ACR inhibited the proliferation and migration of DRG neurons and the supplementation of Fer-1 reversed the effects induced by ACR. Besides, the treatment of Fer-1 effectively increased the expression of NGF, BDNF, VEGF and GDNF. Furthermore, ACR increased the iron level, MDA and ROS contents while inhibited the level of GSH. It was unveiled that ACR attenuated the proliferation, migration and neuron repair of DRG neurons through regulating ferroptosis. The modulation of ferroptosis might be a promising therapeutic strategy and provide references for future treatment of acrylamide-induced nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai An
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfei Shi
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingli Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglei Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Anoar S, Woodling NS, Niccoli T. Mitochondria Dysfunction in Frontotemporal Dementia/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lessons From Drosophila Models. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:786076. [PMID: 34899176 PMCID: PMC8652125 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.786076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by declining motor and cognitive functions. Even though these diseases present with distinct sets of symptoms, FTD and ALS are two extremes of the same disease spectrum, as they show considerable overlap in genetic, clinical and neuropathological features. Among these overlapping features, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with both FTD and ALS. Recent studies have shown that cells derived from patients' induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)s display mitochondrial abnormalities, and similar abnormalities have been observed in a number of animal disease models. Drosophila models have been widely used to study FTD and ALS because of their rapid generation time and extensive set of genetic tools. A wide array of fly models have been developed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of toxicity for mutations associated with FTD/ALS. Fly models have been often instrumental in understanding the role of disease associated mutations in mitochondria biology. In this review, we discuss how mutations associated with FTD/ALS disrupt mitochondrial function, and we review how the use of Drosophila models has been pivotal to our current knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Anoar
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel S Woodling
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Niccoli
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Xu S, Zhang X, Liu C, Liu Q, Chai H, Luo Y, Li S. Role of Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From an Epigenetic Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688789. [PMID: 34513831 PMCID: PMC8429841 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the centers of energy metabolism, have been shown to participate in epigenetic regulation of neurodegenerative diseases. Epigenetic modification of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins has an impact on mitochondria homeostasis, including mitochondrial biogenesis, and quality, which plays role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. On the other hand, intermediate metabolites regulated by mitochondria such as acetyl-CoA and NAD+, in turn, may regulate nuclear epigenome as the substrate for acetylation and a cofactor of deacetylation, respectively. Thus, mitochondria are involved in epigenetic regulation through bidirectional communication between mitochondria and nuclear, which may provide a new strategy for neurodegenerative diseases treatment. In addition, emerging evidence has suggested that the abnormal modification of mitochondria DNA contributes to disease development through mitochondria dysfunction. In this review, we provide an overview of how mitochondria are involved in epigenetic regulation and discuss the mechanisms of mitochondria in regulation of neurodegenerative diseases from epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huazhen Chai
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Ogata FT, Branco V, Vale FF, Coppo L. Glutaredoxin: Discovery, redox defense and much more. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101975. [PMID: 33932870 PMCID: PMC8102999 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin, Grx, is a small protein containing an active site cysteine pair and was discovered in 1976 by Arne Holmgren. The Grx system, comprised of Grx, glutathione, glutathione reductase, and NADPH, was first described as an electron donor for Ribonucleotide Reductase but, from the first discovery in E.coli, the Grx family has impressively grown, particularly in the last two decades. Several isoforms have been described in different organisms (from bacteria to humans) and with different functions. The unique characteristic of Grxs is their ability to catalyse glutathione-dependent redox regulation via glutathionylation, the conjugation of glutathione to a substrate, and its reverse reaction, deglutathionylation. Grxs have also recently been enrolled in iron sulphur cluster formation. These functions have been implied in various physiological and pathological conditions, from immune defense to neurodegeneration and cancer development thus making Grx a possible drug target. This review aims to give an overview on Grxs, starting by a phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate Grxs, followed by an analysis of the mechanisms of action, the specific characteristics of the different human isoforms and a discussion on aspects related to human physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Mirassol, 207. 04044-010, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Vasco Branco
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa F Vale
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed-ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Paß T, Wiesner RJ, Pla-Martín D. Selective Neuron Vulnerability in Common and Rare Diseases-Mitochondria in the Focus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:676187. [PMID: 34295920 PMCID: PMC8290884 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.676187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central feature of neurodegeneration within the central and peripheral nervous system, highlighting a strong dependence on proper mitochondrial function of neurons with especially high energy consumptions. The fitness of mitochondria critically depends on preservation of distinct processes, including the maintenance of their own genome, mitochondrial dynamics, quality control, and Ca2+ handling. These processes appear to be differently affected in common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as in rare neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and peripheral neuropathies. Strikingly, particular neuron populations of different morphology and function perish in these diseases, suggesting that cell-type specific factors contribute to the vulnerability to distinct mitochondrial defects. Here we review the disruption of mitochondrial processes in common as well as in rare neurological disorders and its impact on selective neurodegeneration. Understanding discrepancies and commonalities regarding mitochondrial dysfunction as well as individual neuronal demands will help to design new targets and to make use of already established treatments in order to improve treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paß
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Pla-Martín
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Panchal K, Tiwari AK. Miro (Mitochondrial Rho GTPase), a key player of mitochondrial axonal transport and mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion 2020; 56:118-135. [PMID: 33127590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Miro (mitochondrial Rho GTPases) a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, plays a vital role in the microtubule-based mitochondrial axonal transport, mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) and Mito-Ca2+ homeostasis. It forms a major protein complex with Milton (an adaptor protein), kinesin and dynein (motor proteins), and facilitates bidirectional mitochondrial axonal transport such as anterograde and retrograde transport. By forming this protein complex, Miro facilitates the mitochondrial axonal transport and fulfills the neuronal energy demand, maintain the mitochondrial homeostasis and neuronal survival. It has been demonstrated that altered mitochondrial biogenesis, improper mitochondrial axonal transport, and mitochondrial dynamics are the early pathologies associated with most of the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Being the sole mitochondrial outer membrane protein associated with mitochondrial axonal transport-related processes, Miro proteins can be one of the key players in various NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease (HD). Thus, in the current review, we have discussed the evolutionarily conserved Miro proteins and its role in the pathogenesis of the various NDs. From this, we indicated that Miro proteins may act as a potential target for a novel therapeutic intervention for the treatment of various NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Panchal
- Genetics & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India
| | - Anand Krishna Tiwari
- Genetics & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India.
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22
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Wen J, Li X, Zheng S, Xiao Y. Upregulation of Glutaredoxin 2 alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and ROS production in neurons by enhancing Nrf2 signaling via modulation of GSK-3β. Brain Res 2020; 1745:146946. [PMID: 32522629 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin 2 (GRX2) is an antioxidative protein that exerts a key role in various pathological processes. However, whether GRX2 participates in modulating the oxidative stress during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, injury is undermined. This study aimed to determine the potential role of GRX2 in regulating oxidative stress in cultured neurons induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), a cellular model for study of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro. Here, we showed that GRX2 expression was decreased in neurons subjected to OGD/R exposure. The upregulation of GRX2 markedly improved the viability of OGD/R-exposed neurons and caused a marked reduction in OGD/R-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. On the contrary, depletion of GRX2 exacerbated the OGD/R-induced apoptosis and ROS production in cultured neurons. Moreover, GRX2 upregulation increased nuclear expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and enhanced the activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling associated with modulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibition. Notably, inhibition of Nrf2 markedly abrogated GRX2-mediated protection against OGD/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Overall, these findings elucidate that GRX2 plays an essential role in regulating the protection against OGD/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurons associated with its ability to enhance the activation of Nrf2 via modulation of GSK-3β. Our study indicates that GRX2 may play a key role in modulating neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Shaohua Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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Hao CC, Luo JN, Xu CY, Zhao XY, Zhong ZB, Hu XN, Jin XM, Ge X. TRIAP1 knockdown sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer to ionizing radiation by disrupting redox homeostasis. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:1015-1025. [PMID: 32096592 PMCID: PMC7113066 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radioresistance of some non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) types increases the risk of recurrence or metastasis in afflicted patients, following radiotherapy. As such, further improvements to NSCLC radiotherapy are needed. The expression of oncogene TP53‐regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1) in NSCLC is increased following irradiation. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) has suggested that TRIAP1 might be involved in maintaining redox homeostasis. This in turn might enhance cell radioresistance. Methods In this study we irradiated human NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H460), while knocking down TRIAP1, to determine whether a disrupted redox homeostasis could attenuate radioresistance. Results Irradiation notably increased both mRNA and protein levels of TRIAP1. In addition, TRIAP1 knockdown decreased the expression of several antioxidant proteins, including thioredoxin‐related transmembrane protein (TMX) 1, TMX2, thioredoxin (TXN), glutaredoxin (GLRX) 2, GLRX3, peroxiredoxin (PRDX) 3, PRDX4, and PRDX6 in A549 and H460 cells. In addition, silencing TRIAP1 impaired the radiation‐induced increase of the aforementioned proteins. Continuing along this line, we observed a radiation‐induced reduction of cell viability and invasion, as well as increased apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species following TRIAP1 knockdown. Conclusions In summary, we identified TRIAP1 as a key contributor to the radioresistance of NSCLC by maintaining redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Cheng Hao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Jia-Ning Luo
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Cui-Yang Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Zhen-Bin Zhong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ge
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
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Lithium facilitates removal of misfolded proteins and attenuated faulty interaction between mutant SOD1 and p-CREB (Ser133) through enhanced autophagy in mutant hSOD1G93A transfected neuronal cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6299-6309. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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The Role of the Antioxidant Response in Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Degenerative Diseases: Cross-Talk between Antioxidant Defense, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6392763. [PMID: 31057691 PMCID: PMC6476015 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6392763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an essential organelle important for the generation of ATP for cellular function. This is especially critical for cells with high energy demands, such as neurons for signal transmission and cardiomyocytes for the continuous mechanical work of the heart. However, deleterious reactive oxygen species are generated as a result of mitochondrial electron transport, requiring a rigorous activation of antioxidative defense in order to maintain homeostatic mitochondrial function. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that the dysregulation of antioxidant response leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in human degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system and the heart. In this review, we outline and discuss the mitochondrial and oxidative stress factors causing degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. In particular, the pathological involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in relation to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and cell death will be explored. Understanding the pathology and the development of these diseases has highlighted novel regulators in the homeostatic maintenance of mitochondria. Importantly, this offers potential therapeutic targets in the development of future treatments for these degenerative diseases.
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26
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Panchal K, Tiwari AK. Mitochondrial dynamics, a key executioner in neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion 2018; 47:151-173. [PMID: 30408594 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are the group of disorder that includes brain, peripheral nerves, spinal cord and results in sensory and motor neuron dysfunction. Several studies have shown that mitochondrial dynamics and their axonal transport play a central role in most common NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) etc. In normal physiological condition, there is a balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion process while any alteration to these processes cause defect in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) biogenesis that lead to the onset of several NDs. Also, mitochondria mediated ROS may induce lipid and protein peroxidation, energy deficiency environment in the neurons and results in cell death and defective neurotransmission. Though, mitochondria is a well-studied cell organelle regulating the cellular energy demands but still, its detail role or association in NDs is under observation. In this review, we have summarized an updated mitochondria and their possible role in different NDs with the therapeutic strategy to improve the mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Panchal
- Genetics & Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Koba, Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382426, India
| | - Anand Krishna Tiwari
- Genetics & Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Koba, Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382426, India.
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27
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Raloxifene, a promising estrogen replacement, limits TDP-25 cell death by enhancing autophagy and suppressing apoptosis. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:281-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ. The role of mitochondria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2017; 710:132933. [PMID: 28669745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are unique organelles that are essential for a variety of cellular processes including energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prevalent feature of many neurodegenerative diseases including motor neuron disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Disruption of mitochondrial structure, dynamics, bioenergetics and calcium buffering has been extensively reported in ALS patients and model systems and has been suggested to be directly involved in disease pathogenesis. Here we review the alterations in mitochondrial parameters in ALS and examine the common pathways to dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Smith
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
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29
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Liu YJ, Tsai PY, Chern Y. Energy Homeostasis and Abnormal RNA Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:126. [PMID: 28522961 PMCID: PMC5415567 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease that is clinically characterized by progressive muscle weakness and impaired voluntary movement due to the loss of motor neurons in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord. To date, no effective treatment is available. Ample evidence suggests that impaired RNA homeostasis and abnormal energy status are two major pathogenesis pathways in ALS. In the present review article, we focus on recent studies that report molecular insights of both pathways, and discuss the possibility that energy dysfunction might negatively regulate RNA homeostasis via the impairment of cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling in motor neurons and subsequently contribute to the development of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Liu
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yi Tsai
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
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30
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Valle C, Carrì MT. Cysteine Modifications in the Pathogenesis of ALS. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:5. [PMID: 28167899 PMCID: PMC5253364 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proteins are found misfolded and aggregated in sporadic and genetic forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These include superoxide dismutase (SOD1), transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP-43), fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma protein (FUS/TLS), p62, vasolin-containing protein (VCP), Ubiquilin-2 and dipeptide repeats produced by unconventional RAN-translation of the GGGGCC expansion in C9ORF72. Up to date, functional studies have not yet revealed a common mechanism for the formation of such diverse protein inclusions. Consolidated studies have demonstrated a fundamental role of cysteine residues in the aggregation process of SOD1 and TDP43, but disturbance of protein thiols homeostatic factors such as protein disulfide isomerases (PDI), glutathione, cysteine oxidation or palmitoylation might contribute to a general aberration of cysteine residues proteostasis in ALS. In this article we review the evidence that cysteine modifications may have a central role in many, if not all, forms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Valle
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNRRome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Carrì
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor VergataRome, Italy
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Preservation of neuromuscular function in symptomatic SOD1-G93A mice by peripheral infusion of methylene blue. Exp Neurol 2016; 285:96-107. [PMID: 27567739 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) some of the earliest signs of morphological and functional damage occur in the motor nerve terminals that innervate fast limb muscles. This study tested whether localized peripheral application of a protective drug could effectively preserve neuromuscular junctions in late-stage disease. Methylene blue (MB), which has mitochondria-protective properties, was infused via an osmotic pump into the anterior muscle compartment of one hind limb of late pre- symptomatic SOD1-G93A mice for ≥3weeks. When mice reached end-stage disease, peak twitch and tetanic contractions evoked by stimulation of the muscle nerve were measured in two anterior compartment muscles (tibialis anterior [TA] and extensor digitorum longus [EDL], both predominantly fast muscles). With 400μM MB in the infusion reservoir, muscles on the MB-infused side exhibited on average a ~100% increase in nerve-evoked contractile force compared to muscles on the contralateral non-infused side (p<0.01 for both twitch and tetanus in EDL and TA). Pairwise comparisons of endplate innervation also revealed a beneficial effect of MB infusion, with an average of 65% of endplates innervated in infused EDL, compared to only 35% on the non-infused side (p<0.01). Results suggested that MB's protective effects required an extracellular [MB] of ~1μM, were initiated peripherally (no evidence of retrograde transport into the spinal cord), and involved MB's reduced form. Thus peripherally-initiated actions of MB can help preserve neuromuscular structure and function in SOD1-G93A mice, even at late stages of disease.
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Carrì MT, D'Ambrosi N, Cozzolino M. Pathways to mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1187-1193. [PMID: 27416757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the structure and functions of mitochondria are a typical trait of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a prominent degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The known gene mutations that are responsible for a small fraction of ALS cases point to a complex interplay between different mechanisms in the disease pathogenesis. Here we will briefly overview the genetic and mechanistic evidence that make dysfunction of mitochondria a candidate major player in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Carrì
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nadia D'Ambrosi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Cozzolino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Álvarez-Zaldiernas C, Lu J, Zheng Y, Yang H, Blasi J, Solsona C, Holmgren A. Cellular Redox Systems Impact the Aggregation of Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Linked to Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17197-208. [PMID: 27261461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, where mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) account for about 20% of the inherited mutations. Human SOD1 (hSOD1) contains four cysteines, including Cys(57) and Cys(146), which have been linked to protein stability and folding via forming a disulfide bond, and Cys(6) and Cys(111) as free thiols. But the roles of the cellular oxidation-reduction (redox) environment in SOD1 folding and aggregation are not well understood. Here we explore the effects of cellular redox systems on the aggregation of hSOD1 proteins. We found that the known hSOD1 mutations G93A and A4V increased the capability of the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems to reduce hSOD1 compared with wild-type hSOD1. Treatment with inhibitors of these redox systems resulted in an increase of hSOD1 aggregates in the cytoplasm of cells transfected with mutants but not in cells transfected with wild-type hSOD1 or those containing a secondary C111G mutation. This aggregation may be coupled to changes in the redox state of the G93A and A4V mutants upon mild oxidative stress. These results strongly suggest that the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems are the key regulators for hSOD1 aggregation and may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Álvarez-Zaldiernas
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden, the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jun Lu
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Yujuan Zheng
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongqian Yang
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Blasi
- the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Solsona
- the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arne Holmgren
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Garofalo T, Manganelli V, Grasso M, Mattei V, Ferri A, Misasi R, Sorice M. Role of mitochondrial raft-like microdomains in the regulation of cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2015; 20:621-34. [PMID: 25652700 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are envisaged as lateral assemblies of specific lipids and proteins that dissociate and associate rapidly and form functional clusters in cell membranes. These structural platforms are not confined to the plasma membrane; indeed lipid microdomains are similarly formed at subcellular organelles, which include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and mitochondria, named raft-like microdomains. In addition, some components of raft-like microdomains are present within ER-mitochondria associated membranes. This review is focused on the role of mitochondrial raft-like microdomains in the regulation of cell apoptosis, since these microdomains may represent preferential sites where key reactions take place, regulating mitochondria hyperpolarization, fission-associated changes, megapore formation and release of apoptogenic factors. These structural platforms appear to modulate cytoplasmic pathways switching cell fate towards cell survival or death. Main insights on this issue derive from some pathological conditions in which alterations of microdomains structure or function can lead to severe alterations of cell activity and life span. In the light of the role played by raft-like microdomains to integrate apoptotic signals and in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, it is conceivable that these membrane structures may play a role in the mitochondrial alterations observed in some of the most common human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's chorea and prion-related diseases. These findings introduce an additional task for identifying new molecular target(s) of pharmacological agents in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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35
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Sharma A, Varghese AM, Vijaylakshmi K, Sumitha R, Prasanna VK, Shruthi S, Chandrasekhar Sagar BK, Datta KK, Gowda H, Nalini A, Alladi PA, Christopher R, Sathyaprabha TN, Raju TR, Srinivas Bharath MM. Cerebrospinal Fluid from Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients Induces Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Dysfunction. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:965-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Kaus A, Sareen D. ALS Patient Stem Cells for Unveiling Disease Signatures of Motoneuron Susceptibility: Perspectives on the Deadly Mitochondria, ER Stress and Calcium Triad. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:448. [PMID: 26635528 PMCID: PMC4652136 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a largely sporadic progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motoneurons (MNs) whose specific etiology is incompletely understood. Mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TARDBP/TDP-43) and C9orf72, have been identified in subsets of familial and sporadic patients. Key associated molecular and neuropathological features include ubiquitinated TDP-43 inclusions, stress granules, aggregated dipeptide proteins from mutant C9orf72 transcripts, altered mitochondrial ultrastructure, dysregulated calcium homeostasis, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and an unfolded protein response (UPR). Such impairments have been documented in ALS animal models; however, whether these mechanisms are initiating factors or later consequential events leading to MN vulnerability in ALS patients is debatable. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a valuable tool that could resolve this “chicken or egg” causality dilemma. Relevant systems for probing pathophysiologically affected cells from large numbers of ALS patients and discovering phenotypic disease signatures of early MN susceptibility are described. Performing unbiased ‘OMICS and high-throughput screening in relevant neural cells from a cohort of ALS patient iPSCs, and rescuing mitochondrial and ER stress impairments, can identify targeted therapeutics for increasing MN longevity in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjoscha Kaus
- Board of Governors-Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Board of Governors-Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; iPSC Core, The David and Janet Polak Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
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37
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Zhang Y, Li H, Yang C, Fan DF, Guo DZ, Hu HJ, Meng XE, Pan SY. Treatment with Hydrogen-Rich Saline Delays Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:770-8. [PMID: 26537817 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent adult-onset motor neuron disease, and accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative mechanisms contribute to ALS pathology, but classical antioxidants have not performed well in clinical trials. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of treatment with hydrogen molecule on the development of disease in mutant SOD1 G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS. Treatment of mutant SOD1 G93A mice with hydrogen-rich saline (HRS, i.p.) significantly delayed disease onset and prolonged survival, and attenuated loss of motor neurons and suppressed microglial and glial activation. Treatment of mutant SOD1 G93A mice with HRS inhibited the release of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors and the subsequent activation of downstream caspase-3. Furthermore, treatment of mutant SOD1 G93A mice with HRS reduced levels of protein carbonyl and 3-nitrotyrosine, and suppressed formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxynitrite, and malondialdehyde. Treatment of mutant SOD1 G93A mice with HRS preserved mitochondrial function, marked by restored activities of Complex I and IV, reduced mitochondrial ROS formation and enhanced mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis. In conclusion, hydrogen molecule may be neuroprotective against ALS, possibly through abating oxidative and nitrosative stress and preserving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, PLA Navy General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, PLA Navy General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, PLA Navy General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dan-Feng Fan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, PLA Navy General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Da-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, PLA Navy General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hui-Jun Hu
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, PLA Navy General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiang-En Meng
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, PLA Navy General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shu-Yi Pan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, PLA Navy General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Tafuri F, Ronchi D, Magri F, Comi GP, Corti S. SOD1 misplacing and mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:336. [PMID: 26379505 PMCID: PMC4548205 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease presenting as sporadic (sALS) or familial (fALS) forms. Even if the list of the genes underlining ALS greatly expanded, defects in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), encoding the copper/zinc SOD1, still remain a major cause of fALS and are likely involved also in apparently sporadic presentations. The pathogenesis of ALS is still unknown, but several lines of evidence indicate that the mitochondrial accumulation of mutant SOD1 is an important mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to motor neuron pathology and death. The intramitochondrial localization of mutant SOD1 is debated. Mutant SOD1 might accumulate inside the intermembrane space (IMS), overriding the physiological retention regulated by the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS). On the other hand, misfolded SOD1 might deposit onto the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), clumping the transport across mitochondrial membranes and engaging mitochondrial-dependent cell apoptosis. The elucidation of the mechanisms ruling SOD1 localization and misplacing might shed light on peculiar ALS features such as cell selectivity and late onset. More importantly, these studies might disclose novel targets for therapeutic intervention in familial ALS as well as non-genetic forms. Finally, pharmacological or genetic manipulation aimed to prevent or counteract the intracellular shifting of mutant SOD1 could be effective for other neurodegenerative disorders featuring the toxic accumulation of misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tafuri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Magri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
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Aoyama K, Nakaki T. Glutathione in Cellular Redox Homeostasis: Association with the Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier 1 (EAAC1). Molecules 2015; 20:8742-58. [PMID: 26007177 PMCID: PMC6272787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of the cellular metabolism of oxygen consumption, produced mainly in the mitochondria. ROS are known to be highly reactive ions or free radicals containing oxygen that impair redox homeostasis and cellular functions, leading to cell death. Under physiological conditions, a variety of antioxidant systems scavenge ROS to maintain the intracellular redox homeostasis and normal cellular functions. This review focuses on the antioxidant system’s roles in maintaining redox homeostasis. Especially, glutathione (GSH) is the most important thiol-containing molecule, as it functions as a redox buffer, antioxidant, and enzyme cofactor against oxidative stress. In the brain, dysfunction of GSH synthesis leading to GSH depletion exacerbates oxidative stress, which is linked to a pathogenesis of aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) plays a pivotal role in neuronal GSH synthesis. The regulatory mechanism of EAAC1 is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshio Nakaki
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-3-3964-3793; Fax: +81-3-3964-0602
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40
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McBean GJ, Aslan M, Griffiths HR, Torrão RC. Thiol redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. Redox Biol 2015; 5:186-194. [PMID: 25974624 PMCID: PMC4434181 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the biochemistry of thiol redox couples and the significance of thiol redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. The discussion is centred on cysteine/cystine redox balance, the significance of the xc− cystine–glutamate exchanger and the association between protein thiol redox balance and neurodegeneration, with particular reference to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and glaucoma. The role of thiol disulphide oxidoreductases in providing neuroprotection is also discussed. An overview of the biochemistry of thiol redox couples. The significance of thiol redox homoeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. The association between the xc− cystine–glutamate exchanger and glutamate-mediated toxicity. The role of thiol disulphide oxidoreductases in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gethin J McBean
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rita C Torrão
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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41
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a chaperone inhibiting accumulation of misfolded SOD1. Neuron 2015; 86:218-32. [PMID: 25801706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons and accompanied by accumulation of misfolded SOD1 onto the cytoplasmic faces of intracellular organelles, including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using inhibition of misfolded SOD1 deposition onto mitochondria as an assay, a chaperone activity abundant in nonneuronal tissues is now purified and identified to be the multifunctional macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), whose activities include an ATP-independent protein folding chaperone. Purified MIF is shown to directly inhibit mutant SOD1 misfolding. Elevating MIF in neuronal cells suppresses accumulation of misfolded SOD1 and its association with mitochondria and the ER and extends survival of mutant SOD1-expressing motor neurons. Accumulated MIF protein is identified to be low in motor neurons, implicating correspondingly low chaperone activity as a component of vulnerability to mutant SOD1 misfolding and supporting therapies to enhance intracellular MIF chaperone activity.
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Carrì MT, Valle C, Bozzo F, Cozzolino M. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage: importance in non-SOD1 ALS. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:41. [PMID: 25741238 PMCID: PMC4330888 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that mitochondrial damage (MD) is both the major contributor to oxidative stress (OS) (the condition arising from unbalance between production and removal of reactive oxygen species) and one of the major consequences of OS, because of the high dependance of mitochondrial function on redox-sensitive targets such as intact membranes. Conditions in which neuronal cells are not able to cope with MD and OS seem to lead or contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), at least in the most studied superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-linked genetic variant. As summarized in this review, new evidence indicates that MD and OS play a role also in non-SOD1 ALS and thus they may represent a target for therapy despite previous failures in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Carrì
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS Rome, Italy ; Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, IBCN, National Research Council, CNR Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bozzo
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Cozzolino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, CNR, Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases Rome, Italy
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Cozzolino M, Rossi S, Mirra A, Carrì MT. Mitochondrial dynamism and the pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:31. [PMID: 25713513 PMCID: PMC4322717 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on mitochondria in the last years has been characterized by the fundamental finding that the morphology of mitochondria is deeply connected to the regulation of a vast number of different processes, including oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, calcium buffering, and apoptosis. This has immediately focused the attention of the neuroscience community to the possible involvement of mitochondrial dynamism, the process underlying morphological features of mitochondria, in neurodegeneration, where mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to represent an important contributing event, or even a primary causative factor. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a disease of motor neurons and their neighboring cells, has long been considered as a neurodegenerative disease with an important mitochondrial issue. Yet, whether mitochondria have a causative, primary role in the pathogenic process has always been debated, and the specific defects which account for this role are elusive. Here we discuss recent genetic advances suggesting that defective mitochondrial dynamism is primarily involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS, and that foster the longstanding concept that disruption of mitochondrial function is a vulnerable factor for motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Rossi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR Rome, Italy ; Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Mirra
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Carrì
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS Rome, Italy
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Fukunaga K, Shinoda Y, Tagashira H. The role of SIGMAR1 gene mutation and mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:36-41. [PMID: 25704016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients exhibit diverse pathologies such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in motor neurons. Five to ten percent of patients have familial ALS, a form of the disease caused by mutations in ALS-related genes, while sporadic forms of the disease occur in 90-95% of patients. Recently, it was reported that familial ALS patients exhibit a missense mutation in SIGMAR1 (c.304G > C), which encodes sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R), substituting glutamine for glutamic acid at amino acid residue 102 (p.E102Q). Expression of that mutant Sig-1R(E102Q) protein reduces mitochondrial ATP production, inhibits proteasome activity and causes mitochondrial injury, aggravating ER stress-induced neuronal death in neuro2A cells. In this issue, we discuss mechanisms underlying mitochondrial impairment seen in ALS motor neurons and propose that therapies that protect mitochondria might improve the quality of life (QOL) of ALS patients and should be considered for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Shinoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tagashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Baker MJ, Palmer CS, Stojanovski D. Mitochondrial protein quality control in health and disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1870-89. [PMID: 24117041 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive mitochondrial dysfunction is linked with the onset of many age-related pathologies and neurological disorders. Mitochondrial damage can come in many forms and be induced by a variety of cellular insults. To preserve organelle function during biogenesis or times of stress, multiple surveillance systems work to ensure the persistence of a functional mitochondrial network. This review provides an overview of these processes, which collectively contribute to the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial population, which is critical for cell physiology and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zhang H, Du Y, Zhang X, Lu J, Holmgren A. Glutaredoxin 2 reduces both thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin 1 and protects cells from apoptosis induced by auranofin and 4-hydroxynonenal. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:669-81. [PMID: 24295294 PMCID: PMC4098818 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mitochondrial thioredoxin (Trx) is critical for defense against oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis. To date, mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is the only known enzyme catalyzing Trx2 reduction in mitochondria. However, TrxR is sensitive to inactivation by exo/endogenous electrophiles, for example, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). In this study, we characterized the mitochondrial glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) system as a backup for the mitochondrial TrxR. Meanwhile, as Grx2 is also present in the cytosol/nucleus of certain cancer cell lines, the reducing activity of Grx2 on Trx1 was also tested. RESULTS Glutathione alone could reduce oxidized Trx2, and the presence of physiological concentrations of Grx2 markedly increased the reaction rate. HeLa cells with Grx2 overexpression (particularly in the mitochondria) exhibited higher viabilities than the wild-type cells after treatment with TrxR inhibitors (Auranofin or HNE), whereas knockdown of Grx2 sensitized the cells to TrxR inhibitors. Accordingly, Grx2 overexpression in the mitochondria had protected Trx2 from oxidation by HNE treatment, whereas Grx2 knockdown had sensitized Trx2 to oxidation. On the other hand, Grx2 reduced Trx1 with similar activities as that of Trx2. Overexpression of Grx2 in the cytosol had protected Trx1 from oxidation, indicating a supportive role of Grx2 in the cytosolic redox balance of cancer cells. INNOVATION This work explores the reductase activity of Grx2 on Trx2/1, and demonstrates the physiological importance of the activity by using in vivo redox western blot assays. CONCLUSION Grx2 system could help to keep Trx2/1 reduced during an oxidative stress, thereby contributing to the anti-apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Tan W, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Role of mitochondria in mutant SOD1 linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1295-301. [PMID: 24568860 PMCID: PMC4074562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with an adult onset characterized by loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. In ~10% of cases, patients developed ALS with an apparent genetic linkage (familial ALS or fALS). Approximately 20% of fALS displays mutations in the SOD1 gene encoding superoxide dismutase 1. There are many proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms among which, mitochondrial dysfunctions occur early, prior to symptoms occurrence. In this review, we modeled the effect of mutant SOD1 protein via the formation of a toxic complex with Bcl2 on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Furthermore, we discuss that the shutdown of ATP permeation through mitochondrial outer membrane could lead to both respiration inhibition and temporary mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Moreover, we reviewed mitochondrial calcium signaling, oxidative stress, fission and fusion, autophagy and apoptosis in mutant SOD1-linked ALS. Functional defects in mitochondria appear early before symptoms are manifested in ALS. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is a promising therapeutic target in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Tan
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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48
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Richter F, Gao F, Medvedeva V, Lee P, Bove N, Fleming SM, Michaud M, Lemesre V, Patassini S, De La Rosa K, Mulligan CK, Sioshansi PC, Zhu C, Coppola G, Bordet T, Pruss RM, Chesselet MF. Chronic administration of cholesterol oximes in mice increases transcription of cytoprotective genes and improves transcriptome alterations induced by alpha-synuclein overexpression in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:263-75. [PMID: 24844147 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-oximes TRO19622 and TRO40303 target outer mitochondrial membrane proteins and have beneficial effects in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases leading to their advancement to clinical trials. Dopaminergic neurons degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD) and are prone to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In order to provide insights into the neuroprotective potential of TRO19622 and TRO40303 for dopaminergic neurons in vivo, we assessed their effects on gene expression in laser captured nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of wildtype mice and of mice that over-express alpha-synuclein, a protein involved in both familial and sporadic forms of PD (Thy1-aSyn mice). Young mice were fed the drugs in food pellets or a control diet from 1 to 4months of age, approximately 10months before the appearance of striatal dopamine loss in this model. Unbiased weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of transcriptional changes revealed effects of cholesterol oximes on transcripts related to mitochondria, cytoprotection and anti-oxidant response in wild-type and transgenic mice, including increased transcription of stress defense (e.g. Prdx1, Prdx2, Glrx2, Hspa9, Pink1, Drp1, Trak1) and dopamine-related (Th, Ddc, Gch1, Dat, Vmat2, Drd2, Chnr6a) genes. Even at this young age transgenic mice showed alterations in transcripts implicated in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress (e.g. Bcl-2, Bax, Casp3, Nos2), and both drugs normalized about 20% of these alterations. Young Thy1-aSyn mice exhibit motor deficits that differ from parkinsonism and are established before the onset of treatment; these deficits were not improved by cholesterol oximes. However, high doses of TRO40303 improved olfaction and produced the same effects as dopamine agonists on a challenging beam test, specifically an increase in footslips, an observation congruent with its effects on transcripts involved in dopamine synthesis. High doses of TRO19622 increased alpha-synuclein aggregates in the substantia nigra; this effect, not seen with TRO40303 was inconsistent and may represent a protective mechanism as in other neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, the results suggest that cholesterol oximes, while not improving early effects of alpha-synuclein overexpression on motor behavior or pathology, may ameliorate the function and resilience of dopaminergic neurons in vivo and support further studies of neuroprotection in models with dopaminergic cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Richter
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Fuying Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Vera Medvedeva
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Nicholas Bove
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Magali Michaud
- Trophos S.A. Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Vincent Lemesre
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Stefano Patassini
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Krystal De La Rosa
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Caitlin K Mulligan
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Pedrom C Sioshansi
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Thierry Bordet
- Trophos S.A. Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Rebecca M Pruss
- Trophos S.A. Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA.
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49
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Vehviläinen P, Koistinaho J, Gundars G. Mechanisms of mutant SOD1 induced mitochondrial toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:126. [PMID: 24847211 PMCID: PMC4023018 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), mitochondrial dysfunction is recognized as one of the key elements contributing to the pathology. Mitochondria are the major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased production of ROS as well as oxidative damage of proteins and lipids have been demonstrated in many models of ALS. Moreover, these changes were also observed in tissues of ALS patients indicative of important role for oxidative stress in the disease pathology. However, the origin of oxidative stress in ALS has remained unclear. ALS linked mutant Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) has been shown to significantly associate with mitochondria, especially in the spinal cord. In animal models, increased recruitment of mutant SOD1 (mutSOD1) to mitochondria appears already before the disease onset, suggestive of causative role for the manifestation of pathology. Recently, substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence has accumulated demonstrating that localization of mutSOD1 to the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) inevitably leads to impairment of mitochondrial functions. However, the exact mechanisms of the selectivity and toxicity have remained obscure. Here we discuss the current knowledge on the role of mutSOD1 in mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS from the novel perspective emphasizing the misregulation of dismutase activity in IMS as a major mechanism for the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Vehviläinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Goldsteins Gundars
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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50
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Redler RL, Fee L, Fay JM, Caplow M, Dokholyan NV. Non-native soluble oligomers of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) contain a conformational epitope linked to cytotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Biochemistry 2014; 53:2423-32. [PMID: 24660965 PMCID: PMC4004233 DOI: 10.1021/bi500158w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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Soluble misfolded Cu/Zn superoxide
dismutase (SOD1) is implicated
in motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however,
the relative toxicities of the various non-native species formed by
SOD1 as it misfolds and aggregates are unknown. Here, we demonstrate
that early stages of SOD1 aggregation involve the formation of soluble
oligomers that contain an epitope specific to disease-relevant misfolded
SOD1; this epitope, recognized by the C4F6 antibody, has been proposed
as a marker of toxic species. Formation of potentially toxic oligomers
is likely to be exacerbated by an oxidizing cellular environment,
as evidenced by increased oligomerization propensity and C4F6 reactivity
when oxidative modification by glutathione is present at Cys-111.
These findings suggest that soluble non-native SOD1 oligomers, rather
than native-like dimers or monomers, share structural similarity to
pathogenic misfolded species found in ALS patients and therefore represent
potential cytotoxic agents and therapeutic targets in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Redler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 120 Mason Farm Road, CB# 7260, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States 27599
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