1
|
Chesnokov MS, Mamedova AR, Zhivotovsky B, Kopeina GS. A matter of new life and cell death: programmed cell death in the mammalian ovary. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:31. [PMID: 38509545 PMCID: PMC10956231 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian ovary is a unique organ that displays a distinctive feature of cyclic changes throughout the entire reproductive period. The estrous/menstrual cycles are associated with drastic functional and morphological rearrangements of ovarian tissue, including follicular development and degeneration, and the formation and subsequent atrophy of the corpus luteum. The flawless execution of these reiterative processes is impossible without the involvement of programmed cell death (PCD). MAIN TEXT PCD is crucial for efficient and careful clearance of excessive, depleted, or obsolete ovarian structures for ovarian cycling. Moreover, PCD facilitates selection of high-quality oocytes and formation of the ovarian reserve during embryonic and juvenile development. Disruption of PCD regulation can heavily impact the ovarian functions and is associated with various pathologies, from a moderate decrease in fertility to severe hormonal disturbance, complete loss of reproductive function, and tumorigenesis. This comprehensive review aims to provide updated information on the role of PCD in various processes occurring in normal and pathologic ovaries. Three major events of PCD in the ovary-progenitor germ cell depletion, follicular atresia, and corpus luteum degradation-are described, alongside the detailed information on molecular regulation of these processes, highlighting the contribution of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Ultimately, the current knowledge of PCD aberrations associated with pathologies, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, and tumors of ovarian origin, is outlined. CONCLUSION PCD is an essential element in ovarian development, functions and pathologies. A thorough understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating PCD events is required for future advances in the diagnosis and management of various disorders of the ovary and the female reproductive system in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Chesnokov
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aygun R Mamedova
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chakravarthi VP, Hung WT, Yellapu NK, Gunewardena S, Christenson LK. LH/hCG Regulation of Circular RNA in Mural Granulosa Cells during the Periovulatory Period in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13078. [PMID: 37685885 PMCID: PMC10488058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian follicles undergo a series of dynamic changes following the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone including cumulus expansion, oocyte maturation, ovulation, and luteinization. Post-transcriptional gene regulatory events are critical for mediating LH follicular responses, and among all RNA isoforms, circular RNA (circRNA) is one of the most abundant forms present in cells, yet they remain the least studied. Functionally, circRNA can act as miRNA sponges, protein sponges/decoys, and regulators of transcription and translation. In the context of ovarian follicular development, the identity and roles of circRNA are relatively unknown. In the present study, high throughput RNA sequencing of granulosa cells immediately prior to and 4-h after the LH/hCG surge identified 42,381 circRNA originating from 7712 genes. A total of 54 circRNA were identified as differentially expressed between 0-h and 4-h time points (Fold Change ± 1.5, FDR ≤ 0.1), among them 42 circRNA were upregulated and 12 circRNA were downregulated. All differentially expressed circRNA between the 0-h and 4-h groups were subjected to circinteractome analysis and identified networks of circRNA-protein and circRNA-miRNA were further subjected to "micro-RNA target filter analysis" in Ingenuity Pathway Analyses, which resulted in the identification of miRNA targeted mRNAs. A comparison of these circRNA target mRNAs with LH-induced mRNAs identified Runx2, Egfr, Areg, Sult1el, Cyp19a1, Cyp11a1, and Hsd17b1 as targets of circKif2, circVcan, circMast4, and circMIIt10. These newly identified LH/hCG-induced circRNA, their target miRNA and protein networks provide new insights into the complex interactions associated with periovulatory follicular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Praveen Chakravarthi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3075 HLSIC, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (V.P.C.); (W.-T.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Wei-Ting Hung
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3075 HLSIC, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (V.P.C.); (W.-T.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Nanda Kumar Yellapu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA;
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3075 HLSIC, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (V.P.C.); (W.-T.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Lane K. Christenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3075 HLSIC, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (V.P.C.); (W.-T.H.); (S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Zou J, Wang Z, Li L. A Subpathway and Target Gene Cluster-Based Approach Uncovers lncRNAs Associated with Human Primordial Follicle Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10525. [PMID: 37445702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as a critical regulator in controlling the expression level of genes involved in cell differentiation and development. Primordial follicle activation (PFA) is the first step for follicle maturation, and excessive PFA results in premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, the correlation between lncRNA and cell differentiation was largely unknown, especially during PFA. In this study, we observed the expression level of lncRNA was more specific than protein-coding genes in both follicles and granulosa cells, suggesting lncRNA might play a crucial role in follicle development. Hence, a systematical framework was needed to infer the functions of lncRNAs during PFA. Additionally, an increasing number of studies indicate that the subpathway is more precise in reflecting biological processes than the entire pathway. Given the complex expression patterns of lncRNA target genes, target genes were further clustered based on their expression similarity and classification performance to reveal the activated/inhibited gene modules, which intuitively illustrated the diversity of lncRNA regulation. Moreover, the knockdown of SBF2-AS1 in the A549 cell line and ZFAS1 in the SK-Hep1 cell line further validated the function of SBF2-AS1 in regulating the Hippo signaling subpathway and ZFAS1 in the cell cycle subpathway. Overall, our findings demonstrated the importance of subpathway analysis in uncovering the functions of lncRNAs during PFA, and paved new avenues for future lncRNA-associated research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiyuan Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen M, Jiang H, Zhang C. Selected Genetic Factors Associated with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054423. [PMID: 36901862 PMCID: PMC10002966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disease resulting from non-functional ovaries in women before the age of 40. It is characterized by primary amenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea. As regards its etiology, although many POI cases are idiopathic, menopausal age is a heritable trait and genetic factors play an important role in all POI cases with known causes, accounting for approximately 20% to 25% of cases. This paper reviews the selected genetic causes implicated in POI and examines their pathogenic mechanisms to show the crucial role of genetic effects on POI. The genetic factors that can be found in POI cases include chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., X chromosomal aneuploidies, structural X chromosomal abnormalities, X-autosome translocations, and autosomal variations), single gene mutations (e.g., newborn ovary homeobox gene (NOBOX), folliculogenesis specific bHLH transcription factor (FIGLA), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), forkhead box L2 (FOXL2), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), etc., as well as defects in mitochondrial functions and non-coding RNAs (small ncRNAs and long ncRNAs). These findings are beneficial for doctors to diagnose idiopathic POI cases and predict the risk of POI in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengchi Chen
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Haotian Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Villa PA, Lainez NM, Jonak CR, Berlin SC, Ethell IM, Coss D. Altered GnRH neuron and ovarian innervation characterize reproductive dysfunction linked to the Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein ( Fmr1) gene mutation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1129534. [PMID: 36909303 PMCID: PMC9992745 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1129534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mutations in the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene cause Fragile X Syndrome, the most common monogenic cause of intellectual disability. Mutations of FMR1 are also associated with reproductive disorders, such as early cessation of reproductive function in females. While progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of mental impairment, the causes of reproductive disorders are not clear. FMR1-associated reproductive disorders were studied exclusively from the endocrine perspective, while the FMR1 role in neurons that control reproduction was not addressed. Results Here, we demonstrate that similar to women with FMR1 mutations, female Fmr1 null mice stop reproducing early. However, young null females display larger litters, more corpora lutea in the ovaries, increased inhibin, progesterone, testosterone, and gonadotropin hormones in the circulation. Ovariectomy reveals both hypothalamic and ovarian contribution to elevated gonadotropins. Altered mRNA and protein levels of several synaptic molecules in the hypothalamus are identified, indicating reasons for hypothalamic dysregulation. Increased vascularization of corpora lutea, higher sympathetic innervation of growing follicles in the ovaries of Fmr1 nulls, and higher numbers of synaptic GABAA receptors in GnRH neurons, which are excitatory for GnRH neurons, contribute to increased FSH and LH, respectively. Unmodified and ovariectomized Fmr1 nulls have increased LH pulse frequency, suggesting that Fmr1 nulls exhibit hyperactive GnRH neurons, regardless of the ovarian feedback. Conclusion These results reveal Fmr1 function in the regulation of GnRH neuron secretion, and point to the role of GnRH neurons, in addition to the ovarian innervation, in the etiology of Fmr1-mediated reproductive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Djurdjica Coss
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karen Nenonene E, Trottier-Lavoie M, Marchais M, Bastien A, Gilbert I, Macaulay AD, Khandjian EW, Maria Luciano A, Lodde V, Viger RS, Robert C. Roles of the cumulus-oocyte transzonal network and the Fragile X protein family in oocyte competence. Reproduction 2023; 165:209-219. [PMID: 36445258 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In brief RNA granules travel through the cumulus cell network of transzonal projections which is associated with oocyte developmental competence, and RNA packaging involves RNA-binding proteins of the Fragile X protein family. Abstract The determinants of oocyte developmental competence have puzzled scientists for decades. It is known that follicular conditions can nurture the production of a high-quality oocyte, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Somatic cumulus cells most proximal to the oocyte are known to have cellular extensions that reach across the zona pellucida and contact with the oocyte plasma membrane. Herein, it was found that transzonal projections (TZPs) network quality is associated with developmental competence. Knowing that ribonucleoparticles are abundant within TZPs, the distribution of RNA-binding proteins was studied. The Fragile X-related proteins (FXR1P and FXR2P) and two partnering protein families, namely cytoplasmic FMRP-interacting protein and nuclear FMRP-interacting protein, exhibited distinctive patterns consistent with roles in regulating mRNA packaging, transport, and translation. The expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-FMRP fusion protein in cumulus cells showed active granule formation and their transport and transfer through filipodia connecting with neighboring cells. Near the projections' ends was found the cytoskeletal anchoring protein Filamin A and active protein synthesis sites. This study highlights key proteins involved in delivering mRNA to the oocyte. Thus, cumulus cells appear to indeed support the development of high-quality oocytes via the transzonal network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elolo Karen Nenonene
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI).,Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (RQR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mallorie Trottier-Lavoie
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI).,Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (RQR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Marchais
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI).,Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (RQR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Bastien
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI).,Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (RQR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Gilbert
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI).,Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (RQR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Angus D Macaulay
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI)
| | - Edouard W Khandjian
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alberto Maria Luciano
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Lodde
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert S Viger
- Département d'obstétrique, gynécologie et reproduction, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI).,Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (RQR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Claude Robert
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI).,Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (RQR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boustanai I, Raanani H, Aizer A, Orvieto R, Elizur SE. Granulosa Cell Dysfunction Is Associated With Diminished Ovarian Response in FMR1 Premutation Carriers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3000-3009. [PMID: 36112470 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT FMR1 premutation (PM) carriers are at increased risk of ovarian impairment resulting in diminished ovarian response (DOR) to exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulation. Expanded CGG repeat transcript and RAN-associated protein (FMRpolyG) have been shown to accumulate in cellular aggregates and sequester proteins, thus impairing their function. Sam68 is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein highly expressed in the gonads involved in FSH receptor (FSHR) transcript maturation during FSH-dependent follicular development. OBJECTIVE The present study examined a possible pathophysiological explanation for DOR to exogenous FSH stimulation in FMR1 PM carriers. METHODS We used both a human granulosa cell (GC) line model and human GCs from FMR1 PM carriers to evaluate whether Sam68 is sequestered with expanded CGG repeat transcript. RESULTS We show that Sam68 is sequestered in GCs, most likely by interaction with the expanded CGG repeat transcript. The sequestration may lead to reduced levels of free Sam68 available for FHSR precursor transcript processing, causing dysregulation of FSHR transcript maturation, and a consequent decrease in FSHR protein levels. CONCLUSION Sam68 sequestration may underlie the diminished ovarian response to FSH stimulation in FMR1 PM carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Boustanai
- Sheba Medical Center Hospital-Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Hila Raanani
- Sheba Medical Center Hospital-Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Adva Aizer
- Sheba Medical Center Hospital-Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Raoul Orvieto
- Sheba Medical Center Hospital-Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shai E Elizur
- Sheba Medical Center Hospital-Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rosario R, Stewart HL, Choudhury NR, Michlewski G, Charlet‐Berguerand N, Anderson RA. Evidence for a fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) mRNA gain-of-function toxicity mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22612. [PMID: 36250920 PMCID: PMC9828574 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200468rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is among a family of disorders caused by expansion of a CGG trinucleotide repeat sequence located in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene on the X chromosome. Women with FXPOI have a depleted ovarian follicle population, resulting in amenorrhea, hypoestrogenism, and loss of fertility before the age of 40. FXPOI is caused by expansions of the CGG sequence to lengths between 55 and 200 repeats, known as a FMRI premutation, however the mechanism by which the premutation drives disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Two main hypotheses exist, which describe an mRNA toxic gain-of-function mechanism or a protein-based mechanism, where repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation results in the production of an abnormal protein, called FMRpolyG. Here, we have developed an in vitro granulosa cell model of the FMR1 premutation by ectopically expressing CGG-repeat RNA and FMRpolyG protein. We show that expanded CGG-repeat RNA accumulated in intranuclear RNA structures, and these aggregates were able to cause significant granulosa cell death independent of FMRpolyG expression. Using an innovative RNA pulldown, mass spectrometry-based approach we have identified proteins that are specifically sequestered by CGG RNA aggregates in granulosa cells in vitro, and thus may be deregulated as consequence of this interaction. Furthermore, we have demonstrated reduced expression of three proteins identified via our RNA pulldown (FUS, PA2G4 and TRA2β) in ovarian follicles in a FMR1 premutation mouse model. Collectively, these data provide evidence for the contribution of an mRNA gain-of-function mechanism to FXPOI disease biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Hazel L. Stewart
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Gracjan Michlewski
- Infection MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Zhejiang University‐University of Edinburgh InstituteZhejiang UniversityZhejiangP.R. China,Dioscuri Centre for RNA‐Protein Interactions in Human Health and DiseaseInternational Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Nicholas Charlet‐Berguerand
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)INSERM U 1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université of StrasbourgIllkirchFrance
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
MicroRNA-4516 in Urinary Exosomes as a Biomarker of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182797. [PMID: 36139370 PMCID: PMC9497098 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a typical disorder of amenorrhea that lasts for a minimum of four months in women < 40 years old and is typically characterized by reduced estrogen levels and elevated serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone. We collected urine samples from two participant cohorts from Gil Hospital of Gachon University (Incheon, Korea): a sequencing cohort of 19 participants (seven patients with POI (POI patients without Turner syndrome), seven patients with Turner syndrome (POI patients with Turner syndrome), and five control individuals (age-matched controls with confirmed ovarian sufficiency)) and a validation cohort of 46 participants (15 patients with POI, 11 patients with Turner syndrome, and 20 control individuals). Among differentially expressed miRNAs, hsa-miR-4516 was significantly upregulated in patients with POI in both cohorts, independent of the presence of Turner syndrome. Moreover, the upregulation of miR-4516 was confirmed in the ovary—but not in the uterus—of a cyclophosphamide and busulfan-induced POI mouse model. This was accompanied by a decrease in STAT3 protein level, a predicted target of miR-4516, via miRTarBase2020. Our study provides compelling evidence that miR-4516 is highly expressed in patients with POI and POI mouse models, suggesting that miR-4516 is a diagnostic marker of POI.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu M, Guo Y, Wei S, Xue L, Tang W, Chen D, Xiong J, Huang Y, Fu F, Wu C, Chen Y, Zhou S, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang W, Dai J, Wang S. Biomaterials and advanced technologies for the evaluation and treatment of ovarian aging. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:374. [PMID: 35953871 PMCID: PMC9367160 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian aging is characterized by a progressive decline in ovarian function. With the increase in life expectancy worldwide, ovarian aging has gradually become a key health problem among women. Over the years, various strategies have been developed to preserve fertility in women, while there are currently no clinical treatments to delay ovarian aging. Recently, advances in biomaterials and technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing and microfluidics for the encapsulation of follicles and nanoparticles as delivery systems for drugs, have shown potential to be translational strategies for ovarian aging. This review introduces the research progress on the mechanisms underlying ovarian aging, and summarizes the current state of biomaterials in the evaluation and treatment of ovarian aging, including safety, potential applications, future directions and difficulties in translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yican Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Simin Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liru Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Weicheng Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaqiang Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yibao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chuqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fisher PR, Allan CY, Sanislav O, Atkinson A, Ngoei KRW, Kemp BE, Storey E, Loesch DZ, Annesley SJ. Relationships between Mitochondrial Function, AMPK, and TORC1 Signaling in Lymphoblasts with Premutation Alleles of the FMR1 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10393. [PMID: 34638732 PMCID: PMC8508849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked FMR1 gene contains a non-coding trinucleotide repeat in its 5' region that, in normal, healthy individuals contains 20-44 copies. Large expansions of this region (>200 copies) cause fragile X syndrome (FXS), but expansions of 55-199 copies (referred to as premutation alleles) predispose carriers to a neurodegenerative disease called fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). The cytopathological mechanisms underlying FXTAS are poorly understood, but abnormalities in mitochondrial function are believed to play a role. We previously reported that lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs, or lymphoblasts) of premutation carriers have elevated mitochondrial respiratory activities. In the carriers, especially those not clinically affected with FXTAS, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was shown to be elevated. In the FXTAS patients, however, it was negatively correlated with brain white matter lesions, suggesting a protective role in the molecular mechanisms. Here, we report an enlarged and extended study of mitochondrial function and associated cellular stress-signaling pathways in lymphoblasts isolated from male and female premutation carriers, regardless of their clinical status, and healthy controls. The results confirmed the elevation of AMPK and mitochondrial respiratory activities and reduction in reactive O2 species (ROS) levels in premutation cells and revealed for the first time that target of rapamycin complex I (TORC1) activities are reduced. Extensive correlation, multiple regression, and principal components analysis revealed the best fitting statistical explanations of these changes in terms of the other variables measured. These suggested which variables might be the most "proximal" regulators of the others in the extensive network of known causal interactions amongst the measured parameters of mitochondrial function and cellular stress signaling. In the resulting model, the premutation alleles activate AMPK and inhibit both TORC1 and ROS production, the reduced TORC1 activity contributes to activation of AMPK and of nonmitochondrial metabolism, and the higher AMPK activity results in elevated catabolic metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP steady state levels. In addition, the results suggest a separate CGG repeat number-dependent elevation of TORC1 activity that is insufficient to overcome the inhibition of TORC1 in premutation cells but may presage the previously reported activation of TORC1 in FXS cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Fisher
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.); (O.S.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Claire Y. Allan
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.); (O.S.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Oana Sanislav
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.); (O.S.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Anna Atkinson
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (A.A.); (D.Z.L.)
| | - Kevin R. W. Ngoei
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.R.W.N.); (B.E.K.)
| | - Bruce E. Kemp
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.R.W.N.); (B.E.K.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Medicine, Alfred Hospital Campus, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Danuta Z. Loesch
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (A.A.); (D.Z.L.)
| | - Sarah J. Annesley
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.); (O.S.); (S.J.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rehnitz J, Capp E, Messmer B, Nguyen XP, Germeyer A, Freis A, Dietrich JE, Hinderhofer K, Strowitzki T, Vogt PH. FMR1 and AKT/mTOR Signaling in Human Granulosa Cells: Functional Interaction and Impact on Ovarian Response. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173892. [PMID: 34501340 PMCID: PMC8432207 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether a functional link with impact on female ovarian reserve exists between FMR1 expression and expression ratios of AKT/mTOR signaling genes in human granulosa cells in vivo, as suggested from prior in vitro data. Three hundred and nine women, who were classified as normal (NOR; n = 225) and poor (POR; n = 84) responders based on their ovarian reserve, were recruited during stimulation for assisted reproductive techniques. Expressions of FMR1 and of key genes of the AKT/mTOR and AKT/FOXO1/3 signaling pathways were comparatively analyzed in their granulosa cells. FMR1 expression in granulosa cells of NOR and POR correlated significantly with AKT1, TSC2, mTOR, and S6K expression. No correlation was found between FMR1 and FOXO1 in all, and FOXO3 expression in POR, patients. AKT1 expression was significantly higher and FOXO1 expression lower in POR samples, whereas AKT1 expression was lower and FOXO1 expression was higher in NOR samples. In human native granulosa cells, FMR1 expression significantly correlated with the expression of key genes of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, but not with the FOXO1/3 signaling pathway. Our data point to a functional link between FMR1 expression and expression of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway genes controlling human follicular maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rehnitz
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.M.); (X.P.N.); (P.H.V.)
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-7910
| | - Edison Capp
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Birgitta Messmer
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.M.); (X.P.N.); (P.H.V.)
| | - Xuan Phuoc Nguyen
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.M.); (X.P.N.); (P.H.V.)
| | - Ariane Germeyer
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Alexander Freis
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Jens Erik Dietrich
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Karin Hinderhofer
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Peter H. Vogt
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.M.); (X.P.N.); (P.H.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rosario R, Anderson R. The molecular mechanisms that underlie fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency: is it RNA or protein based? Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:727-737. [PMID: 32777047 PMCID: PMC7566375 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The FMR1 gene contains a polymorphic CGG trinucleotide sequence within its 5′ untranslated region. More than 200 CGG repeats (termed a full mutation) underlie the severe neurodevelopmental condition fragile X syndrome, while repeat lengths that range between 55 and 200 (termed a premutation) result in the conditions fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). Premutations in FMR1 are the most common monogenic cause of premature ovarian insufficiency and are routinely tested for clinically; however, the mechanisms that contribute to the pathology are still largely unclear. As studies in this field move towards unravelling the molecular mechanisms involved in FXPOI aetiology, we review the evidence surrounding the two main theories which describe an RNA toxic gain-of-function mechanism, resulting in the loss of function of RNA-binding proteins, or a protein-based mechanism, where repeat-associated non-AUG translation leads to the formation of an abnormal polyglycine containing protein, called FMRpolyG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Molecular Pathogenesis and Peripheral Monitoring of Adult Fragile X-Associated Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168368. [PMID: 34445074 PMCID: PMC8395059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal trinucleotide expansions cause rare disorders that compromise quality of life and, in some cases, lifespan. In particular, the expansions of the CGG-repeats stretch at the 5’-UTR of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene have pleiotropic effects that lead to a variety of Fragile X-associated syndromes: the neurodevelopmental Fragile X syndrome (FXS) in children, the late-onset neurodegenerative disorder Fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) that mainly affects adult men, the Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) in adult women, and a variety of psychiatric and affective disorders that are under the term of Fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND). In this review, we will describe the pathological mechanisms of the adult “gain-of-function” syndromes that are mainly caused by the toxic actions of CGG RNA and FMRpolyG peptide. There have been intensive attempts to identify reliable peripheral biomarkers to assess disease progression and onset of specific pathological traits. Mitochondrial dysfunction, altered miRNA expression, endocrine system failure, and impairment of the GABAergic transmission are some of the affectations that are susceptible to be tracked using peripheral blood for monitoring of the motor, cognitive, psychiatric and reproductive impairment of the CGG-expansion carriers. We provided some illustrative examples from our own cohort. Understanding the association between molecular pathogenesis and biomarkers dynamics will improve effective prognosis and clinical management of CGG-expansion carriers.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang Q, Mumusoglu S, Qin Y, Sun Y, Hsueh AJ. A kaleidoscopic view of ovarian genes associated with premature ovarian insufficiency and senescence. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21753. [PMID: 34233068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100756r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian infertility and subfertility presenting with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve are major issues facing the developed world due to the trend of delaying childbirth. Ovarian senescence and POI represent a continuum of physiological/pathophysiological changes in ovarian follicle functions. Based on advances in whole exome sequencing, evaluation of gene copy variants, together with family-based and genome-wide association studies, we discussed genes responsible for POI and ovarian senescence. We used a gene-centric approach to sort out literature deposited in the Ovarian Kaleidoscope database (http://okdb.appliedbioinfo.net) by sub-categorizing candidate genes as ligand-receptor signaling, meiosis and DNA repair, transcriptional factors, RNA metabolism, enzymes, and others. We discussed individual gene mutations found in POI patients and verification of gene functions in gene-deleted model organisms. Decreased expression of some of the POI genes could be responsible for ovarian senescence, especially those essential for DNA repair, meiosis and mitochondrial functions. We propose to set up a candidate gene panel for targeted sequencing in POI patients together with studies on mitochondria-associated genes in middle-aged subfertile patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sezcan Mumusoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aaron J Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shelly KE, Candelaria NR, Li Z, Allen EG, Jin P, Nelson DL. Ectopic expression of CGG-repeats alters ovarian response to gonadotropins and leads to infertility in a murine FMR1 premutation model. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:923-938. [PMID: 33856019 PMCID: PMC8165648 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Women heterozygous for an expansion of CGG repeats in the 5'UTR of FMR1 risk developing fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and/or tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). We show that expanded CGGs, independent of FMR1, are sufficient to drive ovarian insufficiency and that expression of CGG-containing mRNAs alone or in conjunction with a polyglycine-containing peptide translated from these RNAs contribute to dysfunction. Heterozygous females from two mouse lines expressing either CGG RNA-only (RNA-only) or CGG RNA and the polyglycine product FMRpolyG (FMRpolyG+RNA) were used to assess ovarian function in aging animals. The expression of FMRpolyG+RNA led to early cessation of breeding, ovulation and transcriptomic changes affecting cholesterol and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Females expressing CGG RNA-only did not exhibit decreased progeny during natural breeding, but their ovarian transcriptomes were enriched for alterations in cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis. The enrichment of CGG RNA-only ovaries for differentially expressed genes related to cholesterol processing provided a link to the ovarian cysts observed in both CGG-expressing lines. Early changes in transcriptome profiles led us to measure ovarian function in prepubertal females that revealed deficiencies in ovulatory responses to gonadotropins. These include impairments in cumulus expansion and resumption of oocyte meiosis, as well as reduced ovulated oocyte number. Cumulatively, we demonstrated the sufficiency of ectopically expressed CGG repeats to lead to ovarian insufficiency and that co-expression of CGG-RNA and FMRpolyG lead to premature cessation of breeding. However, the expression of CGG RNA-alone was sufficient to lead to ovarian dysfunction by impairing responses to hormonal stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Shelly
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholes R Candelaria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David L Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Premature ovarian insufficiency: pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:637-650. [PMID: 33641066 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as a reduction in ovarian function before the expected age of menopause. POI is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders, osteoporosis, cognitive decline, and mood disorders, resulting in a reduced quality of life. Appropriate hormone replacement for premenopausal women decreases these adverse health risks and improves quality of life for women with POI, but does not prolong life expectancy. The potential etiologies of POI include chromosomal abnormalities and genetic mutations, autoimmune factors, and iatrogenic causes, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. A major association is suggested to exist between reproductive longevity and the DNA damage pathway response genes. DNA damage and repair in ovarian granulosa cells is strongly associated with POI. Depletion of oocytes with damaged DNA occurs through different cell death mechanisms, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, mediated by the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/forkhead transcription factors 3 (FOXO3) pathway. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by the ability of self-renewal and differentiation and play an important role in the regeneration of injured tissues. Transplantation of MSCs has been shown to functionally restore ovarian reserve in a POI mouse model. Recent advances in stem cell therapy are likely to be translated to new therapeutic options bringing new hope to patients with POI. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms that involve cell death and DNA damage and repair pathways and to discuss the stem cell-based therapies as potential therapeutic options for this gynecologic pathology.
Collapse
|
18
|
Rehnitz J, Youness B, Nguyen XP, Dietrich JE, Roesner S, Messmer B, Strowitzki T, Vogt PH. FMR1 expression in human granulosa cells and variable ovarian response: control by epigenetic mechanisms. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:6119639. [PMID: 33493269 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) is strongly expressed in granulosa cells (GCs) of the female germline and apparently controls efficiency of folliculogenesis. Major control mechanism(s) of the gene transcription rate seem to be based on the rate of CpG-methylation along the CpG island promoter. Conducting CpG-methylation-specific bisulfite-treated PCR assays and subsequent sequence analyses of both gene alleles, revealed three variably methylated CpG domains (FMR1-VMR (variably methylated region) 1, -2, -3) and one completely unmethylated CpG-region (FMR1-UMR) in this extended FMR1-promoter-region. FMR1-UMR in the core promoter was exclusively present only in female GCs, suggesting expression from both gene alleles, i.e., escaping the female-specific X-inactivation mechanism for the second gene allele. Screening for putative target sites of transcription factors binding with CpG methylation dependence, we identified a target site for the transcriptional activator E2F1 in FMR1-VMR3. Using specific electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we found E2F1 binding efficiency to be dependent on CpG-site methylation in its target sequence. Comparative analysis of these CpGs revealed that CpG 94-methylation in primary GCs of women with normal and reduced efficiency of folliculogenesis statistically significant differences. We therefore conclude that E2F1 binding to FMR1-VMR3 in human GCs is part of an epigenetic mechanism regulating the efficiency of human folliculogenesis. Our data indicate that epigenetic mechanisms may control GC FMR1-expression rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rehnitz
- Division of Reproduction Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berthe Youness
- Division of Reproduction Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xuan Phuoc Nguyen
- Division of Reproduction Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens E Dietrich
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Roesner
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgitta Messmer
- Division of Reproduction Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Vogt
- Division of Reproduction Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Loesch DZ, Kemp BE, Bui MQ, Fisher PR, Allan CY, Sanislav O, Ngoei KRW, Atkinson A, Tassone F, Annesley SJ, Storey E. Cellular Bioenergetics and AMPK and TORC1 Signalling in Blood Lymphoblasts Are Biomarkers of Clinical Status in FMR1 Premutation Carriers. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:747268. [PMID: 34880790 PMCID: PMC8645580 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.747268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting carriers of premutation alleles (PM) of the X-linked FMR1 gene, which contain CGG repeat expansions of 55-200 range in a non-coding region. This late-onset disorder is characterised by the presence of tremor/ataxia and cognitive decline, associated with the white matter lesions throughout the brain, especially involving the middle cerebellar peduncles. Nearly half of older male and ~ 20% of female PM carriers develop FXTAS. While there is evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in neural and some peripheral tissues from FXTAS patients (though less obvious in the non-FXTAS PM carriers), the results from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are still controversial. Motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric impairments were correlated with measures of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial respiratory activity, AMPK, and TORC1 cellular stress-sensing protein kinases, and CGG repeat size, in a sample of adult FXTAS male and female carriers. Moreover, the levels of these cellular measures, all derived from Epstein- Barr virus (EBV)- transformed and easily accessible blood lymphoblasts, were compared between the FXTAS (N = 23) and non-FXTAS (n = 30) subgroups, and with baseline data from 33 healthy non-carriers. A significant hyperactivity of cellular bioenergetics components as compared with the baseline data, more marked in the non-FXTAS PMs, was negatively correlated with repeat numbers at the lower end of the CGG-PM distribution. Significant associations of these components with motor impairment measures, including tremor-ataxia and parkinsonism, and neuropsychiatric changes, were prevalent in the FXTAS subgroup. Moreover, a striking elevation of AMPK activity, and a decrease in TORC1 levels, especially in the non-FXTAS carriers, were related to the size of CGG expansion. The bioenergetics changes in blood lymphoblasts are biomarkers of the clinical status of FMR1 carriers. The relationship between these changes and neurological involvement in the affected carriers suggests that brain bioenergetic alterations are reflected in this peripheral tissue. A possible neuroprotective role of stress sensing kinase, AMPK, in PM carriers, should be addressed in future longitudinal studies. A decreased level of TORC1-the mechanistic target of the rapamycin complex, suggests a possible future approach to therapy in FXTAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Z Loesch
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VA, Australia
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VA, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VA, Australia
| | - Minh Q Bui
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic, Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VA, Australia
| | - Paul R Fisher
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VA, Australia
| | - Claire Y Allan
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VA, Australia
| | - Oana Sanislav
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VA, Australia
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VA, Australia
| | - Anna Atkinson
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VA, Australia
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sarah J Annesley
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VA, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Medicine (Neuroscience), Monash University, Alfred Hospital Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang S, Zhu D, Mei X, Li Z, Li J, Xie M, Xie HJW, Wang S, Cheng K. Advances in biomaterials and regenerative medicine for primary ovarian insufficiency therapy. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1957-1972. [PMID: 33426370 PMCID: PMC7773538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is an ovarian dysfunction that affects more than 1 % of women and is characterized by hormone imbalances that afflict women before the age of 40. The typical perimenopausal symptoms result from abnormal levels of sex hormones, especially estrogen. The most prevalent treatment is hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which can relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. However, HRT cannot restore ovarian functions, including secretion, ovulation, and fertility. Recently, as part of a developing field of regenerative medicine, stem cell therapy has been proposed for the treatment of POI. Thus, we recapitulate the literature focusing on the use of stem cells and biomaterials for POI treatment, and sum up the underlying mechanisms of action. A thorough understanding of the work already done can aid in the development of guidelines for future translational applications and clinical trials that aim to cure POI by using regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering strategies. This paper illustrates the in-vivo, in-vitro, and cell-free treatments for POI using stem cells and biomaterials. We provide basic theories and suggestions for future research and clinical therapy translation. This review can help researcher to develop guidelines on stem cells treating POI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sichen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, China. No.1 DaHua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, NO.9 Dong Dan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Xuan Mei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Junlang Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mengjie Xie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, China. No.1 DaHua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, NO.9 Dong Dan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Halle Jiang Williams Xie
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, NO.9 Dong Dan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, China. No.1 DaHua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, NO.9 Dong Dan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The diagnosis of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) has untold effects on women and a better understanding alongside potential treatments are paramount to improve quality of life of these women. Various causes have been linked to the development of POI with genetics playing a key role. A better understanding of the genetics of POI could lead to earlier diagnosis and broaden fertility options. This chapter discusses previously known and more recently discovered genes that have been implicated in the development of POI. It explores the varying phenotypic expressions of some genes in different populations and areas for further research in the genetics of POI.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tang R, Yu Q. The significance of FMR1 CGG repeats in Chinese women with premature ovarian insufficiency and diminished ovarian reserve. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:82. [PMID: 32787884 PMCID: PMC7422563 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that there is an association between FMR1 CGG repeats and ovarian dysfunction. The aim of this study is to assess the association between the number of CGG repeats in FMR1 in Chinese patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). METHODS This is a cross-sectional, case-control study, which enrolled 124 patients with POI, 57 patients with DOR and 111 normal menopausal controls. The demographic details along with other clinical data were recorded. The FMR1 CGG repeats were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and microfluidic capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS We could detect two premutation carriers in the POI group (1.6%) and one in the control group (0.9%). No premutation carriers were identified in the DOR group. The frequency of FMR1 premutations was not different between POI or DOR and controls. The most common CGG repeat was 29 and 30, and the repeat length for allele 2 had a secondary peak around 36-39 repeats. The CGG repeats were divided into groups of five consecutive values, and the distribution of allele 1 in the POI group was different from that in the control group (P < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found for allele 1 between DOR group vs. controls, and for allele 2 between three groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study shows that the frequency of FMR1 premutations is relatively low (1.6%) in Chinese women with POI. The distribution of allele 1 CGG repeat in patients with POI showed difference from that in healthy women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, No 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730, DongCheng District, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, No 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730, DongCheng District, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Are ovarian response and pregnancy rates similar in selected FMR1 premutated and mutated patients undergoing preimplantation genetic testing? J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1675-1683. [PMID: 32483686 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess if the ovarian response of FMR1 premutated women undergoing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for Fragile X syndrome is lower compared with fully mutated patients, due to their frequent premature ovarian failure. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study from January 2009 to March 2019, we compared PGT outcomes in 18 FMR1 premutated women and 12 fully mutated women and aimed to identify predictive factors of stimulation outcomes. RESULTS Eighty-six IVF/PGT-M cycles for FMR1 PGT were analyzed. Premutation and full mutation patients were comparable in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), basal FSH, antral follicular count, and cycle length. However, premutation carriers had significantly lower AMH (1.9 versus 4.0 ng/mL, p = 0.0167). Premutated patients required higher doses of FSH (2740 versus 1944 IU, p = 0.0069) but had similar numbers of metaphase II oocytes (7.1 versus 6.6, p = 0.871) and embryos (5.6 versus 4.9, p = 0. 554). Pregnancy rates (37.1% versus 13.3%, p = 0.1076) were not statistically different in both groups. CONCLUSION In spite of lower ovarian reserve and thanks to an increased total dose of FSH, FMR1 premutated selected patients seem to have similar ovarian response as fully mutated patients. Neither the number of CGG repeats in FMR1 gene nor FMR1 mutation status was good predictors of the number of retrieved oocytes.
Collapse
|
24
|
An explanation of the mechanisms underlying fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1313-1322. [PMID: 32377997 PMCID: PMC7311620 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X and fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) are caused by mutations of the FMR1 gene. The mutations causing FXTAS can expand in a generation to a "full mutation" causing fragile X syndrome. The mutations causing FXTAS and the phenotype, fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), are referred to as the FMR1 premutation (PM). The objective of this paper was to formulate a theory to explain the Mechanism for FXPOI.Recent research on fragile X syndrome and FXTAS has led to sophisticated theories about the mechanisms underlying these diseases. It has been proposed that similar mechanisms underlie FXPOI. Utilizing recent research on FXTAS, but a more detailed application of ovarian physiology, we present a more ovarian specific theory as to the primary mechanism explaining the development of FXPOI.The FXPOI phenotype may best be viewed as derivative of the observation that fragile X PM carriers experience menopause an average of 5 years earlier than non-carriers. Women carrying the PM experience an earlier menopause because of an accelerated activation of their primordial follicle pool. This acceleration of primordial follicle activation occurs, in part, because of diminished AMH production. AMH production is diminished because of accelerated atresia of early antral follicles. This accelerated atresia likely occurs because the fragile X PM leads to a slowing of the rate of granulosa cell mitosis in some follicles.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pargianas M, Salta S, Apostolopoulou K, Lazaros L, Kyrgiou M, Tinelli A, Malvasi A, Kalogiannidis I, Georgiou I, Kosmas IP. Pathways Involved in Premature Ovarian Failure: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2087-2095. [PMID: 32175834 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200316160145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF), which may be undetectable for a long time, is associated with impaired fertility. The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of POF as well as the concomitant treatments are still unclear. Although many data exist, mainly produced by the study of transgenic animals under various experimental conditions, they remain fragmented. A systematic review of the pathways involved in premature ovarian failure was conducted. Data extraction was performed from experimental studies until 2019. The molecular processes and their correlation with the follicular developmental stage have been described. Furthermore, the effects in other cells, such as oocytes, granulosa and theca cells have been reported. An overall estimation was conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Pargianas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ioannina State General Hospital G. Chatzikosta, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Styliani Salta
- University Hospitals of Leicester, Haemophilia Centre, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Apostolopoulou
- Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Leandros Lazaros
- Genetics and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Kyrgiou
- West London Gynecological Cancer Center, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea-Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Tinelli
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow Region, Russian Federation.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Experimental Endoscopic Surgery, Imaging, Technology and Minimally Invasive Therapy, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Malvasi
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow Region, Russian Federation.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Santa Maria Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Kalogiannidis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Georgiou
- Genetics and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis P Kosmas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ioannina State General Hospital G. Chatzikosta, Ioannina, Greece.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tang R, Chen R, Luo M, Lin S, Yu Q. Chinese women with 29-30 FMR1 CGG repeats have an earlier menopause. Climacteric 2020; 23:298-305. [PMID: 32107944 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1727877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: A strong, well-established non-linear relationship exists between fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) premutation and menopausal age. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether this relationship continues into the normal CGG repeat range.Methods: FMR1 CGG repeats of 111 Chinese postmenopausal women from a prospective cohort and the relationship with age at menopause were analyzed. Associations of FMR1 genotypes with annually measured estradiol and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were also assessed.Results: One premutation and two intermediate carriers were identified, with a prevalence of 0.90% and 1.80%, respectively. The age at menopause differed with statistical significance (p = 0.007) between women carrying bi-allelic 29-30 repeats (49.66 ± 3.26 years) and those carrying a different number of repeats (51.26 ± 2.74 years). Age at menopause among subgroups (≤28, 29-30, and ≥31 repeats) of alleles 1 and 2 were also different (p = 0.014, p = 0.044). FSH trajectories to final menstrual period differed between women with the bi-allelic 29-30 repeats and others (p = 0.019).Conclusions: Women with 29-30 FMR1 CGG repeats may experience menopause approximately 2 years earlier than those carrying ≤28 or ≥31 CGG repeats, and have a longer FSH fluctuant period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - R Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - M Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - S Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Q Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Suardi GAM, Haddad LA. FMRP ribonucleoprotein complexes and RNA homeostasis. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2020; 105:95-136. [PMID: 32560791 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Fragile Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1), at Xq27.3, encodes the fragile mental retardation protein (FMRP), and displays in its 5'-untranslated region a series of polymorphic CGG triplet repeats that may undergo dynamic mutation. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability among men, and is most frequently due to FMR1 full mutation and consequent transcription repression. FMR1 premutations may associate with at least two other clinical conditions, named fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). While FXPOI and FXTAS appear to be mediated by FMR1 mRNA accumulation, relative reduction of FMRP, and triplet repeat translation, FXS is due to the lack of the RNA-binding protein FMRP. Besides its function as mRNA translation repressor in neuronal and stem/progenitor cells, RNA editing roles have been assigned to FMRP. In this review, we provide a brief description of FMR1 transcribed microsatellite and associated clinical disorders, and discuss FMRP molecular roles in ribonucleoprotein complex assembly and trafficking, as well as aspects of RNA homeostasis affected in FXS cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aparecida Marcondes Suardi
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Amaral Haddad
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rodriguez CM, Todd PK. New pathologic mechanisms in nucleotide repeat expansion disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104515. [PMID: 31229686 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tandem microsatellite repeats are common throughout the human genome and intrinsically unstable, exhibiting expansions and contractions both somatically and across generations. Instability in a small subset of these repeats are currently linked to human disease, although recent findings suggest more disease-causing repeats await discovery. These nucleotide repeat expansion disorders (NREDs) primarily affect the nervous system and commonly lead to neurodegeneration through toxic protein gain-of-function, protein loss-of-function, and toxic RNA gain-of-function mechanisms. However, the lines between these categories have blurred with recent findings of unconventional Repeat Associated Non-AUG (RAN) translation from putatively non-coding regions of the genome. Here we review two emerging topics in NREDs: 1) The mechanisms by which RAN translation occurs and its role in disease pathogenesis and 2) How nucleotide repeats as RNA and translated proteins influence liquid-liquid phase separation, membraneless organelle dynamics, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. We examine these topics with a particular eye on two repeats: the CGG repeat expansion responsible for Fragile X syndrome and Fragile X-associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) and the intronic GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9orf72, the most common inherited cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Our thesis is that these emerging disease mechanisms can inform a broader understanding of the native roles of microsatellites in cellular function and that aberrations in these native processes provide clues to novel therapeutic strategies for these currently untreatable disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Elizur SE, Friedman Gohas M, Dratviman-Storobinsky O, Cohen Y. Pathophysiology Mechanisms in Fragile-X Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1942:165-171. [PMID: 30900184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9080-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Women who carry the FMR1 premutation may suffer from ongoing deterioration of ovarian function. The lucidity of the molecular mechanism of FXTAS is emerging and findings from research in the field of FXTAS could elucidate the pathogenesis of FXPOI. To date there are three possible mechanisms for ovarian dysfunction in FMR1 permutation carriers. The first is the RNA toxic gain-of-function mechanism initiating loss of function of over 30 specific RNA-binding proteins. The second is associated to the formation of an abnormal polyglycine-containing protein (FMRpolyG), and the third is related to novel lncRNAs, named FMR4 and FMR6. Herein we describe our laboratory methodology, focusing on the culturing and manipulation of granulosa cells from human female premutation carriers, trying to reveal the actual possible mechanisms liable to FXPOI. Detecting the precise pathways in premutation carrier might facilitate in offering these women the opportunity to make an informed decision regarding their reproductive and family planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shai E Elizur
- IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Fertility Research Laboratory, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moran Friedman Gohas
- The Fertility Research Laboratory, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Olga Dratviman-Storobinsky
- IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yoram Cohen
- IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat Gan, Israel.
- The Fertility Research Laboratory, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat Gan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Q, Barad DH, Darmon SK, Kushnir VA, Wu YG, Lazzaroni-Tealdi E, Zhang L, Albertini DF, Gleicher N. Reduced RNA expression of the FMR1 gene in women with low (CGGn<26) repeats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209309. [PMID: 30576349 PMCID: PMC6303073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low FMR1 variants (CGGn<26) have been associated with premature ovarian aging, female infertility and poor IVF treatment success. Until now, there is little published information concerning possible molecular mechanisms for this effect. We wished to examine whether relative expression of RNA and the FMR1 gene’s fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) RNA isoforms differ in women with various FMR1 sub-genotypes (normal, low CGGn<26 and/or high CGGn≥34). This prospective cohort study was conducted between 2014 and 2017 in a clinical research unit of the Center for Human Reproduction in New York City. The study involved a total of 98 study subjects, including 18 young oocyte donors and 80 older infertility patients undergoing routine in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. The main outcome measure was RNA expression in human luteinized granulosa cells of 5 groups of FMRP isoforms. The relative expression of FMR1 RNA in human luteinized granulosa cells was measured by real-time PCR and a possible association with CGGn was explored. All 5 groups of FMRP RNA isoforms examined were found to be differentially expressed in human luteinized granulosa cells. The relative expression of four FMR1 RNA isoforms showed significant differences among 6 FMR1 sub-genotypes. Women with at least one low allele expressed significantly lower levels of all 5 sets of FRMP isoforms in comparison to the non-low group. While it would be of interest to see whether FMRP is also decreased in the low-group we recognize that in recent years it has been increasingly documented that information flow of genetics may be regulated by non-coding RNA, that is, without translation to a protein product. We, thus, conclude that various CGG expansions of FMR1 allele may lead to changes of RNA levels and ratios of distinct FMRP RNA isoforms, which could regulate the translation and/or cellular localization of FMRP, affect the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and hormonal receptors, or act in some other epigenetic process and therefore result in the ovarian dysfunction in infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David H. Barad
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah K. Darmon
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Vitaly A. Kushnir
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Yan-Guang Wu
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David F. Albertini
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Stem Cell and Molecular Embryology Laboratory, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna University School of Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fink DA, Nelson LM, Pyeritz R, Johnson J, Sherman SL, Cohen Y, Elizur SE. Fragile X Associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI): Case Report and Literature Review. Front Genet 2018; 9:529. [PMID: 30542367 PMCID: PMC6278244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the X-linked FMR1 gene are associated with a constellation of disorders, which have broad and profound implications for the person first diagnosed, and extended family members of all ages. The rare and pleiotropic nature of the associated disorders, both common and not, place great burdens on (1) the affected families, (2) their care providers and clinicians, and (3) investigators striving to conduct research on the conditions. Fragile X syndrome, occurring more severely in males, is the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability. Fragile X associated tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder seen more often in older men. Fragile X associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is a chronic disorder characterized by oligo/amenorrhea and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism before age 40 years. There may be significant morbidity due to: (1) depression and anxiety related to the loss of reproductive hormones and infertility; (2) reduced bone mineral density; and (3) increased risk of cardiovascular disease related to estrogen deficiency. Here we report the case of a young woman who never established regular menses and yet experienced a 5-year diagnostic odyssey before establishing a diagnosis of FXPOI despite a known family history of fragile X syndrome and early menopause. Also, despite having clearly documented FXPOI the woman conceived spontaneously and delivered two healthy children. We review the pathophysiology and management of FXPOI. As a rare disease, the diagnosis of FXPOI presents special challenges. Connecting patients and community health providers with investigators who have the requisite knowledge and expertise about the FMR1 gene and FXPOI would facilitate both patient care and research. There is a need for an international natural history study on FXPOI. The effort should be coordinated by a global virtual center, which takes full advantage of mobile device communication systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Fink
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Reed Pyeritz
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Josh Johnson
- University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Yoram Cohen
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai E Elizur
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Glineburg MR, Todd PK, Charlet-Berguerand N, Sellier C. Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation and other molecular mechanisms in Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome. Brain Res 2018; 1693:43-54. [PMID: 29453961 PMCID: PMC6010627 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive intention tremor, gait ataxia and dementia associated with mild brain atrophy. The cause of FXTAS is a premutation expansion, of 55 to 200 CGG repeats localized within the 5'UTR of FMR1. These repeats are transcribed in the sense and antisense directions into mutants RNAs, which have increased expression in FXTAS. Furthermore, CGG sense and CCG antisense expanded repeats are translated into novel proteins despite their localization in putatively non-coding regions of the transcript. Here we focus on two proposed disease mechanisms for FXTAS: 1) RNA gain-of-function, whereby the mutant RNAs bind specific proteins and preclude their normal functions, and 2) repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation, whereby translation through the CGG or CCG repeats leads to the production of toxic homopolypeptides, which in turn interfere with a variety of cellular functions. Here, we analyze the data generated to date on both of these potential molecular mechanisms and lay out a path forward for determining which factors drive FXTAS pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Chantal Sellier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gustin SLF, Wang G, Baker VM, Latham G, Sebastiano V. Use of human-derived stem cells to create a novel, in vitro model designed to explore FMR1 CGG repeat instability amongst female premutation carriers. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1443-1455. [PMID: 29926373 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Create a model, using reprogrammed cells, to provide a platform to identify the mechanisms of CGG repeat instability amongst female fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) premutation (PM) carriers. METHODS Female PM carriers (with and without POI) and healthy controls were enrolled from June 2013 to April 2014. Patient-derived fibroblasts (FB) were reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) using viral vectors, encoding KLF4, OCT4, SOX2, and MYC. FMR1 CGG repeat-primed PCR was used to assess the triplet repeat structure of the FMR1 gene. FMR1 promoter methylation (%) was determined using FMR1 methylation PCR (mPCR). Quantification of FMR1 transcripts by RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the effect of reprogramming on gene transcription, as well as to correlate patient phenotype with FMR1 expression. Production of FMR1 protein (FMRP) was determined using a liquid bead array-based immunoassay. RESULTS Upon induction to pluripotency, all control clones exhibited maintenance of progenitor cell CGG repeat number, whereas 10 of 12 clones derived from PM carriers maintained their input CGG repeat number, one of which expanded and one contracted. As compared to parent FB, iPSC clones exhibited a skewed methylation pattern; however, downstream transcription and translation appeared unaffected. Further, the PM carriers, regardless of phenotype, exhibited similar FMR1 transcription and translation to the controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to establish a stem cell model aimed to understand FMR1 CGG repeat instability amongst female PM carriers. Our preliminary data indicate that CGG repeat number, transcription, and translation are conserved upon induction to pluripotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L F Gustin
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Guangwen Wang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Valerie M Baker
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gary Latham
- Research and Technology Development, Asuragen, Inc., Austin, TX, 78744, USA
| | - Vittorio Sebastiano
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology &Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
He DJ, Wang L, Zhang ZB, Guo K, Li JZ, He XC, Cui QH, Zheng P. Maternal gene Ooep may participate in homologous recombination-mediated DNA double-strand break repair in mouse oocytes. Zool Res 2018; 39:387-395. [PMID: 29955025 PMCID: PMC6085769 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage in oocytes can cause infertility and birth defects. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious and can substantially impair genome integrity. Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA DSB repair plays dominant roles in safeguarding oocyte quantity and quality. However, little is known regarding the key players of the HR repair pathway in oocytes. Here, we identified oocyte-specific gene Ooep as a novel key component of the HR repair pathway in mouse oocytes. OOEP was required for efficient ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase activation and Rad51 recombinase (RAD51) focal accumulation at DNA DSBs. Ooep null oocytes were defective in DNA DSB repair and prone to apoptosis upon exogenous DNA damage insults. Moreover, Ooep null oocytes exhibited delayed meiotic maturation. Therefore, OOEP played roles in preserving oocyte quantity and quality by maintaining genome stability. Ooep expression decreased with the advance of maternal age, suggesting its involvement in maternal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Jian He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:
| | - Zhi-Bi Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming Yunnan 650091, China; E-mail:
| | - Kun Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:
| | - Jing-Zheng Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:
| | - Xie-Chao He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:
| | - Qing-Hua Cui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming Yunnan 650091, China; E-mail:
| | - Ping Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Coss D. Regulation of reproduction via tight control of gonadotropin hormone levels. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:116-130. [PMID: 28342855 PMCID: PMC6457911 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. GnRH from the hypothalamus regulates synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins, LH and FSH, which then control steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. In females, serum LH and FSH levels exhibit rhythmic changes throughout the menstrual or estrous cycle that are correlated with pulse frequency of GnRH. Lack of gonadotropins leads to infertility or amenorrhea. Dysfunctions in the tightly controlled ratio due to levels slightly outside the normal range occur in a larger number of women and are correlated with polycystic ovaries and premature ovarian failure. Since the etiology of these disorders is largely unknown, studies in cell and mouse models may provide novel candidates for investigations in human population. Hence, understanding the mechanisms whereby GnRH regulates gonadotropin hormone levels will provide insight into the physiology and pathophysiology of the reproductive system. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of GnRH regulation of gonadotropin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djurdjica Coss
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Reproductive and gynecologic care of women with fragile X primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). Menopause 2018; 23:993-9. [PMID: 27552334 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Approximately 20% of women with a premutation in the FMR1 gene experience primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). We explored diagnostic patterns, frequency of appropriate hormone replacement, obstetric outcomes, fertility treatment, reproductive decisions, and counseling of women with fragile X-associated POI (FXPOI). METHODS Semistructured interviews with 79 women with FXPOI were conducted by a single interviewer. FMR1 cytosine-guanine-guanine repeat size was determined from a blood, saliva, or buccal sample. RESULTS The median age of POI onset for women in our study was 33 years. Seventy-two percent of the women had an FMR1 cytosine-guanine-guanine repeat length of 80 to 100. Mean length of time from symptom onset to POI diagnosis was 1.12 years, longer in women with a younger age of POI onset and shorter in women who knew they were carriers. After diagnosis, 52% of women never took hormone therapy, started it years after POI diagnosis, or stopped it before 45 years of age. Forty-nine percent of the women had infertility, but 75% had had at least one genetically related child. Obstetric outcomes were similar to the general population. Forty-six percent of women had a diagnosis of low bone mineral density or osteoporosis, and an additional 19% had never had a bone density assessment. CONCLUSIONS Women with FXPOI are at significant risk for delayed POI diagnosis and undertreatment with hormone therapy. Although approximately 50% of women had infertility, most were able to conceive at least one child and had no elevated risk of adverse obstetric outcomes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Richards JS, Ren YA, Candelaria N, Adams JE, Rajkovic A. Ovarian Follicular Theca Cell Recruitment, Differentiation, and Impact on Fertility: 2017 Update. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:1-20. [PMID: 29028960 PMCID: PMC5807095 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The major goal of this review is to summarize recent exciting findings that have been published within the past 10 years that, to our knowledge, have not been presented in detail in previous reviews and that may impact altered follicular development in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure in women. Specifically, we will cover the following: (1) mouse models that have led to discovery of the derivation of two precursor populations of theca cells in the embryonic gonad; (2) the key roles of the oocyte-derived factor growth differentiation factor 9 on the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway and theca cell functions; and (3) the impact of the HH pathway on both the specification of theca endocrine cells and theca fibroblast and smooth muscle cells in developing follicles. We will also discuss the following: (1) other signaling pathways that impact the differentiation of theca cells, not only luteinizing hormone but also insulinlike 3, bone morphogenic proteins, the circadian clock genes, androgens, and estrogens; and (2) theca-associated vascular, immune, and fibroblast cells, as well as the cytokines and matrix factors that play key roles in follicle growth. Lastly, we will integrate what is known about theca cells from mouse models, human-derived theca cell lines from patients who have PCOS and patients who do not have PCOS, and microarray analyses of human and bovine theca to understand what pathways and factors contribute to follicle growth as well as to the abnormal function of theca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne S. Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yi A. Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Nicholes Candelaria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jaye E. Adams
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Magee-Women’s Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
FMR1 and AKT/mTOR signalling pathways: potential functional interactions controlling folliculogenesis in human granulosa cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:485-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
Mila M, Alvarez-Mora M, Madrigal I, Rodriguez-Revenga L. Fragile X syndrome: An overview and update of the FMR1
gene. Clin Genet 2017; 93:197-205. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mila
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - M.I. Alvarez-Mora
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - I. Madrigal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - L. Rodriguez-Revenga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lu CL, Li R, Chen XN, Xu YY, Yan LY, Yan J, Zhang YY, Jin HY, Zhang WX, Qiao J, Zhen XM. The ‘normal’ range of FMR1 triple CGG repeats may be associated with primary ovarian insufficiency in China. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 34:175-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
41
|
Study of the Genetic Etiology of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: FMR1 Gene. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7120123. [PMID: 27983607 PMCID: PMC5192499 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is a period of women’s life characterized by the cessation of menses in a definitive way. The mean age for menopause is approximately 51 years. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to ovarian dysfunction defined as irregular menses and elevated gonadotrophin levels before or at the age of 40 years. The etiology of POI is unknown but several genes have been reported as being of significance. The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) is one of the most important genes associated with POI. The FMR1 gene contains a highly polymorphic CGG repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of exon 1. Four allelic forms have been defined with respect to CGG repeat length and instability during transmission. Normal (5–44 CGG) alleles are usually transmitted from parent to offspring in a stable manner. The full mutation form consists of over 200 repeats, which induces hypermethylation of the FMR1 gene promoter and the subsequent silencing of the gene, associated with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). Finally, FMR1 intermediate (45–54 CGG) and premutation (55–200 CGG) alleles have been principally associated with two phenotypes, fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI).
Collapse
|
42
|
Rosario R, Filis P, Tessyman V, Kinnell H, Childs AJ, Gray NK, Anderson RA. FMRP Associates with Cytoplasmic Granules at the Onset of Meiosis in the Human Oocyte. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163987. [PMID: 27695106 PMCID: PMC5047637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cell development and primordial follicle formation during fetal life is critical in establishing the pool of oocytes that subsequently determines the reproductive lifespan of women. Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is caused by inheritance of the FMR1 premutation allele and approximately 20% of women with the premutation allele develop ovarian dysfunction and premature ovarian insufficiency. However, the underlying disease mechanism remains obscure, and a potential role of FMRP in human ovarian development has not been explored. We have characterised the expression of FMR1 and FMRP in the human fetal ovary at the time of germ cell entry into meiosis through to primordial follicle formation. FMRP expression is exclusively in germ cells in the human fetal ovary. Increased FMRP expression in germ cells coincides with the loss of pluripotency-associated protein expression, and entry into meiosis is associated with FMRP granulation. In addition, we have uncovered FMRP association with components of P-bodies and stress granules, suggesting it may have a role in mRNA metabolism at the time of onset of meiosis. Therefore, this data support the hypothesis that FMRP plays a role regulating mRNAs during pivotal maturational processes in fetal germ cells, and ovarian dysfunction resulting from FMR1 premutation may have its origins during these stages of oocyte development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Filis
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Tessyman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Kinnell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Childs
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K. Gray
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ruth KS, Bennett CE, Schoemaker MJ, Weedon MN, Swerdlow AJ, Murray A. Length of FMR1 repeat alleles within the normal range does not substantially affect the risk of early menopause. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2396-403. [PMID: 27614355 PMCID: PMC5027929 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is the length of FMR1 repeat alleles within the normal range associated with the risk of early menopause? SUMMARY ANSWER The length of repeat alleles within the normal range does not substantially affect risk of early menopause. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY There is a strong, well-established relationship between length of premutation FMR1 alleles and age at menopause, suggesting that this relationship could continue into the normal range. Within the normal range, there is conflicting evidence; differences in ovarian reserve have been identified with FMR1 repeat allele length, but a recent population-based study did not find any association with age at menopause as a quantitative trait. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We analysed cross-sectional baseline survey data collected at recruitment from 2004 to 2010 from a population-based, prospective epidemiological cohort study of >110 000 women to investigate whether repeat allele length was associated with early menopause. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD We included 4333 women from the Breakthrough Generations Study (BGS), of whom 2118 were early menopause cases (menopause under 46 years) and 2215 were controls. We analysed the relationship between length of FMR1 alleles and early menopause using logistic regression with allele length as continuous and categorical variables. We also conducted analyses with the outcome age at menopause as a quantitative trait as well as appropriate sensitivity and exploratory analyses. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE There was no association of the shorter or longer FMR1 allele or their combined genotype with the clinically relevant end point of early menopause in our main analysis. Likewise, there were no associations with age at menopause as a quantitative trait in our secondary analysis. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Women with homozygous alleles in the normal range may have undetected FMR1 premutation alleles, although there was no evidence to suggest this. We estimate minor dilution of risk of early menopause from the likely inclusion of some women with menopause at over 45 years in the early menopause cases due to age-rounding bias in self-reports. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS There is no robust evidence in this large study that variation within the normal range of FMR1 repeat alleles influences timing of menopause in the general population, which contradicts findings from some earlier, mainly smaller studies. The FMR1 CGG repeat polymorphism in the normal range is unlikely to contribute to genetic susceptibility to early menopause. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS We thank Breast Cancer Now and The Institute of Cancer Research for funding the BGS. The Institute of Cancer Research acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 085943). There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Claire E Bennett
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The impact of FMR1 gene mutations on human reproduction and development: a systematic review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:1135-47. [PMID: 27432256 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This is a comprehensive review of the literature in this field attempting to put the FMR1 gene and its evaluation into context, both in general and for the reproductive health audience. METHODS Online database search of publications with systematic review of all papers relevant to ovarian reserve and assisted reproduction was done. RESULTS Relevant papers were identified and assessed, and an attempt was made to understand, rationalize and explain the divergent views in this field of study. Seminal and original illustrations were employed. CONCLUSIONS FMR1 is a highly conserved gene whose interpretation and effect on outcomes remains controversial in the reproductive health setting. Recent re-evaluations of the commonly accepted normal range have yielded interesting tools for possibly explaining unexpected outcomes in assisted reproduction. Fragile X investigations should perhaps become more routinely assessed in the reproductive health setting, particularly following a failed treatment cycle where oocyte quality is thought to be a contributing factor, or in the presence of a surprise finding of diminished ovarian reserve in a young patient.
Collapse
|
45
|
Morin SJ, Tiegs AW, Franasiak JM, Juneau CR, Hong KH, Werner MD, Zhan Y, Landis J, Scott RT. FMR1 gene CGG repeat variation within the normal range is not predictive of ovarian response in IVF cycles. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 32:496-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
Conca Dioguardi C, Uslu B, Haynes M, Kurus M, Gul M, Miao DQ, De Santis L, Ferrari M, Bellone S, Santin A, Giulivi C, Hoffman G, Usdin K, Johnson J. Granulosa cell and oocyte mitochondrial abnormalities in a mouse model of fragile X primary ovarian insufficiency. Mol Hum Reprod 2016; 22:384-96. [PMID: 26965313 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that the mitochondria of granulosa cells (GC) and/or oocytes might be abnormal in a mouse model of fragile X premutation (FXPM). STUDY FINDING Mice heterozygous and homozygous for the FXPM have increased death (atresia) of large ovarian follicles, fewer corpora lutea with a gene dosage effect manifesting in decreased litter size(s). Furthermore, granulosa cells (GC) and oocytes of FXPM mice have decreased mitochondrial content, structurally abnormal mitochondria, and reduced expression of critical mitochondrial genes. Because this mouse allele produces the mutant Fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) transcript and reduced levels of wild-type (WT) Fmr1 protein (FMRP), but does not produce a Repeat Associated Non-ATG Translation (RAN)-translation product, our data lend support to the idea that Fmr1 mRNA with large numbers of CGG-repeats is intrinsically deleterious in the ovary. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Mitochondrial dysfunction has been detected in somatic cells of human and mouse FX PM carriers and mitochondria are essential for oogenesis and ovarian follicle development, FX-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is seen in women with FXPM alleles. These alleles have 55-200 CGG repeats in the 5' UTR of an X-linked gene known as FMR1. The molecular basis of the pathology seen in this disorder is unclear but is thought to involve either some deleterious consequence of overexpression of RNA with long CGG-repeat tracts or of the generation of a repeat-associated non-AUG translation (RAN translation) product that is toxic. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS Analysis of ovarian function in a knock-in FXPM mouse model carrying 130 CGG repeats was performed as follows on WT, PM/+, and PM/PM genotypes. Histomorphometric assessment of follicle and corpora lutea numbers in ovaries from 8-month-old mice was executed, along with litter size analysis. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was quantified in oocytes and GC using quantitative PCR, and cumulus granulosa mitochondrial content was measured by flow cytometric analysis after staining of cells with Mitotracker dye. Transmission electron micrographs were prepared of GC within small growing follicles and mitochondrial architecture was compared. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of key genes involved in mitochondrial structure and recycling was performed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A defect was found in follicle survival at the large antral stage in PM/+ and PM/PM mice. Litter size was significantly decreased in PM/PM mice, and corpora lutea were significantly reduced in mice of both mutant genotypes. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was significantly decreased in GC and metaphase II eggs in mutants. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that PM/+ and PM/PM animals lack the cumulus GC that harbor the greatest mitochondrial content as found in wild-type animals. Electron microscopic evaluation of GC of small growing follicles revealed mitochondrial structural abnormalities, including disorganized and vacuolar cristae. Finally, aberrant mitochondrial gene expression was detected. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and Optic atrophy 1 (Opa1), genes involved in mitochondrial fusion and structure, respectively, were significantly decreased in whole ovaries of both mutant genotypes. Mitochondrial fission factor 1 (Mff1) was significantly decreased in PM/+ and PM/PM GC and eggs compared with wild-type controls. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Data from the mouse model used for these studies should be viewed with some caution when considering parallels to the human FXPOI condition. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data lend support to the idea that Fmr1 mRNA with large numbers of CGG-repeats is intrinsically deleterious in the ovary. FXPM disease states, including FXPOI, may share mitochondrial dysfunction as a common underlying mechanism. LARGE SCALE DATA Not applicable. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS Studies were supported by NIH R21 071873 (J.J./G.H), The Albert McKern Fund for Perinatal Research (J.J.), NIH Intramural Funds (K.U.), and a TUBITAK Research Fellowship Award (B.U.). No conflict(s) of interest or competing interest(s) are noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Conca Dioguardi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Vita-Salute San Raffaele University/IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Bahar Uslu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Monique Haynes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meltem Kurus
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Izmir Katip Celebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gul
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - De-Qiang Miao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucia De Santis
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, IVF Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University/IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University/IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alessandro Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gloria Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Usdin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NIH/NIDDK, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
As age at pubertal onset declines and age at first pregnancy increases, the mechanisms that regulate female reproductive lifespan become increasingly relevant to population health. The timing of menarche and menopause can have profound effects not only on fertility but also on the risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Genetic studies have identified dozens of highly penetrant rare mutations associated with reproductive disorders, and also ∼175 common genetic variants associated with the timing of puberty or menopause. These findings, alongside other functional studies, have highlighted a diverse range of mechanisms involved in reproductive ageing, implicating core biological processes such as cell cycle regulation and energy homeostasis. The aim of this article is to review the contribution of such genetic findings to our understanding of the molecular regulation of reproductive timing, as well as the biological basis of the epidemiological links between reproductive ageing and disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R.B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Buijsen RAM, Visser JA, Kramer P, Severijnen EAWFM, Gearing M, Charlet-Berguerand N, Sherman SL, Berman RF, Willemsen R, Hukema RK. Presence of inclusions positive for polyglycine containing protein, FMRpolyG, indicates that repeat-associated non-AUG translation plays a role in fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod 2015; 31:158-68. [PMID: 26537920 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation play a role in fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), leading to the presence of polyglycine containing protein (FMRpolyG)-positive inclusions in ovarian tissue? SUMMARY ANSWER Ovaries of a woman with FXPOI and of an Fmr1 premutation (PM) mouse model (exCGG-KI) contain intranuclear inclusions that stain positive for both FMRpolyG and ubiquitin. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Women who carry the FMR1 PM are at 20-fold increased risk to develop primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). A toxic RNA gain-of-function has been suggested as the underlying mechanism since the PM results in increased levels of mRNA containing an expanded repeat, but reduced protein levels of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Recently, RAN translation has been shown to occur from FMR1 mRNA that contains PM repeat expansions, leading to FMRpolyG inclusions in brain and non-CNS tissues of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) patients. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Ovaries of a woman with FXPOI and women without PM (controls), and ovaries from wild-type and exCGG-KI mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the presence of inclusions that stained for ubiquitin and FMRpolyG . The ovaries from wild-type and exCGG-KI mice were further characterized for the number of follicles, Fmr1 mRNA levels and FMRP protein expression. The presence of inclusions was also analyzed in pituitaries of a man with FXTAS and the exCGG-KI mice. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Human ovaries from a woman with FXPOI and two control subjects and pituitaries from a man with FXTAS and a control subjects were fixed in 4% formalin. Ovaries and pituitaries of wild-type and exCGG mice were fixed in Bouin's fluid or 4% paraformaldehyde. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the human and mouse samples using FMRpolyG, ubiquitin and Fmrp antibodies. Fmr1 mRNA and protein expression were determined in mouse ovaries by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Follicle numbers in mouse ovaries were determined in serial sections by microscopy. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE FMRpolyG-positive inclusions were present in ovarian stromal cells of a woman with FXPOI but not in the ovaries of control subjects. The FMRpolyG-positive inclusions colocalized with ubiquitin-positive inclusions. Similar inclusions were also observed in the pituitary of a man with FXTAS but not in control subjects. Similarly, ovaries of 40-week-old exCGG-KI mice, but not wild-type mice, contained numerous inclusions in the stromal cells that stained for both FMRpolyG- and ubiquitin, while the ovaries of 20-week-old exCGG-KI contained fewer inclusions. At 40 weeks ovarian Fmr1 mRNA expression was increased by 5-fold in exCGG-KI mice compared with wild-type mice, while Fmrp expression was reduced by 2-fold. With respect to ovarian function in exCGG-KI mice: (i) although the number of healthy growing follicles did not differ between wild-type and exCGG-KI mice, the number of atretic large antral follicles was increased by nearly 9-fold in 40-week old exCGG-KI mice (P < 0.001); (ii) at 40 weeks of age only 50% of exCGG-KI mice had recent ovulations compared with 89% in wild-type mice (P = 0.07) and (iii) those exCGG-KI mice with recent ovulations tended to have a reduced number of fresh corpora lutea (4.8 ± 1.74 versus 8.50 ± 0.98, exCGG-KI versus wild-type mice, respectively, P = 0.07). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although FMRpolyG-positive inclusions were detected in ovaries of both a woman with FXPOI and a mouse model of the FMR1 PM, we only analyzed one ovary from a FXPOI subject. Caution is needed to extrapolate these results to all women with the FMR1 PM. Furthermore, the functional consequence of FMRpolyG-positive inclusions in the ovaries for reproduction remains to be determined. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results suggest that a dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis may contribute to FXPOI in FMR1 PM carriers. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was supported by grants from NFXF, ZonMW, the Netherlands Brain Foundation and NIH. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A M Buijsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Kramer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E A W F M Severijnen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Gearing
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N Charlet-Berguerand
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, IGBMC, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - S L Sherman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R F Berman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC Davis, Davis 95618, CA, USA
| | - R Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R K Hukema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We provide an overview of new insights into the genetic causes of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and address the challenges faced by clinicians who care for adolescents with this condition. RECENT FINDINGS In most cases, the cause of POI remains a mystery after appropriate clinical testing has been completed. Large-scale genomic sequencing approaches are uncovering new mechanisms underlying the disorder. Gene variants that affect the normal processes of primordial germ-cell proliferation and migration, oocyte meiosis, and ovarian follicle formation/activation are plausible mechanisms. Whole exome sequencing has been used to associate many of these variants with human POI. POI is a serious chronic condition with no cure. It qualifies as a rare disease and as such presents special challenges to patients, parents, and clinicians. Although the diagnosis of POI is often delayed because of the assumption that irregular menses are common among adolescents, early detection is critical for the maintenance of bone and cardiovascular health. Treatment options have focused on hormonal therapy and fertility preservation. However, many studies prove the increasing need to incorporate mental health support and a family systems approach into the management plan. SUMMARY Large-scale genomic sequencing has recently identified new mechanisms of POI. However, at present this testing is not clinically indicated as routine. Practice will change as genomic medicine is integrated into standard care. Adolescents with POI are best served by an integrated personal care approach centered on the patient and provided by a primary care clinician who has support from a multidisciplinary team.
Collapse
|
50
|
Alvarez-Mora MI, Rodriguez-Revenga L, Madrigal I, Garcia-Garcia F, Duran M, Dopazo J, Estivill X, Milà M. Deregulation of key signaling pathways involved in oocyte maturation in FMR1 premutation carriers with Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency. Gene 2015; 571:52-7. [PMID: 26095811 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
FMR1 premutation female carriers are at risk for Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). Insights from knock-in mouse model have recently demonstrated that FXPOI is due to an increased rate of follicle depletion or an impaired development of the growing follicles. Molecular mechanisms responsible for this reduced viability are still unknown. In an attempt to provide new data on the mechanisms that lead to FXPOI, we report the first investigation involving transcription profiling of total blood from FMR1 premutation female carriers with and without FXPOI. A total of 16 unrelated female individuals (6 FMR1 premutated females with FXPOI; 6 FMR1 premutated females without FXPOI; and 4 no-FXPOI females) were studied by whole human genome oligonucleotide microarray (Agilent Technologies). Fold change analysis did not show any genes with significant differential gene expression. However, functional profiling by gene set analysis showed large number of statistically significant deregulated GO annotations as well as numerous KEGG pathways in FXPOI females. These results suggest that the impairment of fertility in these females might be due to a generalized deregulation of key signaling pathways involved in oocyte maturation. In particular, the vasoendotelial growth factor signaling, the inositol phosphate metabolism, the cell cycle, and the MAPK signaling pathways were found to be down-regulated in FXPOI females. Furthermore, a high statistical enrichment of biological processes involved in cell death and survival were found deregulated among FXPOI females. Our results provide new strategic approaches to further investigate the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for FXPOI not focused in a single gene but rather in the set of genes involved in these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Alvarez-Mora
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Rodriguez-Revenga
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - I Madrigal
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - F Garcia-Garcia
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Duran
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Dopazo
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; Functional Genomics Node, INB, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - X Estivill
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08005 Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Centre for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Genomics and Personalized Medicine Section, Dexeus Woman's Health, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Milà
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|