1
|
Evans LMP, Gawron J, Sim FJ, Feltri ML, Marziali LN. Human iPSC-derived myelinating organoids and globoid cells to study Krabbe Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.19.604372. [PMID: 39091729 PMCID: PMC11291050 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.19.604372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (Kd) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal galactosylceramidase (GALC) which cleaves the myelin enriched lipid galactosylceramide (GalCer). Accumulated GalCer is catabolized into the cytotoxic lipid psychosine that causes myelinating cells death and demyelination which recruits microglia/macrophages that fail to digest myelin debris and become globoid cells. Here, to understand the pathological mechanisms of Kd, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from Kd patients to produce myelinating organoids and microglia. We show that Kd organoids have no obvious defects in neurogenesis, astrogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis but manifest early myelination defects. Specifically, Kd organoids showed shorter but a similar number of myelin internodes than Controls at the peak of myelination and a reduced number and shorter internodes at a later time point. Interestingly, myelin is affected in the absence of autophagy and mTOR pathway dysregulation, suggesting lack of lysosomal dysfunction which makes this organoid model a very valuable tool to study the early events that drive demyelination in Kd. Kd iPSC-derived microglia show a marginal rate of globoid cell formation under normal culture conditions that is drastically increased upon GalCer feeding. Under normal culture conditions, Kd microglia show a minor LAMP1 content decrease and a slight increase in the autophagy protein LC3B. Upon GalCer feeding, Kd cells show accumulation of autophagy proteins and strong LAMP1 reduction that at a later time point are reverted showing the compensatory capabilities of globoid cells. Altogether, this supports the value of our cultures as tools to study the mechanisms that drive globoid cell formation and the compensatory mechanism in play to overcome GalCer accumulation in Kd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie P Evans
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Joseph Gawron
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Fraser J Sim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Università degli studi di Milano, Biometra department and IRCcs Carlo Besta, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Leandro N Marziali
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Favret J, Nawaz MH, Patel M, Khaledi H, Gelb M, Shin D. Perinatal loss of galactosylceramidase in both oligodendrocytes and microglia is crucial for the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease in mice. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2207-2222. [PMID: 38734898 PMCID: PMC11286809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal galactosylceramidase (GALC) is expressed in all brain cells, including oligodendrocytes (OLs), microglia, and astrocytes, although the cell-specific function of GALC is largely unknown. Mutations in GALC cause Krabbe disease (KD), a fatal neurological lysosomal disorder that usually affects infants. To study how Galc ablation in each glial cell type contributes to Krabbe pathogenesis, we used conditional Galc-floxed mice. Here, we found that OL-specific Galc conditional knockout (CKO) in mice results in a phenotype that includes wasting, psychosine accumulation, and neuroinflammation. Microglia- or astrocyte-specific Galc deletion alone in mice did not show specific phenotypes. Interestingly, mice with CKO of Galc from both OLs and microglia have a more severe neuroinflammation with an increase in globoid cell accumulation than OL-specific CKO alone. Moreover, the enhanced phenotype occurred without additional accumulation of psychosine. Further studies revealed that Galc knockout (Galc-KO) microglia cocultured with Galc-KO OLs elicits globoid cell formation and the overexpression of osteopontin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, both proteins that are known to recruit immune cells and promote engulfment of debris and damaged cells. We conclude that OLs are the primary cells that initiate KD with an elevated psychosine level and microglia are required for the progression of neuroinflammation in a psychosine-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Favret
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Mohammed Haseeb Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Mayuri Patel
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Hamid Khaledi
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daesung Shin
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rutherford HA, Candeias D, Duncan CJA, Renshaw SA, Hamilton N. Macrophage transplantation rescues RNASET2-deficient leukodystrophy by replacing deficient microglia in a zebrafish model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321496121. [PMID: 38753517 PMCID: PMC11126979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321496121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
RNASET2-deficient leukodystrophy is a rare infantile white matter disorder mimicking a viral infection and resulting in severe psychomotor impairments. Despite its severity, there is little understanding of cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis and no treatments. Recent research using the rnaset2 mutant zebrafish model has suggested that microglia may be the drivers of the neuropathology, due to their failure to digest apoptotic debris during neurodevelopment. Therefore, we developed a strategy for microglial replacement through transplantation of adult whole kidney marrow-derived macrophages into embryonic hosts. Using live imaging, we revealed that transplant-derived macrophages can engraft within host brains and express microglia-specific markers, suggesting the adoption of a microglial phenotype. Tissue-clearing strategies revealed the persistence of transplanted cells in host brains beyond embryonic stages. We demonstrated that transplanted cells clear apoptotic cells within the brain, as well as rescue overactivation of the antiviral response otherwise seen in mutant larvae. RNA sequencing at the point of peak transplant-derived cell engraftment confirms that transplantation can reduce the brain-wide immune response and particularly, the antiviral response, in rnaset2-deficient brains. Crucially, this reduction in neuroinflammation resulted in behavioral rescue-restoring rnaset2 mutant motor activity to wild-type (WT) levels in embryonic and juvenile stages. Together, these findings demonstrate the role of microglia as the cellular drivers of neuropathology in rnaset2 mutants and that macrophage transplantation is a viable strategy for microglial replacement in the zebrafish. Therefore, microglia-targeted interventions may have therapeutic benefits in RNASET2-deficient leukodystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Rutherford
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo Candeias
- Department of Biology, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- York Biomedical research Institute, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. A. Duncan
- Immunology and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, NewcastleNE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, NewcastleNE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Noémie Hamilton
- Department of Biology, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- York Biomedical research Institute, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sutter PA, Ménoret A, Jellison ER, Nicaise AM, Bradbury AM, Vella AT, Bongarzone ER, Crocker SJ. CD8+ T cell depletion prevents neuropathology in a mouse model of globoid cell leukodystrophy. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221862. [PMID: 37310382 PMCID: PMC10266545 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) or Krabbe's disease is a fatal genetic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by loss-of-function mutations in the galactosylceramidase (galc) gene. While the metabolic basis for disease is known, the understanding of how this results in neuropathology is not well understood. Herein, we report that the rapid and protracted elevation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes occurs coincident with clinical disease in a mouse model of GLD. Administration of a function-blocking antibody against CD8α effectively prevented disease onset, reduced morbidity and mortality, and prevented CNS demyelination in mice. These data indicate that subsequent to the genetic cause of disease, neuropathology is driven by pathogenic CD8+ T cells, thus offering novel therapeutic potential for treatment of GLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pearl A. Sutter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Antoine Ménoret
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Evan R. Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Nicaise
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Allison M. Bradbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ernesto R. Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J. Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watanabe T, Tsuboi K, Matsuda N, Ishizuka Y, Go S, Watanabe E, Ono A, Okamoto Y, Matsuda J. Genetic ablation of Saposin-D in Krabbe disease eliminates psychosine accumulation but does not significantly improve demyelination. J Neurochem 2023; 166:720-746. [PMID: 37337846 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe disease is an inherited demyelinating disease caused by a genetic deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramide (GalCer) β-galactosidase (GALC). The Twitcher (Twi) mouse is a naturally occurring, genetically and enzymatically authentic mouse model that mimics infantile-onset Krabbe disease. The major substrate for GALC is the myelin lipid GalCer. However, the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease has long been explained by the accumulation of psychosine, a lyso-derivative of GalCer. Two metabolic pathways have been proposed for the accumulation of psychosine: a synthetic pathway in which galactose is transferred to sphingosine and a degradation pathway in which GalCer is deacylated by acid ceramidase (ACDase). Saposin-D (Sap-D) is essential for the degradation of ceramide by ACDase in lysosome. In this study, we generated Twi mice with a Sap-D deficiency (Twi/Sap-D KO), which are genetically deficient in both GALC and Sap-D and found that very little psychosine accumulated in the CNS or PNS of the mouse. As expected, demyelination with the infiltration of multinucleated macrophages (globoid cells) characteristic of Krabbe disease was milder in Twi/Sap-D KO mice than in Twi mice both in the CNS and PNS during the early disease stage. However, at the later disease stage, qualitatively and quantitatively comparable demyelination occurred in Twi/Sap-D KO mice, particularly in the PNS, and the lifespans of Twi/Sap-D KO mice were even shorter than that of Twi mice. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from both Twi and Twi/Sap-D KO mice produced significant amounts of TNF-α upon exposure to GalCer and were transformed into globoid cells. These results indicate that psychosine in Krabbe disease is mainly produced via the deacylation of GalCer by ACDase. The demyelination observed in Twi/Sap-D KO mice may be mediated by a psychosine-independent, Sap-D-dependent mechanism. GalCer-induced activation of Sap-D-deficient macrophages/microglia may play an important role in the neuroinflammation and demyelination in Twi/Sap-D KO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsuda
- Central Research Institute, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Ishizuka
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ono
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Herdt AR, Peng H, Dickson DW, Golde TE, Eckman EA, Lee CW. Brain Targeted AAV1-GALC Gene Therapy Reduces Psychosine and Extends Lifespan in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1517. [PMID: 37628569 PMCID: PMC10454254 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a progressive and devasting neurological disorder that leads to the toxic accumulation of psychosine in the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). The condition is inherited via biallelic, loss-of-function mutations in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene. To rescue GALC gene function in the CNS of the twitcher mouse model of KD, an adeno-associated virus serotype 1 vector expressing murine GALC under control of a chicken β-actin promoter (AAV1-GALC) was administered to newborn mice by unilateral intracerebroventricular injection. AAV1-GALC treatment significantly improved body weight gain and survival of the twitcher mice (n = 8) when compared with untreated controls (n = 5). The maximum weight gain after postnatal day 10 was significantly increased from 81% to 217%. The median lifespan was extended from 43 days to 78 days (range: 74-88 days) in the AAV1-GALC-treated group. Widespread expression of GALC protein and alleviation of KD neuropathology were detected in the CNS of the treated mice when examined at the moribund stage. Functionally, elevated levels of psychosine were completely normalized in the forebrain region of the treated mice. In the posterior region, which includes the mid- and the hindbrain, psychosine was reduced by an average of 77% (range: 53-93%) compared to the controls. Notably, psychosine levels in this region were inversely correlated with body weight and lifespan of AAV1-GALC-treated mice, suggesting that the degree of viral transduction of posterior brain regions following ventricular injection determined treatment efficacy on growth and survivability, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that viral vector delivery via the cerebroventricular system can partially correct psychosine accumulation in brain that leads to slower disease progression in KD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee R. Herdt
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA (E.A.E.)
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
- Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA (E.A.E.)
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
- Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Eckman
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA (E.A.E.)
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
- Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Chris W. Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA (E.A.E.)
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
- Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang T, Alonzo I, Stubben C, Geng Y, Herdman C, Chandler N, Doane KP, Pluimer BR, Trauger SA, Peterson RT. A zebrafish model of combined saposin deficiency identifies acid sphingomyelinase as a potential therapeutic target. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049995. [PMID: 37183607 PMCID: PMC10320721 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are a subcategory of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) caused by mutations in enzymes of the sphingolipid catabolic pathway. Like many LSDs, neurological involvement in sphingolipidoses leads to early mortality with limited treatment options. Given the role of myelin loss as a major contributor toward LSD-associated neurodegeneration, we investigated the pathways contributing to demyelination in a CRISPR-Cas9-generated zebrafish model of combined saposin (psap) deficiency. psap knockout (KO) zebrafish recapitulated major LSD pathologies, including reduced lifespan, reduced lipid storage, impaired locomotion and severe myelin loss; loss of myelin basic protein a (mbpa) mRNA was progressive, with no changes in additional markers of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Brain transcriptomics revealed dysregulated mTORC1 signaling and elevated neuroinflammation, where increased proinflammatory cytokine expression preceded and mTORC1 signaling changes followed mbpa loss. We examined pharmacological and genetic rescue strategies via water tank administration of the multiple sclerosis drug monomethylfumarate (MMF), and crossing the psap KO line into an acid sphingomyelinase (smpd1) deficiency model. smpd1 mutagenesis, but not MMF treatment, prolonged lifespan in psap KO zebrafish, highlighting the modulation of acid sphingomyelinase activity as a potential path toward sphingolipidosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tejia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ivy Alonzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatic Analysis Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yijie Geng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chelsea Herdman
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nancy Chandler
- Electron Microscopy Core Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kim P. Doane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brock R. Pluimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Placci M, Giannotti MI, Muro S. Polymer-based drug delivery systems under investigation for enzyme replacement and other therapies of lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114683. [PMID: 36657645 PMCID: PMC10629597 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes play a central role in cellular homeostasis and alterations in this compartment associate with many diseases. The most studied example is that of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), a group of 60 + maladies due to genetic mutations affecting lysosomal components, mostly enzymes. This leads to aberrant intracellular storage of macromolecules, altering normal cell function and causing multiorgan syndromes, often fatal within the first years of life. Several treatment modalities are available for a dozen LSDs, mostly consisting of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) strategies. Yet, poor biodistribution to main targets such as the central nervous system, musculoskeletal tissue, and others, as well as generation of blocking antibodies and adverse effects hinder effective LSD treatment. Drug delivery systems are being studied to surmount these obstacles, including polymeric constructs and nanoparticles that constitute the focus of this article. We provide an overview of the formulations being tested, the diseases they aim to treat, and the results observed from respective in vitro and in vivo studies. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, the remaining gaps of knowledge regarding their performance, and important items to consider for their clinical translation. Overall, polymeric nanoconstructs hold considerable promise to advance treatment for LSDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Placci
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marina I Giannotti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institute of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kreher C, Favret J, Weinstock NI, Maulik M, Hong X, Gelb MH, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML, Shin D. Neuron-specific ablation of the Krabbe disease gene galactosylceramidase in mice results in neurodegeneration. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001661. [PMID: 35789331 PMCID: PMC9255775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal galactosylceramidase (GALC) enzyme, which results in the accumulation of galactosylceramide (GalCer) and psychosine. In Krabbe disease, the brunt of demyelination and neurodegeneration is believed to result from the dysfunction of myelinating glia. Recent studies have shown that neuronal axons are both structurally and functionally compromised in Krabbe disease, even before demyelination, suggesting a possible neuron-autonomous role of GALC. Using a novel neuron-specific Galc knockout (CKO) model, we show that neuronal Galc deletion is sufficient to cause growth and motor coordination defects and inflammatory gliosis in mice. Furthermore, psychosine accumulates significantly in the nervous system of neuron-specific Galc-CKO. Confocal and electron microscopic analyses show profound neuro-axonal degeneration with a mild effect on myelin structure. Thus, we prove for the first time that neuronal GALC is essential to maintain and protect neuronal function independently of myelin and may directly contribute to the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conlan Kreher
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Jacob Favret
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Nadav I. Weinstock
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Malabika Maulik
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Xinying Hong
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - M. Laura Feltri
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Daesung Shin
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo—SUNY, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zaccariotto E, Cachón-González MB, Wang B, Lim S, Hirth B, Park H, Fezoui M, Sardi SP, Mason P, Barker RH, Cox TM. A novel brain-penetrant oral UGT8 inhibitor decreases in vivo galactosphingolipid biosynthesis in murine Krabbe disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112808. [PMID: 35290889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disease due to impaired lysosomal β-galactosylceramidase (GALC) activity and formation of neurotoxic β-galactosylsphingosine ('psychosine'). We investigated substrate reduction therapy with a novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of galactosylceramide biosynthesis, RA 5557, in twitcher mice that lack GALC activity and model Krabbe disease. This thienopyridine derivative selectively inhibits uridine diphosphate-galactose glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8), the final step in the generation of galactosylceramides which are precursors of sulphatide and, in the pathological lysosome, the immediate source of psychosine. Administration of RA 5557, reduced pathologically elevated psychosine concentrations (72-86%) in the midbrain and cerebral cortex in twitcher mice: the inhibitor decreased galactosylceramides by about 70% in midbrain and cerebral cortex in mutant and wild type animals. Exposure to the inhibitor significantly decreased several characteristic inflammatory response markers without causing apparent toxicity to myelin-producing cells in wild type and mutant mice; transcript abundance of oligodendrocyte markers MBP (myelin basic protein) and murine UGT8 was unchanged. Administration of the inhibitor before conception and during several breeding cycles to mice did not impair fertility and gave rise to healthy offspring. Nevertheless, given the unchanged lifespan, it appears that GALC has critical functions in the nervous system beyond the hydrolysis of galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine. Our findings support further therapeutic exploration of orally active UGT8 inhibitors in Krabbe disease and related galactosphingolipid disorders. The potent thienopyridine derivative with effective target engagement here studied appears to have an acceptable safety profile in vivo; judicious dose optimization will be needed to ensure efficacious clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zaccariotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Bing Wang
- Early Development, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Sungtaek Lim
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Bradford Hirth
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Hyejung Park
- Early Development, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Malika Fezoui
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Paul Mason
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Robert H Barker
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Papini N, Giallanza C, Brioschi L, Ranieri FR, Giussani P, Mauri L, Ciampa MG, Viani P, Tringali C. Galactocerebrosidase deficiency induces an increase in lactosylceramide content: A new hallmark of Krabbe disease? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 145:106184. [PMID: 35217188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galactocerebrosidase (GALC) hydrolyses galactose residues from various substrates, including galactosylceramide, psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), and lactosylceramide. Its severe deficiency has been associated with the accumulation of psychosine, a toxic molecule with detergent-like features, which alters membrane structures and signalling pathways, inducing the death of oligodendrocytes and a sequence of events in the nervous system that explain the appearance of many clinical signs typical of Krabbe disease. Nevertheless, new evidence suggests the existence of other possible links among GALC action, myelination, and myelin stability, apart from psychosine release. In this study, we demonstrated that lactosylceramide metabolism is impaired in fibroblasts isolated from patients with Krabbe disease in the absence of psychosine accumulation. This event is responsible for the aberrant and constitutive activation of the AKT/prolin-rich AKT substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) signalling axis, inducing B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) overexpression and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) inhibition. In addition, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) showed increased nuclear translocation. Due to the relevance of these molecular alterations in neurodegeneration, lactosylceramide increase should be evaluated as a novel marker of Krabbe disease, and because of its significant connections with signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Papini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Chiara Giallanza
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Loredana Brioschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ranieri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Paola Viani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Cristina Tringali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hordeaux J, Jeffrey BA, Jian J, Choudhury GR, Michalson K, Mitchell TW, Buza EL, Chichester J, Dyer C, Bagel J, Vite CH, Bradbury AM, Wilson JM. Efficacy and Safety of a Krabbe Disease Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:499-517. [PMID: 35333110 PMCID: PMC9142772 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the gene that encodes galactosylceramidase, in which galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) accumulation drives demyelination in the central and peripheral nervous systems, ultimately progressing to death in early childhood. Gene therapy, alone or in combination with transplant, has been developed for almost two decades in mouse models, with increasing therapeutic benefit paralleling the improvement of next-generation adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. This effort has recently shown remarkable efficacy in the canine model of the disease by two different groups that used either systemic or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) administration of AAVrh10 or AAV9. Building on our experience developing CSF-delivered, AAV-based drug products for a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, we conducted efficacy, pharmacology, and safety studies of AAVhu68 delivered to the CSF in two relevant natural Krabbe animal models, and in nonhuman primates. In newborn Twitcher mice, the highest dose (1 × 1011 genome copies [GC]) of AAVhu68.hGALC injected into the lateral ventricle led to a median survival of 130 days compared to 40.5 days in vehicle-treated mice. When this dose was administered intravenously, the median survival was 49 days. A single intracisterna magna injection of AAVhu68.cGALC at 3 × 1013 GC into presymptomatic Krabbe dogs increased survival for up to 85 weeks compared to 12 weeks in controls. It prevented psychosine accumulation in the CSF, preserved peripheral nerve myelination, ambulation, and decreased brain neuroinflammation and demyelination, although some regions remained abnormal. In a Good Laboratory Practice-compliant toxicology study, we administered the clinical candidate into the cisterna magna of 18 juvenile rhesus macaques at 3 doses that displayed efficacy in mice. We observed no dose-limiting toxicity and sporadic minimal degeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Our studies demonstrate the efficacy, scalability, and safety of a single cisterna magna AAVhu68 administration to treat Krabbe disease. ClinicalTrials.Gov ID: NCT04771416.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Hordeaux
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brianne A Jeffrey
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gourav R Choudhury
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristofer Michalson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas W Mitchell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Buza
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica Chichester
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cecilia Dyer
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica Bagel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison M Bradbury
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nasir G, Chopra R, Elwood F, Ahmed SS. Krabbe Disease: Prospects of Finding a Cure Using AAV Gene Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:760236. [PMID: 34869463 PMCID: PMC8633897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.760236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is an autosomal metabolic disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is caused by a functional deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, galactocerebrosidase (GALC), resulting in an accumulation of the toxic metabolite, psychosine. Psychosine accumulation affects many different cellular pathways, leading to severe demyelination. Although there is currently no effective therapy for Krabbe disease, recent gene therapy-based approaches in animal models have indicated a promising outlook for clinical treatment. This review highlights recent findings in the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease, and evaluates AAV-based gene therapy as a promising strategy for treating this devastating pediatric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Nasir
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- AllianThera Biopharma, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fiona Elwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Seemin S Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feltri ML, Weinstock NI, Favret J, Dhimal N, Wrabetz L, Shin D. Mechanisms of demyelination and neurodegeneration in globoid cell leukodystrophy. Glia 2021; 69:2309-2331. [PMID: 33851745 PMCID: PMC8502241 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), also known as Krabbe disease, is a lysosomal storage disorder causing extensive demyelination in the central and peripheral nervous systems. GLD is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the lysosomal hydrolase, galactosylceramidase (GALC), which catabolizes the myelin sphingolipid galactosylceramide. The pathophysiology of GLD is complex and reflects the expression of GALC in a number of glial and neural cell types in both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS), as well as leukocytes and kidney in the periphery. Over the years, GLD has garnered a wide range of scientific and medical interests, especially as a model system to study gene therapy and novel preclinical therapeutic approaches to treat the spontaneous murine model for GLD. Here, we review recent findings in the field of Krabbe disease, with particular emphasis on novel aspects of GALC physiology, GLD pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Nadav I. Weinstock
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jacob Favret
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Biotechnical and Clinical Lab Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Narayan Dhimal
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Daesung Shin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Biotechnical and Clinical Lab Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cachón-González MB, Wang S, Cox TM. Expression of Ripk1 and DAM genes correlates with severity and progression of Krabbe disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2082-2099. [PMID: 34172992 PMCID: PMC8561423 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease, an inherited leukodystrophy, is a sphingolipidosis caused by deficiency of β-galactocerebrosidase: it is characterized by myelin loss, and pathological activation of macrophage/microglia and astrocytes. To define driving pathogenic factors, we explored the expression repertoire of candidate neuroinflammatory genes: upregulation of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (Ripk1) and disease-associated microglia (DAM) genes, including Cst7 and Ch25h, correlated with severity of Krabbe disease genetically modelled in the twitcher mouse. Upregulation of Ripk1 in Iba1/Mac2-positive microglia/macrophage associated with the pathognomic hypertrophic/globoid phenotype of this disease. Widespread accumulation of ubiquitinin1 in white and grey matter co-localised with p62. In Sandhoff disease, another sphingolipid disorder, neuroinflammation, accumulation of p62 and increased Ripk1 expression was observed. The upregulated DAM genes and macrophage/microglia expression of Ripk1 in the authentic model of Krabbe disease strongly resemble those reported in Alzheimer disease associating with disturbed autophagosomal/lysosomal homeostasis. Activation of this shared molecular repertoire, suggests the potential for therapeutic interdiction at a common activation step, irrespective of proximal causation. To clarify the role of Ripk1 in the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease, we first explored the contribution of its kinase function, by intercrossing twitcher and the K45A kinase-dead Ripk1 mouse and breeding to homozygosity. Genetic ablation of Ripk1 kinase activity neither altered the neuropathological features nor the survival of twitcher mice. We conclude that Ripk1 kinase-dependent inflammatory and degenerative capabilities play no instrumental role in Krabbe disease; however, putative kinase-independent functions of Ripk1 remain formally to be explored in its molecular pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María B Cachón-González
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, PO Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, PO Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, PO Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sirkis DW, Bonham LW, Yokoyama JS. The Role of Microglia in Inherited White-Matter Disorders and Connections to Frontotemporal Dementia. Appl Clin Genet 2021; 14:195-207. [PMID: 33833548 PMCID: PMC8020808 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s245029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a critical but poorly understood role in promoting white-matter homeostasis. In this review, we leverage advances in human genetics and mouse models of leukodystrophies to delineate our current knowledge and identify outstanding questions regarding the impact of microglia on central nervous system white matter. We first focus on the role of pathogenic mutations in genes, such as TREM2, TYROBP, and CSF1R, that cause leukodystrophies in which the primary deficit is thought to originate in microglia. We next discuss recent advances in disorders such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Krabbe disease, in which microglia play an increasingly recognized role. We conclude by reviewing the roles of GRN and related genes, such as TMEM106B, PSAP, and SORT1, that affect microglial biology and associate with several types of disease, including multiple leukodystrophies as well as forms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) presenting with white-matter abnormalities. Taken together, mouse and human data support the notion that loss of microglia-facilitated white-matter homeostasis plays an important role in the development of leukodystrophies and suggest novel mechanisms contributing to FTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Allende ML, Zhu H, Kono M, Hoachlander-Hobby LE, Huso VL, Proia RL. Genetic defects in the sphingolipid degradation pathway and their effects on microglia in neurodegenerative disease. Cell Signal 2021; 78:109879. [PMID: 33296739 PMCID: PMC7775721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, which function as plasma membrane lipids and signaling molecules, are highly enriched in neuronal and myelin membranes in the nervous system. They are degraded in lysosomes by a defined sequence of enzymatic steps. In the related group of disorders, the sphingolipidoses, mutations in the genes that encode the individual degradative enzymes cause lysosomal accumulation of sphingolipids and often result in severe neurodegenerative disease. Here we review the information indicating that microglia, which actively clear sphingolipid-rich membranes in the brain during development and homeostasis, are directly affected by these mutations and promote neurodegeneration in the sphingolipidoses. We also identify parallels between the sphingolipidoses and more common forms of neurodegeneration, which both exhibit evidence of defective sphingolipid clearance in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Allende
- Genetics of Development and Disease Section, Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongling Zhu
- Genetics of Development and Disease Section, Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mari Kono
- Genetics of Development and Disease Section, Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lila E Hoachlander-Hobby
- Genetics of Development and Disease Section, Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vienna L Huso
- Genetics of Development and Disease Section, Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard L Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Section, Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Weinstock NI, Kreher C, Favret J, Nguyen D, Bongarzone ER, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML, Shin D. Brainstem development requires galactosylceramidase and is critical for pathogenesis in a model of Krabbe disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5356. [PMID: 33097716 PMCID: PMC7584660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is caused by a deficiency of galactosylceramidase (GALC), which induces demyelination and neurodegeneration due to accumulation of cytotoxic psychosine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) improves clinical outcomes in KD patients only if delivered pre-symptomatically. Here, we hypothesize that the restricted temporal efficacy of HSCT reflects a requirement for GALC in early brain development. Using a novel Galc floxed allele, we induce ubiquitous GALC ablation (Galc-iKO) at various postnatal timepoints and identify a critical period of vulnerability to GALC ablation between P4-6 in mice. Early Galc-iKO induction causes a worse KD phenotype, higher psychosine levels in the rodent brainstem and spinal cord, and a significantly shorter life-span of the mice. Intriguingly, GALC expression peaks during this critical developmental period in mice. Further analysis of this mouse model reveals a cell autonomous role for GALC in the development and maturation of immature T-box-brain-1 positive brainstem neurons. These data identify a perinatal developmental period, in which neuronal GALC expression influences brainstem development that is critical for KD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadav I Weinstock
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Conlan Kreher
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jacob Favret
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Daesung Shin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Giussani P, Prinetti A, Tringali C. The role of Sphingolipids in myelination and myelin stability and their involvement in childhood and adult demyelinating disorders. J Neurochem 2020; 156:403-414. [PMID: 33448358 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents the most common demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in adults as well as in children. Furthermore, in children, in addition to acquired diseases such as MS, genetically inherited diseases significantly contribute to the incidence of demyelinating disorders. Some genetic defects lead to sphingolipid alterations that are able to elicit neurological symptoms. Sphingolipids are essential for brain development, and their aberrant functionality may thus contribute to demyelinating diseases such as MS. In particular, sphingolipidoses caused by deficits of sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes, are often associated with demyelination. Sphingolipids are not only structural molecules but also bioactive molecules involved in the regulation of cellular events such as development of the nervous system, myelination and maintenance of myelin stability. Changes in the sphingolipid metabolism deeply affect plasma membrane organization. Thus, changes in myelin sphingolipid composition might crucially contribute to the phenotype of diseases characterized by demyelinalization. Here, we review key features of several sphingolipids such as ceramide/dihydroceramide, sphingosine/dihydrosphingosine, glucosylceramide and, galactosylceramide which act in myelin formation during rat brain development and in human brain demyelination during the pathogenesis of MS, suggesting that this knowledge could be useful in identifying targets for possible therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, LITA Segrate, Segrate, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, LITA Segrate, Segrate, Italy
| | - Cristina Tringali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, LITA Segrate, Segrate, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Favret JM, Weinstock NI, Feltri ML, Shin D. Pre-clinical Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:57. [PMID: 32351971 PMCID: PMC7174556 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are over 50 lysosomal hydrolase deficiencies, many of which cause neurodegeneration, cognitive decline and death. In recent years, a number of broad innovative therapies have been proposed and investigated for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), such as enzyme replacement, substrate reduction, pharmacologic chaperones, stem cell transplantation, and various forms of gene therapy. Murine models that accurately reflect the phenotypes observed in human LSDs are critical for the development, assessment and implementation of novel translational therapies. The goal of this review is to summarize the neurodegenerative murine LSD models available that recapitulate human disease, and the pre-clinical studies previously conducted. We also describe some limitations and difficulties in working with mouse models of neurodegenerative LSDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daesung Shin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hamilton N, Rutherford HA, Petts JJ, Isles HM, Weber T, Henneke M, Gärtner J, Dunning MJ, Renshaw SA. The failure of microglia to digest developmental apoptotic cells contributes to the pathology of RNASET2-deficient leukoencephalopathy. Glia 2020; 68:1531-1545. [PMID: 32212285 PMCID: PMC8647916 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of microglia in neurological disorders is emerging as a leading disease driver rather than a consequence of pathology. RNAseT2‐deficient leukoencephalopathy is a severe childhood white matter disorder affecting patients in their first year of life and mimicking a cytomegalovirus brain infection. The early onset and resemblance of the symptoms to a viral infection suggest an inflammatory and embryonic origin of the pathology. There are no treatments available for this disease as our understanding of the cellular drivers of the pathology are still unknown. In this study, using a zebrafish mutant for the orthologous rnaset2 gene, we have identified an inflammatory signature in early development and an antiviral immune response in mature adult brains. Using the optical transparency and the ex utero development of the zebrafish larvae we studied immune cell behavior during brain development and identified abnormal microglia as an early marker of pathology. Live imaging and electron microscopy identified that mutant microglia displayed an engorged morphology and were filled with undigested apoptotic cells and undigested substrate. Using microglia‐specific depletion and rescue experiments, we identified microglia as drivers of this embryonic phenotype and potential key cellular player in the pathology of RNAseT2‐deficient leukoencephalopathy. Our zebrafish model also presented with reduced survival and locomotor defects, therefore recapitulating many aspects of the human disease. Our study therefore placed our rnaset2 mutant at the forefront of leukodystrophy preclinical models and highlighted tissue‐specific approaches as future therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Hamilton
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cadiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Holly A Rutherford
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cadiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jessica J Petts
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cadiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah M Isles
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cadiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Weber
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Henneke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark J Dunning
- The Bioinformatics Core, Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cadiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Landi C, Luddi A, Bianchi L, Pannuzzo G, Pavone V, Piomboni P, Bini L. Proteostasis network alteration in lysosomal storage disorders: Insights from the mouse model of Krabbe disease. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:718-733. [PMID: 31797419 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In Krabbe disease, a mutation in GALC gene causes widespread demyelination determining cell death by apoptosis, mainly in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Less is known on the molecular mechanisms induced by this deficiency. Here, we report an impairment in protein synthesis and degradation and in proteasomal clearance with a potential accumulation of the misfolded proteins and induction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress in the brain of 6-day-old twitcher mice (TM) (model of Krabbe disease). In particular, an imbalance of the immunoproteasome function was highlighted, useful for shaping adaptive immune response by neurological cells. Moreover, our data show an involvement of cytoskeleton remodeling in Krabbe pathogenesis, with a lamin meshwork disaggregation in twitcher oligodendrocytes in 6-day-old TM. This study provides interesting protein targets and mechanistic insight on the early onset of Krabbe disease that may be promising options to be tested in combination with currently available therapies to rescue Krabbe phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Landi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alice Luddi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Pavone
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Piomboni
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Bini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rutherford HA, Hamilton N. Animal models of leukodystrophy: a new perspective for the development of therapies. FEBS J 2019; 286:4176-4191. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Rutherford
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease University of Sheffield UK
| | - Noémie Hamilton
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease University of Sheffield UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pellegrini D, Del Grosso A, Angella L, Giordano N, Dilillo M, Tonazzini I, Caleo M, Cecchini M, McDonnell LA. Quantitative Microproteomics Based Characterization of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System of a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1227-1241. [PMID: 30926673 PMCID: PMC6553931 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a rare, childhood lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase (GALC). The major effect of GALC deficiency is the accumulation of psychosine in the nervous system and widespread degeneration of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, causing rapid demyelination. The molecular mechanisms of Krabbe disease are not yet fully elucidated and a definite cure is still missing. Here we report the first in-depth characterization of the proteome of the Twitcher mouse, a spontaneous mouse model of Krabbe disease, to investigate the proteome changes in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. We applied a TMT-based workflow to compare the proteomes of the corpus callosum, motor cortex and sciatic nerves of littermate homozygous Twitcher and wild-type mice. More than 400 protein groups exhibited differences in expression and included proteins involved in pathways that can be linked to Krabbe disease, such as inflammatory and defense response, lysosomal proteins accumulation, demyelination, reduced nervous system development and cell adhesion. These findings provide new insights on the molecular mechanisms of Krabbe disease, representing a starting point for future functional experiments to study the molecular pathogenesis of Krabbe disease. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010594.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pellegrini
- From ‡NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
- §Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56107 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ambra Del Grosso
- From ‡NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
- ¶NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Marialaura Dilillo
- §Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56107 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Cecchini
- From ‡NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
- ¶NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liam A McDonnell
- §Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56107 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy;
- **Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Righi M, Belleri M, Presta M, Giacomini A. Quantification of 3D Brain Microangioarchitectures in an Animal Model of Krabbe Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2384. [PMID: 31091708 PMCID: PMC6567268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the microvascular network of the cerebral cortex of twitcher mice (an authentic model of Krabbe disease) using a restricted set of indexes that are able to describe the arrangement of the microvascular tree in CD31-stained sections. We obtained a near-linear graphical "fingerprint" of the microangioarchitecture of wild-type and twitcher animals that describes the amounts, spatial dispersion, and spatial relationships of adjacent classes of caliber-filtered microvessels. We observed significant alterations of the microangioarchitecture of the cerebral cortex of twitcher mice, whereas no alterations occur in renal microvessels, which is keeping with the observation that kidney is an organ that is not affected by the disease. This approach may represent an important starting point for the study of the microvascular changes that occur in the central nervous system (CNS) under different physiopathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Righi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mirella Belleri
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marco Presta
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tuncer FN, Iseri SAU, Yapici Z, Demir M, Karaca M, Calik M. A novel homozygous GALC variant has been associated with Krabbe disease in a consanguineous family. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:2123-2128. [PMID: 30209698 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) or globoid cell leukodystrophy is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder involving the white matter of the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase enzyme activity. The most common manifestation is the classical early onset KD that leads to patient's loss before the age of 2. Herein, we report the evaluation of a consanguineous family with three affected children manifesting severe neurological findings that ended with death before the age of 2, in an attempt to provide genetic diagnosis to the family. One of the children underwent detailed physical and neurological examinations, including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) evaluations. GALC genetic testing on this child enabled identification of a novel homozygous variant (NM_000153.3: c.1394C>T; p.(Thr465Ile)), which confirmed diagnosis as KD. Familial segregation of this variant was performed by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing that revealed the parents as heterozygous carriers. We believe this novel GALC variant will not only help in genetic counseling to this family but will also aid in identification of future KD cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Nur Tuncer
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Vakif Gureba Cad., 34093, Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Aylin Ugur Iseri
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Vakif Gureba Cad., 34093, Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yapici
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Demir
- Department of Pediatrics, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Meryem Karaca
- Pediatric Metabolism Disorder Department, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Calik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lim SM, Choi BO, Oh SI, Choi WJ, Oh KW, Nahm M, Xue Y, Choi JH, Choi JY, Kim YE, Chung KW, Fu XD, Ki CS, Kim SH. Patient fibroblasts-derived induced neurons demonstrate autonomous neuronal defects in adult-onset Krabbe disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74496-74509. [PMID: 27780934 PMCID: PMC5342682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by defective β-galactosylceramidase (GALC), a lysosomal enzyme responsible for cleavage of several key substrates including psychosine. Accumulation of psychosine to the cytotoxic levels in KD patients is thought to cause dysfunctions in myelinating glial cells based on a comprehensive study of demyelination in KD. However, recent evidence suggests myelin-independent neuronal death in the murine model of KD, thus indicating defective GALC in neurons as an autonomous mechanism for neuronal cell death in KD. These observations prompted us to generate induced neurons (iNeurons) from two adult-onset KD patients carrying compound heterozygous mutations (p.[K563*];[L634S]) and (p.[N228_S232delinsTP];[G286D]) to determine the direct contribution of autonomous neuronal toxicity to KD. Here we report that directly converted KD iNeurons showed not only diminished GALC activity and increased psychosine levels, as expected, but also neurite fragmentation and abnormal neuritic branching. The lysosomal-associated membrane proteins 1 (LAMP1) was expressed at higher levels than controls, LAMP1-positive vesicles were significantly enlarged and fragmented, and mitochondrial morphology and its function were altered in KD iNeurons. Strikingly, we demonstrated that psychosine was sufficient to induce neurite defects, mitochondrial fragmentation, and lysosomal alterations in iNeurons derived in healthy individuals, thus establishing the causal effect of the cytotoxic GALC substrate in KD and the autonomous neuronal toxicity in KD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Min Lim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Il Oh
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- Department of Neurology, Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ki-Wook Oh
- Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeop Nahm
- Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuanchao Xue
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jae Hyeok Choi
- Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Choi
- Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang-Dong Fu
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spratley SJ, Deane JE. New therapeutic approaches for Krabbe disease: The potential of pharmacological chaperones. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1203-19. [PMID: 27638604 PMCID: PMC5031207 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the lysosomal hydrolase β‐galactocerebrosidase (GALC) account for at least 40% of known cases of Krabbe disease (KD). Most of these missense mutations are predicted to disrupt the fold of the enzyme, preventing GALC in sufficient amounts from reaching its site of action in the lysosome. The predominant central nervous system (CNS) pathology and the absence of accumulated primary substrate within the lysosome mean that strategies used to treat other lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are insufficient in KD, highlighting the still unmet clinical requirement for successful KD therapeutics. Pharmacological chaperone therapy (PCT) is one strategy being explored to overcome defects in GALC caused by missense mutations. In recent studies, several small‐molecule inhibitors have been identified as promising chaperone candidates for GALC. This Review discusses new insights gained from these studies and highlights the importance of characterizing both the chaperone interaction and the underlying mutation to define properly a responsive population and to improve the translation of existing lead molecules into successful KD therapeutics. We also highlight the importance of using multiple complementary methods to monitor PCT effectiveness. Finally, we explore the exciting potential of using combination therapy to ameliorate disease through the use of PCT with existing therapies or with more generalized therapeutics, such as proteasomal inhibition, that have been shown to have synergistic effects in other LSDs. This, alongside advances in CNS delivery of recombinant enzyme and targeted rational drug design, provides a promising outlook for the development of KD therapeutics. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Spratley
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Pathology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E Deane
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Pathology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ricca A, Gritti A. Perspective on innovative therapies for globoid cell leukodystrophy. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1304-17. [PMID: 27638612 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe's disease, is a lysosomal storage disorder resulting from deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase galactosylceramidase. The infantile forms are characterized by a unique relentless and aggressive progression with a wide range of neurological symptoms and complications. Here we review and discuss the basic concepts and the novel mechanisms identified as key contributors to the peculiar GLD pathology, highlighting their therapeutic implications. Then, we evaluate evidence from extensive experimental studies on GLD animal models that have highlighted fundamental requirements to obtain substantial therapeutic benefit, including early and timely intervention, high levels of enzymatic reconstitution, and global targeting of affected tissues. Continuous efforts in understanding GLD pathophysiology, the interplay between various therapies, and the mechanisms of disease correction upon intervention may allow advancing research with innovative approaches and prioritizing treatment strategies to develop more efficacious treatments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ricca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nicaise AM, Bongarzone ER, Crocker SJ. A microglial hypothesis of globoid cell leukodystrophy pathology. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1049-61. [PMID: 27638591 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), also known as Krabbe's disease, is a fatal demyelinating disease accompanied by the formation of giant, multinucleated cells called globoid cells. Previously believed to be a byproduct of inflammation, these cells can be found early in disease before evidence of any damage. The precise mechanism by which these globoid cells cause oligodendrocyte dysfunction is not completely understood, nor is their cell type defined. This Review outlines the idea that microglial cells are transformed into an unknown and undefined novel M3 phenotype in GLD, which is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes, leading to disease progression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Nicaise
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Weinstock NI, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML, Shin D. Metabolic profiling reveals biochemical pathways and potential biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1094-107. [PMID: 27638595 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is caused by mutations in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene, which encodes a lysosomal enzyme that degrades galactolipids, including galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). GALC deficiency results in progressive intracellular accumulation of psychosine, which is believed to be the main cause for the demyelinating neurodegeneration in KD pathology. Umbilical cord blood transplantation slows disease progression when performed presymptomatically but carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Accurate presymptomatic diagnosis is therefore critical to facilitate the efficacy of existing transplant approaches and to avoid unnecessary treatment of children who will not develop KD. Unfortunately, current diagnostic criteria, including GALC activity, genetic analysis, and psychosine measurement, are insufficient for secure presymptomatic diagnosis. This study performs a global metabolomic analysis to identify pathogenetic metabolic pathways and novel biomarkers implicated in the authentic mouse model of KD known as twitcher. At a time point before onset of signs of disease, twitcher hindbrains had metabolic profiles similar to WT, with the exception of a decrease in metabolites related to glucose energy metabolism. Many metabolic pathways were altered after early signs of disease in the twitcher, including decreased phospholipid turnover, restricted mitochondrial metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, increased inflammation, and changes in neurotransmitter metabolism and osmolytes. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is increased before signs of disease appear, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for early diagnosis of KD. Additionally, given the early changes in glucose metabolism in the pathogenesis of KD, diagnostic modalities that report metabolic function, such as positron emission tomography, may be useful in KD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadav I Weinstock
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Daesung Shin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. .,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wenger DA, Rafi MA, Luzi P. Krabbe disease: One Hundred years from the bedside to the bench to the bedside. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:982-9. [PMID: 27638583 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This Review summarizes the progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of Krabbe disease from the description of five patients in by Knud Krabbe until 2016. To determine the cause of this genetic disease, pathological and chemical analyses of tissues from the nervous systems of patients were performed. It was determined that these patients had a pathological feature known as globoid cell in the brain and that this consisted partially of galactosylceramide, a major sphingolipid component of myelin. The finding that these patients had a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity opened the way to relatively simple diagnostic testing with easily obtainable tissue samples, studies leading to the purification of GALC, and cloning of the GALC cDNA and gene. The availability of the gene sequence led to the identification of mutations in patients and to the current studies involving the use of viral vectors containing the GALC cDNA to treat experimentally naturally occurring animal models, such as twitcher mice. Currently, treatment of presymptomatic human patients is limited to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). With recent studies showing successful treatment of animal models with a combination of HSCT and viral gene therapy, it is hoped that more effective treatments will soon be available for human patients. For this Review, it is not possible to reference all of the articles contributing to our current state of knowledge about this disease; however, we have chosen those that have influenced our studies by suggesting research paths to pursue. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paola Luzi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dodge JC. Lipid Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Motor System: Insights from Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:356. [PMID: 29163032 PMCID: PMC5675881 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a heterogeneous group of rare inherited metabolic diseases that are frequently triggered by the accumulation of lipids inside organelles of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system (EALS). There is now a growing realization that disrupted lysosomal homeostasis (i.e., lysosomal cacostasis) also contributes to more common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease (PD). Lipid deposition within the EALS may also participate in the pathogenesis of some additional neurodegenerative diseases of the motor system. Here, I will highlight the lipid abnormalities and clinical manifestations that are common to LSDs and several diseases of the motor system, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), atypical forms of spinal muscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), PD and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Elucidating the underlying basis of intracellular lipid mislocalization as well as its consequences in each of these disorders will likely provide innovative targets for therapeutic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Dodge
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Potter GB, Petryniak MA. Neuroimmune mechanisms in Krabbe's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1341-8. [PMID: 27638616 PMCID: PMC5129482 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, activation of innate immune components of the nervous system followed by an adaptive immune response, is observed in most leukodystrophies and coincides with white matter pathology, disease progression, and morbidity. Despite this, there is a major gap in our knowledge of the contribution of the immune system to disease phenotype. Inflammation in Krabbe's disease has been considered a secondary effect, resulting from cell-autonomous oligodendroglial cell death or myelin loss resulting from psychosine accumulation. However, recent studies have shown immune activation preceding clinical symptoms and white matter pathology. Moreover, the therapeutic effect underlying hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the only treatment for Krabbe's disease, has been demonstrated to occur via immunomodulation. This Review highlights recent advances in elaboration of the immune cascade involved in Krabbe's disease. Mechanistic insight into the inflammatory pathways participating in myelin and axon loss or preservation may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for this disorder. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
|
36
|
Mikulka CR, Sands MS. Treatment for Krabbe's disease: Finding the combination. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1126-37. [PMID: 27638598 PMCID: PMC5295787 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC). GALC is responsible for catabolism of certain glycolipids, including the toxic compound galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). Histological signs of disease include the widespread loss of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems, profound neruroinflammation, and axonal degeneration. Patients suffering from GLD also display neurological deterioration. Many different individual therapies have been investigated in the murine model of the GLD, the Twitcher mouse, with minimal success. The current standard of care for GLD patients, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, serves only to delay disease progression and is not an effective cure. However, combination therapies that target different pathogenic mechanisms/pathways have been more effective at reducing histological signs of disease, delaying disease onset, prolonging life span, and improving behavioral/cognitive functions in rodent models of Krabbe's disease. In some cases, dramatic synergy between the various therapies has been observed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Mikulka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Won JS, Singh AK, Singh I. Biochemical, cell biological, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of Krabbe's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:990-1006. [PMID: 27638584 PMCID: PMC5812347 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe's disease (KD; also called globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a genetic disorder involving demyelination of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. The disease may be subdivided into three types, an infantile form, which is the most common and severe; a juvenile form; and a rare adult form. KD is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase activity in lysosomes, leading to accumulation of galactoceramide and neurotoxic galactosylsphingosine (psychosine [PSY]) in macrophages (globoid cells) as well as neural cells, especially in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. This ultimately results in damage to myelin in both CNS and PNS with associated morbidity and mortality. Accumulation of PSY, a lysolipid with detergent-like properties, over a threshold level could trigger membrane destabilization, leading to cell lysis. Moreover, subthreshold concentrations of PSY trigger cell signaling pathways that induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, inflammation, endothelial/vascular dysfunctions, and neuronal and axonal damage. From the time the "psychosine hypothesis" was proposed, considerable efforts have been made in search of an effective therapy for lowering PSY load with pharmacological, gene, and stem cell approaches to attenuate PSY-induced neurotoxicity. This Review focuses on the recent advances and prospective research for understanding disease mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for KD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Je-Seong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Avtar K. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Belleri M, Presta M. Endothelial cell dysfunction in globoid cell leukodystrophy. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1359-67. [PMID: 27037626 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the physiology and pathology of the brain. Microvascular alterations have been observed in various neurodegenerative disorders, including genetic leukodystrophies. Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by β-galactosylceramidase (GALC) deficiency and characterized by the accumulation of the neurotoxic metabolite psychosine in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Structural and functional alterations occur in the microvascular endothelium of the brain of GLD patients and twitcher mice, a murine model of the disease. In addition, increased vessel permeability and a reduced capacity to respond to proangiogenic stimuli characterize the endothelium of twitcher animals. On the one hand, these alterations may depend, at least in part, on the local and systemic angiostatic activity exerted by psychosine on endothelial cells. On the other hand, studies performed in vivo on zebrafish embryos and in vitro on human endothelial cells suggest that GALC downregulation may also lead to psychosine-independent neuronal and vascular defects. Together, experimental observations indicate that endothelial cell dysfunctions may represent a novel pathogenic mechanism in human leukodystrophies, including GLD. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for these microvascular alterations may provide new insights for the therapy of GLD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Belleri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Peng J, Chen B, Shen Z, Deng H, Liu D, Xie X, Gan X, Xu X, Huang Z, Chen J. DNA promoter hypermethylation contributes to down-regulation of galactocerebrosidase gene in lung and head and neck cancers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:11042-11050. [PMID: 26617822 PMCID: PMC4637637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Galactocerebrosidase (GALC) is a lysosomal enzyme responsible for glycosphingolipids degradation byproducts of which are important for synthesis of apoptosis mediator ceramide. Reduced expression of GALC has been identified in human malignancies; however, molecular mechanisms underlying down-regulation of GALC expression in cancer remain unknown. We performed methylation and expression analysis on GALC gene in a panel of head and neck cancer (HNC) and lung cancer cell lines, attempting to understand the regulation of GALC in human cancer. QRT-PCR and western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression of GALC in HNC. Bisulfite DNA sequencing and real-time qMSP were used to detect the methylation of GALC in HNC and lung cancer cell lines. 5aza-dC treatment assay was used to analysis the functional effect of GALC methylation on GALC expression in HNC. Reduction or complete absence of GALC expression was observed in more than a half of the tested HNC cell lines (8/14). 7 out of 8 cell lines with down-regulated expression harbored heavy CpG island methylation, while all cell lines with abundant expression of the gene contained no methylation. Hypermethylation was also found in primary HNC tumor tissues and lung cancer cell lines whereas absent in normal oral mucosa tissues. Demethylating treatment demonstrated that 5aza-dC significantly restored GALC expression in cell lines with methylated promoter while showed no effect on cell lines without promoter hypermethylation. Our findings for the first time demonstrated that promoter hypermethylation contributed to down-regulation of GALC Gene, implicating epigenetic inactivation of GALC may play a role in tumorigenesis of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhou Peng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baishen Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhuojian Shen
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Heran Deng
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Degang Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Xie
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Gan
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xia Xu
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhiquan Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ju Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ogawa M, Uchida K, Isobe K, Saito M, Harada T, Chambers JK, Nakayama H. Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe’s disease) in a Japanese domestic cat. Neuropathology 2014; 34:190-6. [PMID: 24812701 PMCID: PMC7167846 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A male Japanese domestic cat developed progressive limb paralysis from 4 months of age. The cat showed visual disorder, trismus and cognitive impairment and died at 9 months of age. At necropsy, significant discoloration of the white matter was observed throughout the brain and spinal cord. Histologically, severe myelin loss and gliosis were observed, especially in the internal capsule and cerebellum. In the lesions, severe infiltration of macrophages with broad cytoplasm filled with PAS‐positive and non‐metachromatic granules (globoid cells) was evident. On the basis of these findings, the case was diagnosed as feline globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease). Immunohistochemical observation indicated the involvement of oxidative stress and small HSP in the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizue Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary PathologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary PathologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kyoko Isobe
- Department of Veterinary Teaching HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineAzabu UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Miyoko Saito
- Department of Surgery IISchool of Veterinary MedicineAzabu UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Harada
- Department of Veterinary PathologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - James K. Chambers
- Department of Veterinary PathologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary PathologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Regional differences in fiber tractography predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with infantile Krabbe disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 7:792-8. [PMID: 25844309 PMCID: PMC4375637 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Krabbe disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by rapid demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The only available treatment, unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation, is effective only if performed before clinical symptoms appear. Phenotypic expressions of disease-causing mutations vary widely, but genotype–phenotype relationships are unclear. Therefore, we evaluated diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography with volumetric analysis as a biomarker of early white matter changes and functional disability in presymptomatic infants. Methods We obtained DTI and structural scans of newborns with early-infantile Krabbe disease (n = 9) diagnosed by family history or newborn screening. We compared white matter fiber tract properties to those of normal controls (n = 336) and assessed the ability of tract-based properties to predict longitudinal development in four functional domains (cognitive, fine motor, gross motor, adaptive behavior) after treatment with unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation. We also assessed the relationship between the standard evaluation (modified Loes score) and DTI results, and the volumetric differences between the Krabbe subjects and normal controls. Findings Reductions in fractional anisotropy were significant in the corticospinal tract in the Krabbe patients compared to controls, which strongly correlated with motor and cognitive outcomes after transplantation. Significant regional differences were observed in the splenium and uncinate fasciculus in Krabbe patients and these differences correlated only with cognitive outcomes. Regional brain volumes of Krabbe patients were slightly larger than controls. Loes scores did not correlate with DTI results. Interpretation Neonatal microstructural abnormalities correlate with neurodevelopmental treatment outcomes in patients treated for infantile Krabbe disease. DTI with quantitative tractography is an excellent biomarker for evaluating infants with Krabbe disease identified through newborn screening. Reductions in FA and increases in MD and RD in the 6 tracts assessed in Krabbe neonates strongly correlate with motor and cognitive outcomes after cord blood transplantation. Significant regional differences in the splenium and uncinate fasciculus correlated only with cognitive outcomes. Regional brain volumes of Krabbe patients were slightly larger than controls. Loes scores did not correlate with DTI results. DTI tractography can be a key component of Krabbe newborn screening.
Collapse
|
42
|
Zigdon H, Meshcheriakova A, Futerman AH. From sheep to mice to cells: Tools for the study of the sphingolipidoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
43
|
Zizioli D, Guarienti M, Tobia C, Gariano G, Borsani G, Bresciani R, Ronca R, Giacopuzzi E, Preti A, Gaudenzi G, Belleri M, Di Salle E, Fabrias G, Casas J, Ribatti D, Monti E, Presta M. Molecular cloning and knockdown of galactocerebrosidase in zebrafish: New insights into the pathogenesis of Krabbe's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:665-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Presta M, Belleri M, Cox TM. The role of the endothelium in globoid-cell leukodystrophy: unexpected revelations. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mirella Belleri
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|