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Anderson RL, Watson WH, Chabot CC. Long-term circatidal rhythms of heart rate, gill ventilation, and locomotion in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Merostomata: Limulidae). JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY : A QUARTERLY OF THE CRUSTACEAN SOCIETY FOR THE PUBLICATION OF RESEARCH ON ANY ASPECT OF THE BIOLOGY OF CRUSTACEA 2023; 43:ruad069. [PMID: 39309143 PMCID: PMC11415273 DOI: 10.1093/jcbiol/ruad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
While several marine species exhibit biological rhythms of heart rate, gill ventilation, or locomotion, the relationship between these three measures in any species remains unexplored. The American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, Linnaeus, 1758, expresses circalunidian locomotor rhythms and circadian eye sensitivity rhythms but it is not clear if either heart and ventilation rates are controlled on a circadian or circatidal basis or the nature of the relationship between these three measures. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which the heart and ventilation rates of Limulus polyphemus are coordinated with its endogenous rhythms of locomotion. To address this goal, rhythmic beating of the heart and movements of the gill plates were recorded in freely moving horseshoe crabs. Most animals exhibited robust circatidal rhythms of locomotion, heart rate, and ventilation that were highly correlated with each other over three weeks of continuous recording. These results are the first showing long term rhythms of all three measures in any marine species and suggest that heart rate and ventilation rhythms are coordinated in Limulus polyphemus both with each other, and with locomotion, and thus are all modulated on a tidal basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH 03264, USA
| | - Winsor H Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Christopher C Chabot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH 03264, USA
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2
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Bhoi JD, Goel M, Ribelayga CP, Mangel SC. Circadian clock organization in the retina: From clock components to rod and cone pathways and visual function. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 94:101119. [PMID: 36503722 PMCID: PMC10164718 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian (24-h) clocks are cell-autonomous biological oscillators that orchestrate many aspects of our physiology on a daily basis. Numerous circadian rhythms in mammalian and non-mammalian retinas have been observed and the presence of an endogenous circadian clock has been demonstrated. However, how the clock and associated rhythms assemble into pathways that support and control retina function remains largely unknown. Our goal here is to review the current status of our knowledge and evaluate recent advances. We describe many previously-observed retinal rhythms, including circadian rhythms of morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and gene expression. We evaluate evidence concerning the location and molecular machinery of the retinal circadian clock, as well as consider findings that suggest the presence of multiple clocks. Our primary focus though is to describe in depth circadian rhythms in the light responses of retinal neurons with an emphasis on clock control of rod and cone pathways. We examine evidence that specific biochemical mechanisms produce these daily light response changes. We also discuss evidence for the presence of multiple circadian retinal pathways involving rhythms in neurotransmitter activity, transmitter receptors, metabolism, and pH. We focus on distinct actions of two dopamine receptor systems in the outer retina, a dopamine D4 receptor system that mediates circadian control of rod/cone gap junction coupling and a dopamine D1 receptor system that mediates non-circadian, light/dark adaptive regulation of gap junction coupling between horizontal cells. Finally, we evaluate the role of circadian rhythmicity in retinal degeneration and suggest future directions for the field of retinal circadian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Bhoi
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Honors Research Program, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manvi Goel
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christophe P Ribelayga
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Honors Research Program, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Stuart C Mangel
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Cohen JH, Last KS, Charpentier CL, Cottier F, Daase M, Hobbs L, Johnsen G, Berge J. Photophysiological cycles in Arctic krill are entrained by weak midday twilight during the Polar Night. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001413. [PMID: 34665816 PMCID: PMC8525745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays a fundamental role in the ecology of organisms in nearly all habitats on Earth and is central for processes such as vision and the entrainment of the circadian clock. The poles represent extreme light regimes with an annual light cycle including periods of Midnight Sun and Polar Night. The Arctic Ocean extends to the North Pole, and marine light extremes reach their maximum extent in this habitat. During the Polar Night, traditional definitions of day and night and seasonal photoperiod become irrelevant since there are only "twilight" periods defined by the sun's elevation below the horizon at midday; we term this "midday twilight." Here, we characterize light across a latitudinal gradient (76.5° N to 81° N) during Polar Night in January. Our light measurements demonstrate that the classical solar diel light cycle dominant at lower latitudes is modulated during Arctic Polar Night by lunar and auroral components. We therefore question whether this particular ambient light environment is relevant to behavioral and visual processes. We reveal from acoustic field observations that the zooplankton community is undergoing diel vertical migration (DVM) behavior. Furthermore, using electroretinogram (ERG) recording under constant darkness, we show that the main migratory species, Arctic krill (Thysanoessa inermis) show endogenous increases in visual sensitivity during the subjective night. This change in sensitivity is comparable to that under exogenous dim light acclimations, although differences in speed of vision suggest separate mechanisms. We conclude that the extremely weak midday twilight experienced by krill at high latitudes during the darkest parts of the year has physiological and ecological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Cohen
- School of Marine Science & Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kim S. Last
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Corie L. Charpentier
- Department of Biology, Stetson University, DeLand, Florida, United States of America
| | - Finlo Cottier
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malin Daase
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura Hobbs
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Geir Johnsen
- University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Jessop AL, Ogawa Y, Bagheri ZM, Partridge JC, Hemmi JM. Photoreceptors and diurnal variation in spectral sensitivity in the fiddler crab Gelasimus dampieri. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb230979. [PMID: 33097568 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Colour signals, and the ability to detect them, are important for many animals and can be vital to their survival and fitness. Fiddler crabs use colour information to detect and recognise conspecifics, but their colour vision capabilities remain unclear. Many studies have attempted to measure their spectral sensitivity and identify contributing retinular cells, but the existing evidence is inconclusive. We used electroretinogram (ERG) measurements and intracellular recordings from retinular cells to estimate the spectral sensitivity of Gelasimus dampieri and to track diurnal changes in spectral sensitivity. G. dampieri has a broad spectral sensitivity and is most sensitive to wavelengths between 420 and 460 nm. Selective adaptation experiments uncovered an ultraviolet (UV) retinular cell with a peak sensitivity shorter than 360 nm. The species' spectral sensitivity above 400 nm is too broad to be fitted by a single visual pigment and using optical modelling, we provide evidence that at least two medium-wavelength sensitive (MWS) visual pigments are contained within a second blue-green sensitive retinular cell. We also found a ∼25 nm diurnal shift in spectral sensitivity towards longer wavelengths in the evening in both ERG and intracellular recordings. Whether the shift is caused by screening pigment migration or changes in opsin expression remains unclear, but the observation shows the diel dynamism of colour vision in this species. Together, these findings support the notion that G. dampieri possesses the minimum requirement for colour vision, with UV and blue/green receptors, and help to explain some of the inconsistent results of previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lee Jessop
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yuri Ogawa
- Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Zahra M Bagheri
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Julian C Partridge
- UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jan M Hemmi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Kodirov SA, Psyrakis D, Brachmann J, Zhuravlev VL. Limulus and heart rhythm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 331:61-79. [PMID: 30251467 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Great interest in the comparative physiology of hearts and their functions in Animalia has emerged with classic papers on Limulus polyphemus and mollusks. The recurrent cardiac activity-heart rate-is the most important physiological parameter and when present the kardia (Greek) is vital to the development of entire organs of the organisms in the animal kingdom. Extensive studies devoted to the regulation of cardiac rhythm in invertebrates have revealed that the basics of heart physiology are comparable to mammals. The hearts of invertebrates also beat spontaneously and are supplied with regulatory nerves: either excitatory or inhibitory or both. The distinct nerves and the source of excitation/inhibition at the level of single neurons are described for many invertebrate genera. The vertebrates and a majority of invertebrates have myogenic hearts, whereas the horseshoe crab L. polyphemus and a few other animals have a neurogenic cardiac rhythm. Nevertheless, the myogenic nature of heartbeat is precursor, because the contraction of native and stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes does occur in the absence of any neural elements. Even in L. polyphemus, the heart rhythm is myogenic at embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodikdjon A Kodirov
- Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Emotions' Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Psyrakis
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Brachmann
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Coburg, Teaching Hospital of the University of Würzburg, Coburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Zhuravlev
- Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
The currently unsurpassed diversity of photoreceptors found in the eyes of stomatopods, or mantis shrimps, is achieved through a variety of opsin-based visual pigments and optical filters. However, the presence of extraocular photoreceptors in these crustaceans is undescribed. Opsins have been found in extraocular tissues across animal taxa, but their functions are often unknown. Here, we show that the mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus oerstedii has functional cerebral photoreceptors, which expands the suite of mechanisms by which mantis shrimp sense light. Illumination of extraocular photoreceptors elicits behaviors akin to common arthropod escape responses, which persist in blinded individuals. The anterior central nervous system, which is illuminated when a mantis shrimp's cephalothorax protrudes from its burrow to search for predators, prey, or mates, appears to be photosensitive and to feature two types of opsin-based, potentially histaminergic photoreceptors. A pigmented ventral eye that may be capable of color discrimination extends from the cerebral ganglion, or brain, against the transparent outer carapace, and exhibits a rapid electrical response when illuminated. Additionally, opsins and histamine are expressed in several locations of the eyestalks and cerebral ganglion, where any photoresponses could contribute to shelter-seeking behaviors and other functions.
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Battelle BA. Opsins and Their Expression Patterns in the Xiphosuran Limulus polyphemus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 233:3-20. [PMID: 29182506 DOI: 10.1086/693730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of four extant species of xiphosuran chelicerates, the sister group to arachnids. Because of their position in the arthropod family tree and because they exhibit many plesiomorphic characteristics, Xiphosura are considered a proxy for the euchelicerate ancestor and therefore important for understanding the evolution and diversification of chelicerates and arthropods. Limulus polyphemus is the most extensively studied xiphosuran, and its visual system has long been a focus of studies critical for our understanding of basic mechanisms of vision and the evolution of visual systems in arthropods. Building upon a wealth of information about the anatomy and physiology of its visual system, advances in genetic approaches have greatly expanded possibilities for understanding its biochemistry. This review focuses on studies of opsin expression in L. polyphemus, which have been significantly advanced by the availability of transcriptomes and a recent high-quality assembly of its genome. These studies show that the repertoire of expressed opsins in L. polyphemus is far larger than anticipated, that the regulation of their expression in rhabdoms is far more complex than anticipated, and that photosensitivity may be distributed widely throughout the L. polyphemus central nervous system. The visual system of L. polyphemus is now arguably the best understood among chelicerates, and as such, it is a critical resource for furthering our understanding of the evolution and diversification of visual systems in arthropods.
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Key Words
- CNS, central nervous system
- LE, lateral eye
- LWS, long wavelength-sensitive
- LpArthOps, Limulus arthropsin
- LpCOps, Limulus C-type opsin
- LpOps, Limulus opsin
- LpPerOps, Limulus peropsin
- ME, median eye
- MWS, medium wavelength-sensitive
- Rh-LpOps, Limulus opsin in rhabdoms
- SWS, short wavelength-sensitive
- VE, ventral eye
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8
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Donohue MW, Carleton KL, Cronin TW. Opsin Expression in the Central Nervous System of the Mantis Shrimp Neogonodactylus oerstedii. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 233:58-69. [PMID: 29182505 DOI: 10.1086/694421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Visual pigments, each composed of an opsin protein covalently bound to a chromophore molecule, confer light sensitivity for vision. The eyes of some species of stomatopod crustaceans, or mantis shrimp, can express dozens of different opsin genes. The opsin diversity, along with spectral filters and unique tripartite eye structure, bestow upon stomatopods unusually complex visual systems. Although opsins are found in tissues outside typical image-forming eyes in other animals, extraocular opsin expression in stomatopods, animals well known for their diversity of opsins, was unknown. Caudal photoreception in the central nervous system of decapod crustaceans, a group closely related to stomatopod crustaceans, is thought to be opsin based. However, electrophysiological data suggest that stomatopods do not have caudal photoreceptors. In this study, we identified mRNAs that could encode four different opsins and several components of a potential Gq-mediated phototransduction pathway in the central nervous system of the Caribbean mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus oerstedii. The four opsins are abundantly expressed in the cerebral ganglion, or brain, with little or no expression in the remainder of the ventral nerve cord. Our data suggest that there are previously undiscovered cerebral photoreceptors in stomatopods.
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Key Words
- A1–6, first through sixth abdominal ganglia
- Arr, arrestin
- CG, cerebral ganglion
- DGK, diacylglycerol kinase
- Gprk, G-protein-receptor kinases
- Gαq, Gq protein alpha subunit
- Gβ, G protein beta subunit
- Gγ, G protein gamma subunit
- LWS, long-wavelength-sensitive
- MWS, medium-wavelength-sensitive
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PLC, phospholipase C
- SEG, subesophageal ganglion
- T7–9, thoracic ganglia
- TRP, transient receptor potential channel
- rdgB, phosphatidylinositol transfer protein
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Rodríguez-Sosa L, Calderón-Rosete G, Ortega-Cambranis A, De-Miguel FF. Octopamine cyclic release and its modulation of visual sensitivity in crayfish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:83-90. [PMID: 27593450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic amine octopamine (OA) modulates invertebrate behavior by changing neuronal responses from sensory inputs to motor outputs. However, the OA modulation of visual sensitivity and its possible coupling to diurnal cycles remains unexplored. Here we studied the diurnal variations in the OA levels in the hemolymph of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, its release from the structures in the eyestalk and its modulation of the retinal light sensitivity. The hemolymph concentration of OA and its amino acid precursor tyrosine was measured by high-resolution liquid chromatography; OA varied along the 24-hcycle. The peak value appeared about 2h before the light offset which preceded the peak locomotor activity. OA was found in every structure of the eyestalk but displayed higher levels in the retina-lamina ganglionaris. Moreover, OA was released from isolated eyestalks at a rate of 92nmol/eyestalk/min and a calcium-dependent release was evoked by incubation in a high potassium solution. OA injected into dark-adapted crayfish or applied to the isolated retina at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100μM produced a proportionally increasing reduction in the amplitude of the photoreceptor light responses. These OA concentrations did not affect the position of the visual accessory pigments. Our results suggest that OA release in the crayfish eyestalk is coupled to the 24-hcycle to regulate the diurnal reduction of the photoreceptor sensitivity and to favor the expression of exploratory locomotion during the dark phase of the circadian cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Rodríguez-Sosa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Gabina Calderón-Rosete
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Aída Ortega-Cambranis
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., México
| | - Francisco F De-Miguel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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Chesmore KN, Watson WH, Chabot CC. Identification of putative circadian clock genes in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 19:45-61. [PMID: 27341138 PMCID: PMC10935561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, has robust circadian and circatidal rhythms, virtually nothing is known about the molecular basis of these rhythms in this species or any other chelicerate. In this study, next generation sequencing was used to assemble transcriptomic reads and then putative homologs of known core and accessory circadian genes were identified in these databases. Homologous transcripts were discovered for one circadian clock input gene, five core genes, 22 accessory genes, and two possible output pathways. Alignments and functional domain analyses showed generally high conservation between the putative L. polyphemus clock genes and homologs from Drosophila melanogaster and Daphnia pulex. The presence of both cry1 and cry2 in the L. polyphemus transcriptome would classify its system as an "ancestral", type 2 clock system. In addition, a novel duplication of CYCLE, and a novel triplication of PERIOD were found. Investigations are currently underway to determine if any of these "circadian" genes also participate in the molecular processes that drive the Limulus circatidal clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Chesmore
- Department of Genetics, Dartmouth, College Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Winsor H Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Christopher C Chabot
- Department of Biological Sciences, MSC#64, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH 03264, USA
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Battelle BA. Simple Eyes, Extraocular Photoreceptors and Opsins in the American Horseshoe Crab. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:809-819. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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12
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Battelle BA, Ryan JF, Kempler KE, Saraf SR, Marten CE, Warren WC, Minx PJ, Montague MJ, Green PJ, Schmidt SA, Fulton L, Patel NH, Protas ME, Wilson RK, Porter ML. Opsin Repertoire and Expression Patterns in Horseshoe Crabs: Evidence from the Genome of Limulus polyphemus (Arthropoda: Chelicerata). Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1571-89. [PMID: 27189985 PMCID: PMC4898813 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Horseshoe crabs are xiphosuran chelicerates, the sister group to arachnids. As such, they are important for understanding the most recent common ancestor of Euchelicerata and the evolution and diversification of Arthropoda. Limulus polyphemus is the most investigated of the four extant species of horseshoe crabs, and the structure and function of its visual system have long been a major focus of studies critical for understanding the evolution of visual systems in arthropods. Likewise, studies of genes encoding Limulus opsins, the protein component of the visual pigments, are critical for understanding opsin evolution and diversification among chelicerates, where knowledge of opsins is limited, and more broadly among arthropods. In the present study, we sequenced and assembled a high quality nuclear genomic sequence of L. polyphemus and used these data to annotate the full repertoire of Limulus opsins. We conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis of Limulus opsins, including using gene structure and synteny information to identify relationships among different opsin classes. We used our phylogeny to identify significant genomic events that shaped opsin evolution and therefore the visual system of Limulus We also describe the tissue expression patterns of the 18 opsins identified and show that transcripts encoding a number, including a peropsin, are present throughout the central nervous system. In addition to significantly extending our understanding of photosensitivity in Limulus and providing critical insight into the genomic evolution of horseshoe crab opsins, this work provides a valuable genomic resource for addressing myriad questions related to xiphosuran physiology and arthropod evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-Anne Battelle
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of Florida
| | - Joseph F Ryan
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida
| | - Karen E Kempler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of Florida
| | - Spencer R Saraf
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of Florida Present address: School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Catherine E Marten
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of Florida Present address: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Patrick J Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Michael J Montague
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Pamela J Green
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Marine Science and Policy, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware
| | - Skye A Schmidt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Marine Science and Policy, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware
| | - Lucinda Fulton
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkley
| | - Meredith E Protas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkley Present address: Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
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Heath-Heckman EAC, Foster J, Apicella MA, Goldman WE, McFall-Ngai M. Environmental cues and symbiont microbe-associated molecular patterns function in concert to drive the daily remodelling of the crypt-cell brush border of the Euprymna scolopes light organ. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1642-1652. [PMID: 27062511 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that the microbiota affects the biology of associated host epithelial tissues, including their circadian rhythms, although few data are available on how such influences shape the microarchitecture of the brush border. The squid-vibrio system exhibits two modifications of the brush border that supports the symbionts: effacement and repolarization. Together these occur on a daily rhythm in adult animals, at the dawn expulsion of symbionts into the environment, and symbiont colonization of the juvenile host induces an increase in microvillar density. Here we sought to define how these processes are related and the roles of both symbiont colonization and environmental cues. Ultrastructural analyses showed that the juvenile-organ brush borders also efface concomitantly with daily dawn-cued expulsion of symbionts. Manipulation of the environmental light cue and juvenile symbiotic state demonstrated that this behaviour requires the light cue, but not colonization. In contrast, symbionts were required for the observed increase in microvillar density that accompanies post dawn brush-border repolarization; this increase was induced solely by host exposure to phosphorylated lipid A of symbiont cells. These data demonstrate that a partnering of environmental and symbiont cues shapes the brush border and that microbe-associated molecular patterns play a role in the regulation of brush-border microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A C Heath-Heckman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jamie Foster
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Space Life Science Laboratory, Merritt Island, FL, 32953, USA
| | - Michael A Apicella
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - William E Goldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Margaret McFall-Ngai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,PBRC, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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15
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Battelle BA, Kempler KE, Saraf SR, Marten CE, Dugger DR, Speiser DI, Oakley TH. Opsins in Limulus eyes: characterization of three visible light-sensitive opsins unique to and co-expressed in median eye photoreceptors and a peropsin/RGR that is expressed in all eyes. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:466-79. [PMID: 25524988 PMCID: PMC4317242 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The eyes of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus have long been used for studies of basic mechanisms of vision, and the structure and physiology of Limulus photoreceptors have been examined in detail. Less is known about the opsins Limulus photoreceptors express. We previously characterized a UV opsin (LpUVOps1) that is expressed in all three types of Limulus eyes (lateral compound eyes, median ocelli and larval eyes) and three visible light-sensitive rhabdomeric opsins (LpOps1, -2 and -5) that are expressed in Limulus lateral compound and larval eyes. Physiological studies showed that visible light-sensitive photoreceptors are also present in median ocelli, but the visible light-sensitive opsins they express were unknown. In the current study we characterize three newly identified, visible light-sensitive rhabdomeric opsins (LpOps6, -7 and -8) that are expressed in median ocelli. We show that they are ocellar specific and that all three are co-expressed in photoreceptors distinct from those expressing LpUVOps1. Our current findings show that the pattern of opsin expression in Limulus eyes is much more complex than previously thought and extend our previous observations of opsin co-expression in visible light-sensitive Limulus photoreceptors. We also characterize a Limulus peropsin/RGR (LpPerOps1). We examine the phylogenetic relationship of LpPerOps1 with other peropsins and RGRs, demonstrate that LpPerOps1 transcripts are expressed in each of the three types of Limulus eyes and show that the encoded protein is expressed in membranes of cells closely associated with photoreceptors in each eye type. These finding suggest that peropsin was in the opsin repertoire of euchelicerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-Anne Battelle
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Karen E Kempler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Spencer R Saraf
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Catherine E Marten
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Donald R Dugger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32080, USA
| | - Daniel I Speiser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Todd H Oakley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Yan S, Zhu J, Zhu W, Zhang X, Li Z, Liu X, Zhang Q. The expression of three opsin genes from the compound eye of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is regulated by a circadian clock, light conditions and nutritional status. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111683. [PMID: 25353953 PMCID: PMC4213014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual genes may become inactive in species that inhabit poor light environments, and the function and regulation of opsin components in nocturnal moths are interesting topics. In this study, we cloned the ultraviolet (UV), blue (BL) and long-wavelength-sensitive (LW) opsin genes from the compound eye of the cotton bollworm and then measured their mRNA levels using quantitative real-time PCR. The mRNA levels fluctuated over a daily cycle, which might be an adaptation of a nocturnal lifestyle, and were dependent on a circadian clock. Cycling of opsin mRNA levels was disturbed by constant light or constant darkness, and the UV opsin gene was up-regulated after light exposure. Furthermore, the opsin genes tended to be down-regulated upon starvation. Thus, this study illustrates that opsin gene expression is determined by multiple endogenous and exogenous factors and is adapted to the need for nocturnal vision, suggesting that color vision may play an important role in the sensory ecology of nocturnal moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Zhu
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Weilong Zhu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XXL); (QWZ)
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XXL); (QWZ)
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Tarrant AM, Reitzel AM. Introduction to the symposium--keeping time during evolution: conservation and innovation of the circadian clock. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:89-92. [PMID: 23710043 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal and seasonal cues play critical and conserved roles in behavior, physiology, and reproduction in diverse animals. The circadian clock is a transcription-translation feedback loop that represents the molecular mechanism underlying many of these periodic processes, frequently through responses to light. Although much of the core regulatory machinery is deeply conserved among diverse animal lineages, there are also many examples of innovation in the way the clock either is constructed at the molecular-level or deployed in coordinating behavior and physiology. The nine articles contained within this issue address aspects of circadian signaling in diverse taxa, utilize wide-ranging approaches, and collectively provide thought-provoking discussion of future directions in circadian research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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