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Sinkiewicz-Darol E, Adamczyk I, Łubiech K, Pilarska G, Twarużek M. Leptin in Human Milk-One of the Key Regulators of Nutritional Programming. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113581. [PMID: 35684517 PMCID: PMC9182392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk is the optimal food for infants and toddlers, providing basic nutrients. It is also a source of many biologically active substances. Among them are hormones responsible for metabolic balance. One of the hormones taken in with breast milk by a breastfed baby is leptin. This hormone is involved in the regulation of appetite, informing the brain about the body’s energy resources. Having the correct mechanisms related to the action of leptin is a factor reducing the risk of obesity. The natural presence of leptin in the composition of breast milk suggests that it has a specific role in shaping the health of a breastfed child. Obesity as a disease of civilization affects more and more people, including children. The development of this disease is multifaceted and determined by many factors, including genetic and environmental factors such as eating habits and low physical activity. Behind obesity, there are complex mechanisms in which many elements of the human body are involved. Understanding the effects of breastfeeding as a natural source of leptin can help prevent childhood obesity and development of this disease in future life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.A.); (G.P.); (M.T.)
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier Provincial Polyclinical Hospital, St. Josef 53-59, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.S.-D.); (K.Ł.)
| | - Iwona Adamczyk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.A.); (G.P.); (M.T.)
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier Provincial Polyclinical Hospital, St. Josef 53-59, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Łubiech
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.A.); (G.P.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.-D.); (K.Ł.)
| | - Gabriela Pilarska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.A.); (G.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.A.); (G.P.); (M.T.)
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Jayasinghe S, Herath MP, Beckett JM, Ahuja KDK, Byrne NM, Hills AP. Exclusivity of breastfeeding and body composition: learnings from the Baby-bod study. Int Breastfeed J 2021; 16:41. [PMID: 34011366 PMCID: PMC8132405 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-021-00389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This report evaluated the breastfeeding status in a Tasmanian cohort and its effects on infant and maternal anthropometry and body composition. Methods An observational-cohort analysis of self-reported feeding data from 175 Tasmanian mother-baby dyads (recruited via in-person contact between September 2017 and October 2019), was executed. Only mothers who were ≥ 18 years of age, who had a singleton pregnancy and were able to speak and understand English, were included in the study. Infants outside a gestational age range between 37+ 0 and 41+ 6 weeks were excluded. Infant (using Air Displacement Plethysmography) and maternal body composition was assessed at 0, 3 and 6 months. Analysis of variance with relevant statistical corrections were utilised for cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons between non-exclusively breastfed (neBF) and exclusively breastfed (eBF) groups. Results Fat-free mass was significantly higher [t = 2.27, df = 98, P = 0.03, confidence interval (CI) 0.03, 0.48] in neBF infants at 6 months (5.59 ± 0.59 vs 5.33 ± 0.50 kg) despite a higher mean fat-free mass in eBF infants at birth (2.89 ± 0.34 vs 3.01 ± 0.35 kg). Weak evidence for different fat mass index trajectories was observed for eBF and neBF infants in the first 6 months of life (ANOVA, F = 2.42, df = 1.9, P = 0.09) with an inversion in fat mass index levels between 3 and 6 months. Body Mass Index (BMI) trajectories were significantly different in eBF and neBF mothers through pregnancy and the first 6 months postpartum (ANOVA, F = 5.56, df = 30.14, P = 0.01). Compared with eBF mothers, neBF mothers retained significantly less weight (t = − 2.754, df = 158, P = 0.02, CI -6.64, − 1.09) at 3 months (0.68 ± 11.69 vs 4.55 ± 6.08 kg) postpartum. Prevalence for neBF was incrementally higher in mothers with a normal BMI compared to mothers with obesity, and mothers who underwent surgical or medical intervention during birth were less likely to exclusively breastfeed. Conclusions Infants with different feeding patterns may display varying growth patterns in early life and sustained breastfeeding can contribute to greater postpartum maternal weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisitha Jayasinghe
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Manoja P Herath
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Beckett
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Kiran D K Ahuja
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia.
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Plows JF, Berger PK, Jones RB, Yonemitsu C, Ryoo JH, Alderete TL, Bode L, Goran MI. Associations between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and eating behaviour in Hispanic infants at 1 and 6 months of age. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12686. [PMID: 32621402 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are naturally occurring glycans in human breast milk that act as prebiotics in the infant gut. Prebiotics have been demonstrated to suppress appetite in both adults and children. Therefore, HMOs may affect infant eating behaviour. OBJECTIVE To determine if HMOs in breast milk are associated with eating behaviour in Hispanic infants. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of Hispanic mother-infant dyads (1-month, n = 157; 6-months, n = 69). Breast milk samples were screened for 19 HMOs using high pressure liquid chromatography, and eating behaviour was assessed using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ). We conducted multiple linear regressions to examine associations between HMOs and BEBQ scores, adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, infant sex, birthweight, delivery mode and number of breastfeedings per day. We stratified by HMO secretor status-a genetic determinant of the types of HMOs produced. RESULTS At 1 month, LNnT (lacto-N-neotetraose; P = .04) was negatively associated with food responsiveness in the total sample, while DFLNT (difucosyllacto-N-tetrose; P = .03) and DSLNT (disialyl-LNT; P = .04) were negatively associated with food responsiveness in secretors only. At 6 months, LSTc (sialyllacto-N-tetraose c; P = .01), FLNH (fucosyllacto-N-hexaose; P = .03), LNH (lacto-N-hexaose; P = .006) and DSLNH (disialyllacto-N-hexaose; P = .05) were positively associated with food responsiveness in both the total sample and secretors only. CONCLUSIONS We found several HMOs that were both positively and negatively associated with infant food responsiveness, which is a measure of drive to eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine F Plows
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paige K Berger
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roshonda B Jones
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ji H Ryoo
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tanya L Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael I Goran
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Thompson AL. Evaluating the pathways linking complementary feeding practices to obesity in early life. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:13-24. [PMID: 33196090 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complementary feeding period, when solids and liquids other than breast milk and formula are added to the infant diet, is an important development window shaping infant growth and weight gain, metabolic development, and lifelong eating practices. Yet, relatively little is known about how the timing and types of foods offered to infants at this stage may shape their growth and subsequent risk of developing obesity. This narrative review describes the existing literature on complementary feeding practices, discusses potential biological and behavioral pathways linking complementary feeding practices to the development of obesity, and offers potential avenues for intervention. While further research is needed to more fully understand optimal complementary feeding practices, existing evidence supports the importance of healthful early feeding practices in the physiological and behavioral regulation of growth and metabolism and the need for early intervention to prevent the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Tahir MJ, Ejima K, Li P, Demerath EW, Allison DB, Fields DA. Associations of breastfeeding or formula feeding with infant anthropometry and body composition at 6 months. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 17:e13105. [PMID: 33145993 PMCID: PMC7988875 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the associations of mode of feeding with infant anthropometric and body composition variables at 6 months of age. We studied 259 infants whose exclusive mode of feeding (breast or formula) to 1 month was confirmed. Standard anthropometric characteristics of the infants (weight, length and weight‐for‐length z scores) were obtained, and body composition (total fat mass, fat‐free mass, trunk fat mass and body fat percent) was measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 6 months (±12 days). General linear models were used to test the associations of mode of feeding with infant anthropometric and body composition variables at 6 months after adjustment for maternal and infant covariates. In this cohort of predominantly breastfed, White infants of highly educated mothers, fat‐free mass was lower (P = .002), and trunk fat mass (P = .032) and body fat percent (P < .001) were greater in breastfed infants than in formula‐fed infants at 6 months of age. After adjustment for covariates, total fat‐free mass was significantly lower (β = −372 g, [SE = 125, P = .003]), and body fat percent was significantly greater (β = 3.30, [SE = 0.91, P < .001]) in breastfed infants than in formula‐fed infants. No other significant associations were observed. These findings support those of previous studies reporting greater fat‐free mass in formula‐fed infants during the first 6 months of life. Additional research is warranted to explore whether differences in infant body composition by mode of feeding persist throughout the life course and to assess causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna J Tahir
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David B Allison
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Patro-Gołąb B, Zalewski BM, Polaczek A, Szajewska H. Duration of Breastfeeding and Early Growth: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence. Breastfeed Med 2019; 14:218-229. [PMID: 30835494 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Growth patterns of breastfed and formula-fed infants differ, but the influence of breastfeeding duration on early growth remains unclear. The objective of this study is to evaluate current evidence on the association of exclusive and partial breastfeeding duration with different growth parameters during infancy. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and additional sources from January 2011 until March 2018 to identify relevant cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results: Twenty studies that recruited infants from the general population were included. In the developed setting, exclusive breastfeeding duration was inversely associated with weight and length gain during infancy in observational studies. Longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding was also associated with an earlier peak in infant body mass index (BMI). Inconsistent results were observed for the associations of exclusive breastfeeding duration with other infant BMI characteristics. In an RCT conducted in Iceland, exclusive breastfeeding for 4 versus 6 months did not affect infant growth patterns. In the developing setting, conflicting findings on the associations of exclusive breastfeeding duration with infant weight and length parameters were shown in observational studies. Shorter partial breastfeeding duration was associated with higher weight gain during infancy, with limited or inconclusive data regarding other growth parameters. Conclusions: Longer duration of exclusive and partial breastfeeding tended to be associated with slower growth rates during infancy in the developed setting only. These associations seem to be dose dependent and more pronounced in exclusively versus partially breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Polaczek
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Breastfeeding and cardiometabolic markers at age 12: a population-based birth cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1568-1577. [PMID: 30886238 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for a protective effect of breastfeeding against overweight and diabetes. It is less clear though, whether breastfed infants also have a more favorable cardiometabolic profile in childhood. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether children who were breastfed in infancy had more favorable cardiometabolic markers at 12 years of age than children who were never breastfed and received formula milk instead, and whether associations depended on the duration of breastfeeding. METHODS In 1509 participants of the population-based PIAMA birth cohort study, cardiometabolic markers were measured at 12 years of age. Duration of breastfeeding in weeks was assessed through parental questionnaires at 3 months and 1 year of age. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to investigate associations of breastfeeding (any vs. never breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in categories <3 months, 3 to <6 months, and ≥6 months breastfeeding vs. never breastfeeding) with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, in Z-scores adjusted for age, sex, and height), total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDLC), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, in mmol/mol), body mass index (BMI, in Z-scores adjusted for age and sex) and waist circumference (WC, in cm). Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association of breastfeeding with odds of being overweight. RESULTS 1288 of 1509 children (85.3%) received any breastmilk in infancy. Breastfed children had a lower SBP Z-score (-0.21 SD (≈ -2.29 mmHg), 95% CI -0.37, -0.06), a lower DBP Z-score (-0.10 SD (≈ -1.19 mmHg), 95% CI -0.20, -0.00), a smaller WC (-1.12 cm, 95% CI -2.20; -0.04), and lower odds of being overweight (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38, 0.97) than never breastfed children. These associations were not different between children with shorter and longer duration of breastfeeding. No statistically significant differences in TC/HDLC, HbA1c, and BMI were observed between breastfed and never breastfed children. CONCLUSIONS We observed that breastfeeding was associated with a lower blood pressure, a smaller waist circumference and a lower risk of overweight in 12-year old children. These associations were independent of the duration of breastfeeding. No associations were observed between breastfeeding and other cardiometabolic markers.
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Notara V, Kokkou S, Panagiotakos D. The impact of perinatal history in the occurrence of childhood obesity: a litera-ture review. Hippokratia 2018; 22:155-161. [PMID: 31695302 PMCID: PMC6825419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted, that the increased prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity poses an important public health problem since it increases the risk for early onset of non-communicable diseases with potentially increased health complications during adulthood. Childhood obesity prevention is therefore of primary importance; hence it is mandatory to understand its main causes and identify the mechanisms associated with weight gain. Although its etiology can be partly attributed to genetic and behavioral factors, evidence from existing literature indicates that the perinatal environment may also increase the risk of childhood obesity; the latter, however, has not been thoroughly investigated and discussed. METHODS A literature search was conducted in scientific databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) in order to reveal recent epidemiologic studies, with emphasis on works from the last decade. Studies whose primary or secondary object was the association between type of delivery, breastfeeding and/or gestational diabetes mellitus with overweight and obesity in childhood and preadolescence were taken into account. Studies that did not meet the aim of the current review were excluded. RESULTS The retrieved information revealed that there is a noteworthy association between perinatal factors and childhood and preadolescence overweight/obesity occurrence, though the exact pathways still need to be elucidated. CONCLUSIONS Public health professionals should take into account perinatal determinants when estimating a child's risk of overweight and obesity development. HIPPOKRATIA 2018, 22(4): 155-161.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Notara
- Department of Public & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica Athens, Greece
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - S Kokkou
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - D Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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Bell KA, Wagner CL, Perng W, Feldman HA, Shypailo RJ, Belfort MB. Validity of Body Mass Index as a Measure of Adiposity in Infancy. J Pediatr 2018; 196:168-174.e1. [PMID: 29551311 PMCID: PMC5924641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the validity of body mass index (BMI) and age- and sex-standardized BMI z-score (BMIZ) as surrogates for adiposity (body fat percentage [BF%], fat mass, and fat mass index [kg/m2]) at 3 time points in infancy (1, 4, and 7 months) and to assess the extent to which the change in BMIZ represents change in adiposity. STUDY DESIGN We performed a secondary analysis of 447 full-term infants in a previous trial of maternal vitamin D supplementation during lactation. Study staff measured infant anthropometrics and assessed body composition with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 1, 4, and 7 months of age. We calculated Spearman correlations (rs) among BMI, BMIZ, and adiposity at each time point, and between change in BMIZ and change in adiposity between time points. RESULTS Infants (N = 447) were 52% male, 38% white, 31% black, and 29% Hispanic. The BMIZ was moderately correlated with BF% (rs = 0.43, 0.55, 0.48 at 1, 4, and 7 months of age, respectively). BMIZ correlated more strongly with fat mass and fat mass index, particularly at 4 and 7 months of age (fat mass rs = 0.72-0.76; fat mass index rs = 0.75-0.79). Changes in BMIZ were moderately correlated with adiposity changes from 1 to 4 months of age (rs = 0.44 with BF% change; rs = 0.53 with fat mass change), but only weakly correlated from 4 to 7 months of age (rs = 0.21 with BF% change; rs = 0.27 with fat mass change). CONCLUSIONS BMIZ is moderately correlated with adiposity in infancy. Changes in BMIZ are a poor indicator of adiposity changes in later infancy. BMI and BMIZ are limited as surrogates for adiposity and especially adiposity changes in infancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00412074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Bell
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Carol L Wagner
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Wei Perng
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology
| | | | - Roman J Shypailo
- Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center
| | - Mandy B Belfort
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine
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Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding reduce the risk of overweight in childhood: A nationwide longitudinal study in Korea. Obes Res Clin Pract 2018; 12:222-228. [PMID: 29396229 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breastfeeding is generally known to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity. However, the results are controversial between countries, and nationwide data are rare. This study assessed the relationship between breastfeeding types and overweight incidence using nationwide longitudinal data in Korea. METHODS We analysed 774,764 infants who participated in the longitudinal nationwide data from the Korea National Children's Health Examination 2007-2013. Childhood overweight was defined by a Z-score≥1.64 (95th centile) for infants under 24 months and Z-scores≥1.04 (85th centile) for children over 24 months. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyse the relationship between breastfeeding types and overweight incidence. RESULTS Infants who were exclusively breastfed at 4-6 months of age had the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HRs) for overweight of 0.78 (95% CI 0.77-0.79) and infants who were partially breastfed had the HRs for overweight of 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.98), which was lower compared to that of the exclusively formula fed group. Similar results were obtained for stratified analysis by boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS Exclusive and partial breastfeeding have preventive effect on childhood overweight in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage breastfeeding to prevent childhood obesity and its consequences in developed Asian countries.
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Bell KA, Wagner CL, Feldman HA, Shypailo RJ, Belfort MB. Associations of infant feeding with trajectories of body composition and growth. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:491-498. [PMID: 28659299 PMCID: PMC5525119 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.151126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The extent to which breastfeeding is protective against later-life obesity is controversial. Little is known about differences in infant body composition between breastfed and formula-fed infants, which may reflect future obesity risk.Objective: We aimed to assess associations of infant feeding with trajectories of growth and body composition from birth to 7 mo in healthy infants.Design: We studied 276 participants from a previous study of maternal vitamin D supplementation during lactation. Mothers used monthly feeding diaries to report the extent of breastfeeding. We measured infants' anthropometrics and used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess body composition at 1, 4, and 7 mo. We compared changes in infant size (z scores for weight, length, and body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2)]) and body composition (fat and lean mass, body fat percentage) between predominantly breastfed and formula-fed infants, adjusting in linear regression for sex, gestational age, race/ethnicity, maternal BMI, study site, and socioeconomic status.Results: In this study, 214 infants (78%) were predominantly breastfed (median duration: 7 mo) and 62 were exclusively formula fed. Formula-fed infants had lower birth-weight z scores than breastfed infants (-0.22 ± 0.86 and 0.16 ± 0.88, respectively; P < 0.01) but gained more in weight and BMI through 7 mo of age (weight z score difference: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.71; BMI z score difference: 0.35; 95% CI: 0, 0.69), with no difference in linear growth (z score difference: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.24, 0.34). Formula-fed infants gained more lean mass (difference: 303 g; 95% CI: 137, 469 g) than breastfed infants, but not fat mass (difference: -42 g; 95% CI: -299, 215 g).Conclusions: Formula-fed infants gained weight more rapidly and out of proportion to linear growth than did predominantly breastfed infants. These differences were attributable to greater accretion of lean mass, rather than fat mass. Any later obesity risk associated with infant feeding does not appear to be explained by differential adiposity gains in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol L Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Henry A Feldman
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Roman J Shypailo
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and
| | - Mandy B Belfort
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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Brennan L, Teede H, Skouteris H, Linardon J, Hill B, Moran L. Lifestyle and Behavioral Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:836-848. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Brennan
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helena Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Diabetes and Endocrine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Briony Hill
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Lisa Moran
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, Australia
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Whaley SE, Koleilat M, Leonard S, Whaley M. Breastfeeding Is Associated With Reduced Obesity in Hispanic 2- to 5-Year-Olds Served by WIC. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 49:S144-S150.e1. [PMID: 28689551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between breastfeeding (BF) and odds of childhood obesity in a large, primarily Hispanic Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) population. SETTING A large urban WIC program in California. PARTICIPANTS Infants enrolled in WIC born between 2004 and 2007 and observed to age 5 years (N = 39,801; 88.6% Hispanic). INTERVENTION Level of BF: fully BF, fully formula feeding, or combination feeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Obesity at age 2-5 years, measured by body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile. ANALYSIS Logistic regression analyses to evaluate the association between initiation, duration, and exclusivity of BF and odds of obesity at age 2-5 years, controlling for ethnicity, preferred language, family size, poverty level, and maternal BMI. RESULTS Infants exclusively formula fed at birth were significantly more likely than fully breastfed infants to be obese at age 2-5 years (χ2 [2, N = 39,801] = 123.31; P < .001). For every additional month of any BF, obesity risk at age 2-5 years decreased by 1%. Every additional month of full BF conferred a 3% decrease in obesity risk. Ethnicity, preferred language, family size, poverty level, and maternal BMI were also significantly related to obesity risk. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Breastfeeding may have a role in the attenuation of obesity in early childhood among Hispanic children. The BF promotion and support offered at WIC may have a significant role in reducing rates of early childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Whaley
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, Irwindale, CA.
| | - Maria Koleilat
- Department of Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA
| | - Stephanie Leonard
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Mike Whaley
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, Irwindale, CA
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14
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Salvy SJ, de la Haye K, Galama T, Goran MI. Home visitation programs: an untapped opportunity for the delivery of early childhood obesity prevention. Obes Rev 2017; 18:149-163. [PMID: 27911984 PMCID: PMC5267322 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant obesity efforts have had limited impact among low-income underserved children, in part because of limitations inherent to existing programs: (i) short duration and low intensity; (ii) late timing of implementation, when children are already overweight or obese; (iii) intervention delivery limiting their accessibility and sustainability; and (iv) failure to address barriers such as a lack of culturally competent services, poverty and housing instability, which interfere with healthy lifestyle changes. OBJECTIVE This concept paper proposes an innovative model of obesity prevention implemented in infancy and sustained throughout early childhood to address the limitations of current obesity prevention efforts. Specifically, we propose to integrate sustained, weekly, in-home obesity prevention as part of the services already delivered by ongoing Home Visitation Programs, which currently do not target obesity prevention. CONCLUSION The home visiting structure represents an ideal model for impactful obesity prevention as home visitation programs: (i) already provide comprehensive services to diverse low-income infants and families who are most at risk for obesity and poor health because of socio-economic and structural conditions; (ii) services are initiated in infancy and sustained throughout critical developmental periods for the formation of healthy/unhealthy behaviors; and (iii) have been in place for more than 40 years, with a widespread presence across the United States and nationwide, which is critical for the scalability and sustainability of obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayla de la Haye
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine
| | - Titus Galama
- University of Southern California, Center for Economic and Social Research
| | - Michael I. Goran
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine
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15
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Sun C, Foskey RJ, Allen KJ, Dharmage SC, Koplin JJ, Ponsonby AL, Lowe AJ, Matheson MC, Tang MLK, Gurrin L, Wake M, Sabin M. The Impact of Timing of Introduction of Solids on Infant Body Mass Index. J Pediatr 2016; 179:104-110.e1. [PMID: 27663213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the associations between breastfeeding duration, age at solids introduction, and their interaction in relation to infant (age 9-15 months) above normal body mass index (BMI). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional, population-based study with 3153 infants from Melbourne (2007-2011). Above normal BMI (z score > 2, equivalent to >97.7th percentile) defined using the World Health Organization standard. RESULTS Both longer duration of full and any (full or partial) breastfeeding were associated with lower odds of above normal BMI (eg, aOR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.22-0.60] for full breastfeeding 4-5 months versus 0-1 months). Compared with introduction of solids at 5-6 months, both early and delayed introduction were associated with increased odds of above normal BMI (aOR for 4 months, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.10-2.80] and for ≥7 months, 2.64 [95% CI, 1.26-5.54] versus 6 months). Such associations differ by breastfeeding status at 4 months (interaction P = .08). Early introduction of solids was associated with increased odds of above normal BMI in both infants fully or partially breastfed for ≥4 months (aOR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.41-9.51) and those breastfed for <4 months (aOR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.39-6.97). Introduction of solids at ≥7 months was associated with increased odds of above normal BMI (aOR, 5.79; 95% CI, 1.91-17.49) among infants breastfed for <4 months only. CONCLUSION Introduction of solids at 5-6 months, compared with either early or delayed introduction, is associated with decreased odds of above normal BMI at 1 year of age, regardless of infants' breastfeeding status at 4 months. These results may have implications for public health guidelines with regard to recommendations about the optimal timing of the introduction of solid foods in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sun
- Environmental and Genetic Epidemiology Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute (MCRI), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Katrina J Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Food and Allergy Research, MCRI, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Koplin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Food and Allergy Research, MCRI, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Environmental and Genetic Epidemiology Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute (MCRI), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian J Lowe
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie C Matheson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Allergy and Immune Disorders, MCRI, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lyle Gurrin
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Community Child Health, MCRI, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Sabin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Hormone Research, MCRI, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common condition affecting up to 18% of reproductive-aged women, has complications including reproductive, metabolic and psychological dysfunction. There is a strong potentially bidirectional association of obesity with PCOS. Women with PCOS both have a higher risk of obesity and greater longitudinal weight gain and obesity increases the prevalence and severity of the reproductive, metabolic and psychological features of PCOS. In limited observational studies, PCOS is proposed as a potential factor contributing to lower breastfeeding initiation and duration. Areas covered: A narrative review using PubMed was performed covering the areas of the association of obesity and PCOS with breastfeeding success and interventions for improving breastfeeding success. Obesity impacts on breastfeeding success related to factors including impaired lactogenesis, mechanical difficulties, psychological considerations and an increased likelihood of having a caesarean section. The common coexistence of obesity in PCOS is the likely key contributor to the breastfeeding problems observed in PCOS, given the contribution of obesity to reduced breastfeeding initiation and duration. Expert review: Facilitating breastfeeding is crucial for optimising maternal and infant health benefits, highlighting the importance of lactation support for overweight and obese women with or without PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Harrison
- a Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - H J Teede
- a Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
- b Diabetes and Vascular Medicine , Monash Health , Clayton , Australia
| | - A E Joham
- a Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - L J Moran
- a Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
- c The Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
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17
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Fields DA, Schneider CR, Pavela G. A narrative review of the associations between six bioactive components in breast milk and infant adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1213-21. [PMID: 27151491 PMCID: PMC5325144 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review examines six important non-nutritive substances in breast milk, many of which were thought to have little to no biological significance. The overall objective is to provide background on key bioactive factors in breast milk believed to have an effect on infant outcomes (growth and body composition). METHODS The evidence for the effects of the following six bioactive compounds in breast milk on infant growth outcomes are reviewed: insulin, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. RESULTS The existing literature on the effects of breast milk insulin, ghrelin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α and their associations with infant growth and adiposity is sparse. Of the bioactive compounds reviewed, leptin and adiponectin are the most researched. Data reveal that breast milk adiponectin has negative associations with growth in infancy. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for innovative, well-designed studies to improve causal inference and advance our understanding in the effects of breast milk and its components on offspring growth and body composition. The recommendations provided, along with careful consideration of both known and unknown factors that affect breast milk composition, will help improve, standardize, and ultimately advance this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University
of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Camille R Schneider
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL
| | - Gregory Pavela
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL
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18
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Hittner JB, Johnson C, Tripicchio G, Faith MS. Infant emotional distress, maternal restriction at a home meal, and child BMI gain through age 6years in the Colorado Adoption Project. Eat Behav 2016; 21:135-41. [PMID: 26872074 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infant temperament and parental feeding practices may be risk factors for childhood obesity, however most studies have relied upon parent-report assessments. We tested whether infant emotional distress and maternal restrictive feeding at 12-months of age, assessed observationally at a home feeding interaction, predicted child BMI through age 6years. We conducted a prospective observational study of 86 children (34 girls and 52 boys, from 55 adoptive and 31 non-adoptive families) enrolled in the Colorado Adoption Project. Mother-infant feeding interactions were video-recorded during a home snack or meal at year 1, and child anthropometrics (length or height, and weight) were assessed at years 1 through 6. The main outcome measures were child weight-for-length at year 1 and body mass index (BMI: kg/m(2)) at years 2-6. Results of generalized linear models indicated that greater infant emotional distress at 12-months predicted greater increases in child weight status through age 6years, B=0.62 and odds ratio (OR)=1.87. In separate analyses, restrictive feeding interacted with child sex in predicting weight status trajectories (p=.012). Male infants whose mothers displayed any compared to no restriction at year 1 showed a downward BMI trajectory from 2 to 6years; for female infants, exposure to any compared to no restriction prompts predicted increasing BMI from 4 to 6years. In sum, early obesity prevention strategies should pay greater attention to infant temperament, especially distress and negative affect, and how parents respond to such cues. Additionally, 'responsive feeding' strategies that provide an alternative to restriction warrant greater research during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Hittner
- Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, United States
| | - Cassandra Johnson
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Gina Tripicchio
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology (CSEP), Graduate School of Education, University of Buffalo - SUNY, United States.
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19
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Russell CG, Taki S, Laws R, Azadi L, Campbell KJ, Elliott R, Lynch J, Ball K, Taylor R, Denney-Wilson E. Effects of parent and child behaviours on overweight and obesity in infants and young children from disadvantaged backgrounds: systematic review with narrative synthesis. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:151. [PMID: 26875107 PMCID: PMC4753044 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the crucial need to develop targeted and effective approaches for obesity prevention in children most at risk, the pathways explaining socioeconomic disparity in children’s obesity prevalence remain poorly understood. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature that investigated causes of weight gain in children aged 0–5 years from socioeconomically disadvantaged or Indigenous backgrounds residing in OECD countries. Major electronic databases were searched from inception until December 2015. Key words identified studies addressing relationships between parenting, child eating, child physical activity or sedentary behaviour and child weight in disadvantaged samples. Results A total of 32 articles met the inclusion criteria. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool quality rating for the studies ranged from 25 % (weak) to 100 % (strong). Studies predominantly reported on relationships between parenting and child weight (n = 21), or parenting and child eating (n = 12), with fewer (n = 8) investigating child eating and weight. Most evidence was from socio-economically disadvantaged ethnic minority groups in the USA. Clustering of diet, weight and feeding behaviours by socioeconomic indicators and ethnicity precluded identification of independent effects of each of these risk factors. Conclusions This review has highlighted significant gaps in our mechanistic understanding of the relative importance of different aspects of parent and child behaviours in disadvantaged population groups. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2801-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Georgina Russell
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia.
| | - Sarah Taki
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Laws
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
| | - Leva Azadi
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
| | - Rosalind Elliott
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
| | - Kylie Ball
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachael Taylor
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Denney-Wilson
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Management and Prevention Research Excellence in Primary Health Care (COMPaREPHC), Sydney, Australia
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20
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Joham AE, Nanayakkara N, Ranasinha S, Zoungas S, Boyle J, Harrison CL, Forder P, Loxton D, Vanky E, Teede HJ. Obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome and breastfeeding: an observational study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016; 95:458-66. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anju E. Joham
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit; Monash Health; Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Natalie Nanayakkara
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit; Monash Health; Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Sanjeeva Ranasinha
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Sophia Zoungas
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit; Monash Health; Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Jacqueline Boyle
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Cheryce L. Harrison
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Peta Forder
- Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Deborah Loxton
- Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Eszter Vanky
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Children's and Women's Health; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; St. Olavs Hospital; University Hospital of Trondheim; Trondheim Norway
| | - Helena J. Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit; Monash Health; Clayton Vic. Australia
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21
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Abstract
To prevent the intergenerational transfer of obesity and end the current epidemic, interventions are needed across the early life stages, from preconception to prenatal to infancy through the age of 2 years. The foundation for obesity is laid in early life by actions and interactions passed from parent to child that have long-lasting biologic and behavioral consequences. The purpose of this paper is to examine the best evidence about (a) factors in parents and offspring that promote obesity during the early life stages, (b) the social determinants and dimensions of obesity in early life, (c) promising and effective interventions for preventing obesity in early life, and (d) opportunities for future research into strategies to disrupt the intergenerational cycle of obesity that begins early in life. The pathway for halting the intergenerational obesity epidemic requires the discovery and development of evidence-based interventions that can act across multiple dimensions of influence on early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Haire-Joshu
- Public Health and Medicine, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;
| | - Rachel Tabak
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;
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22
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Hancox RJ, Stewart AW, Braithwaite I, Beasley R, Murphy R, Mitchell EA. Association between breastfeeding and body mass index at age 6-7 years in an international survey. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10:283-7. [PMID: 25291239 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is believed to reduce children's risk for obesity but data are conflicting. It is also uncertain if breastfeeding has different effects on obesity in high- and low-income countries. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the association between having been breastfed and body mass index (BMI) in 6- to 7-year-old children in a large international survey. METHODS Parents/guardians reported whether their child had been breastfed and their current height and weight. Some centres measured height and weight directly. Analyses adjusted for whether height and weight were reported or measured, child's age, sex, country gross national income and centre. RESULTS Data were available for 76,635 participants from 31 centres in 18 countries. Reported breastfeeding rates varied from 27 to 98%. After adjusting for potential confounders, the estimated BMI difference was 0.04 kg m(-2) lower among those who had been breastfed (P = 0.07). The risk for being overweight or obese was slightly lower among breastfed children (odds ratio = 0.95, P = 0.012). There was no evidence that the association between breastfeeding and BMI was different in lower income countries compared with higher income countries. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that breastfeeding has little impact on children's BMI. Increasing breastfeeding is unlikely to reduce the global epidemic of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hancox
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - A W Stewart
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - I Braithwaite
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.,Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - R Beasley
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.,Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - R Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Lumeng JC, Taveras EM, Birch L, Yanovski SZ. Prevention of obesity in infancy and early childhood: a National Institutes of Health workshop. JAMA Pediatr 2015; 169:484-90. [PMID: 25775180 PMCID: PMC6800095 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the childhood obesity epidemic continues to be a challenge. Given that once obesity develops it is likely to persist, there has been an increasing focus on prevention at earlier stages of the life course. Research to develop and implement effective prevention and intervention strategies in the first 2 years after birth has been limited. In fall 2013, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened a multidisciplinary workshop to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the prevention of infant and early childhood obesity and to identify research gaps and opportunities. The questions addressed included (1) "What is known regarding risk for excess weight gain in infancy and early childhood?" (2) "What is known regarding interventions that are promising or have been shown to be efficacious?" and (3) "What are the challenges and opportunities in implementing and evaluating behavioral interventions for parents and other caregivers and their young children?"
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Lumeng
- Division of Child Behavioral Health, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elsie M. Taveras
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, both in Boston, MA
| | - Leann Birch
- Family and Consumer Sciences, Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Susan Z. Yanovski
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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24
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Grube MM, von der Lippe E, Schlaud M, Brettschneider AK. Does breastfeeding help to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity? A propensity score analysis of data from the KiGGS study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122534. [PMID: 25811831 PMCID: PMC4374721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current studies suggest that the beneficial effect of breastfeeding on overweight and obesity may have been largely overestimated. We examined the relationship between >4 months of full breastfeeding and overweight/obesity in children living in Germany. METHODS We analyzed retrospectively collected data on breastfeeding from children aged 3-17 years who participated in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS baseline study) between 2003 and 2006 (n = 13163). To minimize confounding, we applied propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression analyses to estimate the effect of breastfeeding on childhood overweight and obesity. RESULTS Adjusted analyses of the matched dataset (n = 8034) indicated that children who were breastfed for >4 months had a significant reduction in the odds of overweight (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.71–0.92]) and obesity (OR 0.75 [95% CI 0.61–0.92]) compared to children who were not breastfed or who were breastfed for a shorter duration [corrected].Further analyses stratified by age group showed that the association was strongest in children aged 7-10 years (OR 0.67 [95% CI 0.53-0.84] for overweight and OR 0.56 [95% CI 0.39-0.81] for obesity), while no significant effect could be seen in other age groups. DISCUSSION Our findings support the hypothesis that breastfeeding does have a beneficial effect on childhood overweight and obesity, although the effect seems to be strongest in children of primary school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Miriam Grube
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena von der Lippe
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schlaud
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Casazza K, Brown A, Astrup A, Bertz F, Baum C, Brown MB, Dawson J, Durant N, Dutton G, Fields DA, Fontaine KR, Heymsfield S, Levitsky D, Mehta T, Menachemi N, Newby PK, Pate R, Raynor H, Rolls BJ, Sen B, Smith DL, Thomas D, Wansink B, Allison DB. Weighing the Evidence of Common Beliefs in Obesity Research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:2014-53. [PMID: 24950157 PMCID: PMC4272668 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a topic on which many views are strongly held in the absence of scientific evidence to support those views, and some views are strongly held despite evidence to contradict those views. We refer to the former as "presumptions" and the latter as "myths." Here, we present nine myths and 10 presumptions surrounding the effects of rapid weight loss; setting realistic goals in weight loss therapy; stage of change or readiness to lose weight; physical education classes; breastfeeding; daily self-weighing; genetic contribution to obesity; the "Freshman 15"; food deserts; regularly eating (versus skipping) breakfast; eating close to bedtime; eating more fruits and vegetables; weight cycling (i.e., yo-yo dieting); snacking; built environment; reducing screen time in childhood obesity; portion size; participation in family mealtime; and drinking water as a means of weight loss. For each of these, we describe the belief and present evidence that the belief is widely held or stated, reasons to support the conjecture that the belief might be true, evidence to directly support or refute the belief, and findings from randomized controlled trials, if available. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these determinations, conjecture on why so many myths and presumptions exist, and suggestions for limiting the spread of these and other unsubstantiated beliefs about the obesity domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- a Department of Nutrition Sciences , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama USA
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de Beer M, Vrijkotte TGM, Fall CHD, van Eijsden M, Osmond C, Gemke RJBJ. Associations of infant feeding and timing of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with childhood body composition. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:586-92. [PMID: 25435256 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth and feeding during infancy have been associated with later life body mass index. However, the associations of infant feeding, linear growth and weight gain relative to linear growth with separate components of body composition remain unclear. METHODS Of 5551 children with collected growth and infant-feeding data in a prospective cohort study (Amsterdam Born Children and their Development), body composition measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis at the age of 5-6 years was available for 2227 children. We assessed how feeding (duration of full breastfeeding and timing of introduction of complementary feeding) and conditional variables representing linear growth and relative weight gain were associated with childhood fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). RESULTS Birth weight was positively associated with both FFM and FM in childhood, and more strongly with FFM than FM. Faster linear growth and faster relative weight gain at all ages in infancy were positively associated with childhood FFM and FM. The associations with FM were stronger for relative weight gain than for linear growth (FM z score: β coefficient 0.23 (95% con 0.19 to 0.26), P<0.001 and 0.14 (0.11 to 0.17), P<0.001 per s.d. change in relative weight gain and linear growth between 1 and 3 months, respectively). Compared with full breastfeeding <1 month, full breastfeeding >6 months was associated with lower FM (FM z score: -0.17 (-0.28 to -0.05), P=0.005) and lower FFM (FFM z score: -0.13 (-0.23 to -0.03), P=0.015), as was the introduction of complementary feeding >6 months (FM z score: -0.22 (-0.38 to -0.07), P=0.004), compared with <4 months. CONCLUSIONS Faster infant weight gain is associated with a healthier childhood body composition when it is caused by faster linear growth. Full breastfeeding >6 months and introduction of complementary feeding >6 months are associated with lower childhood FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Beer
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T G M Vrijkotte
- Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H D Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M van Eijsden
- Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R J B J Gemke
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Li L, Kleinman K, Gillman MW. A comparison of confounding adjustment methods with an application to early life determinants of childhood obesity. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 5:435-47. [PMID: 25171142 PMCID: PMC4337023 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174414000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We implemented six confounding adjustment methods: (1) covariate-adjusted regression, (2) propensity score (PS) regression, (3) PS stratification, (4) PS matching with two calipers, (5) inverse probability weighting and (6) doubly robust estimation to examine the associations between the body mass index (BMI) z-score at 3 years and two separate dichotomous exposure measures: exclusive breastfeeding v. formula only (n=437) and cesarean section v. vaginal delivery (n=1236). Data were drawn from a prospective pre-birth cohort study, Project Viva. The goal is to demonstrate the necessity and usefulness, and approaches for multiple confounding adjustment methods to analyze observational data. Unadjusted (univariate) and covariate-adjusted linear regression associations of breastfeeding with BMI z-score were -0.33 (95% CI -0.53, -0.13) and -0.24 (-0.46, -0.02), respectively. The other approaches resulted in smaller n (204-276) because of poor overlap of covariates, but CIs were of similar width except for inverse probability weighting (75% wider) and PS matching with a wider caliper (76% wider). Point estimates ranged widely, however, from -0.01 to -0.38. For cesarean section, because of better covariate overlap, the covariate-adjusted regression estimate (0.20) was remarkably robust to all adjustment methods, and the widths of the 95% CIs differed less than in the breastfeeding example. Choice of covariate adjustment method can matter. Lack of overlap in covariate structure between exposed and unexposed participants in observational studies can lead to erroneous covariate-adjusted estimates and confidence intervals. We recommend inspecting covariate overlap and using multiple confounding adjustment methods. Similar results bring reassurance. Contradictory results suggest issues with either the data or the analytic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 133 Brookline Ave., 6 floor, Boston, MA, 02215, , Phone: 617-509-9994, Fax: 617-509-9846
| | - Ken Kleinman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 133 Brookline Ave., 6 floor, Boston, MA, 02215,
| | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 133 Brookline Ave., 6 floor, Boston, MA, USA,
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Zheng JS, Liu H, Li J, Chen Y, Wei C, Shen G, Zhu S, Chen H, Zhao YM, Huang T, Li D. Exclusive breastfeeding is inversely associated with risk of childhood overweight in a large Chinese cohort. J Nutr 2014; 144:1454-9. [PMID: 25008581 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.193664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between breastfeeding status and childhood overweight is inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between exclusive breastfeeding and childhood overweight risk in children 4-5 y of age in Southeast China. Among 97,424 children enrolled between 1999 and 2009 in the Jiaxing Birth Cohort, 42,550 of them were included in the final analysis with complete records on breastfeeding status and anthropometric measurements at 4-5 y of age (48-60 mo). Overweight and being at risk of overweight were identified as a body mass index (BMI)-for-age Z-score ≥ 2 and between 1 and 2, respectively. After 4-5 y of follow-up, 4845 (11.4%) children were identified as being at risk of overweight, and 1343 (3.16%) children were overweight. Adjusting for important child and maternal characteristics, longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of childhood overweight (P-trend = 0.009) and being at risk of overweight (P-trend < 0.001). Children exclusively breastfed for 3-5 mo and ≥6 mo had 13% (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.99) and 27% (RR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.95) lower risk of becoming overweight compared with children exclusively breastfed for <1 mo, respectively. In boys, there were inverse associations of 3-5 mo (RR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.98) or ≥6 mo (RR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.91) of exclusive breastfeeding against becoming overweight, but there were no significant associations in girls (3-5 mo: RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.22; ≥6 mo: RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.60, 1.41). In conclusion, the present findings suggest that longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding is associated with lower risk of becoming overweight in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China; and
| | - Jing Li
- Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China; and
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China; and
| | - Chunlei Wei
- Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China; and
| | - Genmei Shen
- Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China; and
| | - Shanlin Zhu
- Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China; and
| | - Hua Chen
- Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China; and
| | - Yi-Min Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yermachenko A, Dvornyk V. Nongenetic determinants of age at menarche: a systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:371583. [PMID: 25050345 PMCID: PMC4094877 DOI: 10.1155/2014/371583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acceleration of pubertal development is an important medical and social problem, as it may result in increased morbidity and mortality in later life. This systematic review summarizes relevant data about nongenetic factors, which contribute to age at menarche (AAM), and suggests those which may be the most important. METHODS The available literature from 1980 till July 2013 was searched using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Finally, 154 papers were selected for the analysis. RESULTS Environmental factors, which may affect AAM, vary in populations of different ethnicity. The prenatal, infancy, and early childhood periods are the most susceptible to these factors. Body weight, high animal protein intake, family stressors (e.g., single parenting), and physical activity seem to influence AAM in most populations. CONCLUSIONS The data about influence of nongenetic factors on AAM are still inconsistent. The factors affecting prenatal and early childhood growth seem to have a larger effect on further sexual maturation. Further studies are needed in order to validate the association between other environmental determinants and AAM in different ethnical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yermachenko
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Volodymyr Dvornyk
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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30
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Ruchat SM, Bouchard L, Hivert MF. Early Infant Nutrition and Metabolic Programming: What Are the Potential Molecular Mechanisms? Curr Nutr Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hawley NL, Johnson W, Nu’usolia O, McGarvey ST. The contribution of feeding mode to obesogenic growth trajectories in American Samoan infants. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:e1-e13. [PMID: 23386576 PMCID: PMC3797146 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject Samoan adults are recognized for their particularly high body mass index and prevalent obesity. While Polynesians are understudied, in other populations infancy is a critical period in the development of obesity. Breastfeeding has been shown to attenuate obesity risk. What this study adds Samoan infants show remarkably rapid gain in weight but not length in early infancy resulting in a prevalence of overweight and obesity far higher than has been previously reported elsewhere. Breastfeeding is associated with slower weight gain in infancy suggesting that its protective benefits for obesity risk are generalizable outside of European-derived populations. BACKGROUND Samoans are recognized for their particularly high body mass index and prevalent adult obesity but infants are understudied. OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and determine the contribution of feeding mode to obesogenic growth trajectories in American Samoan infants. METHODS Data were extracted from the well baby records of 795 (n = 417 male) Samoan infants aged 0-15 months. Mixed-effects growth models were used to produce individual weight and length curves. Further mixed-effects models were fitted with feeding mode (breastfed, formula- or mixed-fed) as a single observation at age 4 (±2) months. Weight and length values were converted to z-scores according to the Centers for Disease Control 2000 reference. RESULTS At 15 months, 23.3% of boys and 16.7% of girls were obese (weight-for-length > 95th percentile). Feeding mode had a significant effect on weight and length trajectories. Formula-fed infants gained weight and length faster than breastfed infants. Formula-fed boys were significantly more likely to be obese at 15 months (38.6%) than breastfed boys (23.4%), χ(2) = 8.4, P < 0.01, odds ratio = 2.05, 95% confidence interval (1.04, 4.05). CONCLUSION Obesity in American Samoans is not confined to adults. Obesity prevention efforts should be targeted at early life and promotion of breastfeeding may be a suitable intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Hawley
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, USA
,Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, USA
| | - William Johnson
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Ofeira Nu’usolia
- Tafuna Clinic, American Samoa Community Health Centers, Department of Health. American Samoa Government, American Samoa
| | - Stephen T McGarvey
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, USA
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32
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Anderson J, Hayes D, Chock L. Characteristics of Overweight and Obesity at Age Two and the Association with Breastfeeding in Hawai’i Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Participants. Matern Child Health J 2013; 18:2323-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-013-1392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Musher-Eizenman DR, Kiefner A. Food parenting: a selective review of current measurement and an empirical examination to inform future measurement. Child Obes 2013; 9 Suppl:S32-9. [PMID: 23944922 PMCID: PMC3746246 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2013.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between parents and children in regard to food are an important part of the development of food preferences and intake patterns for children. The measurement of this complex and multidimensional construct is very challenging. METHODS This article examines the current status of measurement in this domain in a selective review, considers qualitative input from parents and adolescents in an empirical examination of the topic, and makes concrete recommendations for the future. RESULTS Qualitatively, there were important differences between what the adolescents reported that their parents did to impact their eating habits, what parents of younger children report they currently do, and what researchers typically measure in research on parental feeding practices. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these empirical findings and our review of the literature, we recommend that food parenting be measured on three levels: Feeding styles (e.g., authoritative), food parenting practices (e.g., restriction), and specific feeding behaviors (e.g., putting food out of the child's reach). Specific recommendations for future study are given for each level of measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Kiefner
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
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34
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Jenum AK, Sommer C, Sletner L, Mørkrid K, Bærug A, Mosdøl A. Adiposity and hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and related health outcomes in European ethnic minorities of Asian and African origin: a review. Food Nutr Res 2013; 57:18889. [PMID: 23467680 PMCID: PMC3585772 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.18889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic minorities in Europe have high susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and, in some groups, also cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pregnancy can be considered a stress test that predicts future morbidity patterns in women and that affects future health of the child. OBJECTIVE TO REVIEW ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN: 1) adiposity, hyperglycaemia, and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy; 2) future risk in the mother of obesity, T2DM and CVD; and 3) prenatal development and possible influences of maternal obesity, hyperglycaemia, and pre-eclampsia on offspring's future disease risk, as relevant for ethnic minorities in Europe of Asian and African origin. DESIGN Literature review. RESULTS Maternal health among ethnic minorities is still sparsely documented. Higher pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI) is found in women of African and Middle Eastern descent, and lower BMI in women from East and South Asia compared with women from the majority population. Within study populations, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is considerably higher in many minority groups, particularly South Asians, than in the majority population. This increased risk is apparent at lower BMI and younger ages. Women of African origin have higher risk of pre-eclampsia. A GDM pregnancy implies approximately seven-fold higher risk of T2DM than normal pregnancies, and both GDM and pre-eclampsia increase later risk of CVD. Asian neonates have lower birth weights, and mostly also African neonates. This may translate into increased risks of later obesity, T2DM, and CVD. Foetal overgrowth can promote the same conditions. Breastfeeding represents a possible strategy to reduce risk of T2DM in both the mother and the child. CONCLUSIONS Ethnic minority women in Europe with Asian and African origin and their offspring seem to be at increased risk of T2DM and CVD, both currently and in the future. Pregnancy is an important window of opportunity for short and long-term disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Karen Jenum
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Sommer
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Sletner
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescents Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Norwegian Resource Centre for Women's Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Mørkrid
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Bærug
- Norwegian Resource Centre for Breastfeeding, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annhild Mosdøl
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Casazza K, Fontaine KR, Astrup A, Birch LL, Brown AW, Bohan Brown MM, Durant N, Dutton G, Foster EM, Heymsfield SB, McIver K, Mehta T, Menachemi N, Newby PK, Pate R, Rolls BJ, Sen B, Smith DL, Thomas DM, Allison DB. Myths, presumptions, and facts about obesity. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:446-54. [PMID: 23363498 PMCID: PMC3606061 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsa1208051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many beliefs about obesity persist in the absence of supporting scientific evidence (presumptions); some persist despite contradicting evidence (myths). The promulgation of unsupported beliefs may yield poorly informed policy decisions, inaccurate clinical and public health recommendations, and an unproductive allocation of research resources and may divert attention away from useful, evidence-based information. METHODS Using Internet searches of popular media and scientific literature, we identified, reviewed, and classified obesity-related myths and presumptions. We also examined facts that are well supported by evidence, with an emphasis on those that have practical implications for public health, policy, or clinical recommendations. RESULTS We identified seven obesity-related myths concerning the effects of small sustained increases in energy intake or expenditure, establishment of realistic goals for weight loss, rapid weight loss, weight-loss readiness, physical-education classes, breast-feeding, and energy expended during sexual activity. We also identified six presumptions about the purported effects of regularly eating breakfast, early childhood experiences, eating fruits and vegetables, weight cycling, snacking, and the built (i.e., human-made) environment. Finally, we identified nine evidence-supported facts that are relevant for the formulation of sound public health, policy, or clinical recommendations. CONCLUSIONS False and scientifically unsupported beliefs about obesity are pervasive in both scientific literature and the popular press. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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Chhabra L, Liti B, Kuraganti G, Kaul S, Trivedi N. Challenges in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors in obese subjects: what is the evidence and what are the myths? Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:856793. [PMID: 23840207 PMCID: PMC3691899 DOI: 10.1155/2013/856793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity has projected concerns for increasing burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The dangers of obesity in adults and children have received more attention than ever in the recent years as more research data becomes available regarding the long-term health outcomes. Weight loss in obese and overweight subjects can be induced via intensive lifestyle modifications, medications, and/or bariatric surgery. These methods have been shown to confer overall health benefits; however, their effect on remission of preexisting diabetes mellitus and reduction in cardiovascular risk has been variable. Recent research data has offered a much better understanding of the pathophysiology and outcomes of these management strategies in obese patients. In this paper, the authors have summarized the results of major studies on remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus and reduction of cardiovascular events by weight loss induced by different methods. Furthermore, the paper aims to clarify various prevailing myths and practice patterns about obesity management among clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Chhabra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
- *Lovely Chhabra:
| | - Besiana Liti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
| | - Gayatri Kuraganti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
| | - Sudesh Kaul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
| | - Nitin Trivedi
- Department of Endocrinology, Saint Vincent Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
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Drobetz R, Maercker A, Spiess CK, Wagner GG, Forstmeier S. A Household Study of Self-Regulation in Children. SWISS JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185/a000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Delay of gratification (DoG) and delay discounting (DD) are behavioral measures of self-regulation and impulsivity. Whereas DoG refers to the postponement of gratification, DD involves the devaluation of a reward over time. Previous studies have demonstrated associations between paternal self-control, paternal personality traits, parenting styles, maternal intelligence, and children’s self-regulation. The present study explored intergenerational links between mothers’ and child’s self-regulation and maternal antecedents of children’s DoG. We analyzed 267 mother-child dyads in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Children’s Study. Measures included an experiment using gummy bears as rewards to assess DoG in children and monetary choice procedures to assess DD in mothers. Additionally, cognitive abilities and personality traits of mothers and children were assessed. The main result was that the children’s age and breastfeeding were significant predictors of DoG in children, even when we controlled for other influences such as maternal cognitive abilities and personality traits. We explain the result in the context of previous findings concerning attachment security, bonding, maternal sensitivity, children’s self-regulation of energy intake, neuroscientific evidence, and breastfeeding. Further studies should use equivalent measures of DoG in children and parents to further explore this link between breastfeeding and DoG in a genetically sensitive design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. Katharina Spiess
- Free University Berlin, Germany
- German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert G. Wagner
- German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Savino F, Sorrenti M, Benetti S, Lupica MM, Liguori SA, Oggero R. Resistin and leptin in breast milk and infants in early life. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88:779-82. [PMID: 22641277 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of adipokines in early life is considered an emerging topic issue in nutritional researches. AIMS To evaluate serum resistin and leptin concentrations and their relations in infants and in breast milk. STUDY DESIGN We enrolled 41 term, AGA, healthy infants, of which 23 exclusively breast-fed (BF) and 18 formula-fed (FF), aged less than 6 months. Breast milk (BM) samples were collected from 23 breastfeeding mothers of the infants enrolled. Resistin concentration in serum and BM was determined by ELISA test (Human-Resistin-ELISA, Mediagnost, Reutlingen, Germany). Leptin concentration was determined by Radioimmunoassay method (LEP-R40, Mediagnost, Reutlingen, Germany). Infants weight, length and body mass index were measured. We used Mann-Whitney test. Spearman correlation was applied. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Data are reported as median and interquartile range (IR). RESULTS Infants serum resistin concentration was 9.30 (5.02) ng/ml. Breast milk resistin concentration (n=23) was 0.18 (0.44) ng/ml. Leptin concentration was 3.04 (3.68) ng/ml in infants serum and in BM was 2.34 (5.73) ng/ml. Serum resistin concentrations in BF infants correlated positively with BM resistin (r=0.636, p=0.035). We have shown a positive correlation between resistin and leptin in total group of infants (r=0.44, p=0.05), confirmed in breastfed subjects (r=0.65, p=0.02). No correlations were found between serum hormones and anthropometric parameters of infants. CONCLUSION Our findings show interestingly a positive correlation between resistin concentrations in BF infants serum and in BM and between resistin and leptin in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Savino
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Italy.
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