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Jimenez Castro PD, Sapp SG. Role of cats in human toxocarosis. COMPANION ANIMAL 2020; 26:1-8. [PMID: 35979067 PMCID: PMC9380441 DOI: 10.12968/coan.2020.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxocara cati, the feline ascarid, is ubiquitous in domestic cats globally and is increasingly recognised as an important zoonotic species. In the definitive host, infections with the adult ascarid usually do not present any clinical signs; if clinical signs do appear, it is usually in kittens infected with T. cati, especially by the transmammary route. Diseases may include cachexia, a pot-bellied appearance, respiratory disorders, diarrhoea, vomiting, among other signs, and these may present as early as 3 weeks of age. However, infections with Toxocara spp. larvae in paratenic hosts (including humans and many other animals), can result in serious complications from the migration of larvae. Historically, there has been an assumption that Toxocara canis was the most likely cause of Toxocara spp.-related disease; while it is probably true that T. canis is responsible for the majority of infections, it is important that those caused by T. cati are accurately identified so that the contribution of this parasite to human disease can be established and then handled appropriately. Overall, the detection of infections in cats and the control of parasite stages in the environment are essential to minimise the infection risk to other animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo David Jimenez Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 244 Eaglewood Court, Athens, Georgia, 30606 US, Grupo de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
| | - Sarah Gh Sapp
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria.1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS H24-3, Atlanta, GA 30329
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Matrix metalloproteinases activation in Toxocara canis induced pulmonary pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:1147-1153. [PMID: 32826193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocara canis, a source of visceral larva migrans, causes toxocariasis and induces respiratory symptoms. The reasons by which the pulmonary pathological alteration in the lungs infected with T. canis remain unclear. METHODS The involvement of the pulmonary pathological alteration by histology, enzyme activity, and Western blot analysis in the lungs of BALB/c mice after the infection of 2000 embryonated eggs. RESULTS The pathological effects gradually increased after the infection culminated in severe leukocyte infiltration and hemorrhage from days 4-14 post-inoculation. Gelatin zymography using substrate showed that the relative activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -9 and MMP-2 significantly increased in T. canis-infected mice. Western blot analysis indicated that the MMPs protein level of fibronectin monomer significantly increased in T. canis-infected mice compared with that in uninfected control. T. canis larvae mainly initiated leukocyte infiltration and hemorrhage in the lungs. CONCLUSION These phenomena subsequently induced the activities of MMPs in parallel with the pathological changes in early stage pulmonary inflammation. In conclusion, T. canis larval migration activated the MMPs and caused pulmonary pathogenesis.
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In vitro production of Toxocara canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigen. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1038-43. [PMID: 27605834 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a widespread gastrointestinal nematode parasite of dogs and cause Toxocara larva migrans, an important zoonotic disease in humans on ingestion of infective eggs. Toxocarosis is one of the few human parasitic diseases whose serodiagnosis uses a standardized antigen, T. canis excretory secretory antigen (TES). The present study describes collection of T. canis adult worm, collection and embryonation of T. canis eggs, hatching and separation of T. canis larvae, in vitro maintenance of T. canis second stage larvae for production of TES, concentration of culture fluid TES and yield of TES in correlation with various methods cited in literature.
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4
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Poulsen CS, Skov S, Yoshida A, Skallerup P, Maruyama H, Thamsborg SM, Nejsum P. Differential serodiagnostics ofToxocara canisandToxocara cati- is it possible? Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:204-7. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. Yoshida
- Division of Parasitology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - P. Skallerup
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. Maruyama
- Division of Parasitology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - S. M. Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Nejsum
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Meningoencephalitis and Visceral Larva Migrans in a Woman With Intense Exposure to Cats. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e3181f69a3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Finsterer J, Auer H. Neurotoxocarosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008; 49:279-87. [PMID: 18026633 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of humans with embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis (larva migrans) remains asymptomatic, or results in covert or common toxocarosis, visceral larva migrans syndrome, or ophthalmologic and neurologic impairment. Though neurological manifestations of Toxocara canis larvae are rare, toxocarosis remains an important differential diagnosis of various neurological disorders. Manifestations of the central nervous system are dementia, meningo-encephalitis, myelitis, cerebral vasculitis, epilepsy, or optic neuritis. Manifestations of the peripheral nervous system comprise radiculitis, affection of cranial nerves, or musculo-skeletal involvement. If toxocarosis is neglected, ignored, or refused as a differential of these abnormalities, it may be easily overlooked for years. Early recognition and treatment of the infection is, however, of paramount importance since it reduces morbidity and mortality and the risk of secondary superinfection. Like the visceral manifestations, neurological manifestations of toxocarosis are treated by benzimidazole components, most frequently albendazole, corticosteroids, or diethylcarbamazine. If detected and treated early, the prognosis of neurological manifestations of toxocarosis is favourable.
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Draycott RAH, Woodburn MIA, Ling DE, Sage RB. The effect of an indirect anthelmintic treatment on parasites and breeding success of free-living pheasantsPhasianus colchicus. J Helminthol 2007; 80:409-15. [PMID: 17125551 DOI: 10.1017/joh2006367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn Great Britain free-living common pheasantsPhasianus colchicusare often managed at high densities owing to their popularity as a quarry species. They are prone to infection by a range of parasite species includingHeterakis gallinarum,Capillariaspp. andSyngamus trachea. In 1995 the efficacy of an indirect anthelmintic technique for controlling parasitic worm burdens of pheasants was determined in a pilot study on a shooting estate in the south of England. Between 2000 and 2003 a large-scale field experiment was conducted on nine estates in eastern England to determine the effect of the technique on parasite burden and pheasant breeding success. In the absence of anthelmintic treatment worm burdens increased rapidly through March and April, whereas birds given anthelmintic-treated grain had lower worm burdens during the same period. The breeding success of pheasants was significantly higher on plots provided with anthelmintic treatment, although no long-term increases in population densities were observed. The burdens of the most common parasiteH. gallinarumwere significantly lower in pheasants from treatment plots six weeks after the anthelmintic treatment had ceased, but spring treatment did not influence parasite burden in the following winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A H Draycott
- The Game Conservancy Trust, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, UK.
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Magnaval JF, Faufingue JH, Morassin B, Fabre R. Eosinophil cationic protein, specific IgE and IgG4 in human toxocariasis. J Helminthol 2007; 80:417-23. [PMID: 17125552 DOI: 10.1017/joh2006369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAmong 67 French patients presenting a toxocaral infection, various demographic, environmental, clinical and laboratory parameters (blood eosinophil count, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), serum total IgE, specific IgE against common inhalant allergens, specific IgE and IgG4 againstToxocaraexcretory-secretory antigens) were investigated. Correlation studies and logistic regression analyses were conducted, testing elevated levels of ECP, specific anti-ToxocaraIgE or IgG4 as outcome variables An elevated ECP level was significantly associated with both cough and rhinitis, a high level of specific anti-ToxocaraIgE with itchy rashes and possible atopic status, and an increase of specific anti-ToxocaraIgG4 with rural residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Magnaval
- Department of Parasitology, CH Rangueil, University Hospitals, 31059 Toulouse 9, France.
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Sharif M, Nasrolahei M, Ziapour SP, Gholami S, Ziaei H, Daryani A, Khalilian A. Toxocara catiinfections in stray cats in northern Iran. J Helminthol 2007; 81:63-6. [PMID: 17381869 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x07214117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA cross-sectional survey was undertaken to study the prevalence and intensity of infection withToxocara catiin 100 stray cats, from April to October 2004 in urban areas of Sari, northern Iran. A total of 44 cats (44%) were found to be infected withT. cati. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of infection relative to host age and weight (P = 0.000). There was also a significant difference in the intensity of infection relative to body weight and urban sites (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the prevalence of infection relative to host gender, urban sites and season (P>0.05), nor in the intensity of infection between host gender, age and season (P>0.05). The intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 32 worms per cat, with a mean of 7.30 ± 6.82.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharif
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, PC 48168-95475, Sari, Iran.
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Abstract
The role of Toxocara cati as a zoonosis is reviewed. It is suggested that, despite case histories of human infection in the literature, historical factors have led to T. cati being under-recognized as a zoonosis, particularly when compared with the prominence given to Toxocara canis in dogs. Differentiation of the two infections remains challenging even today. It is recommended that further work be conducted to facilitate differentiation so that the importance of T. cati as a zoonosis can be clearly defined.
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Magnaval JF, Glickman LT, Dorchies P, Morassin B. Highlights of human toxocariasis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2001; 39:1-11. [PMID: 11301585 PMCID: PMC2721060 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human toxocariasis is a helminthozoonosis due to the migration of Toxocara species larvae through human organism. Humans become infected by ingesting either embryonated eggs from soil (geophagia, pica), dirty hands or raw vegetables, or larvae from undercooked giblets. The diagnosis relies upon sensitive immunological methods (ELISA or western-blot) which use Toxocara excretory-secretory antigens. Seroprevalence is high in developed countries, especially in rural areas, and also in some tropical islands. The clinical spectrum of the disease comprises four syndromes, namely visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, and the more recently recognized "common" (in adults) and "covert" (in children) pictures. Therapy of ocular toxocariasis is primarily based upon corticosteroids use, when visceral larva migrans and few cases of common or covert toxocariasis can be treated by anthelmintics whose the most efficient appeared to be diethylcarbamazine. When diagnosed, all of these syndromes require thorough prevention of recontamination (especially by deworming pets) and sanitary education.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Magnaval
- Service de Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil 31403 Toulouse 4, France.
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Theodoridis I, Frydas S, Papazahariadou M, Hatzistilianou M, Adamama - Moraitou KK, Di Gioacchino M, Felaco M. Toxocarosis as zoonosis. A review of literature and the prevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies in 511 serum samples. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2001; 14:17-23. [PMID: 12622885 DOI: 10.1177/039463200101400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 511 serum samples from children aged between 6 months to 15 years old, with different clinical signs-living in the region of Northern Greece - were tested by ELISA (enzyme links immunosorbent assay) technique, for the detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies against T. canis antigen. The reason IgM was detected was because IgM levels are elevated in the acute phase of toxocara infection, in spite of their notorious non-specificity. In this seroepidemiologic survey of children, a remarkably high percentage (12.5%) reacted positively to this method. Sixteen (3.1%) out of 511 sera showed IgG antibodies, 43 (8.4%) showed IgM, while 5 (1%) showed both IgG and IgM antibodies against T. canis E/S (excretory - secretory) antigen. Females were significantly more infected than males. Seropositivity rate was highest in children over the age of 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Theodoridis
- Dept. Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Yoshida M, Shirao Y, Asai H, Nagase H, Nakamura H, Okazawa T, Kondo K, Takayanagi TH, Fujita K, Akao N. A retrospective study of ocular toxocariasis in Japan: correlation with antibody prevalence and ophthalmological findings of patients with uveitis. J Helminthol 1999; 73:357-61. [PMID: 10654407 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x99000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To classify the clinical characteristic of ocular toxocariasis in Japan, the prevalence of antibodies to Toxocara antigens was examined in patients with uveitis of unknown aetiology. From 1982 to 1993, serum specimens of 383 cases and intraocular fluid samples of 22 cases were serologically screened for Toxocara infection with five immunodiagnostic tests. Fifty-five sera and 11 intravitreous fluid samples were estimated to have significantly high antibody levels against larval excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of T. canis. Eight cases were positive in both serum and vitreous fluid, and three were positive only in the vitreous fluid. Among the 58 antibody positive samples, 20 cases were omitted due to a lack of detailed description of ocular findings. The remaining 38 cases are described in this study. Of these 38 cases, 34 (89%) were older than 20 years of age. Ocular lesions were located in the posterior fundus in 11 cases, in the peripheral fundus in 18 cases, and in both areas in seven cases. Of the eight cases in which papillary oedema or redness was observed, chorioretinal lesions were also present in seven of them. Tractional retinal detachment was present in five cases. These observations suggest that ocular toxocariasis in Japan has a different clinical profile compared with those in the other countries, and indicate a need for revised classification of ocular toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshida
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa University, Japan
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Abstract
Toxocarosis is the clinical disease in man caused by infection of zoonotic roundworms of dogs and cats, Toxocara canis and T. cati. In this review the mode of transmission to the human by oral ingestion of Toxocara eggs from the environment is discussed. T. cati seems to play a more important role than generally suggested. Direct contact with animals is not considered a potential risk because embryonation of excreted Toxocara ova requires a minimum of 2 weeks. For the same reason there is no relationship expected between infection and exposure to dogs and cats in the household. Children more frequently have clinical symptoms because of the closer contact with contaminated soil in yards and sandpits, the lack of hygiene, and because of eating dirt. Toxocara larval migration in the body can cause various clinical syndromes. Visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, and covert toxocarosis are described. Serodiagnostic techniques are reliable tools to detect antibodies or antigens. Systemic treatment with anthelmintics is described but can result in hypersensitivity reactions caused by dying larvae. For ocular lesions, laser photocoagulation and corticosteroid therapy are described. Preventive measures consist of preventing contamination of the environment with Toxocara eggs and for education of pet owners and non-pet owners to increase awareness about potential zoonotic hazards. Veterinary practitioners, general practitioners, and public health agencies should therefore provide sufficient information and advice.
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Bryden AS. The prevalence of Toxocara canis ova in soil samples from parks and gardens in the London area. Public Health 1992; 106:167-8. [PMID: 1609053 DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(05)80395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tsutsumi Y, Kawai K, Nagakura K. Use of patients' sera for immunoperoxidase demonstration of infectious agents in paraffin sections. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1991; 41:673-9. [PMID: 1776466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb02791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using patients' sera diluted from 1:10 to 1:1,000 as the primary antibodies in indirect immunoperoxidase staining, the authors visualized a variety of infectious agents in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The target lesions included 1) pyoderma caused by Staphylococcus aureus, 2) cryptococcal infection, 3) dermal sporotrichosis, 4) colon ulcer caused by amebic dysentery, 5) cutaneous leishmaniasis, and 6) chronic liver abscess containing ova of Ascaris lumbricoides. The infectious agents were clearly identified in the respective lesions. Paraffin sections of other kinds of infectious lesions served as controls to clarify the specificity of the immunostaining. While the sera of patients with bacterial and fungal infection showed a wide range of cross-reactivity against bacteria and/or fungi, those with parasitic infection exhibited a relatively good specificity for the pathogen. Almost no immunoreactivity of endogenous human IgG in the paraffin sections was demonstrated under the conditions of this study. This approach can be used in diagnostic pathology, particularly when specific heteroantisera or monoclonal antibodies are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsutsumi
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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