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Marín-Moreno A, Reine F, Herzog L, Aron N, Jaffrézic F, Vilotte JL, Rezaei H, Andréoletti O, Martin D, Béringue V. Assessment of the Zoonotic Potential of Atypical Scrapie Prions in Humanized Mice Reveals Rare Phenotypic Convergence but Not Identity With Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Prions. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:161-171. [PMID: 39052723 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical/Nor98 scrapie (AS) is an idiopathic infectious prion disease affecting sheep and goats. Recent findings suggest that zoonotic prions from classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) may copropagate with atypical/Nor98 prions in AS sheep brains. Investigating the risk AS poses to humans is crucial. METHODS To assess the risk of sheep/goat-to-human transmission of AS, we serially inoculated brain tissue from field and laboratory isolates into transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein (Met129 allele). We studied clinical outcomes as well as presence of prions in brains and spleens. RESULTS No transmission occurred on the primary passage, with no clinical disease or pathological prion protein in brains and spleens. On subsequent passages, 1 isolate gradually adapted, manifesting as prions with a phenotype resembling those causing MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. However, further characterization using in vivo and in vitro techniques confirmed both prion agents as different strains, revealing a case of phenotypic convergence. Importantly, no C-BSE prions emerged in these mice, especially in the spleen, which is more permissive than the brain for C-BSE cross-species transmission. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained suggest a low zoonotic potential for AS. Rare adaptation may allow the emergence of prions phenotypically resembling those spontaneously forming in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Marín-Moreno
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Unité de Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Unité de Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laetitia Herzog
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Unité de Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Naima Aron
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Unité Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Jaffrézic
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, AgroParisTech, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, AgroParisTech, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Unité de Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Unité Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France
| | - Davy Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Unité de Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Unité de Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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2
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Wright EA, Reddock MB, Roberts EK, Legesse YW, Perry G, Bradley RD. Genetic characterization of the prion protein gene in camels ( Camelus) with comments on the evolutionary history of prion disease in Cetartiodactyla. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17552. [PMID: 38948234 PMCID: PMC11214740 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a fatal neurogenerative disease that include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and several others as well as the recently described camel prion disease (CPD). CPD originally was documented in 3.1% of camels examined during an antemortem slaughterhouse inspection in the Ouargla region of Algeria. Of three individuals confirmed for CPD, two were sequenced for the exon 3 of the prion protein gene (PRNP) and were identical to sequences previously reported for Camelus dromedarius. Given that other TSEs, such as BSE, are known to be capable of cross-species transmission and that there is household consumption of meat and milk from Camelus, regulations to ensure camel and human health should be a One Health priority in exporting countries. Although the interspecies transmissibility of CPD currently is unknown, genotypic characterization of Camelus PRNP may be used for predictability of predisposition and potential susceptibility to CPD. Herein, eight breeds of dromedary camels from a previous genetic (mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites) and morphological study were genotyped for PRNP and compared to genotypes from CPD-positive Algerian camels. Sequence data from PRNP indicated that Ethiopian camels possessed 100% sequence identity to CPD-positive camels from Algeria. In addition, the camel PRNP genotype is unique compared to other members of the Orders Cetartiodactyla and Perissodactyla and provides an in-depth phylogenetic analysis of families within Cetartiodactyla and Perissodactyla that was used to infer the evolutionary history of the PRNP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Wright
- Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Madison B. Reddock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Emma K. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
- Climate Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Yoseph W. Legesse
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Institute of Pastoral and Agropastoral Development Studies, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Gad Perry
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Bradley
- Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
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3
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Marín-Moreno A, Benestad SL, Barrio T, Pirisinu L, Espinosa JC, Tran L, Huor A, Di Bari MA, Eraña H, Maddison BC, D'Agostino C, Fernández-Borges N, Canoyra S, Jerez-Garrido N, Castilla J, Spiropoulos J, Bishop K, Gough KC, Nonno R, Våge J, Andréoletti O, Torres JM. Classical BSE dismissed as the cause of CWD in Norwegian red deer despite strain similarities between both prion agents. Vet Res 2024; 55:62. [PMID: 38750594 PMCID: PMC11097568 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The first case of CWD in a Norwegian red deer was detected by a routine ELISA test and confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry in the brain stem of the animal. Two different western blotting tests were conducted independently in two different laboratories, showing that the red deer glycoprofile was different from the Norwegian CWD reindeer and CWD moose and from North American CWD. The isolate showed nevertheless features similar to the classical BSE (BSE-C) strain. Furthermore, BSE-C could not be excluded based on the PrPSc immunohistochemistry staining in the brainstem and the absence of detectable PrPSc in the lymphoid tissues. Because of the known ability of BSE-C to cross species barriers as well as its zoonotic potential, the CWD red deer isolate was submitted to the EURL Strain Typing Expert Group (STEG) as a BSE-C suspect for further investigation. In addition, different strain typing in vivo and in vitro strategies aiming at identifying the BSE-C strain in the red deer isolate were performed independently in three research groups and BSE-C was not found in it. These results suggest that the Norwegian CWD red deer case was infected with a previously unknown CWD type and further investigation is needed to determine the characteristics of this potential new CWD strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Marín-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tomas Barrio
- UMR École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Institut National Pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Pirisinu
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Linh Tran
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Alvina Huor
- UMR École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Institut National Pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Michele Angelo Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Hasier Eraña
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia Technology Park & IKERBASQUE, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben C Maddison
- RSK- ADAS Ltd, Technology Drive, Beeston, Nottingham, UK
| | - Claudia D'Agostino
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Natalia Fernández-Borges
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Canoyra
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Jerez-Garrido
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia Technology Park & IKERBASQUE, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Keith Bishop
- RSK- ADAS Ltd, Technology Drive, Beeston, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jorn Våge
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Institut National Pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Juan María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Konold T, Spiropoulos J, Hills J, Abdul H, Cawthraw S, Phelan L, McKenna A, Read L, Canoyra S, Marín-Moreno A, Torres JM. Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle. Vet Res 2023; 54:98. [PMID: 37864218 PMCID: PMC10589953 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle was caused by the recycling and feeding of meat and bone meal contaminated with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agent but its origin remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether atypical scrapie could cause disease in cattle and to compare it with other known TSEs in cattle. Two groups of calves (five and two) were intracerebrally inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate from two sheep with atypical scrapie. Controls were five calves intracerebrally inoculated with saline solution and one non-inoculated animal. Cattle were clinically monitored until clinical end-stage or at least 96 months post-inoculation (mpi). After euthanasia, tissues were collected for TSE diagnosis and potential transgenic mouse bioassay. One animal was culled with BSE-like clinical signs at 48 mpi. The other cattle either developed intercurrent diseases leading to cull or remained clinical unremarkable at study endpoint, including control cattle. None of the animals tested positive for TSEs by Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Bioassay of brain samples from the clinical suspect in Ov-Tg338 and Bov-Tg110 mice was also negative. By contrast, protein misfolding cyclic amplification detected prions in the examined brains from atypical scrapie-challenged cattle, which had a classical BSE-like phenotype. This study demonstrates for the first time that a TSE agent with BSE-like properties can be amplified in cattle inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Janet Hills
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Hasina Abdul
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Saira Cawthraw
- Central Unit for Sequencing and PCR, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Laura Phelan
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Amy McKenna
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Lauren Read
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Sara Canoyra
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Marín-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- From the Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Program, Infectious Disease Division and Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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6
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Nellore A, Walker J, Kahn MJ, Fishman JA. Moving xenotransplantation from bench to bedside: Managing infectious risk. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13909. [PMID: 35870125 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of organs from swine in immunosuppressed human recipients poses many of the same challenges of allotransplantation relative to the risk for infection, malignancy, or graft rejection in proportion to the degree of immunosuppression and epidemiologic exposures. The unique features of xenotransplantation from pigs relative to infectious risk center on the potential for unusual organisms derived from swine causing productive infection, "xenosis" or "xenozoonosis," in the host. Based on experience in allotransplantation, the greatest hazard is due to viruses, due to the relative lack of information regarding the behavior of these potential pathogens in humans, the absence of validated serologic and molecular assays for swine-derived pathogens, and uncertainty regarding the efficacy of therapeutic agents for these organisms. Other known, potential pathogens (i.e., bacteria, fungi, parasites) tend to be comparable to those of humans. Concerns remain for unknown organisms in swine that may replicate in immunosuppressed humans. Clinical trials of genetically modified organs sourced from swine in immunosuppressed humans with organ failure are under development. Such trials require informed consent regarding potential infectious risks to the recipient, determination of breeding characteristics of swine, assessments of potential risks to the public and healthcare providers, consideration of ethical issues posed by this novel therapy, and defined strategies to monitor and address infectious episodes that may be encountered by healthcare teams. Clinical trials in xenotransplantation will allow improved definition of potential infectious risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremey Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mauricio J Kahn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Myers RR, Sanchez-Garcia J, Leving DC, Melvin RG, Fernandez-Funez P. New Drosophila models to uncover the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that mediate the toxicity of the human prion protein. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049184. [PMID: 35142350 PMCID: PMC9093039 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding of the prion protein (PrP) is responsible for devastating neurological disorders in humans and other mammals. An unresolved problem in the field is unraveling the mechanisms governing PrP conformational dynamics, misfolding, and the cellular mechanism leading to neurodegeneration. The variable susceptibility of mammals to prion diseases is a natural resource that can be exploited to understand the conformational dynamics of PrP. Here we present a new fly model expressing human PrP with new, robust phenotypes in brain neurons and the eye. By using comparable attP2 insertions, we demonstrated the heightened toxicity of human PrP compared to rodent PrP along with a specific interaction with the amyloid-β peptide. By using this new model, we started to uncover the intrinsic (sequence/structure) and extrinsic (interactions) factors regulating PrP toxicity. We described PERK (officially known as EIF2AK3 in humans) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as key in the cellular mechanism mediating the toxicity of human PrP and uncover a key new protective activity for 4E-BP (officially known as Thor in Drosophila and EIF4EBP2 in humans), an ATF4 transcriptional target. Lastly, mutations in human PrP (N159D, D167S, N174S) showed partial protective activity, revealing its high propensity to misfold into toxic conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | | | - Daniel C. Leving
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Richard G. Melvin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
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Marín B, Otero A, Lugan S, Espinosa JC, Marín-Moreno A, Vidal E, Hedman C, Romero A, Pumarola M, Badiola JJ, Torres JM, Andréoletti O, Bolea R. Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17428. [PMID: 34465826 PMCID: PMC8408226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are susceptible to infection with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) agent following experimental inoculation, and PrPSc accumulation was detected in porcine tissues after the inoculation of certain scrapie and chronic wasting disease isolates. However, a robust transmission barrier has been described in this species and, although they were exposed to C-BSE agent in many European countries, no cases of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) infections have been reported in pigs. Transmission of atypical scrapie to bovinized mice resulted in the emergence of C-BSE prions. Here, we conducted a study to determine if pigs are susceptible to atypical scrapie. To this end, 12, 8-9-month-old minipigs were intracerebrally inoculated with two atypical scrapie sources. Animals were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation without clinical signs of TSE. All pigs tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by enzyme immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and bioassay in porcine PrP mice. Surprisingly, in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated the presence of C-BSE prions in different brain areas from seven pigs inoculated with both atypical scrapie isolates. Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Séverine Lugan
- UMR Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Carlos Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Marín-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Hedman
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Pritzkow S, Gorski D, Ramirez F, Telling GC, Benestad SL, Soto C. North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:542-551. [PMID: 34302479 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a rapidly spreading prion disorder affecting various species of wild and captive cervids. The risk that CWD poses to co-habiting animals or more importantly to humans is largely unknown. In this study we investigated differences in the capacity of CWD isolates obtained from six different cervid species to induce prion conversion in vitro by PMCA. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at expenses of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively. Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro. Our results suggest that Norway and North American CWD prions correspond to different strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pritzkow
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Damian Gorski
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frank Ramirez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sylvie L Benestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Texas, USA
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Allelic Interference in Prion Replication Is Modulated by the Convertibility of the Interfering PrP C and Other Host-Specific Factors. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03508-20. [PMID: 33727358 PMCID: PMC8092304 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03508-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion propagation can be interfered with by the expression of a second prion protein in the host. In the present study, we investigated prion propagation in a host expressing two different prion protein genes. Early studies in transgenic mouse lines have shown that the coexpression of endogenous murine prion protein (PrPC) and transgenic PrPC from another species either inhibits or allows the propagation of prions, depending on the infecting prion strain and interacting protein species. The way whereby this phenomenon, so-called “interference,” is modulated remains to be determined. In this study, different transgenic mouse lines were crossbred to produce mice coexpressing bovine and porcine PrPC, bovine and murine PrPC, or murine and porcine PrPC. These animals and their respective hemizygous controls were inoculated with several prion strains from different sources (cattle, mice, and pigs) to examine the effects of the simultaneous presence of PrPC from two different species. Our results indicate interference with the infection process, manifested as extended survival times and reduced attack rates. The interference with the infectious process was reduced or absent when the potentiality interfering PrPC species was efficiently converted by the inoculated agent. However, the propagation of the endogenous murine PrPSc was favored, allowing us to speculate that host-specific factors may disturb the interference caused by the coexpression of an exogenous second PrPC.
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Myers R, Cembran A, Fernandez-Funez P. Insight From Animals Resistant to Prion Diseases: Deciphering the Genotype - Morphotype - Phenotype Code for the Prion Protein. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:254. [PMID: 33013324 PMCID: PMC7461849 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases endemic in humans and several ruminants caused by the misfolding of native prion protein (PrP) into pathological conformations. Experimental work and the mad-cow epidemic of the 1980s exposed a wide spectrum of animal susceptibility to prion diseases, including a few highly resistant animals: horses, rabbits, pigs, and dogs/canids. The variable susceptibility to disease offers a unique opportunity to uncover the mechanisms governing PrP misfolding, neurotoxicity, and transmission. Previous work indicates that PrP-intrinsic differences (sequence) are the main contributors to disease susceptibility. Several residues have been cited as critical for encoding PrP conformational stability in prion-resistant animals, including D/E159 in dog, S167 in horse, and S174 in rabbit and pig PrP (all according to human numbering). These amino acids alter PrP properties in a variety of assays, but we still do not clearly understand the structural correlates of PrP toxicity. Additional insight can be extracted from comparative structural studies, followed by molecular dynamics simulations of selected mutations, and testing in manipulable animal models. Our working hypothesis is that protective amino acids generate more compact and stable structures in a C-terminal subdomain of the PrP globular domain. We will explore this idea in this review and identify subdomains within the globular domain that may hold the key to unravel how conformational stability and disease susceptibility are encoded in PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Alessandro Cembran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
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Colini Baldeschi A, Vanni S, Zattoni M, Legname G. Novel regulators of PrP C expression as potential therapeutic targets in prion diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:759-776. [PMID: 32631090 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1782384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prion diseases are rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorders. The key molecular event in these disorders is the misfolding of the physiological form of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, leading to the accumulation of a pathological isoform, PrPSc, with unique features. Both isoforms share the same primary sequence, lacking detectable differences in posttranslational modification, a major hurdle for their biochemical or biophysical independent characterization. The mechanism underlying the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is not completely understood, so finding an effective therapy to cure prion disorders is extremely challenging. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the strategies for decreasing prion replication and throws a spotlight on the relevance of PrPC in the prion accumulation process. EXPERT OPINION PrPC is the key substrate for prion pathology; hence, the most promising therapeutic approach appears to be the targeting of PrPC to block the production of the infectious isoform. The use of RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotide technologies may offer opportunities for treatment because of their success in clinical trials for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Colini Baldeschi
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Vanni
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS , Meldola, Italy
| | - Marco Zattoni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , Trieste, Italy
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