1
|
Shin B, Chang SJ, MacNabb BW, Rothenberg EV. Transcriptional network dynamics in early T cell development. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230893. [PMID: 39167073 PMCID: PMC11338287 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rate at which cells enter the T cell pathway depends not only on the immigration of hematopoietic precursors into the strong Notch signaling environment of the thymus but also on the kinetics with which each individual precursor cell reaches T-lineage commitment once it arrives. Notch triggers a complex, multistep gene regulatory network in the cells in which the steps are stereotyped but the transition speeds between steps are variable. Progenitor-associated transcription factors delay T-lineage differentiation even while Notch-induced transcription factors within the same cells push differentiation forward. Progress depends on regulator cross-repression, on breaching chromatin barriers, and on shifting, competitive collaborations between stage-specific and stably expressed transcription factors, as reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J Chang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Brendan W MacNabb
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oh S, Parikh D, Xiao J, Liu X, Gu K, Chong MMW. Mapping the two distinct proliferative bursts early in T-cell development. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:766-774. [PMID: 37465975 PMCID: PMC10952215 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
T-cell development occurs in the thymus and is tightly regulated to produce a diverse enough repertoire of mature T cells that can recognize any potential pathogen. The development of T cells is dependent on small numbers of uncommitted precursors that continually seed the thymus from the bone marrow. As they progress along the developmental pathway, there is a massive expansion in cell number to generate the necessary diversity in T-cell receptor chain usage. It is recognized that there are two proliferative bursts that occur early in T-cell development, one prior to β-selection and one after, and these are responsible for the expansion. While the proliferation following β-selection is well-characterized, the earlier proliferative burst has yet to be precisely defined. In this study, we employ single-cell RNA sequencing coupled to trajectory inference methods to pinpoint when in T-cell development thymocytes are induced into cell cycle. We show that the first proliferative burst is initiated in the double-negative (DN) 2a stage before T lineage commitment occurs, with cell cycling downregulated by the DN3a stage. A second burst is then initiated at the DN3b stage, immediately after β-selection. We subsequently employ fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based analysis for DNA content to confirm these two proliferative bursts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoul Oh
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyVICAustralia
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent's)University of MelbourneFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Dhruti Parikh
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyVICAustralia
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent's)University of MelbourneFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Jiyao Xiao
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyVICAustralia
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Xin Liu
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Karen Gu
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Mark MW Chong
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyVICAustralia
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent's)University of MelbourneFitzroyVICAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi SM, Park HJ, Choi EA, Jung KC, Lee JI. CD1b glycoprotein, a crucial marker of thymocyte development during T cell maturation in cynomolgus monkeys. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14388. [PMID: 37658106 PMCID: PMC10474046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic markers that denote different developmental stages of thymocytes are important for understanding T cell development in the thymus. Here, we show that CD1b is a critical discriminator of thymocyte maturation stage in cynomolgus monkeys. CD1b was expressed by immature thymocytes prior to β-selection, and its expression decreased as cells became fully mature in the thymus. MHC-I expression was lowest at the CD3loCD1b+ immature double-positive (DP) stage, while the ratio of CD1d:MHC-I expression was significantly higher at this stage than at other developmental stages. PLZF was expressed by < 0.2% of thymocytes; most PLZF+ thymocytes were CD3-/loCD1b+ immature DP thymocytes with the potential to produce IL-4. EOMES+ thymocytes, which accounted for > 2% of total thymocytes, were mostly CD3+CD1b- mature thymocytes and predominantly of the CD8 single-positive (SP) lineage. An unconventional CD8+ T cell subset expressing the NKG2AC+CXCR3+ innate-like T cell marker was identified within the EOMES+ CD8 SP lineage; these cells exhibited a memory phenotype. Taken together, these findings show that CD1b is a valuable discriminatory marker of thymocyte development. The data presented herein can be used to characterize the features of PLZF- and EOMES-associated unconventional T cells in the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Choi
- Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi Jung Park
- Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun A Choi
- Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Levinson M, Khass M, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Germline-enforced enrichment for charged amino acids in TCR beta chain (TCRβ) complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-B3) alters T cell development, repertoire content, and antigen recognition. Immunogenetics 2023:10.1007/s00251-023-01304-w. [PMID: 37119386 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor beta chain (TCRβ) diversity (Dβ) gene segments are highly conserved across evolution, with trout Dβ1 sequence identical to human and mouse Dβ1. A key conserved feature is enrichment for glycine in all three Dβ reading frames (RFs). Previously, we found that replacement of mouse Dβ1 with a typical immunoglobulin DH sequence, which unlike Dβ is enriched for tyrosine, leads to an increase in the use of tyrosine in TCRβ complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-B3) after thymic selection, altering T cell numbers, CDR-B3 diversity, and T cell function. To test whether the incorporation of charged amino acids into the Dβ sequence in place of glycine would also influence T cell biology, we targeted the TCRβ locus with a novel glycine-deficient DβDKRQ allele that replaces Dβ1 coding sequence with charged amino acids in all three reading frames. Developing T cells using DβDKRQ expressed TCR CDR-B3s depleted of tyrosine and glycine and enriched for germline-encoded lysine, arginine, and glutamine. Total thymocytes declined in number during the process of β selection that occurs during the transition from the DN3bc to DN4 stage. Conventional thymocyte and T cell numbers remained reduced at all subsequent thymic stages and in the spleen. By contrast, regulatory T cell numbers were increased in Peyer's patches and the large intestine. In terms of functional consequences, T cell reactivity to an ovalbumin immunodominant epitope was reduced. These findings buttress the view that natural selection of Dβ sequence is used to shape the pre-immune TCRβ repertoire, affecting both conventional and regulatory T cell development and influencing epitope recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levinson
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohamed Khass
- Division of Investigative Medicine, Center of Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hou W, Zhang L, Chen J, Gu Y, Lv X, Zhang X, Li J, Liu H, Gao R. Expression Improvement of Recombinant Plasmids of the Interleukin-7 Gene in Chitosan-Derived Nanoparticles and Their Elevation of Mice Immunity. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050667. [PMID: 37237481 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To investigate a safe and effective approach for enhancing the in vivo expression of recombinant genes and improving the systemic immunity of animals against infectious diseases, we employed the interleukin-7 (IL-7) gene from Tibetan pigs to construct a recombinant eukaryotic plasmid (VRTPIL-7). We first examined VRTPIL-7's bioactivity on porcine lymphocytes in vitro and then encapsulated it with polyethylenimine (PEI), chitosan copolymer (CS), PEG-modified galactosylated chitosan (CS-PEG-GAL) and methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PEI-modified CS (CS-PEG-PEI) nanoparticles using the ionotropic gelation technique. Next, we intramuscularly or intraperitoneally injected mice with various nanoparticles containing VRTPIL-7 to evaluate their immunoregulatory effects in vivo. We observed a significant increase in neutralizing antibodies and specific IgG levels in response to the rabies vaccine in the treated mice compared to the controls. Treated mice also exhibited increased leukocytes, CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and elevated mRNA levels of toll-like receptors (TLR1/4/6/9), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-23, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Notably, the recombinant IL-7 gene encapsulated in CS-PEG-PEI induced the highest levels of immunoglobulins, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, TLRs, and cytokines in the mice's blood, suggesting that chitosan-PEG-PEI may be a promising carrier for in vivo IL-7 gene expression and enhanced innate and adaptive immunity for the prevention of animal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Hou
- Key Laboratory for Bioresource and Eco-Environment of the Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Linhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bioresource and Eco-Environment of the Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yiren Gu
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xuebin Lv
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bioresource and Eco-Environment of the Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jiangling Li
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hui Liu
- R&D Center, Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Bioresource and Eco-Environment of the Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hülskötter K, Lühder F, Leitzen E, Flügel A, Baumgärtner W. CD28-signaling can be partially compensated in CD28-knockout mice but is essential for virus elimination in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105432. [PMID: 37090733 PMCID: PMC10113529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracerebral infection of mice with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) represents a well-established animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Because CD28 is the main co-stimulatory molecule for the activation of T cells, we wanted to investigate its impact on the course of the virus infection as well as on a potential development of autoimmunity as seen in susceptible mouse strains for TMEV. In the present study, 5 weeks old mice on a C57BL/6 background with conventional or tamoxifen-induced, conditional CD28-knockout were infected intracerebrally with TMEV-BeAn. In the acute phase at 14 days post TMEV-infection (dpi), both CD28-knockout strains showed virus spread within the central nervous system (CNS) as an uncommon finding in C57BL/6 mice, accompanied by histopathological changes such as reduced microglial activation. In addition, the conditional, tamoxifen-induced CD28-knockout was associated with acute clinical deterioration and weight loss, which limited the observation period for this mouse strain to 14 dpi. In the chronic phase (42 and 147 dpi) of TMEV-infection, surprisingly only 33% of conventional CD28-knockout mice showed chronic TMEV-infection with loss of motor function concomitant with increased spinal cord inflammation, characterized by T- and B cell infiltration, microglial activation and astrogliosis at 33-42 dpi. Therefore, the clinical outcome largely depends on the time point of the CD28-knockout during development of the immune system. Whereas a fatal clinical outcome can already be observed in the early phase during TMEV-infection for conditional, tamoxifen-induced CD28-knockout mice, only one third of conventional CD28-knockout mice develop clinical symptoms later, accompanied by ongoing inflammation and an inability to clear the virus. However, the development of autoimmunity could not be observed in this C57BL/6 TMEV model irrespective of the time point of CD28 deletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hülskötter
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (IMSF), University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (IMSF), University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Baumgärtner,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shin B, Rothenberg EV. Multi-modular structure of the gene regulatory network for specification and commitment of murine T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108368. [PMID: 36817475 PMCID: PMC9928580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells develop from multipotent progenitors by a gradual process dependent on intrathymic Notch signaling and coupled with extensive proliferation. The stages leading them to T-cell lineage commitment are well characterized by single-cell and bulk RNA analyses of sorted populations and by direct measurements of precursor-product relationships. This process depends not only on Notch signaling but also on multiple transcription factors, some associated with stemness and multipotency, some with alternative lineages, and others associated with T-cell fate. These factors interact in opposing or semi-independent T cell gene regulatory network (GRN) subcircuits that are increasingly well defined. A newly comprehensive picture of this network has emerged. Importantly, because key factors in the GRN can bind to markedly different genomic sites at one stage than they do at other stages, the genes they significantly regulate are also stage-specific. Global transcriptome analyses of perturbations have revealed an underlying modular structure to the T-cell commitment GRN, separating decisions to lose "stem-ness" from decisions to block alternative fates. Finally, the updated network sheds light on the intimate relationship between the T-cell program, which depends on the thymus, and the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) program, which does not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Ellen V. Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chann AS, Charnley M, Newton LM, Newbold A, Wiede F, Tiganis T, Humbert PO, Johnstone RW, Russell SM. Stepwise progression of β-selection during T cell development involves histone deacetylation. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 6:6/1/e202201645. [PMID: 36283704 PMCID: PMC9595210 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During T cell development, the first step in creating a unique T cell receptor (TCR) is genetic recombination of the TCRβ chain. The quality of the new TCRβ is assessed at the β-selection checkpoint. Most cells fail this checkpoint and die, but the coordination of fate at the β-selection checkpoint is not yet understood. We shed new light on fate determination during β-selection using a selective inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6, ACY1215. ACY1215 disrupted the β-selection checkpoint. Characterising the basis for this disruption revealed a new, pivotal stage in β-selection, bookended by up-regulation of TCR co-receptors, CD28 and CD2, respectively. Within this "DN3bPre" stage, CD5 and Lef1 are up-regulated to reflect pre-TCR signalling, and their expression correlates with proliferation. These findings suggest a refined model of β-selection in which a coordinated increase in expression of pre-TCR, CD28, CD5 and Lef1 allows for modulating TCR signalling strength and culminates in the expression of CD2 to enable exit from the β-selection checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anchi S Chann
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mirren Charnley
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucas M Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Newbold
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Early expression of mature αβ TCR in CD4 -CD8 - T cell progenitors enables MHC to drive development of T-ALL bearing NOTCH mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118529119. [PMID: 35767640 PMCID: PMC9271211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118529119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell development and immune responses are directed by major histocompatibility complex:T cell antigen receptor (MHC:TCR) signaling, but aberrant signals can cause T cell tumors to form. We show that in mice and humans, a low-frequency progenitor cell population expresses early αβ TCR while coreceptor double-negative (EADN), and these EADN cells can transform to thymic leukemia. Mouse models showed that EADN cells did not require MHC to develop but when presented with MHC they could respond with high sensitivity. Transformation to leukemia occurred and required MHC, although with extended tumor growth this requirement could be lost. Thus, MHC:TCR signaling can initiate a leukemia phenotype from an understudied developmental state that appears to be represented in the mouse and human disease spectrum. During normal T cell development in mouse and human, a low-frequency population of immature CD4−CD8− double-negative (DN) thymocytes expresses early, mature αβ T cell antigen receptor (TCR). We report that these early αβ TCR+ DN (EADN) cells are DN3b-DN4 stage and require CD3δ but not major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for their generation/detection. When MHC - is present, however, EADN cells can respond to it, displaying a degree of coreceptor-independent MHC reactivity not typical of mature, conventional αβ T cells. We found these data to be connected with observations that EADN cells were susceptible to T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) transformation in both humans and mice. Using the OT-1 TCR transgenic system to model EADN-stage αβ TCR expression, we found that EADN leukemogenesis required MHC to induce development of T-ALL bearing NOTCH1 mutations. This leukemia-driving MHC requirement could be lost, however, upon passaging the tumors in vivo, even when matching MHC was continuously present in recipient animals and on the tumor cells themselves. These data demonstrate that MHC:TCR signaling can be required to initiate a cancer phenotype from an understudied developmental state that appears to be represented in the mouse and human disease spectrum.
Collapse
|
10
|
Montel-Hagen A, Sun V, Casero D, Tsai S, Zampieri A, Jackson N, Li S, Lopez S, Zhu Y, Chick B, He C, de Barros SC, Seet CS, Crooks GM. In Vitro Recapitulation of Murine Thymopoiesis from Single Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108320. [PMID: 33113379 PMCID: PMC7727762 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a serum-free, 3D murine artificial thymic organoid (M-ATO) system that mimics normal murine thymopoiesis with the production of all T cell stages, from early thymic progenitors to functional single-positive (CD8SP and CD4SP) TCRαβ and TCRγδ cells. RNA sequencing aligns M-ATO-derived populations with phenotypically identical primary thymocytes. M-ATOs initiated with Rag1-/- marrow produce the same differentiation block as seen in the endogenous thymus, and Notch signaling patterns in M-ATOs mirror primary thymopoiesis. M-ATOs initiated with defined hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and lymphoid progenitors from marrow and thymus generate each of the downstream differentiation stages, allowing the kinetics of T cell differentiation to be tracked. Remarkably, single HSCs deposited into each M-ATO generate the complete trajectory of T cell differentiation, producing diverse TCR repertoires across clones that largely match endogenous thymus. M-ATOs represent a highly reproducible and efficient experimental platform for the interrogation of clonal thymopoiesis from HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Montel-Hagen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Sun
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Casero
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Tsai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Zampieri
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Jackson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suwen Li
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Lopez
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brent Chick
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chongbin He
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stéphanie C de Barros
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S Seet
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gay M Crooks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Köchl R, Vanes L, Llorian Sopena M, Chakravarty P, Hartweger H, Fountain K, White A, Cowan J, Anderson G, Tybulewicz VL. Critical role of WNK1 in MYC-dependent early mouse thymocyte development. eLife 2020; 9:56934. [PMID: 33051000 PMCID: PMC7591260 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WNK1, a kinase that controls kidney salt homeostasis, also regulates adhesion and migration in CD4+ T cells. Wnk1 is highly expressed in thymocytes, and since migration is important for thymocyte maturation, we investigated a role for WNK1 in mouse thymocyte development. We find that WNK1 is required for the transition of double negative (DN) thymocytes through the β-selection checkpoint and subsequent proliferation and differentiation into double positive (DP) thymocytes. Furthermore, we show that WNK1 negatively regulates LFA1-mediated adhesion and positively regulates CXCL12-induced migration in DN thymocytes. Despite this, migration defects of WNK1-deficient thymocytes do not account for the developmental arrest. Instead, we show that in DN thymocytes WNK1 transduces pre-TCR signals via OXSR1 and STK39 kinases, and the SLC12A2 ion co-transporter that are required for post-transcriptional upregulation of MYC and subsequent proliferation and differentiation into DP thymocytes. Thus, a pathway regulating ion homeostasis is a critical regulator of thymocyte development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Köchl
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Vanes
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea White
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Victor Lj Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Levinson M, Khass M, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Replacement of TCR Dβ With Immunoglobulin D H DSP2.3 Imposes a Tyrosine-Enriched TCR Repertoire and Adversely Affects T Cell Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573413. [PMID: 33133088 PMCID: PMC7550431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment for tyrosine in immunoglobulin CDR-H3 is due in large part to natural selection of germline immunoglobulin DH sequence. We have previously shown that when DH sequence is modified to reduce the contribution of tyrosine codons, epitope recognition is altered and B cell development, antibody production, autoantibody production, and morbidity and mortality following pathogen challenge are adversely affected. TCRβ diversity (Dβ) gene segment sequences are even more highly conserved than DH, with trout Dβ1 identical to human and mouse Dβ1. We hypothesized that natural selection of Dβ sequence also shapes CDR-B3 diversity and influences T cell development and T cell function. To test this, we used a mouse strain that lacked Dβ2 and contained a novel Dβ1 allele (DβYTL) that replaces Dβ1 with an immunoglobulin DH, DSP2.3. Unlike Dβ1, wherein glycine predominates in all three reading frames (RFs), in DSP2.3 there is enrichment for tyrosine in RF1, threonine in RF2, and leucine in RF3. Mature T cells using DβYTL expressed TCRs enriched at particular CDR-B3 positions for tyrosine but depleted of leucine. Changing Dβ sequence altered thymocyte and peripheral T cell numbers and the T cell response to an ovalbumin immunodominant epitope. The differences in tyrosine content might explain, at least in part, why TCRs are more polyspecific and of lower affinity for their cognate antigens than their immunoglobulin counterparts.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Thymocytes/metabolism
- Tyrosine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levinson
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mohamed Khass
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter D. Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khass M, Levinson M, Schelonka RL, Kapoor P, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Preimmune Control of the Variance of TCR CDR-B3: Insights Gained From Germline Replacement of a TCR Dβ Gene Segment With an Ig D H Gene Segment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2079. [PMID: 33042119 PMCID: PMC7518465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the sequence of the immunoglobulin diversity gene segment (D H ) helps dictate the structure and composition of complementarity determining region 3 of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (CDR-H3). In order to test the role of germline D sequence on the diversity of the preimmune TCRβ repertoire of T cells, we generated a mouse with a mutant TCRβ DJC locus wherein the Dβ2-Jβ2 gene segment cluster was deleted and the remaining diversity gene segment, Dβ1 (IMGT:TRDB1), was replaced with DSP2.3 (IMGT:IGHD2-02), a commonly used B cell immunoglobulin D H gene segment. Crystallographic studies have shown that the length and thus structure of TCR CDR-B3 places amino acids at the tip of CDR-B3 in a position to directly interact with peptide bound to an MHC molecule. The length distribution of complementarity determining region 3 of the T cell receptor beta chain (CDR-B3) has been proposed to be restricted largely by MHC-specific selection, disfavoring CDR-B3 that are too long or too short. Here we show that the mechanism of control of CDR-B3 length depends on the Dβ sequence, which in turn dictates exonucleolytic nibbling. By contrast, the extent of N addition and the variance of created CDR3 lengths are regulated by the cell of origin, the thymocyte. We found that the sequence of the D and control of N addition collaborate to bias the distribution of CDR-B3 lengths in the pre-immune TCR repertoire and to focus the diversity provided by N addition and the sequence of the D on that portion of CDR-B3 that is most likely to interact with the peptide that is bound to the presenting MHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khass
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael Levinson
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert L. Schelonka
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Pratibha Kapoor
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Peter D. Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Microbiology, and Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
An integrated transcriptional switch at the β-selection checkpoint determines T cell survival, development and leukaemogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1077-1089. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In T cell development, a pivotal decision-making stage, termed β-selection, integrates a TCRβ checkpoint to coordinate survival, proliferation and differentiation to an αβ T cell. Here, we review how transcriptional regulation coordinates fate determination in early T cell development to enable β-selection. Errors in this transcription control can trigger T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. We describe how the β-selection checkpoint goes awry in leukaemic transformation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zikmund T, Kokavec J, Turkova T, Savvulidi F, Paszekova H, Vodenkova S, Sedlacek R, Skoultchi AI, Stopka T. ISWI ATPase Smarca5 Regulates Differentiation of Thymocytes Undergoing β-Selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3434-3446. [PMID: 31068388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of lymphoid progenitors requires a coordinated regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, and gene rearrangement. Chromatin-remodeling activities directed by SWI/SNF2 superfamily complexes play important roles in these processes. In this study, we used a conditional knockout mouse model to investigate the role of Smarca5, a member of the ISWI subfamily of such complexes, in early lymphocyte development. Smarca5 deficiency results in a developmental block at the DN3 stage of αβ thymocytes and pro-B stage of early B cells at which the rearrangement of Ag receptor loci occurs. It also disturbs the development of committed (CD73+) γδ thymocytes. The αβ thymocyte block is accompanied by massive apoptotic depletion of β-selected double-negative DN3 cells and premitotic arrest of CD4/CD8 double-positive cells. Although Smarca5-deficient αβ T cell precursors that survived apoptosis were able to undergo a successful TCRβ rearrangement, they exhibited a highly abnormal mRNA profile, including the persistent expression of CD44 and CD25 markers characteristic of immature cells. We also observed that the p53 pathway became activated in these cells and that a deficiency of p53 partially rescued the defect in thymus cellularity (in contrast to early B cells) of Smarca5-deficient mice. However, the activation of p53 was not primarily responsible for the thymocyte developmental defects observed in the Smarca5 mutants. Our results indicate that Smarca5 plays a key role in the development of thymocytes undergoing β-selection, γδ thymocytes, and also B cell progenitors by regulating the transcription of early differentiation programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Zikmund
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Kokavec
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Turkova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Filipp Savvulidi
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 12853, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Paszekova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Vodenkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10000, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic; and
| | - Arthur I Skoultchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx 10461, NY
| | - Tomas Stopka
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roch B, Abramowski V, Chaumeil J, de Villartay JP. Cernunnos/Xlf Deficiency Results in Suboptimal V(D)J Recombination and Impaired Lymphoid Development in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:443. [PMID: 30923523 PMCID: PMC6426757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xlf/Cernunnos is unique among the core factors of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) repair pathway, in the sense that it is not essential for V(D)J recombination in vivo and in vitro. Unlike other NHEJ deficient mice showing a SCID phenotype, Xlf−/− mice present a unique immune phenotype with a moderate B- and T-cell lymphopenia, a decreased cellularity in the thymus, and a characteristic TCRα repertoire bias associated with the P53-dependent apoptosis of CD4+CD8+ DP thymocytes. Here, we thoroughly analyzed Xlf−/− mice immune phenotype and showed that it is specifically related to the DP stage but independent of the MHC-driven antigen presentation and T-cell activation during positive selection. Instead, we show that V(D)J recombination is subefficient in Xlf−/− mice in vivo, exemplified by the presence of unrepaired DSBs in the thymus. This results in a moderate developmental delay of both B- and T-lymphocytes at key V(D)J recombination dependent stages. Furthermore, subefficient V(D)J recombination waves are accumulating during TCRα rearrangement, causing the typical TCRα repertoire bias with loss of distal Vα and Jα rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Roch
- Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Abramowski
- Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julie Chaumeil
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
PAXX and Xlf interplay revealed by impaired CNS development and immunodeficiency of double KO mice. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:444-452. [PMID: 29077092 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DNAdsb) through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a prerequisite for the proper development of the central nervous system and the adaptive immune system. Yet, mice with Xlf or PAXX loss of function are viable and present with very mild immune phenotypes, although their lymphoid cells are sensitive to ionizing radiation attesting for the role of these factors in NHEJ. In contrast, we show here that mice defective for both Xlf and PAXX are embryonically lethal owing to a massive apoptosis of post-mitotic neurons, a situation reminiscent to XRCC4 or DNA Ligase IV KO conditions. The development of the adaptive immune system in Xlf-/-PAXX-/- E18.5 embryos is severely affected with the block of B- and T-cell maturation at the stage of IgH and TCRβ gene rearrangements, respectively. This damaging phenotype highlights the functional nexus between Xlf and PAXX, which is critical for the completion of NHEJ-dependent mechanisms during mouse development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Loss-of-function mutations of Dynamin 2 promote T-ALL by enhancing IL-7 signalling. Leukemia 2016; 30:1993-2001. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Chen L, Foreman DP, Sant'Angelo DB, Krangel MS. Yin Yang 1 Promotes Thymocyte Survival by Downregulating p53. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2572-82. [PMID: 26843327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a zinc finger protein that functions as a transcriptional activator or repressor and participates in multiple biological processes, including development and tumorigenesis. To investigate the role of YY1 in developing T cells, we used mouse models that depleted YY1 at two distinct stages of thymocyte development. When YY1 was depleted in CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes, development to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive stage was impaired, due to increased apoptosis that prevented expansion of post-β-selection thymocytes. When YY1 was depleted in double-positive thymocytes, they underwent increased cell-autonomous apoptosis in vitro and displayed a shorter lifespan in vivo, as judged by their ability to undergo secondary Vα-to-Jα recombination. Mechanistically, we found that the increased apoptosis in YY1-deficient thymocytes was attributed to overexpression of p53, because concurrent loss of p53 completely rescued the developmental defects of YY1-deficient thymocytes. These results indicated that YY1 functions as a critical regulator of thymocyte survival and that it does so by suppressing the expression of p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Daniel P Foreman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Michael S Krangel
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Regelin M, Blume J, Pommerencke J, Vakilzadeh R, Witzlau K, Łyszkiewicz M, Ziętara N, Saran N, Schambach A, Krueger A. Responsiveness of Developing T Cells to IL-7 Signals Is Sustained by miR-17∼92. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4832-40. [PMID: 26475928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs regulate a large variety of developmental processes including development of the immune system. T cell development is tightly controlled through the interplay of transcriptional programs and cytokine-mediated signals. However, the role of individual miRNAs in this process remains largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that hematopoietic cell-specific loss of miR-17∼92, a cluster of six miRNAs implicated in B and T lineage leukemogenesis, resulted in profound defects in T cell development both at the level of prethymic T cell progenitors as well as intrathymically. We identified reduced surface expression of IL-7R and concomitant limited responsiveness to IL-7 signals as a common mechanism resulting in reduced cell survival of common lymphoid progenitors and thymocytes at the double-negative to double-positive transition. In conclusion, we identified miR-17∼92 as a critical modulator of multiple stages of T cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Regelin
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Blume
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Pommerencke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ramin Vakilzadeh
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Witzlau
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcin Łyszkiewicz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia Ziętara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Namita Saran
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Garabatos N, Blanco J, Fandos C, Lopez E, Santamaria P, Ruiz A, Perez-Vidakovics ML, Benveniste P, Galkin O, Zuñiga-Pflucker JC, Serra P. A monoclonal antibody against the extracellular domain of mouse and human epithelial V-like antigen 1 reveals a restricted expression pattern among CD4- CD8- thymocytes. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 33:305-11. [PMID: 25357997 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of transcripts for the homotypic adhesion protein epithelial V-like antigen 1 (EVA1), also known as myelin protein zero like-2 (Mpzl2), is known to be present in thymic stromal cells. However, protein expression within different thymic subsets, stromal and/or lymphoid, has not been characterized due a lack of specific reagents. To address this, we generated a hybridoma (G9P3-1) secreting a monoclonal antibody (G9P3-1Mab), reactive against both human and mouse EVA1. The G9P3-1Mab was generated by immunizing Mpzl2-deficient gene-targeted mice with the extracellular domain of EVA1, followed by a conventional hybridoma fusion protocol, illustrating the feasibility of using gene-targeted mice to generate monoclonal antibodies with multiple species cross-reactivity. We confirmed expression of EVA1 on cortical and medullary epithelial cell subsets and revealed a restricted pattern of expression on CD4- CD8- double negative (DN) cell subsets, with the highest level of expression on DN3 (CD44(low)CD25(+)) thymocytes. G9P3-1MAb is a valuable reagent to study thymic T cell development and is likely useful for the analysis of pathological conditions affecting thymopoiesis, such as thymic involution caused by stress or aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahir Garabatos
- 1 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Smeets MFMA, Wiest DL, Izon DJ. Fli-1 regulates the DN2 to DN3 thymocyte transition and promotes γδ T-cell commitment by enhancing TCR signal strength. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2617-24. [PMID: 24935715 PMCID: PMC5242326 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Friend leukemia integration 1 (Fli-1) is a member of the Ets transcription factor family and is expressed during T-cell development; however, the role Fli-1 plays in early T-cell differentiation has not been elucidated. In this report, we demonstrate that in mouse, Fli-1 overexpression retards the CD4(-) CD8(-) double-negative (DN) to CD4(+) CD8(+) double-positive (DP) transition by deregulating normal DN thymocyte development. Specifically, Fli-1 expression moderates the DN2 and DN3 developmental transitions. We further show that Fli-1 overexpression partially mimics strong TCR signals in developing DN thymocytes and thereby enhances γδ T-cell development. Conversely, Fli-1 knockdown by small hairpin RNA reverses the lineage bias from γδ T cells and directs DN cells to the αβ lineage by attenuating TCR signaling. Therefore, Fli-1 plays a critical role in both the DN2 to DN3 transition and αβ/γδ lineage commitment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Mice
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymocytes/cytology
- Thymocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F M A Smeets
- Haematology and Leukaemia Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yui MA, Rothenberg EV. Developmental gene networks: a triathlon on the course to T cell identity. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:529-45. [PMID: 25060579 PMCID: PMC4153685 DOI: 10.1038/nri3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells acquire their ultimate identities by activating combinations of transcription factors that initiate and sustain expression of the appropriate cell type-specific genes. T cell development depends on the progression of progenitor cells through three major phases, each of which is associated with distinct transcription factor ensembles that control the recruitment of these cells to the thymus, their proliferation, lineage commitment and responsiveness to T cell receptor signals, all before the allocation of cells to particular effector programmes. All three phases are essential for proper T cell development, as are the mechanisms that determine the boundaries between each phase. Cells that fail to shut off one set of regulators before the next gene network phase is activated are predisposed to leukaemic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Laird RM, Wolf BJ, Princiotta MF, Hayes SM. γδ T cells acquire effector fates in the thymus and differentiate into cytokine-producing effectors in a Listeria model of infection independently of CD28 costimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63178. [PMID: 23671671 PMCID: PMC3650071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both antigen recognition and CD28 costimulation are required for the activation of naïve αβ T cells and their subsequent differentiation into cytokine-producing or cytotoxic effectors. Notably, this two-signal paradigm holds true for all αβ T cell subsets, regardless of whether they acquire their effector function in the periphery or the thymus. Because of contradictory results, however, it remains unresolved as to whether CD28 costimulation is necessary for γδ T cell activation and differentiation. Given that γδ T cells have been recently shown to acquire their effector fates in the thymus, it is conceivable that the contradictory results may be explained, in part, by a differential requirement for CD28 costimulation in the development or differentiation of each γδ T cell effector subset. To test this, we examined the role of CD28 in γδ T cell effector fate determination and function. We report that, although IFNγ-producing γδ T (γδ-IFNγ) cells express higher levels of CD28 than IL-17-producing γδ T (γδ-17) cells, CD28-deficiency had no effect on the thymic development of either subset. Also, following Listeria infection, we found that the expansion and differentiation of γδ-17 and γδ-IFNγ effectors were comparable between CD28+/+ and CD28−/− mice. To understand why CD28 costimulation is dispensable for γδ T cell activation and differentiation, we assessed glucose uptake and utilization by γδ T cells, as CD28 costimulation is known to promote glycolysis in αβ T cells. Importantly, we found that γδ T cells express higher surface levels of glucose transporters than αβ T cells and, when activated, exhibit effector functions over a broader range of glucose concentrations than activated αβ T cells. Together, these data not only demonstrate an enhanced glucose metabolism in γδ T cells but also provide an explanation for why γδ T cells are less dependent on CD28 costimulation than αβ T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Glucose/immunology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Listeria monocytogenes/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Laird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Wolf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Princiotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Sandra M. Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. When three negatives made a positive influence in defining four early steps in T cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 189:4201-2. [PMID: 23087424 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
26
|
Ten-color flow cytometry reveals distinct patterns of expression of CD124 and CD126 by developing thymocytes. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:36. [PMID: 21689450 PMCID: PMC3130696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have developed a 12-parameter/10-color flow cytometric staining method for the simultaneous detection and characterization of 21 mouse thymocyte subpopulations that represent discreet stages of T cell development. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we assessed cytokine receptor expression on mouse thymocyte subsets. These experiments revealed distinct patterns of surface expression of receptors for the cytokines IL-4 and IL-6. Results The IL-4 receptor α chain (CD124) was highly expressed on the earliest thymocyte subsets, then downregulated prior to T cell receptor β-selection and finally upregulated in the CD4/CD8 double positive cells prior to positive selection. The IL-6 receptor α chain (CD126) showed a different pattern of expression. It was expressed on the most mature subsets within the CD4 and CD8 single positive (SP) compartments and was absent on all other thymocytes with the exception of a very small cKit-CD4-CD8- population. Intracellular staining of SP thymocytes for phosphorylated STAT-1 demonstrated that IL-6 signaling was confined to the most mature SP subsets. Conclusions This 12-parameter staining methodology uses only commercially available fluorochrome-coupled monoclonal antibodies and therefore could be employed by any investigator with access to a 4-laser flow cytometer. This novel staining scheme allowed us to easily phenotype thymocyte subpopulations that span across development, from the early thymic progenitors (ETPs) to the most mature subsets of the CD4 and CD8 single positive populations.
Collapse
|