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Escobar C, Watts DB, Torbert HA, Bailey MA, Krehling JT, Landers D, Jackson AP, Gilpin M, Still K, Munoz LR, Orellana L, Adhikari Y, Macklin KS, Baker-Cook B. Evaluating the impact of gypsum as a novel bedding material on broiler performance, foot pad health, and fear response. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103676. [PMID: 38564833 PMCID: PMC10999700 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is a byproduct of the coal-fired power plant process commonly used to remove sulfur dioxide emissions from the flue gas. FGD gypsum has numerous industrial, agricultural, and environmental applications. This study aimed to explore a novel approach involving the use of FGD gypsum combined with different litter treatments as bedding for broiler production. It focused on performance metrics, including adjusted feed conversion ratio (AFCR) and average body weight (BW), foot pad dermatitis (FPD), and fear response over 5 consecutive flocks. A total of 1,800 one-day-old Ross 708 chicks were randomly assigned to 24 pens (75 birds/pen), divided into 6 treatment groups (4 pens/treatment), with 5 replications and raised until 42 d old (d). Treatments were gypsum that was decaked (D), rotovated (E), and rotovated then windrowed (F) between flocks. Control treatments using pine shavings were decaked (A), rotovated (B), and windrowed postrotovating (C). AFCR, average BW, and mortality were used as a measure of production. Foot pad dermatitis scores were taken on d42 using a scale of 0 (absence), 1 (mild), and 2 (severe). Response to observer and human approach test were used to measure fear response. Data were analyzed as a 2-way ANOVA (Proc Glimmix) for the main effects of bedding type and litter treatment. Means were identified using Tukey's HSD. No effect of bedding type or litter treatment was found for AFCR, BW, or mortality. FPD scores 2 and 1, were higher with pine shavings than gypsum (P = 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). While FPD scores 0 were higher for gypsum than the pine shaving (P = 0.01). No difference in fear response was found among birds raised on any of the gypsum litter treatments and any of the pine shaving litter treatments. Overall, the use of gypsum as bedding results in equivalent production and fear response to pine shavings, while increasing FPD quality when compared to pine shaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Escobar
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Dexter B Watts
- USDA-ARS, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - H Allen Torbert
- USDA-ARS, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - James T Krehling
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Denise Landers
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Melissa Gilpin
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Katie Still
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Luis R Munoz
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Leticia Orellana
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yagya Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kenneth S Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Bethany Baker-Cook
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Yang Z, Qi Y, Hapeman CJ, Li H, Buser MD, Alfieri JG, McConnell LL, Downey PM, Torrents A. Effectiveness and diurnal variations of vegetative environmental buffers (VEBs) for mitigating NH 3 and PM emissions from poultry houses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122154. [PMID: 37419207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants from poultry production, such as ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM), have raised concerns due to their potential negative impacts on human health and the environment. Vegetative environmental buffers (VEBs), consisting of trees and/or grasses planted around poultry houses, have been investigated as a mitigation strategy for these emissions. Although previous research demonstrated that VEBs can reduce NH3 and PM emissions, these studies used a limited number of samplers and did not examine concentration profiles. Moreover, the differences between daytime and nighttime emissions have not been investigated. In this study, we characterized emission profiles from a commercial poultry house using an array with multiple sampling heights and explored the differences between daytime and nighttime NH3 and PM profiles. We conducted three sampling campaigns, each with ten sampling events (five daytime and five nighttime), at a VEB-equipped poultry production facility. NH3 and PM samples were collected downwind from the ventilation tunnel fans before, within, and after the VEB. Results showed that ground-level concentrations beyond the VEB decreased to 8.0% ± 2.7% for NH3, 13% ± 4% for TSP, 13% ± 4% for PM10, and 2.4% ± 2.8% for PM2.5 of the original concentrations from the exhaust tunnel fan, with greater reduction efficiency during daytime than nighttime. Furthermore, pollutant concentrations were positively intercorrelated. These findings will be valuable for developing more effective pollutant remediation strategies in poultry house emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiang Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yao Qi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 046 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael D Buser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Office of National Programs, 5601 Sunnyside Ave (GWCC 4-2282), Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Joseph G Alfieri
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Peter M Downey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Islam Z, Hsan K, Ripon RK, Madhu J, Hossain S, Masud AA, Islam S, Kundu LR, Hossain M. Assessment of biosecurity measures in commercial poultry farms of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106027. [PMID: 37769492 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of biosecurity measures in the poultry sector are essential. Developing and implementing daily biosecurity activities are considered effective methods to prevent infectious diseases on poultry farms. Appropriate farm settings and management reduce the possibility of disease transmission between farms. This study aimed to assess the current biosecurity status of commercial poultry farms in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2021, involving 204 poultry farmers in the Rajshahi district, using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The statistically significant (p < 0.05) results found were: most farmers reported that the visitors could not access their farms (broiler vs. layer: 68.1%, 77.0%). A higher proportion of broilers compared to layer farms used company's supplied feed (81.2% vs. 66.7%). A higher proportion of layer (97.8%) farms cleaned the farm's litter within 24 h compared to broiler farms (72.5%). Broiler farms had better records animal mortality than layer farms (76.8% vs. 60.0%). More layer (96.3%) farms compared to broiler (87.0%) farms implemented a vaccination program. The findings of this study revealed that biosecurity measures are well-practiced and implemented in most broiler and layer farms in this region except in a small number of farms. Government authorities should strictly enforce and monitor biosecurity measures in farms that do not practice essential biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohurul Islam
- Department of Public Health, Hamdard University Bangladesh, Hamdard City of Science, Education and Culture, Gazaria, Munshigonj 1510, Bangladesh; International Centre for Research, Innovation, Training and Development, Bangladesh.
| | - Kamrul Hsan
- Department of Public Health, Hamdard University Bangladesh, Hamdard City of Science, Education and Culture, Gazaria, Munshigonj 1510, Bangladesh; International Centre for Research, Innovation, Training and Development, Bangladesh.
| | - Rezaul Karim Ripon
- International Centre for Research, Innovation, Training and Development, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Jayanta Madhu
- Anwer Khan Modern University, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Sharif Hossain
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Islam
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lakshmi Rani Kundu
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuz Hossain
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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Zwirzitz B, Oladeinde A, Johnson J, Zock G, Milfort MC, Fuller AL, Ghareeb AFA, Foutz JC, Teran JA, Woyda R, Abdo Z, Looft T, Lawrence JP, Cudnik D, Aggrey SE. Temporal dynamics of the cecal and litter microbiome of chickens raised in two separate broiler houses. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1083192. [PMID: 36935743 PMCID: PMC10018173 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1083192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the ceca and litter microbiome of chickens from post-hatch through pre-harvest. To achieve this, six hundred one-day old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were raised on floor pens for 49 days in two separate houses. We performed short-read and full-length sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene present in the meconium and in cecal and litter samples collected over the duration of the study. In addition, we determined the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotype of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated from the meconium and the ceca of 49-day old chickens. We monitored the relative humidity, temperature, and ammonia in each house daily and the pH and moisture of litter samples weekly. The overall microbial community structure of the ceca and litter consistently changed throughout the course of the grow-out and correlated with some of the environmental parameters measured (p < 0.05). We found that the ceca and litter microbiome were similar in the two houses at the beginning of the experiment, but over time, the microbial community separated and differed between the houses. When we compared the environmental parameters in the two houses, we found no significant differences in the first half of the growth cycle (day 0-21), but morning temperature, morning humidity, and ammonia significantly differed (p < 0.05) between the two houses from day 22-49. Lastly, the prevalence of AMR in cecal E. coli isolates differed from meconium isolates (p < 0.001), while the AMR phenotype of cecal Enterococcus isolates differed between houses (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zwirzitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Jasmine Johnson
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Gregory Zock
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Marie C. Milfort
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Ahmed F. A. Ghareeb
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - James C. Foutz
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jose Alexis Teran
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Reed Woyda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zaid Abdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Denice Cudnik
- USDA-ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Samuel E. Aggrey
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Bist RB, Subedi S, Chai L, Yang X. Ammonia emissions, impacts, and mitigation strategies for poultry production: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116919. [PMID: 36516703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are the main sources of air pollutants such as ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases. Among air pollutants, NH3 is one of the most concerned gasses in terms of air quality, environmental impacts, and manure nutrient losses. It is recommended that NH3 concentrations in the poultry house should be controlled below 25 ppm. Otherwise, the poor air quality will impair the health and welfare of animals and their caretakers. After releasing from poultry houses, NH3 contributes to the form of fine particulate matters in the air and acidify soil and water bodies after deposition. Therefore, understanding the emission influential factors and impacts is critical for developing mitigation strategies to protect animals' welfare and health, environment, and ecosystems. This review paper summarized the primary NH3 emission influential factors, such as how poultry housing systems, seasonal changes, feed management, bedding materials, animal densities, and animals' activities can impact indoor air quality and emissions. A higher level of NH3 (e.g., >25 ppm) results in lower production efficiency and poor welfare and health, e.g., respiratory disorder, less feed intake, lower growth rates or egg production, poor feed use efficiency, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, and mortality. In addition, the egg quality (e.g., albumen height, pH, and condensation) was reduced after laying hens chronically exposed to high NH3 levels. High NH3 levels have detrimental effects on farm workers' health as it is a corrosive substance to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and thus may cause blindness, irritation (throat, nose, eyes), and lung illness. For controlling poultry house NH3 levels and emissions, we analyzed various mitigation strategies such as litter additives, biofiltration, acid scrubber, dietary manipulation, and bedding materials. Litter additives were tested with 50% efficiency in broiler houses and 80-90% mitigation efficiency for cage-free hen litter at a higher application rate (0.9 kg m-2). Filtration systems such as multi-stage acid scrubbers have up to 95% efficiency on NH3 mitigation. However, cautions should be paid as mitigation strategies could be cost prohibitive for farmers, which needs assistances or subsidies from governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Bahadur Bist
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sachin Subedi
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lilong Chai
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Attia YA, Al-Harthi MA, Shafi ME, Abdulsalam NM, Nagadi SA, Wang J, Kim WK. Amino Acids Supplementation Affects Sustainability of Productive and Meat Quality, Survivability and Nitrogen Pollution of Broiler Chickens during the Early Life. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122100. [PMID: 36556465 PMCID: PMC9784974 DOI: 10.3390/life12122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The response to amino acid (AAs) supplementation on broiler production, carcass and meat traits and nitrogen in the excreta during the early growth period was evaluated. Two experiments were performed during 1-28 d (245 birds, experiment 1) and 1-21 d of age (455 birds, experiment 2). In both experiments, the positive control (PC) diet had 22.5% crude protein (CP) and the negative control group (NC) diet had around 18% CP with the same methionine (Met) plus lysine (Lys) concentration as the PC diet. In experiment 1, the NC diet was fed to the other five groups supplemented with synthetic amino acids, such as L-arginine (Arg), L-threonine (Thr), L-valine (Val), L-isoleucine (Ile) or all these AAs, respectively. In experiment 2, the NC diet was formulated to contain 18% CP with either corn-soybean meal and animal protein or with only vegetable protein. Both NC diets were offered to the other ten groups with synthetic amino acids such as L-Arg, L-Thr, L-Val, L-tryptophan (Trp) or a combination of all these AAs plus L-isoleucine (Ile), respectively. In conclusion, broilers fed 18% CP supplemented with DL-Met plus L-Lys showed lower performance and a European production efficiency value (EPEV); Arg, Thr and Val addition improved growth, the feed conversion ratio and EPEV of the diets containing animal protein only, but broiler performance and EPEV was lower than with PC, indicating that DL-Met, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-Thr and L-Val supplementation may be limited in low-protein diets. Furthermore, a low-protein diet supplemented with amino acids did not affect the survivability of broilers up to 28 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80269, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (Y.A.A.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Harthi
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80269, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E. Shafi
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisreen M. Abdulsalam
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer A. Nagadi
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80269, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2772, USA
| | - Woo K. Kim
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2772, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.A.A.); (W.K.K.)
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Brink M, Janssens GP, Delezie E. Does feeding more phases reduce ammonia concentrations from broiler litter? ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:152-159. [PMID: 36263408 PMCID: PMC9557236 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We compared a 3- and 5-phase feeding program in terms of ammonia concentrations measured at litter level, litter composition and quality, nitrogen (N) utilization, performance, welfare, and meat deposition in broilers. A total of 744 Ross 308 male broilers was divided into 2 treatments, each with 6 replicates. The 3-phase diets were formulated to CP and digestible lysine contents of 205 and 11.5 g/kg (0 to 9 d), 195 and 10.8 g/kg (9 to 24 d), and 183.3 and 10.15 g/kg (24 to 39 d), respectively. The 5-phase diets had additional phases from 17 to 24 d and 32 to 39 d with CP and digestible lysine contents of 188 and 10.4 g/kg and 177 and 9.8 g/kg, respectively. Feeding 5 phases reduced the NH3 concentrations at litter level by 37.95% and 20.81% at 23 (P < 0.05) and 37 d of age (P < 0.05), respectively. There was a tendency for a lower litter total ammoniacal nitrogen concentration for the 5-phase treatment than the 3-phase treatment at 24 and 39 d of age (P < 0.1 for both). Total N concentration of the litter also tended to be lower for the 5-phase treatment at 39 d of age (P < 0.1). The lower NH3 coincided with a lower average litter pH at 24 and 32 d of age (P < 0.05 for both). Birds fed the 5-phase treatments had a lower incidence of foot lesions at 24 d of age (P < 0.001). Performance as well as carcass yield could be maintained, except for FCR, which was higher for the 5-phase treatment between 17 and 24 d of age and the overall period (P < 0.05 and < 0.001, respectively). The impact of the 5-phase treatment regarding the utilization of N (digestibility, excretion, and retention) was less clear, however the NH3 volatilized from the litter was significantly reduced. Feeding 5 phases may therefore potentially reduce the NH3 emitted from broiler houses which has several environmental and health benefits. Although the 5-phase treatment resulted in a significant decrease in feed efficiency, growth performance and meat deposition were maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madri Brink
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert P.J. Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Delezie
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Brink M, Janssens GP, Delezie E. How do moisture content, friability, and crust development of litter influence ammonia concentrations in broiler production? Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu S, Cao W, Wang Y, Wei W, Li L, Jin H, Guo L. Characteristics and mechanisms of nitrogen transformation during chicken manure gasification in supercritical water. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:240-248. [PMID: 36126398 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a clean and efficient method for the energy utilization of biomass waste. Studying the behavior of nitrogen in feedstock during the SCWG process is essential because of its significant potential impact on the environment. In this study, the characteristics and mechanisms of nitrogen transformation during chicken manure gasification in supercritical water were investigated in autoclave reactors. The results revealed that temperature plays an important role in raw material conversion and product distribution, especially for nitrogenous components. In particular, the carbon gasification efficiency was 92.66 % at 700 °C, 10 wt%, and K2CO3 as catalysts, implying that the chicken manure was nearly completely converted. NOx was not identified in the gaseous products. As the temperature increased, nitrogen in the raw material was mainly transferred to the liquid. This process is accompanied by the conversion of organic nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen, which is mainly present as NH3-N in liquids. Finally, the migration pathways of nitrogenous intermediates were investigated. The hydrolysis of proteins and amino acids in the initial phases creates conditions for the Maillard reaction, forming nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds (NHCs). Most NHCs gradually ring-opened and eventually converted to CO2, H2, NH3, and other gases. Only a small number of NHCs undergo a series of polymerization reactions at lower temperatures to form nitrogenous carbon precursors that are challenging to gasify. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the targeted removal of nitrogen components during the SCWG of high-nitrogenous biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China; Suzhou Academy of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.99 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenwen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Linhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Liejin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Greenhalgh S, Hamilton EJ, Macelline SP, Toghyani M, Chrystal PV, Liu SY, Selle PH. Dietary crude protein concentrations and L-carnitine inclusions interactively influence performance parameters of grower broiler chickens offered sorghum-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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11
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Effects of Feed-Through Sulfur on Growth Performance, Atmospheric Ammonia Levels, and Footpad Lesions in Broilers Raised Beginning with Built-Up Litter. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172206. [PMID: 36077926 PMCID: PMC9454838 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To the poultry industry, ammonia accumulation within poultry houses can be a costly issue, as this can lead to problems with bird performance, damage to economically important parts such as paws, and customer disapproval due to animal welfare concerns. Common management practices for ammonia control can be quite effective; however, these methods are used variably from farm to farm, which necessitates ammonia control measures that poultry companies can more uniformly implement across all contract growers. One possible measure is ammonia control through feed additives, which would allow poultry companies more direct control over the treatment. This project explored the efficacy of elemental sulfur added directly to the feed (feed-through sulfur) in controlling litter ammonia levels, live performance, and paw quality of broilers raised on built-up litter over three successive flocks. Feed-through sulfur on its own showed inconsistent effects on performance or footpad lesions after 38 days of production compared to sodium bisulfate or control treatments. However, combination of feed-through sulfur and sodium bisulfate showed a potential synergistic effect on ammonia levels and litter pH, although there were few differences between treatments and controls; therefore, additional research must be explored to confirm these observations.
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12
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Bedford MR, Apajalahti JH. The influence of nutrition on intestinal disease with emphasis on coccidiosis. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:504-520. [PMID: 35791756 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2098692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the poultry industry began to intensify early last century, coccidiosis has been a significant problem with which it has had to contend. Losses due to mortality and morbidity can be significant and before the advent of control agents there were several practices, some of which were nutritional, which were implemented to limit these losses. The development of coccidiostats reduced these problems considerably and as a result some of the more extreme intervention measures were no longer necessary. Modern day interpretation of what may have been happening with some of these early interventions provide interesting insights into what may be possible today should cocciodiostats be removed. More recent research has also indicated that the diet has a significant influence on the ability of poultry to resist and resolve an infection through direct and indirect effects on the pathogen, the immune system and on the litter. This paper reviews the role of dietary ingredients and nutrients on the pathogen to establish and the host to resist such an infection. There is clearly no panacea, but the combination of a few practices may reduce the overall challenge experienced by the poultry producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bedford
- AB Vista, 3 Woodstock Court, Blenheim Rd, Marlborough UK
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Brink M, Janssens GP, Demeyer P, Bağci Ö, Delezie E. Reduction of dietary crude protein and feed form: Impact on broiler litter quality, ammonia concentrations, excreta composition, performance, welfare, and meat quality. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:291-303. [PMID: 35600550 PMCID: PMC9097624 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) excreted by poultry is converted to ammonia (NH3), presenting an environmental risk and a health risk to the farmer and animals. A study was performed to investigate the effect of reduced CP and feed form on broiler performance and welfare, meat and litter quality, N utilization, and NH3 concentrations at litter level. A total of 2,232 Ross 308 male broilers was divided into 6 treatments and 6 replicates, which was fed diets in both pellet and mash forms with different CP levels of 205.0 g/kg (H, high), 187.5 g/kg (M, intermediate) and 175.0 g/kg (L, low) in the grower phase and 195.0 g/kg (H), 180.0 g/kg (M) and 165.6 g/kg (L) in the finisher phase. Individual amino acids (AA) were supplemented to maintain digestible AA-to-digestible lysine ratios. Decreasing dietary CP content to 187.5 g/kg in the grower phase and 180.0 g/kg in the finisher phase reduced NH3 concentrations at litter level (P < 0.001), but a further reduction in dietary CP had no additional effect. Mash treatments had better litter qualities and lower incidences of foot and hock lesions than pellet treatments at d 38 (P < 0.001). In addition, treatments with reduced CP had lower incidence of foot lesions at d 38 (P < 0.001). Broilers fed pelleted diets had higher ADFI, ADG, and final BW, improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), and heavier carcasses (P < 0.001) than those fed mash diets over a production period of 39 d. Performance could not be maintained when birds were fed L CP pelleted diets. This study demonstrated that, with the supplementation of AA to meet requirements, the concentration of dietary CP can be reduced to 187.5 and 180.0 g/kg in the grower and finisher phases respectively, without impairing broiler performance, meat yield and quality. Mash diets were favorable when considering the overall litter quality and welfare of the birds. However, they could not maintain the same broiler performance and slaughter yield as pelleted diets. Results from the present study may assist the poultry sector towards a socially acceptable low-emission farming system.
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Jhetam S, Buchynski K, Shynkaruk T, Schwean-Lardner K. Stocking density effects on turkey hen performance to 11 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101874. [PMID: 35472737 PMCID: PMC9061632 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stocking density (SD) affects economic return for turkey production and can impact performance parameters. In this study (2 experimental blocks), Nicholas Select hens (n = 3,550 poults/block) were randomly placed in 1 of 4 SD treatments of 30, 40, 50, or 60 kg/m2 in open rooms (67.5 m2) with 4 replications per treatment. Feeder and drinker space were equalized on a per bird basis. Air quality was measured, and ventilation was adjusted to equalize ammonia and carbon dioxide levels across all rooms. Group BW and feed consumption were measured on d 0 and wk 3, 5, 8, and 11. BW gain and mortality corrected feed-to-gain ratio were calculated. Mortality and culls were recorded daily and necropsied for cause of death. At wk 8 and 11, flock uniformity was evaluated (30 birds/replicate). Data were analyzed using regression analyses in SAS 9.4 (Proc Reg for linear regression and Proc RSReg for quadratic regression; SD as independent variable). An ANOVA was performed for air quality (Proc Mixed; SAS 9.4) and a Tukey's range test was used to separate means. Differences were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. Carbon dioxide and ammonia were consistent across treatments for both blocks. At wk 11, BW decreased linearly as SD increased (P = 0.05). There was a tendency for overall BW gain to decrease linearly as SD increased (P = 0.06). Feed consumption decreased as SD increased during wk 8 to 11 (linear; P < 0.01) and from wk 0 to 11 (quadratic; P = 0.04). SD had no impact on feed efficiency, mortality, or uniformity. Total aggression related mortality and culls were highest in the 30 kg/m2 treatment (linear; P = 0.02). A brief economic analysis was performed utilizing commercial poult and feed costs and income at marketing. Net room income increased as SD increased (linear; P < 0.01). The results indicate that high SD negatively impacted turkey hen final BW and feed consumption, but no effect was observed on feed-to-gain ratio, percent mortality, or uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jhetam
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - K Buchynski
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - T Shynkaruk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
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15
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The Influence of Different Types of Environmental Enrichment on the Performance and Welfare of Broiler Chickens and the Possibilities of Real-Time Monitoring via a Farmer-Assistant System. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of environmental enrichment on the growth performance, litter and/or air quality as well as animal welfare indicators of broilers. Control groups (CG) and trial groups (TG) were housed under identical conditions during six fattening runs, with the TG having three types of environmental enrichment and a Farmer-Assistant System (FAS). A representative number of 50 birds were weighed and litter samples were taken at d 14, 21 and 28. Additionally, the same broilers were examined for foot pad dermatitis (FPD) on those days. The average bodyweight of the birds in the CG was significantly lower (1671 g) only at d 28 compared to TG (1704 g); at d 14, d 21 and d 33 at the slaughterhouse, no significant differences were observed. The dry matter content in the litter did not significantly differ between CG and TG. Birds housed in CG had significantly higher FPD scores at d 14 (1.24) and d 21 (2.19) compared to those housed in TG (0.73 and 1.52, respectively). No effects on air quality parameters, such as CO2 and NH3, were seen between the groups. Overall, our study shows no negative influences of environmental enrichment on growth performance, litter and air quality.
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Cheng Z, Shu Y, Li X, Li Y, Zhou S, Liu H. Evaluation of potential cardiotoxicity of ammonia: l-selenomethionine inhibits ammonia-induced cardiac autophagy by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113304. [PMID: 35158256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a major harmful gas in the environment of livestock and poultry. Studies have shown that excessive ammonia inhalation has adverse effects in pig heart. However, the mechanism of ammonia-induced cardiac toxicity in pigs has not been reported. L-selenomethionine is a kind of organic selenium (Se) which is easily absorbed by the body. Therefore, in this study, twenty-four 125-day-old pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups: C (control) group, A (ammonia) group, Se group (Se content: 0.5 mg kg-1), and A (ammonia) + Se group. The mechanism of ammonia-induced cardiotoxicity and the alleviating effect of L-selenomethionine were examined. The results in the A group showed as follows: a large number of myocardial fiber edema and cytoplasmic bleakness were observed in the heart; a large number of mitochondrial autophagy were observed; ATP content, ATPase activities and hematological parameters decreased significantly; Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers (GRP78, IRE1α, ATF4, ATF6, and CHOP) were significantly induced in the mRNA and protein levels; PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was activated; and autophagy key genes and proteins (Beclin-1, LC3, ATG3, and ATG5) were significantly up-regulated. The results of comparison between the A + Se group and the A group were as follows: the degree of edema of cardiac muscle fiber in the A + Se group was somewhat relieved; the level of mitochondrial autophagy decreased; ATP content and ATPase activities increased significantly; the mRNA and protein levels of ERS markers were significantly down-regulated; the expression level of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was decreased; and the mRNA and protein levels of key autophagy genes were decreased. However, the changes of these indexes in the A + Se group were still significantly different from those in the C group. Our results indicated that L-selenomethionine supplementation inhibited ammonia-induced cardiac autophagy by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which confirmed that L-selenomethionine could alleviate the cardiac injury caused by excessive ammonia inhalation to a certain extent. This study aims to enrich the toxicological mechanism of ammonia and provide valuable reference for future intervention of ammonia toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufu Shu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Leyva-Jimenez H, Shen S, McCormick K, Martin M, Liu P, Haag D, Galbraith E, Blair M. Applied Research Note: Evaluation of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial as a strategy to reduce hydrogen sulfide emissions from poultry excreta using a practical monitoring method. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Eser H, Onbaşılar EE, Yalçın S, Ramay MS, Karakan T, Güngör ÖF, Yalçın S. Comparison of litter quality, performance, and some welfare parameters of broilers reared on the sepiolite-supplemented paper waste sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10380-10387. [PMID: 34523100 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste management is the protection of the environment and the health of the population. Paper waste sludge is produced during paper production and sepiolite is a natural clay mineral. The aim of the study was to investigate the usability of sepiolite-added paper waste sludge as a bedding material in the broiler production. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day old male broiler chicks were divided into the 6 bedding material groups (wood shavings (control), paper waste sludge, sepiolite, mix of 25% paper waste sludge and 75% sepiolite, mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite, and mix of 75% paper waste sludge and 25% sepiolite) with 6 replicate pens per group. Litter quality, performance, and some welfare parameters of broilers were assessed during the 6 weeks' period. Body weight at 42 days of age and body weight gain from 0 to 42 days of broilers reared on the wood shavings and mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite were found higher than those of the sepiolite and paper waste sludge groups. Feed consumption and feed to gain ratio from 0 to 42 days, yields of carcass and carcass parts, percentages of organs and abdominal fat, IgG, percentage of bursa Fabricius, burns of foot pad and breast, litter pH and meat properties of broilers reared on the wood shavings, paper waste sludge, and sepiolite litter groups were not found to be statistically different. Litter moisture was found higher in the paper waste sludge group than that in the sepiolite group at the 42 days of rearing. As a conclusion, usage of mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite as a litter does not have any negative effects on performance, welfare, and litter quality. This result is important in terms of utilizing a waste product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Eser
- Department of Poultry Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Esin Ebru Onbaşılar
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sakine Yalçın
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Shazaıb Ramay
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Karakan
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Güngör
- Department of Veterinary, Vocational School of Mudurnu Sureyya Astarcı, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Suzan Yalçın
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Wang G, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Feng J, Zhang M. Effects of Different Ammonia Concentrations on Pulmonary Microbial Flora, Lung Tissue Mucosal Morphology, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Neurotransmitters of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:261. [PMID: 35158583 PMCID: PMC8833639 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric ammonia is one of the main environmental stressors affecting the performance of broilers. Previous studies demonstrated that high levels of ammonia altered pulmonary microbiota and induced inflammation. Research into the lung-brain axis has been increasing in recent years. However, the molecular mechanisms in pulmonary microbiota altered by ambient ammonia exposure on broilers and the relationship between microflora, inflammation, and neurotransmitters are still unknown. In this study, a total of 264 Arbor Acres commercial meal broilers (21 days old) were divided into 4 treatment groups (0, 15, 25, and 35 ppm group) with 6 replicates of 11 chickens for 21 days. At 7 and 21 D during the trial period, the lung tissue microflora was evaluated by 16S rDNA sequencing, and the content of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) and norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in lung tissue were measured. Correlation analysis was established among lung tissue microflora diversity, inflammatory cytokines, and neurotransmitters. Results showed that the broilers were not influenced after exposure to 15 ppm ammonia, while underexposure of 25 and 35 ppm ammonia resulted in significant effects on pulmonary microflora, inflammatory cytokines, and neurotransmitters. After exposure to ammonia for 7 and 21 days, both increased the proportion of Proteobacteria phylum and the contents of IL-1β and decreased the content of 5-HT. After exposure to ammonia for 7 days, the increase in Proteobacteria in lung tissue was accompanied by a decrease in 5-HT and an increase in IL-1β. In conclusion, the microflora disturbance caused by the increase in Proteobacteria in lung tissue may be the main cause of the changes in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β) and neurotransmitters (5-HT), and the damage caused by ammonia to broiler lungs may be mediated by the lung-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Minhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Un-Ionized Ammonia (NH 3) against Salmonella Typhimurium in Buffered Solutions with Variable pH, NH 3 Concentrations, and Urease-Producing Bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0185021. [PMID: 35044217 PMCID: PMC8768630 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01850-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella in poultry litter, when used as a biological soil amendment, presents a risk for the preharvest contamination of fresh produce. Poultry litter is rich in organic nitrogen, and previous studies have suggested that ammonia (NH3) in poultry litter may affect the survival of Salmonella. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was inoculated into buffer solutions to characterize the pH dependency, minimum antimicrobial concentration, and efficacy of NH3 production. In solutions with 0.4 M total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) at various pH levels (5, 7, 8, and 9), significant inactivation of Salmonella only occurred at pH 9. Salmonella was reduced by ∼8 log CFU/mL within 12 to 18 h at 0.09, 0.18, 0.26, and 0.35 M NH3. The minimum antimicrobial concentration tested was 0.04 M NH3, resulting in an ∼7 log CFU/mL reduction after 24 h. Solutions with urea (1% and 2%) and urease enzymes rapidly produced NH3, which significantly reduced Salmonella within 12 h. The urease-producing bacterium Corynebacterium urealyticum showed no antagonistic effects against Salmonella in solution. Conversely, with 1% urea added, C. urealyticum rapidly produced NH3 in solution and significantly reduced Salmonella within 12 h. Salmonella inactivation data were nonlinear and fitted to Weibull models (Weibull, Weibull with tailing effects, and double Weibull) to describe their inactivation kinetics. These results suggest that high NH3 levels in poultry litter may reduce the risk of contamination in this biological soil amendment. This study will guide future research on the influence of ammonia on the survival and persistence of Salmonella in poultry litter. IMPORTANCE Poultry litter is a widely used biological soil amendment in the production of fresh produce. However, poultry litter may contain human pathogens, such as Salmonella, which introduces the risk of preharvest produce contamination in agricultural fields. Ammonia in poultry litter, produced through bacterial degradation of urea, may be detrimental to the survival of Salmonella; however, these effects are not fully understood. This study utilized aqueous buffer solutions to demonstrate that the antimicrobial efficacy of ammonia against Salmonella is dependent on alkaline pH levels, where increasing concentrations of ammonia led to more rapid inactivation. Inactivation was also demonstrated in the presence of urea and urease or urease-producing Corynebacterium urealyticum. These findings suggest that high levels of ammonia in poultry litter may reduce the risk of contamination in biological soil amendments and will guide further studies on the survival and persistence of Salmonella in poultry litter.
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Eid YZ, Amber KA, Hassan MS, Hassan RA, Abo-ouf AM. Efficacy of Aluminum Sulfate Addition to Poultry Litter on Productive Performance of Laying Hens, Ammonia Emissions, and Litter Quality. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YZ Eid
- Kafer Elsheikh University, Egypt
| | - KA Amber
- Kafer Elsheikh University, Egypt
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22
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Choi IH, Chung TH. Supplying Hydrogen Water to Ducks Did Not Influence Ammonia Content and Duck Litter Quality. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- IH Choi
- Joongbu University, South Korea
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A Mobile Application to Follow Up the Management of Broiler Flocks. AGRIENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering3040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Broiler meat is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. The broiler production system poses several challenges for the producer, including maintaining environmental conditions for rearing. The popularization of mobile devices (smartphones) among people, including those with lower incomes, makes it possible for specialist systems to be developed and used for diverse purposes through Apps (mobile application). The present study proposed the development of a mobile application to help farmers follow up on-farm flock management. We retrieved rearing environment and flock data from commercial broiler farms that complied with broiler-producing standards and followed the breeders’ recommendations. Data were organized and normalized to serve as the basis for the software. We specified a performance index based on the average environment and flock-based data. The language used for the application development was Python compatible with the GNU GPL (General Public License), which has a vast library of ready-made functions. For the graphical interface, we selected Kivy and KivyMD framework. The developed mobile application might help farmers evaluate broiler rearing conditions on-farm during the flock’s growth and grade the flock using a performance index.
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New Insights into the Hourly Manure Coverage Proportion on the Manure Belt in a Typical Layer House for Accurate Ammonia Emission Modeling. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082433. [PMID: 34438889 PMCID: PMC8388708 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hourly manure coverage proportion and area on the manure belt are key parameters for estimating ammonia emissions in poultry houses in order to provide environmental control suggestions and achieve the goals of precision poultry farming. In this study, experimental measurements were performed, and binary images were applied to provide new insights into the projected hourly manure coverage area on the manure belt at different layer hen ages. It was demonstrated that manure coverage proportion and area measured at different laying hen ages showed similar trends and values with four distinct stages within 48 h. In addition, statistical analyses found no significant correlation between the hourly increment of manure weight and the hourly increment of manure coverage proportion. The results from the present study are expected to serve as a fundamental input parameter for ammonia emission modeling to more accurately simulate the hourly indoor environment and provide effective mitigation strategies. Abstract The main advantage of having livestock, for example, the laying hens, in a controlled environment is that the optimum growth conditions can be achieved with accuracy. The indoor air temperature, humidity, gases concentration, etc., would significantly affect the animal performance, thus should be maintained within an acceptable range. In order to achieve the goals of precision poultry farming, various models have been developed by researchers all over the world to estimate the hourly indoor environmental parameters so as to provide decision suggestions. However, a key parameter of hourly manure area in the poultry house was missing in the literature to predict the ammonia emission using the recently developed mechanistic model. Therefore, in order to fill the gap of the understanding of hourly manure coverage proportion and area on the manure belt, experimental measurements were performed in the present study using laying hens from 10 weeks age to 30 weeks age. For each test, six polypropylene (pp) plates were applied to collect the manure dropped by the birds every hour, and photographs of the plates were taken at the same time using a pre-fixed camera. Binary images were then produced based on the color pictures to determine the object coverage proportion. It was demonstrated that for laying hens of stocking density around 14 birds/m2, the manure coverage proportion at the 24th hour after the most recent manure removal was about 60%, while the value was approximately 82% at the 48th hour. Meanwhile, for laying hens at different ages, the hourly increment of manure coverage proportion showed a similar pattern with four distinct stages within 48 h. The statistical analyses demonstrated no significant correlation between the hourly increment of manure weight and the hourly increment of manure coverage proportion. Finally, prediction models for estimating the hourly manure coverage proportion on the manure belt in typical laying hen houses were provided.
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Swelum AA, El-Saadony MT, Abd El-Hack ME, Abo Ghanima MM, Shukry M, Alhotan RA, Hussein EO, Suliman GM, Ba-Awadh H, Ammari AA, Taha AE, El-Tarabily KA. Ammonia emissions in poultry houses and microbial nitrification as a promising reduction strategy. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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26
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Burt CD, Chapman T, Bachoon D, Cabrera ML, Horacek C. The effect of an acidified-gypsum mixture on broiler litter urease-producing bacteria and nitrogen mineralization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:889-898. [PMID: 33887809 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ) volatilization from broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter is a microbially mediated process that can decrease bird productivity and serves as an environmental pollutant. The release of NH3 is strongly influenced by the pH of litter. Flue-gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) has been suggested as a potential amendment to reduce NH3 volatilization due to the pH buffering capacity of calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) precipitation. However, its effect on litter pH is not as pronounced as acidifying agents, such as aluminum sulfate (alum). The main objective of our study was to develop an acidified-FGDG amendment that has a more pronounced effect on litter pH and NH3 volatilization than FGDG alone. We conducted a 33-d incubation in which litter pH, NH3 volatilization, nitrogen mineralization, PLUP-ureC gene abundance, and CaCO3 precipitation were measured. Treatments in the study included: broiler litter (BL), broiler litter + 20% FGDG (BL+FGDG), broiler litter + FGDG-alum mixture (BL+FGDG+A6), broiler litter + 6% alum (BL+A6), and broiler litter + 10% alum (BL+A10). Our FGDG+alum amendment decreased litter pH (0.68 pH units) and PLUP-ureC gene abundance (>1 log) compared with FGDG alone and the control (p < .05). This led to a 25% decrease in cumulative NH3 loss after 33 d. The addition of FGDG alone did not have an effect on litter pH (p = .36) or cumulative NH3 loss (p = .29) due to a lack of significant CaCO3 precipitation. Treating litter with 6 and 10% alum was the most effective amendment for reducing pH and cumulative NH3 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Daniel Burt
- Dep. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College, Herty Hall, Milledgeville, GA, 31061, USA
| | - Taylor Chapman
- Dep. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College, Herty Hall, Milledgeville, GA, 31061, USA
| | - Dave Bachoon
- Dep. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College, Herty Hall, Milledgeville, GA, 31061, USA
| | - Miguel L Cabrera
- Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Christopher Horacek
- Dep. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College, Herty Hall, Milledgeville, GA, 31061, USA
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Bailey M, Hess J, Krehling J, Macklin K. Broiler performance and litter ammonia levels as affected by sulfur added to the bird's diet. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Harper LA, Ritz CW, Flesch TK. Ammonia emissions and dispersion from broiler production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:558-566. [PMID: 33835510 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ) has been used as a target gas for nuisance complaints to restrict or close poultry operations near encroaching rural development. There are conflicting data on NH3 emissions from broiler production across the United States. The purpose of this research is to compare emission rates from a Georgia broiler operation across seasons and with other geographical areas in the United States. Comparison of seasonal and geographical emission rates showed large seasonal variation in NH3 emissions for eastern U.S. sites but little seasonal variation in the semi-arid region of the United States. Differences in production management practices, ambient temperature, and animal density did not appear to explain differences in emissions between regions; however, the climatic influence of ambient humidity and litter management practices are thought to be key factors in the generation of emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowry A Harper
- Harper Consulting Co., P.O. Box 772, Watkinsville, GA, 30677, USA
| | - Casey W Ritz
- Dep. of Poultry Science, 306 Poultry Science Building, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Thomas K Flesch
- CCIS 3-270, Dep. of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Jha R, Mishra P. Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:51. [PMID: 33866972 PMCID: PMC8054369 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. However, with increasing evidence, scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, digestive physiology, including nutrient digestion, fermentation, and absorption processes of poultry. It may help maintain the small and large intestine's integrity by strengthening mucosal structure and functions and increasing the population and diversity of commensal bacteria in the GIT. Increasing DF content benefits digestive physiology by stimulating GIT development and enzyme production. And the inclusion of fiber at a moderate level in diets also alters poultry growth performance. It improves gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota in the large intestine and enhancing immune functions. However, determining the source, type, form, and level of DF inclusion is of utmost importance to achieve the above-noted benefits. This paper critically reviews the available information on dietary fibers used in poultry and their effects on nutrient utilization, GIT development, gut health, and poultry performance. Understanding these functions will help develop nutrition programs using proper DF at an appropriate inclusion level that will ultimately lead to enhanced DF utilization, overall health, and improved poultry growth performance. Thus, this review will help researchers and industry identify the sources, type, form, and amount of DF to be used in poultry nutrition for healthy, cost-effective, and eco-friendly poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Pravin Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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Wei X, Guo J, Lian H, Sun X, Liu B. Cobalt metal-organic framework modified carbon cloth/paper hybrid electrochemical button-sensor for nonenzymatic glucose diagnostics. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021. [PMID: 33519089 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.129275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the growing pandemic, family healthcare is widely concerned with the increase of medical self-diagnosis away from the hospital. A cobalt metal-organic framework modified carbon cloth/paper (Co-MOF/CC/Paper) hybrid button-sensor was developed as a portable, robust, and user-friendly electrochemical analytical chip for nonenzymatic quantitative detection of glucose. Highly integrated electrochemical analytical chip was successfully fabricated with a flexible Co-MOF/CC sensing interface, effectively increasing the specific area and catalytic sites than the traditional plane electrode. Based on the button-sensor, rapid quantitative detection of glucose was achieved in multiple complex bio-matrixes, such as serum, urine, and saliva, with desired selectivity, stability, and durability. With the advantages of low cost, high environment tolerance, ease of production, our nanozyme-based electrochemical analytical chip achieved reliable nonenzymatic electrocatalysis, has great potential for the application of rapid on-site analysis in personalized diagnostic and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialei Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiting Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangying Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
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Gonzalez-Mora AF, Larios AD, Rousseau AN, Godbout S, Morin C, Palacios JH, Grenier M, Fournel S. Assessing Environmental Control Strategies in Cage-Free Egg Production Systems: Effect on Spatial Occupancy and Natural Behaviors. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010017. [PMID: 33374226 PMCID: PMC7824247 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An increment pattern in the worldwide egg production, as well as in the farm’s capacity in laying hen housing systems, have been observed for the last fifty years. Also, animal welfare has become a subject of interest due to consumer awareness. These issues have introduced new challenges to respond to international markets’ demands while ensuring animal welfare and environmental footprint. Cage-free systems have been alternative systems to ensure the well-being of laying hens. Likewise, environmental control strategies have been implemented to improve air quality since airborne contaminants’ concentration can be high inside these systems. Thus, the analysis of the effect of these strategies on natural behavior and flock distribution is essential to assess a comprehensive analysis. Four strategies and a control were tested in an experimental cage-free system. Spatial occupancy and animal behaviors were tracked using video recordings. Neither the four environmental strategies nor the control applied in this experiment affected the natural behaviors of hens. However, changes in flock distribution and stress patterns were identified in the treatment with a reduction in litter allowance. This study provides evidence that it is possible to implement strategies to improve air quality without disrupting natural animal behaviors in cage-free systems. Abstract Animal welfare concerns have been a challenging issue for producers and international marketing. In laying hen production, cage-free systems (CFS) have been identified as an alternative to ensure the laying hens’ well-being. Nevertheless, in CFS, important environmental issues have been reported, decreasing indoor air quality. Environmental control strategies (ECS) have been designed to enhance indoor air quality in CFSs. However, little information exists about the effect of these ECSs on natural animal behaviors. Four strategies and one control were tested in an experimental CFS, previously designed to track behavioral variables using video recordings over seven time-lapses of 1 hour per day. Spatial occupancy (SO) and laying hen behaviors (LHB) were registered. One statistical analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of ECS on SO and LHB using a multinomial response model. Results show lower chances to use litter area within the reduction of litter allowance treatment (T17) (p < 0.05). Neither the four ECSs nor the control implemented in this experiment affected the natural behaviors of the hens. However, stress patterns and high activity were reported in the T17 treatment. This study shows that it is possible to use these ECSs without disrupting laying hens’ natural behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F. Gonzalez-Mora
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Araceli D. Larios
- Agri-Food Engineering Division, Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), 2700 rue Einstein, Quebec, QC GIP 3W8, Canada; (A.D.L.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.H.P.); (M.G.)
- Département des sols et de Génie Agroalimentaire, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval. 2425, rue de l’Agriculture, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Dirección Académica, Tecnológico Nacional de México, TecNM, Campus Perote, Km 2.5. Carretera Perote, México, Perote 91270, Mexico
| | - Alain N. Rousseau
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada;
| | - Stéphane Godbout
- Agri-Food Engineering Division, Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), 2700 rue Einstein, Quebec, QC GIP 3W8, Canada; (A.D.L.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.H.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Cédric Morin
- Agri-Food Engineering Division, Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), 2700 rue Einstein, Quebec, QC GIP 3W8, Canada; (A.D.L.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.H.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Joahnn H. Palacios
- Agri-Food Engineering Division, Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), 2700 rue Einstein, Quebec, QC GIP 3W8, Canada; (A.D.L.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.H.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Michèle Grenier
- Agri-Food Engineering Division, Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), 2700 rue Einstein, Quebec, QC GIP 3W8, Canada; (A.D.L.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.H.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Sébastien Fournel
- Département des sols et de Génie Agroalimentaire, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval. 2425, rue de l’Agriculture, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada;
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Bucher MG, Zwirzitz B, Oladeinde A, Cook K, Plymel C, Zock G, Lakin S, Aggrey SE, Ritz C, Looft T, Lipp E, Agga GE, Abdo Z, Sistani KR. Reused poultry litter microbiome with competitive exclusion potential against Salmonella Heidelberg. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:869-881. [PMID: 33016484 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The success of poultry litter reuse in U.S. poultry production can be attributed to the efficient treatment methods used by producers during downtimes (the time lapse between consecutive flocks, during which the broiler house is empty). During this period, reused litter may be decaked, tilled/windrowed, or treated with acid-based amendments to reduce ammonia and bacteria levels. Competitive exclusion, pH, and temperature are proposed factors that influence the level of pathogens and the overall litter microbiome during downtimes. We previously reported on the bacterial genetic factors associated with the fitness of two strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (SH) incubated for 14 d in reused litter. Here, we investigated the physicochemical parameters and the microbiome of the litter correlating with SH abundance during this period. We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to determine the litter microbiome and whole genome sequencing to characterize bacteria with competitive exclusion potential against SH. The β diversity of the litter microbiome was significantly affected by the duration of incubation, microcosm, and microcosm plus Heidelberg strain combinations. In addition, β diversity was significantly affected by litter parameters, including NH4 , pH, moisture, water activity, and aluminum. The major phyla observed in the reused litter throughout the 14-d incubation experiment were Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, although their abundance differed by microcosm and time. Amplicon-specific variants homologous to the members of the genera Nocardiopsis and Lentibacillus and the family Bacillaceae_2 were found to significantly correlate with the abundance of Salmonella. A consortium of Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from the litter microcosms reduced the growth of SH in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Zwirzitz
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210, Austria
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | | | - Kimberly Cook
- USDA-ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Plymel
- Environmental Health Sciences Dep., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gregory Zock
- USDA-ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven Lakin
- Dep. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Casey Ritz
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Erin Lipp
- Environmental Health Sciences Dep., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- USDA-ARS, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Zaid Abdo
- Dep. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Karamat R Sistani
- USDA-ARS, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
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Liu QX, Zhou Y, Li XM, Ma DD, Xing S, Feng JH, Zhang MH. Ammonia induce lung tissue injury in broilers by activating NLRP3 inflammasome via Escherichia/Shigella. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3402-3410. [PMID: 32616234 PMCID: PMC7597683 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract diseases are closely related to atmosphere pollution. Ammonia is one of the harmful pollutants in the atmosphere environment, which has a great threat to human and animal respiratory tract health, but the mechanism of causing diseases is not clear. In this study, broiler lung tissue was used as a model to study the effect of high ammonia on respiratory tract diseases through the relationship between respiratory microflora, NLRP3 inflammasome, and inflammatory factors. For this, we validated the occurrence of lung tissue inflammation under ammonia exposure and detected the lung tissue microbial constituent by 16S rDNA sequencing. Moreover, the relative expression levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 mRNA and the content of IL-1β and IL-6 were measured. After 7-D ammonia exposure, the proportion of the phylum Proteobacteria and the genus Escherichia/Shigella in lung tissue was significantly increased, the expression levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 mRNA were significantly increased, and the content of IL-1β in lung tissue and serum was higher than that in the control group. In conclusion, high ammonia induced lung tissue inflammation via increasing the proportion of Escherichia/Shigella, activating NLRP3 inflammasome, and promoting IL-1β release. These findings provided a reference for the prevention and control of respiratory tract diseases in humans and animals caused by ammonia pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiu Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiu Mei Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Dan Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuang Xing
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Hai Feng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Hong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China.
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Gehring VS, Santos ED, Mendonça BS, Santos LR, Rodrigues LB, Dickel EL, Daroit L, Pilotto F. Alphitobiusdiaperinus control and physicochemical study of poultry litters treated with quicklime and shallow fermentation. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2120-2124. [PMID: 32241497 PMCID: PMC7587788 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry litter reuse in Brazil is a common practice to reduce broiler production costs. Quicklime and shallow fermentation treatments are methods used to reduce microbial contamination and infestation of insects such as Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of reused poultry litter to better characterize the effects of quicklime and shallow fermentation on Salmonella and A. diaperinus control. Ammonia and humidity concentrations significantly increased on the litter treated with shallow fermentation and pH when treated with virgin and hydrated quicklime. For A. diaperinus control, shallow fermentation with 2 and 3 L of water and 3 L plus 600g of quicklime/m2 eliminated 100% of the insects. Results of assessed physicochemical parameters indicated that the treatments with quicklime and shallow fermentation are inefficient to control Salmonella spp. because they do not reach the indexes required for this pathogen elimination, mainly ammonia and pH. Ammonia index produced by microbial fermentation in shallow fermentation treatment eliminates A. diaperinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandreice S Gehring
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel D Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Mendonça
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laura B Rodrigues
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elci L Dickel
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Daroit
- University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pilotto
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Enhancement of microbial nitrification to reduce ammonia emission from poultry manure: a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933914000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The potential to reduce poultry nitrogen emissions with specific uricase egg yolk feed grade antibodies. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Beaulac K, Classen HL, Gomis S, Sakamoto KS, Crowe TG, Schwean-Lardner K. The effects of stocking density on turkey tom performance and environment to 16 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2846-2857. [PMID: 30839087 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stocking density (SD) of turkey toms (n = 2,868 Nicholas Select) was evaluated in 2 16-wk trials. Poults were randomly allocated to 1 of 8 independently ventilated rooms (6.71 × 10.06 m) for each trial, to reach a final target SD of 30, 40, 50, or 60 kg/m2. Air quality was monitored (carbon dioxide and ammonia) throughout the trial, and ventilation was adjusted to balance these parameters across all rooms. Within each trial, body weight and feed consumption were recorded (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk of age). Body weight gain and mortality-corrected feed-to-gain ratio (F: Gm) were calculated for each 4-wk interval. Uniformity was assessed at 12 and 16 wk of age (20 birds per replicate). Mortality and culled birds were recorded daily and necropsied to determine cause of death or illness. Room temperature was recorded hourly, and litter moisture and temperature (trial 2) were evaluated weekly from 12 to 16 wk. A 1-way ANOVA was performed to evaluate the effects of SD on room temperature. Regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between SD and all other measured variables (linear, Proc Reg; quadratic, Proc RSReg in SAS 9.4). Differences were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. Body weight decreased as SD increased at 12 (quadratic) and 16 wk (linear). Body weight gain decreased in the last 4 wk (12 to 16, linear) and over the course of the trial (0 to 12, quadratic; 0 to 16, linear) as SD increased. Feed consumption demonstrated a linear relationship with increasing SD, increasing from week 4 to 8 and decreasing from week 12 to 16. The F: Gm ratio increased linearly with increasing SD for all time periods beginning at week 4. Flock uniformity and total percent mortality were unaffected by SD. Litter moisture demonstrated a quadratic effect and litter temperature increased (quadratic) as SD increased. Overall, increasing SD negatively impacted aspects of bird performance, including body weight, body weight gain, and feed efficiency. Feed consumption was negatively impacted later in production (week 12 to 16). Finally, overall mortality and uniformity were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Beaulac
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - H L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - S Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - K S Sakamoto
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - T G Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Cook DF, Jenkins SN, Abbott LK, D'Antuono MF, Telfer DV, Deyl RA, Lindsey JB. Amending Poultry Broiler Litter to Prevent the Development of Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) and Other Nuisance Flies. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2966-2973. [PMID: 30256976 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spent poultry litter use as a fertilizer in horticulture supports stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) development. Stable fly continues to have an economic impact on livestock production and rural lifestyle in south-western Australia. The use of raw poultry manure is banned in 12 Shires surrounding Perth. The loss of market options for West Australian broiler growers has caused economic hardship. Hence, this study examined a range of chemical and biological amendments to spent poultry broiler litter in preventing stable fly and nuisance fly development. These included alkalizers (i.e., lime sand, quicklime, soda ash, and shell grit), acidifiers (aluminum sulfate, sodium bisulfate), gypsum, zeolite, spongolite, calcium cyanamide, and two fungal agents. The treated litters were placed under irrigation in horticulture with amendments added prior to them being exposed in the field as replicate 1-liter pads. In total, 19,559 stable flies developed from the spent litters exposed over five field experiments (88.7% of all flies recovered). House flies (Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae); 2,067 or 9.4%), false stable flies (Muscina stabulans Fallén (Diptera: Muscidae); 414 or 1.9%), and two sarcophagids (flesh fly) also developed from the litter. Borax completely prevented any fly development from the litter. Calcium cyanamide (1-2.5% v/v) and sodium bisulfate (10%) reduced stable fly numbers by as much as 99-100% when added to litter. Alkalizers, zeolite, spongolite, and entomopathogenic fungi had no significant impact on stable fly development. The addition of either calcium cyanamide or sodium bisulfate to raw litter can boost the fertilizer value of the litter while preventing stable fly development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Cook
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sasha N Jenkins
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Lynette K Abbott
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mario F D'Antuono
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Don V Telfer
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert A Deyl
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremy B Lindsey
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
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Cohuo-Colli J, Salinas-Ruíz J, Hernández-Cázares A, Hidalgo-Contreras J, Brito-Damián V, Velasco-Velasco J. Effect of litter density and foot health program on ammonia emissions in broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bona L, van Staaveren N, Pokharel BB, van Krimpen M, Harlander-Matauschek A. The Effect of Low Protein Energy-Rich Diets on Plasma Hepatic Markers, Hepatic Damage, and Discrimination Reversal Learning in Young Female Chicks. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:107. [PMID: 30177972 PMCID: PMC6110198 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of low protein energy-rich (LPER) diets increases susceptibility to metabolic disease in mammals, such as hepatic damage, and can have an adverse effect on cognition. However, the effects of these diets on both physical and mental welfare have not been investigated in domestic meat chickens. Female chicks received a low protein energy-rich or a standard control diet from 21 to 51 days of age. The effects of these dietary manipulations on plasma hepatic markers for liver damage, liver necropsy, and learning a visual discrimination reversal task were assessed. Birds given access to LPER diets weighed less than chicks that had access to the control diets. All chicks had post-mortem signs of hepatic hemorrhage/increased liver color scores and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels above 230 U/L indicative of hepatic damage in birds. The LPER diet had no impact on the performance of female chicks when learning to distinguish colors in a reversal visual discrimination task. The present study suggests that liver damage does not become worse when feeding LPER or impact visual reversal learning in female meat-type chickens. However, the high incidence of liver cell damage/liver hemorrhage, and “abnormal” AST activities are of concern in female broiler chicks across both diets, and suggests that the health of modern meat-type genotypes needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bona
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Burt CD, Cabrera ML, Rothrock MJ, Kissel DE. Flue-gas desulfurization gypsum effects on urea-degrading bacteria and ammonia volatilization from broiler litter. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2676-2683. [PMID: 28482091 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major concern of the broiler industry is the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) from the mixture of bedding material and broiler excretion that covers the floor of broiler houses. Gypsum has been proposed as a litter amendment to reduce NH3 volatilization, but reports of NH3 abatement vary among studies and the mechanism responsible for decreasing NH3 volatilization is not well understood. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding 20 or 40% flue-gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) to broiler litter on pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water potential, urea-degrading bacteria abundance, NH3 and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution, and nitrogen (N) mineralization in several 21-d experiments. The addition of FGDG to broiler litter increased EC by 24 to 33% (P < 0.0001), decreased urea-degrading bacteria by 48 to 57% (P = 0.0001) and increased N mineralization by 10 to 11% (P = 0.0001) as compared to litters not amended with FGDG. Furthermore, the addition of FGDG to broiler litter decreased NH3 volatilization by 18 to 28% (P < 0.0001), potentially resulting from the significantly lower litter pH values compared to un-amended litter (P < 0.0001). Findings of this study indicate that amending broiler litter with 20% FGDG can decrease NH3 volatilization and increase the fertlizer value of broiler litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Burt
- Dep. Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA 30605
| | - Miguel L Cabrera
- Dep. Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA 30605
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605
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Powers W, Capelari M. PRODUCTION, MANAGEMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT SYMPOSIUM: Measurement and mitigation of reactive nitrogen species from swine and poultry production. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2236-2240. [PMID: 28727028 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen (Nr) species include oxides of nitrogen [N; nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide (NO)], anions (nitrate and nitrite), and amine derivatives [ammonia (NH), ammonium salts and urea]. Of the different Nr species, air emissions from swine and poultry facilities are predominantly NH followed by NO. Excreta emissions are NH, ammonium ions, and urea with trace amounts of nitrate and nitrite. Farm systems and practices that handle manure as a wet product without pH modification favor almost exclusive NH production. Systems and practices associated with dry manure handling and bedded systems emit more NH than NO. Results from a turkey grow-out study estimated that just under 1% of consumed N was emitted as NO from housing, compared with just under 11% emitted as NH. Despite generally less NO emissions from animal housing compared with crop field emissions, NO emissions from housing are often greater than estimated. Lagoon systems emit more NO than either slurry or deep pit swine systems. Deep pit swine buildings emit only one-third the NO that is emitted from deep bedded swine systems. Laying hen, broiler chicken, and turkey buildings emit over 4 times as much NO as swine housing, on a weight-adjusted basis. Critical control points for mitigation center on: 1) reducing the amount of N excreted and, therefore, excreted N available for loss to air or water during housing, manure storage, or following land application of manures; 2) capturing excreted N to prevent release of N-containing compounds to air, water, or soil resources; or 3) conversion or treatment of N-containing compounds to non-reactive N gas.
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Rimi NA, Sultana R, Muhsina M, Uddin B, Haider N, Nahar N, Zeidner N, Sturm-Ramirez K, Luby SP. Biosecurity Conditions in Small Commercial Chicken Farms, Bangladesh 2011-2012. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:244-258. [PMID: 28289988 PMCID: PMC5942227 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In Bangladesh, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 is endemic in poultry. This study aimed to understand the biosecurity conditions and farmers' perception of avian influenza biosecurity in Bangladeshi small commercial chicken farms. During 2011-2012, we conducted observations, in-depth interviews and group discussions with poultry farmers in 16 farms and in-depth interviews with seven local feed vendors from two districts. None of the farms were completely segregated from people, backyard poultry, other animals, households, other poultry farms or large trees. Wild birds and rodents accessed the farms for poultry feed. Farmers usually did not allow the buyers to bring egg trays inside their sheds. Spraying disinfectant in the shed and removing feces were the only regular cleaning and disinfection activities observed. All farmers sold or used untreated feces as fish feed or fertilizer. Farmers were more concerned about Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease than about avian influenza. Farmers' understanding about biosecurity and avian influenza was influenced by local vendors. While we seldom observed flock segregation, some farmers used measures that involved additional cost or effort to protect their flocks. These farmers could be motivated by interventions to protect their investment from diseases they consider harmful. Future interventions could explore the feasibility and effectiveness of low-cost alternative biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Rimi
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - R Sultana
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M Muhsina
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - B Uddin
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - N Haider
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Nahar
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - N Zeidner
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K Sturm-Ramirez
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S P Luby
- Program on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Sürmeli RÖ, Bayrakdar A, Çalli B. Removal and recovery of ammonia from chicken manure. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:2811-2817. [PMID: 28659521 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of the conversion of organic nitrogen available in raw chicken manure (CM) into ammonia via hydrolysis and the removal of ammonia from anaerobically digested manure were evaluated in this study. Firstly, the hydrolysis experiments were performed and the effects of temperature, total solids (TS) content and retention time were investigated. The results showed that 90% of the organic nitrogen in CM can be converted into ammonia via biological hydrolysis within 3.6 days at 35 °C and 10-12.5% TS content. In addition to high ammonification efficiency, partial acidification of the CM was also experienced during this period. Secondly, removal of ammonia from anaerobically digested CM was examined by flushing the head space of a vigorously stirred bottle partially filled with digestate. At 35 °C, after 45 hours 77% of the influent ammonia was removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ö Sürmeli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail: ; Department of Environmental Engineering, Bartin University, 74100 Bartin, Turkey
| | - A Bayrakdar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail: ; Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42140, Meram, Konya, Turkey
| | - B Çalli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail:
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48
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Atapattu NSBM, Lakmal LGE, Perera PWA. Effects of two litter amendments on air NH 3 levels in broiler closed-houses. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1500-1506. [PMID: 28423888 PMCID: PMC5582337 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High NH3 emissions from poultry houses are reported to have negative impacts on health, welfare and safety of birds and humans, and on the environment. Objective of the present study was to determine the effects of two litter amendments on the NH3 levels in broiler closed houses under hot-humid conditions. METHODS Giving a completely randomize design, nine closed houses, each housed 32,500 birds on paddy husk litter, were randomly allocated into two treatment (Mizuho; a bacterial culture mix and Rydall OE; an enzymatic biocatalyst) and control groups. NH3 levels were determined thrice a day (0600, 1200, and 1800 h), at three heights from the litter surface (30, 90, and 150 cm), at 20 predetermined locations of a house, from day 1 to 41. RESULTS Rydall significantly reduced the NH3 level compared to control and Mizuho. NH3 levels at 30 cm were significantly higher than that of 90 and 150 cm. The NH3 levels at 30 cm height were higher than 25 ppm level from day 9, 11, and 13 in Mizuho, control, and Rydall groups, respectively to day 41. NH3 levels at 150 cm height were higher than maximum threshold limit of 50 ppm for human exposure from day 12, 14, and 15 in Mizuho, control, and Rydall groups, respectively to day 33. Being significantly different among each other, the NH3 level was highest and lowest at 0600 and 1800 h. Litter amendments had no significant effects on growth performance. Rydall significantly increased the litter N content on day 24. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the NH3 levels of closed house broiler production facilities under tropical condition are so high that both birds and workers are exposed to above recommended levels during many days of the growing period. Compared to microbial culture, the enzymatic biocatalyst was found to be more effective in reducing NH3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S B M Atapattu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - L G E Lakmal
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - P W A Perera
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
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Ostović M, Menčik S, Ravić I, Žužul S, Pavičić Ž, Matković K, Antunović B, Tomić DH, Kabalin AE. Relation Between Microclimate and Air Quality in the Extensively Reared Turkey House. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/macvetrev-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGood air quality in poultry houses is crucial for animal health and productivity. In these houses, air is generally contaminated with noxious gases and microorganisms, the concentrations of which depend on numerous factors including microclimate. In this case study, the relation between microclimate and air concentrations of noxious gases and microorganisms was investigated in extensively reared turkey house. The study was carried out at a family household in Dalmatia hinterland, Croatia, with 50.3±3.1 turkeys kept in the house during the study period. Air temperature, relative humidity, airflow rate, concentrations of ammonia, carbon dioxide, bacteria and fungi in indoor air were measured three times per month from September to December, in the morning, prior to releasing turkeys out for grazing. Air temperature ranged from 9.73 to 26.98 °C, relative humidity from 63.29% to 75.08%, and airflow rate from 0.11 to 0.17 m/s. Lowest ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in September (2.17 ppm and 550 ppm, respectively) and highest in December (4.50 ppm and 900 ppm, respectively). Bacterial and fungal counts were lowest in December (2.51×105CFU/m3and 3.27×103CFU/m3air, respectively) and highest in September (6.85×105CFU/m3and 1.06x105CFU/m3air, respectively). Air temperature and relative humidity showed negative correlation with concentrations of noxious gases and positive correlation with air microorganisms (P<0.05 all).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ostović
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Sven Menčik
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivica Ravić
- Veterinary Department , Mostar , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Slavko Žužul
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Željko Pavičić
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Kristina Matković
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Boris Antunović
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture , Josip Juraj Strossmayer University , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Danijela Horvatek Tomić
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Anamaria Ekert Kabalin
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Agyarko-Mintah E, Cowie A, Singh BP, Joseph S, Van Zwieten L, Cowie A, Harden S, Smillie R. Biochar increases nitrogen retention and lowers greenhouse gas emissions when added to composting poultry litter. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 61:138-149. [PMID: 27940078 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has intrinsic and nascent structural and sorption properties that may alter the physical and chemical properties of a composting mixture thus influencing the production of greenhouse gases [GHGs; nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)]. In this study, contrasting biochars produced from greenwaste (GWB) or poultry litter (PLB) were incorporated into a composting mixture containing poultry litter and straw, and GHG emissions were measured in situ during composting using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Emissions of N2O from the biochar-amended composting mixtures decreased significantly (P<0.05) soon after commencement of the composting process compared with the non-amended control. The cumulative emissions of N2O over 8weeks in the GWB composting mixture (GWBC), PLB composting mixture (PLBC) and control (no biochar) were 4.2, 5.0 and 14.0gN2O-Nkg-1 of total nitrogen (TN) in composting mixture, respectively (P<0.05). The CH4 emissions were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the GWBC and PLBC treatments than the control during the period from day 8 to day 36, when anaerobic conditions likely prevailed. The cumulative CH4 emissions were 12, 18 and 80mg CH4-Ckg-1 of total carbon (TC) for the GWBC, PLBC and control treatments, respectively, though due to wide variation between replicates this difference was not statistically significant. The cumulative N2O and CH4 emissions were similar between the GWBC and PLBC despite differences in properties of the two biochars. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and SEM imaging of the composted biochars indicated the presence of iron oxide compounds and amine-NH3 on the surface and pores of the biochars (PLB>GWB). The change in nitrogen (N) functional groups on the biochar surface after composting is evidence for sorption and/or reaction with N from labile organic N, mineral N, and gaseous N (e.g. N2O). The concentration of NH4+ increased during the thermophilic phase and then decreased during the maturation phase, while NO3- accumulated during the maturation phase. Total N retained was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the PLBC (740g) and the GWBC (660g) relative to the control (530g). The TC retained was significantly higher in the GWBC (10.0kg) and the PLBC (8.5kg) cf. the control (6.0kg). Total GHG emissions across the composting period were 50, 63 and 183kg CO2-eqt-1 of initial mass of GWBC, PLBC and control (dry weight basis) respectively. These results support the co-composting of biochar to lower net emissions of GHGs while increasing N retention (and fertiliser N value) in the mature compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Agyarko-Mintah
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, NSW 2351, Australia; Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), Accra Metropolitan Assembly, Ghana.
| | - Annette Cowie
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, NSW 2351, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Trevenna Rd, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Bhupinder Pal Singh
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, NSW 2351, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd., Menangle NSW 2568, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Stephen Joseph
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, NSW 2351, Australia; Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Lukas Van Zwieten
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, NSW 2351, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, 1243 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia.
| | - Alan Cowie
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Steven Harden
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW 2340, Australia.
| | - Robert Smillie
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, NSW 2351, Australia.
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