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Proudfoot KL. ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: What makes for a good life for transition dairy cows? Current research and future directions. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5896-5907. [PMID: 37479580 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows experience several challenges during the transition period, historically defined as the 3 wk before to 3 wk after calving. During this 6-wk window, cows undergo a series of social, nutritional, and physical changes that affect their quality of life. Cows are also at the highest risk of becoming ill in the days and weeks after calving compared with any other period in their adult life. Because of this, the transition cow has been a central focus of dairy cattle research for at least the last 50 yr, with much of this work targeted at identifying, treating, and preventing postpartum disease. However, understanding what makes for a good life for transition cows requires consideration of more than just their health. When considering a cow's welfare, we must also include her emotional experiences and ability to live a reasonably natural life. To gain a broader perspective on the welfare of transition cows that goes beyond their health, continued inter- and transdisciplinary approaches are needed. The aims of this narrative review are to (1) describe a framework used to study animal welfare, which includes different perspectives on what makes for a good life for animals using examples from transition cow research, (2) summarize the advancements we have made in developing our understanding of the welfare of transition dairy cows over the last several decades, (3) identify gaps in the literature and propose new and continued topics for research, and (4) suggest a path forward for researchers, including the use of methods from both the natural and social sciences to rethink existing problems, understanding barriers to adoption of evidence-based practice, and prepare for future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Proudfoot
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A4P3, Canada.
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Edwards-Callaway LN, Keller KP, Oselinsky K, Johnstone E, Cramer C, Román-Muñiz N, Stallones L, Coetzee JF. A nationwide survey on producer and veterinarian perceptions of the painfulness of procedures and disease states in dairy and beef cattle. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1059224. [PMID: 36817621 PMCID: PMC9929155 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1059224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to adequately manage pain in cattle causes suffering and is thus a welfare concern for the livestock industry. The objectives of this study were to summarize caregiver perceptions of the painfulness of various procedures and disease conditions in cattle. This survey also assessed factors that impact the perception of painfulness and determined relationships between pain perception and mitigation in producers and veterinarians in the United States beef and dairy cattle industries. An online survey was distributed via organization listservs and social media groups representing beef and dairy veterinarians and producers. The survey included questions about respondent demographics and pain perception and frequency of pain mitigation use for a variety of common husbandry procedures and disease conditions in cattle less than 2 months, 2-12 months, and greater than 12 months of age. Descriptive statistics were generated, and ordinal logistic regressions were used to assess the relationship between perceived pain level, frequency of pain mitigation use, and respondent demographic factors (e.g., gender, age, and role). There was a relatively low percentage of respondents that identified there was "no pain" associated with the listed procedures and conditions. Across the majority of procedures and conditions and cattle age categories, men perceived procedures to be less painful than women (P < 0.05). Veterinarians and producer-veterinarians perceived procedures to be more painful than producers (P < 0.05) for the majority of procedures and conditions. There were some differences identified between respondent age groups in pain perception but the trends were not consistent across procedures and conditions. There was a significant positive linear trend, with greater perceived pain associated with greater likelihood of providing local and systemic analgesia for all procedures and conditions across all cattle age categories (P ≤ 0.02). Perception of pain is complex and multifactorial, and it influences the likelihood to treat pain in cattle. This research highlighted the importance of understanding how these factors may play a role in increasing the use of pain mitigation within the beef and dairy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayleigh P. Keller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katrina Oselinsky
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Johnstone
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Catie Cramer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Noa Román-Muñiz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lorann Stallones
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Johann F. Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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3
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Nejati A, Bradtmueller A, Shepley E, Vasseur E. Technology applications in bovine gait analysis: A scoping review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0266287. [PMID: 36696371 PMCID: PMC9876379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative bovine gait analysis using technology has evolved significantly over the last two decades. However, subjective methods of gait assessment using visual locomotion scoring remain the primary on-farm and experimental approach. The objective of this review is to map research trends in quantitative bovine gait analysis and to explore the technologies that have been utilized to measure biomechanical parameters of gait. A scoping literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A search algorithm based on PICO framework generated three components-bovine, gait, and technology-to address our objectives. Three online databases were searched for original work published from January 2000 to June 2020. A two-step screening process was then conducted, starting with the review of article titles and abstracts based on inclusion criteria. A remaining 125 articles then underwent a full-text assessment, resulting in 82 final articles. Thematic analysis of research aims resulted in four major themes among the studies: gait/claw biomechanics, lameness detection, intervention/comparison, and system development. Of the 4 themes, lameness detection (55% of studies) was the most common reason for technology use. Within the literature identified three main technologies were used: force and pressure platforms (FPP), vision-based systems (VB), and accelerometers. FPP were the first and most popular technologies to evaluate bovine gait and were used in 58.5% of studies. They include force platforms, pressure mapping systems, and weight distribution platforms. The second most applied technology was VB (34.1% of studies), which predominately consists of video analysis and image processing systems. Accelerometers, another technological method to measure gait characteristics, were used in 14.6% of studies. In sum, the strong demand for automatic lameness detection influenced the path of development for quantitative gait analysis technologies. Among emergent technologies, deep learning and wearable sensors (e.g., accelerometers) appear to be the most promising options. However, although progress has been made, more research is needed to develop more accurate, practical, and user-friendly technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nejati
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Bradtmueller
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elise Shepley
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elsa Vasseur
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Martin M, Kleinhenz M, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K, Melendez D, Marti S, Pajor E, Janzen E, Coetzee J. Characterizing the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of pain biomarkers in cattle using receiver operating characteristic curves. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9853-9868. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Martin M, Kleinhenz M, Montgomery S, Blasi D, Almes K, Baysinger AK, Coetzee J. Assessment of diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers to assess lung consolidation in calves with induced bacterial pneumonia using receiver operating characteristic curves. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skab368. [PMID: 34919697 PMCID: PMC8827016 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically significant disease for cattle producers in the U.S. Cattle with advanced lung lesions at harvest have reduced average daily gain, yield grades, and carcass quality outcomes. The identification of biomarkers and clinical signs that accurately predict lung lesions could benefit livestock producers in determining a BRD prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are graphical plots that illustrate the diagnostic ability of a biomarker or clinical sign. Previously we used the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to identify cortisol, hair cortisol, and infrared thermography imaging as having acceptable (AUC > 0.7) diagnostic accuracy for detecting pain in cattle. Herein, we used ROC curves to assess the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers and clinical signs associated with lung lesions after experimentally induced BRD. We hypothesized pain biomarkers and clinical signs assessed at specific time points after induction of BRD could be used to predict lung consolidation at necropsy. Lung consolidation of > 10% was retrospectively assigned at necropsy as a true positive indicator of BRD. Calves with a score of < 10% were considered negative for BRD. The biomarkers and clinical signs analyzed were serum cortisol; infrared thermography (IRT); mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT); substance P; kinematic gait analysis; a visual analog scale (VAS); clinical illness score (CIS); computerized lung score (CLS); average activity levels; prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGEM); serum amyloid A; and rectal temperature. A total of 5,122 biomarkers and clinical signs were collected from 26 calves, of which 18 were inoculated with M. haemolytica. All statistics were performed using JMP Pro 14.0. Results comparing calves with significant lung lesions to those without yielded the best diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.75) for right front stride length at 0 h; gait velocity at 32 h; VAS, CIS, average activity and rumination levels, step count, and rectal temperature, all at 48 h; PGEM at 72 h; gait distance at 120 h; cortisol at 168 h; and IRT, right front force and serum amyloid A, all at 192 h. These results show ROC analysis can be a useful indicator of the predictive value of pain biomarkers and clinical signs in cattle with induced bacterial pneumonia. AUC values for VAS score, average activity levels, step count, and rectal temperature seemed to yield good diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.75) at multiple time points, while MNT values, substance P concentrations, and CLS did not (all AUC values < 0.75).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dale A Blasi
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kelli M Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Martin MS, Kleinhenz MD, Viscardi AV, Curtis AK, Johnson BT, Montgomery SR, Lou ME, Coetzee JF. Effect of bupivacaine liposome suspension administered as a cornual nerve block on indicators of pain and distress during and after cautery dehorning in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1603-1617. [PMID: 34802729 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehorning is performed on a high percentage of dairies worldwide. Concern about the negative effect of dehorning on animal welfare has contributed to the development of new guidelines that require the use of pain management at the time of disbudding in the United States. However, livestock producers are limited in how to address this requirement due to a lack of (1) approved analgesic drugs, (2) analgesic options that control pain for an extended duration, and (3) analgesic formulations that are practical for producers to administer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bupivacaine liposome suspension, a novel, long-acting, local anesthetic formulation administered as a nerve block at dehorning, compared with current industry standard analgesic approaches using lidocaine nerve blocks alone or in combination with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam. Fifty male Holstein calves, 10 to 14 wk of age, were enrolled and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups before cautery dehorning as follows: (1) bupivacaine liposome suspension block, oral placebo (BUP); (2) lidocaine block, oral placebo (LID); (3) lidocaine block, oral meloxicam (1 mg/kg of body weight; LID + MEL); (4) saline block, oral placebo (CON); and (5) saline block, oral placebo, sham dehorn (SHAM). Biomarkers were collected from 0 to 120 h postdehorning and included infrared thermography, mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), pressure mat gait analysis, chute defense and behavior scoring, and blood sampling for serum cortisol and prostaglandin E2 metabolites. Responses were analyzed using repeated measures with calf nested in treatment designated as a random effect, and treatment, time, and their interaction designated as fixed effects. At 2 h postdehorning, the BUP group had a higher MNT compared with the CON group. Furthermore, at 24 h postdehorning, the BUP group had a higher MNT compared with the LID group. Gait distance differed significantly between treatment groups; the CON, LID, and LID + MEL groups had an increased gait distance relative to the SHAM group. The CON group exhibited a higher chute defense behavior score during the dehorning procedure compared with all other treatments. Furthermore, the CON group exhibited more ear flicks than the BUP and LID + MEL groups postdehorning. At 4 h and 24 h after dehorning, the LID + MEL group had a lower average prostaglandin E2 metabolites concentration compared with all other treatment groups. These data showed that administration of bupivacaine liposome suspension as a cornual nerve block at the time of dehorning was as effective at controlling pain as a multimodal approach of lidocaine and meloxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.
| | - Abbie V Viscardi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Andrew K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Blaine T Johnson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Maria E Lou
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.
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Warner R, Kleinhenz MD, Ydstie JA, Schleining JA, Wulf LW, Coetzee JF, Gorden PJ. Randomized controlled trial comparison of analgesic drugs for control of pain associated with induced lameness in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2040-2055. [PMID: 33309349 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the economic loss and welfare implications of lameness affect the dairy industry. Currently no analgesic drugs are approved to alleviate lameness-associated pain in lactating dairy cattle in the United States. In this randomized controlled trial, 48 lactating Holsteins were enrolled to evaluate the effect of oral meloxicam and i.v. flunixin meglumine on induced lameness. Cows were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 12 per group): lameness and flunixin meglumine (LAME + FLU); lameness and meloxicam (LAME + MEL); lameness and placebo (LAME + PLBO); or sham induction and placebo (SHAM + PLBO). Six hours before treatment, arthritis-synovitis was induced in the distal interphalangeal joint with 20 mg of amphotericin B, whereas SHAM cows were given an intra-articular injection of an equal volume (4 mL) of isotonic saline. Cows in LAME + FLU received 2.2 mg/kg flunixin meglumine i.v. and whey protein placebo orally; LAME + MEL were administered 1 mg/kg meloxicam orally and 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v.; LAME + PLBO were administered 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v. and whey protein placebo orally; and SHAM + PLBO received 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v. and whey protein placebo orally. The initial treatment of MEL, FLU, or PLBO was identified as time 0 h and followed by a second dose 24 h later with data collection for 120 h. The methods used to assess analgesic efficacy were electronic pressure mat, visual lameness assessment, visual analog score, plasma cortisol concentration, plasma substance P concentration, mechanical nociception threshold, and infrared thermography imaging. Linear mixed effect modeling was the primary method of statistical analysis. Visual lameness scoring indicated a lower proportion of the FLU + LAME group was lame at the T2 h and T8 h time points in comparison to the positive controls, whereas MEL therapy resulted in a lower proportion of lame cows at the T8 h time point. Cortisol area under the effect curve was lower following FLU therapy compared with LAME + PBLO for the 0-2 h (LSM difference = 35.1 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 6.8, 63.3 ng·h/mL), 2-8 h (LSM difference = 120.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 77.2, 164.0 ng·h/mL), and 0-24 h (LSM difference = 226.0 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 103.3, 348.8 ng·h/mL) time intervals. Following MEL therapy, cortisol area under the effect curve was lower than LAME + PLBO for both the 2 to 8 h (LSM difference = 93.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 50.2, 137.0 ng·h/mL) and 0 to 24 h time intervals (LSM difference = 187.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 64.9, 310.4 ng·h/mL). Analysis of data from other assessment modalities failed to discern biologically relevant differences between treatment groups. We conclude that meaningful differences were evident for visual lameness assessment and cortisol from MEL and FLU treatment versus the positive control. Further clinical research is needed toward development of a model that will create reproducible events that are more pronounced in severity and duration of lameness which can be validated as a substitute for naturally occurring lameness cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Warner
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J A Ydstie
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J A Schleining
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77845
| | - L W Wulf
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - P J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Warner R, Ydstie JA, Wulf LW, Gehring R, Coetzee JF, Mochel JP, Gorden PJ. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam Between Healthy Post-partum vs. Mid-lactation Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:548. [PMID: 33102542 PMCID: PMC7506135 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactating dairy cattle are at risk for various painful conditions throughout their life, such as lameness, parturition, mastitis, and metabolic disorders. These conditions necessitate adequate methods of analgesia to address welfare concerns through efficacious pain mitigation. As no method of analgesia has been approved for lactating dairy cattle, to date, research is necessary to determine effective pain management strategies for dairy cattle. In both the European Union and Canada, meloxicam has been approved for use in lactating dairy cattle as a methodology for pain control. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam administered orally and intravenously to lactating dairy cattle in the post-partum vs. mid-lactation period. In this parallel study design, 12 healthy, lactating Holsteins were enrolled within 24 h of freshening and randomly allocated to intravenous (0.2 mg/kg) or oral (1.0 mg/kg) meloxicam administration treatment groups. They were matched based on parity to 12, healthy cows that were considered mid-lactation [>150 days-in-milk (DIM)] to receive the same treatment. Based on meloxicam formulation, sampling times varied and plasma was collection via jugular venipuncture for 6 days. Plasma drug concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated using non-compartmental (i.e., statistical moments) analysis. Results indicated a decreased systemic clearance of meloxicam in post-partum relative to mid-lactation cows, which resulted in a longer half-life and increased total exposure independent of mode of administration. These results suggest a need for dose adjustments based on stage in lactation and further assessment of the impact of days-in-milk on milk withholding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Warner
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joshua A Ydstie
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Veterinary Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacy, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
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