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Liu H, Lu H, Wang Y, Yu C, He Z, Dong H. Unlocking the power of short-chain fatty acids in ameliorating intestinal mucosal immunity: a new porcine nutritional approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1449030. [PMID: 39286812 PMCID: PMC11402818 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1449030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a subset of organic fatty acids with carbon chains ranging from one to six atoms in length, encompass acetate, propionate, and butyrate. These compounds are the endproducts of dietary fiber fermentation, primarily catalyzed by the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways within the gut microbiota. SCFAs act as pivotal energy substrates and signaling molecules in the realm of animal nutrition, exerting a profound influence on the intestinal, immune system, and intestinal barrier functions. Specifically, they contibute to 60-70% of the total energy requirements in ruminants and 10-25% in monogastric animals. SCFAs have demonstrated the capability to effectively modulate intestinal pH, optimize the absorption of mineral elements, and impede pathogen invasion. Moreover, they enhance the expression of proteins associated with intestinal tight junctions and stimulate mucus production, thereby refining intestinal tissue morphology and preserving the integrity of the intestinal structure. Notably, SCFAs also exert anti-inflammatory properties, mitigating inflammation within the intestinal epithelium and strengthening the intestinal barrier's defensive capabilities. The present review endeavors to synthesize recent findings regarding the role of SCFAs as crucial signaling intermediaries between the metabolic activities of gut microbiota and the status of porcine cells. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature on SCFAs' impact on immune responses within the porcine intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongde Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Castillo Zuniga J, Fresno Rueda AM, Samuel RS, St-Pierre B, Levesque CL. Impact of Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-Based Direct-Fed Microbials on the Performance, Intestinal Morphology, and Fecal Bacterial Populations of Nursery Pigs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1786. [PMID: 39338461 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical stage in the swine production cycle, as young pigs need to adjust to sudden and dramatic changes in their diet and environment. Among the various organ systems affected, the gastrointestinal tract is one of the more severely impacted during this transition. Traditionally, challenges at weaning have been managed by prophylactic use of antibiotics, which not only provides protection against diarrhea and other gut dysfunction but also has growth-promoting effects. With banning or major restrictions on the use of antibiotics for this purpose, various alternative products have been developed as potential replacements, including direct-fed microbials (DFMs) such as probiotics and postbiotics. As their efficiency needs to be improved, a continued effort to gain a deeper understanding of their mechanism of action is necessary. In this context, this report presents a study on the impact of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic (LPr) and a Bifidobacterium-based postbiotic (BPo) when added to the diet during the nursery phase. For animal performance, an effect was observed in the early stages (Day 0 to Day 10), as pigs fed diets supplemented with either DFMs were found to have higher average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to pigs fed the control diet (p < 0.05). Histological analysis of intestinal morphology on D10 revealed that the ileum of supplemented pigs had a higher villus height/crypt depth ratio (p < 0.05) compared to controls, indicating a benefit of the DFMs for gut health. In an effort to further explore potential mechanisms of action, the effects of the DFMs on gut microbial composition were investigated using fecal microbial communities as a non-invasive representative approach. At the bacterial family level, Lactobacillaceae were found in higher abundance in pigs fed either LPr (D10; p < 0.05) or BPo (D47; p < 0.05). At the Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) level, which can be used as a proxy to assess species composition, Ssd-00950 and Ssd-01187 were found in higher abundance in DFM-supplemented pigs on D47 (p < 0.05). Using nucleotide sequence identity, these OTUs were predicted to be putative strains of Congobacterium massiliense and Absicoccus porci, respectively. In contrast, OTU Ssd-00039, which was predicted to be a strain of Streptococcus alactolyticus, was in lower abundance in BPo-supplemented pigs on D47 (p < 0.05). Together, these results indicate that the DFMs tested in this study can impact various aspects of gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Castillo Zuniga
- Animal Science Complex, Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, P.O. Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Anlly M Fresno Rueda
- Animal Science Complex, Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, P.O. Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ryan S Samuel
- Animal Science Complex, Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, P.O. Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Animal Science Complex, Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, P.O. Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Animal Science Complex, Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, P.O. Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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3
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Liang J, Wang S, Kou S, Chen C, Zhang W, Nie C. Clostridium butyricum Prevents Diarrhea Incidence in Weaned Piglets Induced by Escherichia coli K88 through Rectal Bacteria-Host Metabolic Cross-Talk. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2287. [PMID: 39199821 PMCID: PMC11350811 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) on the prevention of the diarrhea rates and growth performances of weaned piglets induced by Escherichia coli K88 (E. coli K88). Twenty-four weaned piglets (6.92 ± 0.11 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups for a period of 21 days. Each group consisted of eight pigs, with each pig being housed in an individual pen. Group I received the control diet along with normal saline, Group II received the control diet along with E. coli K88, and Group III received the control diet supplemented with 5 × 108 CFU/kg of C. butyricum and E. coli K88. We examined alterations in rectal microbiota and metabolites, analyzed the incidence of diarrhea, and investigated the interactions between microbiota and metabolites through the application of Illumina MiSeq sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that, from days 14 to 21, the diarrhea incidence in Group III decreased significantly by 83.29% compared to Group II (p < 0.05). Over the entire experimental duration, the average daily feed intake of Group III decreased significantly by 11.13% compared to Group I (p < 0.05), while the diarrhea incidence in Group III decreased by 71.46% compared to Group II (p < 0.05). The predominant microbial flora in the rectum consisted of Firmicutes (57.32%), Bacteroidetes (41.03%), and Proteobacteria (0.66%). Administering E. coli K88 orally can elevate the relative abundance of Megasphaera (p < 0.05). Conversely, the supplementation of C. butyricum in the diet reduced the relative abundance of Megasphaera (p < 0.05), while increasing the relative abundance of unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae (p < 0.05). Rectal metabolomics analysis revealed that supplementing C. butyricum in the feed significantly altered the amino acids and fatty acids of the piglets infected with E. coli K88 (p < 0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the occurrence of diarrhea was inversely related to adipic acid (p < 0.05) and positively associated with (5-hydroxyindol-3-YL) acetic acid and L-aspartic acid (p < 0.05). Prevotella_1 exhibited a negative correlation with octadecanoic acid (p < 0.05). Prevotellaceae_UCG-005 showed a negative correlation with (5-hydroxyindol-3-YL) acetic acid (p < 0.05). The findings from this research study aid in probiotic development and the enhancement of healthy growth in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China; (J.L.); (S.W.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Sihu Wang
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China; (J.L.); (S.W.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shasha Kou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Wenju Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Cunxi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.K.); (C.C.)
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4
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Tang X. Probiotic Roles of Clostridium butyricum in Piglets: Considering Aspects of Intestinal Barrier Function. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1069. [PMID: 38612308 PMCID: PMC11010893 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
China, as the global leader in pork production and consumption, is faced with challenges in ensuring sustainable and wholesome growth of the pig industry while also guaranteeing meat food safety amidst the ban on antibiotics usage in animal feed. The focus of the pig industry lies in guaranteeing piglet health and enhancing overall production performance through nutrition regulation. Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum), a new type of probiotic, possesses characteristics such as heat resistance, acid resistance, and bile-salt tolerance, meaning it has potential as a feed additive. Previous studies have demonstrated that C. butyricum has a probiotic effect on piglets and can serve as a substitute for antibiotics. The objective of this study was to review the probiotic role of C. butyricum in the production of piglets, specifically focusing on intestinal barrier function. Through this review, we explored the probiotic effects of C. butyricum on piglets from the perspective of intestinal health. That is, C. butyricum promotes intestinal health by regulating the functions of the mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, immune barrier, and microbial barrier of piglets, thereby improving the growth of piglets. This review can provide a reference for the rational utilization and application of C. butyricum in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Yang Q, Zaongo SD, Zhu L, Yan J, Yang J, Ouyang J. The Potential of Clostridium butyricum to Preserve Gut Health, and to Mitigate Non-AIDS Comorbidities in People Living with HIV. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1. [PMID: 38336953 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A dramatic reduction in mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH) has been achieved during the modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. However, ART does not restore gut barrier function even after long-term viral suppression, allowing microbial products to enter the systemic blood circulation and induce chronic immune activation. In PLWH, a chronic state of systemic inflammation exists and persists, which increases the risk of development of inflammation-associated non-AIDS comorbidities such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Clostridium butyricum is a human butyrate-producing symbiont present in the gut microbiome. Convergent evidence has demonstrated favorable effects of C. butyricum for gastrointestinal health, including maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of the gut barrier, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine, and reduction of microbial translocation. Moreover, C. butyricum supplementation has been observed to have a positive effect on various inflammation-related diseases such as diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and cancer, which are also recognized as non-AIDS comorbidities associated with epithelial gut damage. There is currently scant published research in the literature, focusing on the influence of C. butyricum in the gut of PLWH. In this hypothesis review, we speculate the use of C. butyricum as a probiotic oral supplementation may well emerge as a potential future synergistic adjunctive strategy in PLWH, in tandem with ART, to restore and consolidate intestinal barrier integrity, repair the leaky gut, prevent microbial translocation from the gut, and reduce both gut and systemic inflammation, with the ultimate objective of decreasing the risk for development of non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijiao Zhu
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiadan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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Bryan EE, Bode NM, Chen X, Burris ES, Johnson DC, Dilger RN, Dilger AC. The effect of chronic, non-pathogenic maternal immune activation on offspring postnatal muscle and immune outcomes. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad424. [PMID: 38189595 PMCID: PMC10794819 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of maternal inflammation on offspring muscle development and postnatal innate immune response. Sixteen first-parity gilts were randomly allotted to repeated intravenous injections with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 8, treatment code INFLAM) or comparable volume of phosphate buffered saline (CON, n = 8). Injections took place every other day from gestational day (GD) 70 to GD 84 with an initial dose of 10 μg LPS/kg body weight (BW) increasing by 12% each time to prevent endotoxin tolerance. On GD 70, 76, and 84, blood was collected at 0 and 4 h postinjection via jugular or ear venipuncture to determine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β concentrations. After farrowing, litter mortality was recorded, and the pig closest to litter BW average was used for dissection and muscle fiber characterization. On weaning (postnatal day [PND] 21), pigs were weighed individually and 2 barrows closest to litter BW average were selected for another study. The third barrow closest to litter BW average was selected for the postnatal LPS challenge. On PND 52, pigs were given 5 μg LPS/kg BW via intraperitoneal injection, and blood was collected at 0, 4, and 8 h postinjection to determine TNF-α concentration. INFLAM gilt TNF-α concentration increased (P < 0.01) 4 h postinjection compared to 0 h postinjection, while CON gilt TNF-α concentration did not differ between time points. INFLAM gilt IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations increased (P = 0.03) 4 h postinjection compared to 0 h postinjection on GD 70, but did not differ between time points on GD 76 and 84. There were no differences between INFLAM and CON gilts litter mortality outcomes (P ≥ 0.13), but INFLAM pigs were smaller (P = 0.04) at birth and tended (P = 0.09) to be smaller at weaning. Muscle and organ weights did not differ (P ≥ 0.17) between treatments, with the exception of semitendinosus, which was smaller (P < 0.01) in INFLAM pigs. INFLAM pigs tended (P = 0.06) to have larger type I fibers. INFLAM pig TNF-α concentration did not differ across time, while CON pig TNF-α concentration peaked (P = 0.01) 4 h postinjection. TNF-α concentration did not differ between treatments at 0 and 8 h postinjection, but CON pigs had increased (P = 0.01) TNF-α compared to INFLAM pigs 4 h postinjection. Overall, maternal immune activation did not alter pig muscle development, but resulted in suppressed innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bryan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Nick M Bode
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Elli S Burris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Danielle C Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Anna C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Mahapatro A, Bawna F, Kumar V, Daryagasht AA, Gupta S, Raghuma N, Moghdam SS, Kolla A, Mahapatra SS, Sattari N, Amini-Salehi E, Nayak SS. Anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics and synbiotics on patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An umbrella study on meta-analyses. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:475-486. [PMID: 37739694 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The impact of chronic low-grade inflammation in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been studied widely. Previous studies showed gut pathogens' effects on inflammation development in NAFLD patients; hence, hypothetically, gut microbial therapy by administration of probiotics, synbiotics, and prebiotics may alleviate inflammation in these individuals. Several studies were performed in this regard; however, conflicting results were obtained. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of gut microbial therapy on inflammatory markers in NAFLD patients in a meta-umbrella design. METHODS Two independent researchers investigated international databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, from inception until March 2023. Meta-analyses evaluating the impact of probiotics, synbiotics, or prebiotics on inflammatory markers of patients with NAFLD were eligible for our study. AMASTAR 2 checklist was used to evaluate the quality of included studies. Random effect model was performed for the analysis, and Egger's regression test was conducted to determine publication bias. RESULTS A total number of 12 studies were entered into our analysis. Our findings revealed that gut microbial therapy could significantly reduce serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels among NAFLD patients (ES: -0.58; 95% CI: -0.73, -0.44, P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, this reduction was observed with both probiotics (ES: -0.63; 95% CI: -0.81, -0.45, P < 0.001) and synbiotics (ES: -0.49; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.24, P < 0.001). In addition, gut microbial therapy could significantly decrease tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) levels in NAFLD patients (ES: -0.48; 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.30, P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, this decrease was observed with probiotics (ES: -0.32; 95% CI: -0.53, -0.11, P = 0.002) and synbiotics (ES: -0.96; 95% CI: -1.32, -0.60, P < 0.001). Not enough information was available for assessing prebiotics' impacts. CONCLUSION The results of this umbrella review suggest that probiotics and synbiotics have promising effects on inflammatory markers, including TNF-a and CRP; however, more research is needed regarding the effects of prebiotics. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CODE CRD42022346998.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fnu Bawna
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Siddharth Gupta
- Baptist Memorial Hospital, North Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nakka Raghuma
- GSL Medical College and General Hospital, Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Akshita Kolla
- SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Chennai, India
| | | | - Nazila Sattari
- School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Sandeep S Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, USA
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Ma H, Bian S, Han P, Li Y, Ni A, Zhang R, Ge P, Wang Y, Zhao J, Zong Y, Yuan J, Sun Y, Chen J. Supplementation of exogenous bile acids improve antitrichomonal activity and enhance intestinal health in pigeon (Columba livia). Poult Sci 2023; 102:102722. [PMID: 37167885 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of supplementation of bile acids in drinking water on antitrichomonal activity, growth performance, immunity and microbial composition of pigeon. A total of 180 pairs of White King parent pigeons were randomly assigned to 5 treatments of 6 replications with 6 pairs of parent pigeons and 12 squabs in each replicate. The control (CON) group drank water without any additions. The metronidazole (MTZ) group drank water with 500 μg/mL metronidazole for 7 d and without any additions in other days. The else groups drank water with 500, 750, and 1,250 μg/mL bile acid (BAL, BAM, BAH) for 28 d. The results showed that Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) in MTZ, BAL, BAM, and BAH groups were lower than that in CON group at 14, 21, and 28 d of parent pigeons (P < 0.05) and at 21 and 28 d of squabs (P < 0.05). Albumin and alanine transaminase in CON group were higher than those in MTZ, BAL, and BAH groups (P < 0.05). The levels of soluble CD8 were higher in MTZ and BAH groups compared with CON group (P < 0.05). The lesions in oral mucosa, thymus, liver, and spleen tissues of CON group could be observed. Abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) index in BAH group was higher than that in CON and MTZ groups. Simpson index in CON and BAH groups was higher than MTZ group (P < 0.05). Lactobacillus was the highest colonized colonic bacteria in genera that were 77.21, 91.20, and 73.19% in CON, MTZ, and BAH, respectively. In conclusion, drinking water supplemented with 500, 750, and 1,250 μg/mL bile acid could inhibit growth of T. gallinae in both parent pigeons and squabs. Squabs infected with T. gallinae in control group had higher mortality rate and more serious tissue lesions. Squabs in bile acids treated group had more sCD8 in serum and abundant intestinal morphology. Bile acids could be an efficient drinking supplements to inhibit T. gallinae and improve pigeon adaptive immunity and intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shixiong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengmin Han
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030800, China
| | - Yunlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Aixin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pingzhuang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinmeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhe Zong
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Zhang X, Yun Y, Lai Z, Ji S, Yu G, Xie Z, Zhang H, Zhong X, Wang T, Zhang L. Supplemental Clostridium butyricum modulates lipid metabolism by reshaping the gut microbiota composition and bile acid profile in IUGR suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:36. [PMID: 36907895 PMCID: PMC10009951 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can cause lipid disorders in infants and have long-term adverse effects on their growth and development. Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum), a kind of emerging probiotics, has been reported to effectively attenuate lipid metabolism dysfunctions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of C. butyricum supplementation on hepatic lipid disorders in IUGR suckling piglets. METHODS Sixteen IUGR and eight normal birth weight (NBW) neonatal male piglets were used in this study. From d 3 to d 24, in addition to drinking milk, the eight NBW piglets (NBW-CON group, n = 8) and eight IUGR piglets (IUGR-CON group, n = 8) were given 10 mL sterile saline once a day, while the remaining IUGR piglets (IUGR-CB group, n = 8) were orally administered C. butyricum at a dose of 2 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/kg body weight (suspended in 10 mL sterile saline) at the same frequency. RESULTS The IUGR-CON piglets exhibited restricted growth, impaired hepatic morphology, disordered lipid metabolism, increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens and altered ileum and liver bile acid (BA) profiles. However, C. butyricum supplementation reshaped the gut microbiota of the IUGR-CB piglets, characterized by a decreased abundance of opportunistic pathogens in the ileum, including Streptococcus and Enterococcus. The decrease in these bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-producing microbes increased the content of conjugated BAs, which could be transported to the liver and function as signaling molecules to activate liver X receptor α (LXRα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). This activation effectively accelerated the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids and down-regulated the total cholesterol level by decreasing the synthesis and promoting the efflux of cholesterol. As a result, the growth performance and morphological structure of the liver improved in the IUGR piglets. CONCLUSION These results indicate that C. butyricum supplementation in IUGR suckling piglets could decrease the abundance of BSH-producing microbes (Streptococcus and Enterococcus). This decrease altered the ileum and liver BA profiles and consequently activated the expression of hepatic LXRα and FXR. The activation of these two signaling molecules could effectively normalize the lipid metabolism and improve the growth performance of IUGR suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuli Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ge Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zechen Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Wendner D, Schott T, Mayer E, Teichmann K. Beneficial Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Epithelial Barrier Integrity in an In Vitro Co-Culture Model of the Piglet Gut. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031026. [PMID: 36770693 PMCID: PMC9920886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial farming of livestock is increasingly focused on high productivity and performance. As a result, concerns are growing regarding the safety of food and feed, and the sustainability involved in their production. Therefore, research in areas such as animal health, welfare, and the effects of feed additives on animals is of significant importance. In this study, an in vitro co-culture model of the piglet gut was used to investigate the effects of two phytogenic feed additives (PFA) with similar compositions. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were co-cultivated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to model the complex porcine gut environment in vitro. The effects of treatments on epithelial barrier integrity were assessed by means of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in the presence of an inflammatory challenge. Protective effects of PFA administration were observed, depending on treatment duration and the model compartment. After 48 h, TEER values were significantly increased by 12-13% when extracts of the PFA were applied to the basolateral compartment (p < 0.05; n = 4), while no significant effects on cell viability were observed. No significant differences in the activity of a PFA based mainly on pure chemical compounds versus a PFA based mainly on complex, natural essential oils, and extracts were found. Overall, the co-culture model was used successfully to investigate and demonstrate beneficial effects of PFAs on intestinal epithelial barrier function during an inflammatory challenge in vitro. In addition, it demonstrates that the two PFAs are equivalent in effect. This study provides useful insights for further research on porcine gut health status even without invasive in vivo trials.
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Su W, Jiang Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Gong T, Wang F, Jin M, Wang Y, Lu Z. Co-fermented defatted rice bran alters gut microbiota and improves growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status and intestinal permeability of finishing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:413-424. [PMID: 36382202 PMCID: PMC9640948 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on preparation of co-fermented defatted rice bran (DFRB) using Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus plantarum and phytase, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of co-fermented DFRB on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status, gut microbiota and permeability in finishing pigs. Ninety finishing pigs (85.30 ± 0.97 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (3 replicates/treatment) with a basal diet (Ctrl), a basal diet supplemented with 10% unfermented DFRB (UFR), and a basal diet supplemented with 10% fermented DFRB (FR) for 30 d. Results revealed that the diet supplemented with FR notably (P < 0.05) improved the average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F) and the digestibility of crude protein, amino acids and dietary fiber of finishing pigs compared with UFR. Additionally, FR supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased total antioxidant capacity, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and decreased the content of malonaldehyde in serum. Furthermore, FR remarkably (P < 0.05) increased serum levels of IgG, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-22 and IL-23) and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and INF-γ). The decrease of serum diamine oxidase activity and serum D-lactate content in the FR group (P < 0.05) suggested an improvement in intestinal permeability. Supplementation of FR also elevated the content of acetate and butyrate in feces (P < 0.05). Moreover, FR enhanced gut microbial richness and the abundance of fiber-degrading bacteria such as Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus amylovorus. Correlation analyses indicated dietary fiber in FR was associated with improvements in immune status, intestinal permeability and the level of butyrate-producing microbe C. butyricum, which was also verified by the in vitro fermentation analysis. These findings provided an experimental and theoretical basis for the application of fermented DFRB in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifa Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zipeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Gou HZ, Zhang YL, Ren LF, Li ZJ, Zhang L. How do intestinal probiotics restore the intestinal barrier? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:929346. [PMID: 35910620 PMCID: PMC9330398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.929346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a structure that prevents harmful substances, such as bacteria and endotoxins, from penetrating the intestinal wall and entering human tissues, organs, and microcirculation. It can separate colonizing microbes from systemic tissues and prevent the invasion of pathogenic bacteria. Pathological conditions such as shock, trauma, stress, and inflammation damage the intestinal barrier to varying degrees, aggravating the primary disease. Intestinal probiotics are a type of active microorganisms beneficial to the health of the host and an essential element of human health. Reportedly, intestinal probiotics can affect the renewal of intestinal epithelial cells, and also make cell connections closer, increase the production of tight junction proteins and mucins, promote the development of the immune system, regulate the release of intestinal antimicrobial peptides, compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and living space, and interact with the host and intestinal commensal flora to restore the intestinal barrier. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of how intestinal probiotics restore the intestinal barrier to provide new ideas for treating intestinal injury-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhong Gou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long-Fei Ren
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Jiao Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang,
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13
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Su W, Gong T, Jiang Z, Lu Z, Wang Y. The Role of Probiotics in Alleviating Postweaning Diarrhea in Piglets From the Perspective of Intestinal Barriers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:883107. [PMID: 35711653 PMCID: PMC9197122 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.883107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early weaning of piglets is an important strategy for improving the production efficiency of sows in modern intensive farming systems. However, due to multiple stressors such as physiological, environmental and social challenges, postweaning syndrome in piglets often occurs during early weaning period, and postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is a serious threat to piglet health, resulting in high mortality. Early weaning disrupts the intestinal barrier function of piglets, disturbs the homeostasis of gut microbiota, and destroys the intestinal chemical, mechanical and immunological barriers, which is one of the main causes of PWD in piglets. The traditional method of preventing PWD is to supplement piglet diet with antibiotics. However, the long-term overuse of antibiotics led to bacterial resistance, and antibiotics residues in animal products, threatening human health while causing dysbiosis of gut microbiota and superinfection of piglets. Antibiotic supplementation in livestock diets is prohibited in many countries and regions. Regarding this context, finding antibiotic alternatives to maintain piglet health at the critical weaning period becomes a real emergency. More and more studies showed that probiotics can prevent and treat PWD by regulating the intestinal barriers in recent years. Here, we review the research status of PWD-preventing and treating probiotics and discuss its potential mechanisms from the perspective of intestinal barriers (the intestinal microbial barrier, the intestinal chemical barrier, the intestinal mechanical barrier and the intestinal immunological barrier) in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifa Su
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zipeng Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yizhen Wang,
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Niu X, Ding Y, Chen S, Gooneratne R, Ju X. Effect of Immune Stress on Growth Performance and Immune Functions of Livestock: Mechanisms and Prevention. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070909. [PMID: 35405897 PMCID: PMC8996973 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune stress is an important stressor in domestic animals that leads to decreased feed intake, slow growth, and reduced disease resistance of pigs and poultry. Especially in high-density animal feeding conditions, the risk factor of immune stress is extremely high, as they are easily harmed by pathogens, and frequent vaccinations are required to enhance the immunity function of the animals. This review mainly describes the causes, mechanisms of immune stress and its prevention and treatment measures. This provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of safe and efficient prevention and control measures for immune stress in animals. Abstract Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that pathogen-induced immune stress is mostly related to TLR4-related inflammatory signal pathway activation, excessive inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, hormonal disorders, cell apoptosis, and intestinal microbial disorders. This paper reviews the occurrence of immune stress in livestock, its impact on immune function and growth performance, and strategies for immune stress prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Niu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
| | - Yuexia Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Shengwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
- Correspondence:
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Zhuang S, Ming K, Ma N, Sun J, Wang D, Ding M, Ding Y. Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharide ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses and barrier dysfunction in porcine intestinal epithelial monolayers. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Schott T, Reisinger N, Teichmann K, König J, Ladinig A, Mayer E. Establishment of an In Vitro Co-Culture Model of the Piglet Gut to Study Inflammatory Response and Barrier Integrity. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:262-273. [PMID: 34144625 DOI: 10.1055/a-1510-5802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In intensive farming, piglets are exposed to various challenges that activate intestinal inflammatory processes, negatively affecting animal health and leading to economic losses. To study the role of the inflammatory response on epithelial barrier integrity, co-culture systems that mimic in vivo complexity are more and more preferred over cell monocultures. In this study, an in vitro gut co-culture model consisting of intestinal porcine epithelial cells and porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells was established. The model provides an appropriate tool to study the role of the inflammatory response on epithelial barrier integrity and to screen for feed and food components, exerting beneficial effects on gut health. In the established model, inflammation-like reactions and damage of the epithelial barrier, indicated by a decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance, were elicited by activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells via one of 3 stimuli: lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, or concanavalin A. Two phytogenic substances that are commonly used as feed additives, licorice extract and oregano oil, have been shown to counteract the drop in transepithelial electrical resistance values in the gut co-culture model. The established co-culture model provides a powerful in vitro tool to study the role of intestinal inflammation on epithelial barrier integrity. As it consists of porcine epithelial and porcine blood cells it perfectly mimics in vivo conditions and imitates the inter-organ communication of the piglet gut. The developed model is useful to screen for nutritional components or drugs, having the potential to balance intestinal inflammation and strengthen the epithelial barrier integrity in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Myhill LJ, Stolzenbach S, Mejer H, Krych L, Jakobsen SR, Kot W, Skovgaard K, Canibe N, Nejsum P, Nielsen DS, Thamsborg SM, Williams AR. Parasite-Probiotic Interactions in the Gut: Bacillus sp. and Enterococcus faecium Regulate Type-2 Inflammatory Responses and Modify the Gut Microbiota of Pigs During Helminth Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793260. [PMID: 35069576 PMCID: PMC8766631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary probiotics may enhance gut health by directly competing with pathogenic agents and through immunostimulatory effects. These properties are recognized in the context of bacterial and viral pathogens, but less is known about interactions with eukaryotic pathogens such as parasitic worms (helminths). In this study we investigated whether two probiotic mixtures (comprised of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and Enterococcus faecium [BBE], or Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies Lactis Bb12 [LB]) could modulate helminth infection kinetics as well as the gut microbiome and intestinal immune responses in pigs infected with the nodular worm Oesophagostomum dentatum. We observed that neither probiotic mixture influenced helminth infection levels. BBE, and to a lesser extent LB, changed the alpha- and beta-diversity indices of the colon and fecal microbiota, notably including an enrichment of fecal Bifidobacterium spp. by BBE. However, these effects were muted by concurrent O. dentatum infection. BBE (but not LB) significantly attenuated the O. dentatum-induced upregulation of genes involved in type-2 inflammation and restored normal lymphocyte ratios in the ileo-caecal lymph nodes that were altered by infection. Moreover, inflammatory cytokine release from blood mononuclear cells and intestinal lymphocytes was diminished by BBE. Collectively, our data suggest that selected probiotic mixtures can play a role in maintaining immune homeostasis during type 2-biased inflammation. In addition, potentially beneficial changes in the microbiome induced by dietary probiotics may be counteracted by helminths, highlighting the complex inter-relationships that potentially exist between probiotic bacteria and intestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Myhill
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sophie Stolzenbach
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helena Mejer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Simon R Jakobsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal Science - Immunology and Microbiology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Increased Ingestion of Hydroxy-Methionine by Both Sows and Piglets Improves the Ability of the Progeny to Counteract LPS-Induced Hepatic and Splenic Injury with Potential Regulation of TLR4 and NOD Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020321. [PMID: 35204204 PMCID: PMC8868084 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine, as an essential amino acid, play roles in antioxidant defense and the regulation of immune responses. This study was designed to determine the effects and mechanisms of increased consumption of methionine by sows and piglets on the capacity of the progeny to counteract lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge-induced injury in the liver and spleen of piglets. Primiparous sows (n = 10/diet) and their progeny were fed a diet that was adequate in sulfur amino acids (CON) or CON + 25% total sulfur amino acids as methionine from gestation day 85 to postnatal day 35. A total of ten male piglets were selected from each treatment and divided into 2 groups (n = 5/treatment) for a 2 × 2 factorial design [diets (CON, Methionine) and challenge (saline or LPS)] at 35 d old. After 24 h challenge, the piglets were euthanized to collect the liver and spleen for the histopathology, redox status, and gene expression analysis. The histopathological results showed that LPS challenge induced liver and spleen injury, while dietary methionine supplementation alleviated these damages that were induced by the LPS challenge. Furthermore, the LPS challenge also decreased the activities of GPX, SOD, and CAT and upregulated the mRNA and(or) protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NOD1, NOD2, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-8, p53, BCL2, and COX2 in the liver and (or) spleen. The alterations of GPX and SOD activities and the former nine genes were prevented or alleviated by the methionine supplementation. In conclusion, the maternal and neonatal dietary supplementation of methionine improved the ability of piglets to resist LPS challenge-induced liver and spleen injury, potentially through the increased antioxidant capacity and inhibition of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathway.
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Li W, Xu B, Wang L, Sun Q, Deng W, Wei F, Ma H, Fu C, Wang G, Li S. Effects of Clostridium butyricum on Growth Performance, Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier Function of Broilers. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777456. [PMID: 34956140 PMCID: PMC8692979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Clostridium butyricum dietary supplementation on the growth, antioxidant, immune response, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function of broilers under high stocking density (HSD) stress. A total of 324 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replicates, each replicate including 18 chickens (18 birds/m2). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. The three treatments were basal diet (control, CON), basal diet supplemented with 1 × 109 colony forming units (cfu)/kg C. butyricum (CB), and basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg virginiamycin (antibiotic, ANT). The results showed that the body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers in the CB group were significantly higher than those in the CON group in three periods (p < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum of the CB group were significantly increased compared with those in the CON and ANT groups at 42 days (p < 0.05). At 42 days, the serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of the CB group were significantly higher than those of the CON group. Compared with the CON group, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the CB group was significantly decreased in the starter and grower stages (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups (p > 0.05). C. butyricum significantly decreased the high stocking density-induced expression levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ileum of broilers at different stages. Additionally, C. butyricum could increase the expressions of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in intestinal tissue. Moreover, C. butyricum significantly increased the Sobs and Shannon indices in the CB group compared with the ANT group (p < 0.05), while the Ace index in the CB group was significantly higher than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the proportion of Bacteroides in the CB group was increased compared to those in the CON and ANT groups at the genus level. In conclusion, C. butyricum supplemented into feed could improve the growth performance and feed utilization of broilers by promoting immune and intestinal barrier function and benefiting the cecal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linyi Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quanyou Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengxian Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaili Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Oh JK, Vasquez R, Kim SH, Hwang IC, Song JH, Park JH, Kim IH, Kang DK. Multispecies probiotics alter fecal short-chain fatty acids and lactate levels in weaned pigs by modulating gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1142-1158. [PMID: 34796353 PMCID: PMC8564300 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolic products produced during the
microbial fermentation of non-digestible fibers and play an important role in
metabolic homeostasis and overall gut health. In this study, we investigated the
effects of supplementation with multispecies probiotics (MSPs) containing
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Limosilactobacillus
reuteri, and Levilactobacillus brevis on the gut
microbiota, and fecal SCFAs and lactate levels of weaned pigs. A total of 38
pigs weaned at 4 weeks of age were fed either a basal diet or a diet
supplemented with MSPs for 6 weeks. MSP administration significantly increased
the fecal concentrations of lactate (2.3-fold; p <
0.01), acetate (1.8-fold; p < 0.05), and formate
(1.4-fold; p < 0.05). Moreover, MSP supplementation
altered the gut microbiota of the pigs by significantly increasing the
population of potentially beneficial bacteria such as
Olsenella, Catonella,
Catenibacterium, Acidaminococcus, and
Ruminococcaceae. MSP supplementation also decreased the
abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia and
Chlamydia. The modulation of the gut microbiota was
observed to be strongly correlated with the changes in fecal SCFAs and lactate
levels. Furthermore, we found changes in the functional pathways present within
the gut, which supports our findings that MSP modulates the gut microbiota and
SCFAs levels in pigs. The results support the potential use of MSPs to improve
the gut health of animals by modulating SCFAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Robie Vasquez
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In-Chan Hwang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Ma M, Zhao Z, Liang Q, Shen H, Zhao Z, Chen Z, He R, Feng S, Cao D, Gan G, Ye H, Qiu W, Deng J, Ming F, Jia J, Sun C, Li J, Zhang L. Overexpression of pEGF improved the gut protective function of Clostridium butyricum partly through STAT3 signal pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5973-5991. [PMID: 34396488 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) is a probiotic that could promote animal growth and protect gut health. So far, current studies mainly keep up with the basic biological functions of C. butyricum, missing the effective strategy to further improve its protective efficiency. A recent report about C. butyricum alleviating intestinal injury through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inspired us to bridge this gap by porcine epidermal growth factor (EGF) overexpression. Lacking a secretory overexpression system, we constructed the recombinant strains overexpressing pEGF in C. butyricum for the first time and obtained 4 recombinant strains for highly efficient secretion of pEGF (BC/pPD1, BC/pSPP, BC/pGHF, and BC/pDBD). Compared to the wild-type strain, we confirmed that the expression level ranges of the intestinal development-related genes (Claudin-1, GLUT-2, SUC, GLP2R, and EGFR) and anti-inflammation-related gene (IL-10) in IPECs were upregulated under recombinant strain stimulation, and the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium was significantly inhibited as well. Furthermore, a particular inhibitor (stattic) was used to block STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in the downregulation on antibacterial effect of recombinant strains. This study demonstrated that the secretory overexpression of pEGF in C. butyricum could upregulate the expression level of EGFR, consequently improving the intestinal protective functions of C. butyricum partly following STAT3 signal activation in IPECs and making it a positive loop. These findings on the overexpression strains pointed out a new direction for further development and utilization of C. butyricum. KEY POINTS: • By 12 signal peptide screening in silico, 4 pEGF overexpression strains of C. butyricum/pMTL82151-pEGF for highly efficient secretion of pEGF were generated for the first time. • The secretory overexpression of pEGF promoted the intestinal development, antimicrobial action, and anti-inflammatory function of C. butyricum. • The overexpressed pEGF upregulated the expression level of EGFR and further magnified the gut protective function of recombinant strains which in turn partly depended on STAT3 signal pathway in IPECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaopeng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianyi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Haokun Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zengjue Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongxiao He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Saixiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanhua Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hejia Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Feiping Ming
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhao Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Chongjun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Linghua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Factors affecting performance of pigs exposed to different challenge models. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab078. [PMID: 34061958 PMCID: PMC8168681 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dietary alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, gut barrier function and inflammation in piglets post-weaning: Where are we now? Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gut health: The results of microbial and mucosal immune interactions in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:282-294. [PMID: 34258416 PMCID: PMC8245825 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract. These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity, which is of great importance to the health of the host. The host immune system can regulate the distribution and composition of intestinal microorganisms and regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora by secreting a variety of immune effector factors, such as mucin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), regenerating islet-derived III (RegIII)γ, and defensin. Conversely, intestinal microorganisms can also promote the differentiation of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells through their specific components or metabolites. Studies have shown that imbalances in the intestinal flora can lead to bacterial translocation and compromised intestinal barrier function, affecting the health of the body. This review focuses on the composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity, discusses the interaction mechanism between the flora and intestinal mucosal immunity, as well as the regulation through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary nutritional composition, probiotics and prebiotics of pig intestinal microecology. Finally, this review provides insights into the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system.
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Liang J, Kou S, Chen C, Raza SHA, Wang S, Ma X, Zhang WJ, Nie C. Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, metabonomics and intestinal microbial differences of weaned piglets. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:85. [PMID: 33752593 PMCID: PMC7983215 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weaning stress of piglets causes a huge economic loss to the pig industry. Balance and stability of the intestinal microenvironment is an effective way to reduce the occurance of stress during the weaning process. Clostridium butyricum, as a new microecological preparation, is resistant to high temperature, acid, bile salts and some antibiotics. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of C. butyricum on the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites in weaned piglets. Results There was no statistical significance in the growth performance and the incidence of diarrhoea among the weaned piglets treated with C. butyricum during 0–21 days experimental period. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao index of the CB group were found to be significantly increased compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Tenericutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the weaned piglets. A marked increase in the relative abundance of Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, along with a decreased relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 was observed in the CB group, when compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). With the addition of C. butyricum, a total of twenty-two significantly altered metabolites were obtained in the feces of piglets. The integrated pathway analysis by MetaboAnalyst indicated that arginine and proline metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism were the main three altered pathways, based on the topology. Furthermore, Spearman’s analysis revealed some altered gut microbiota genus such as Oscillospira, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Prevotella_2, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 were associated with the alterations in the fecal metabolites (P < 0.05), indicating that C. butyricum presented a potential protective impact through gut microbiota. The intestinal metabolites changed by C. butyricum mainly involved the variation of citrulline, dicarboxylic acids, branched-chain amino acid and tryptophan metabolic pathways. Conclusions Overall, this study strengthens the idea that the dietary C. butyricum treatment can significantly alter the intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles of the weaned piglets, and C. butyricum can offer potential benefits for the gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Kou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, People's Republic of China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ju Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cunxi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, People's Republic of China.
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Lu J, Yao J, Xu Q, Zheng Y, Dong X. Clostridium butyricum relieves diarrhea by enhancing digestive function, maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, and relieving intestinal inflammation in weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Lv Z, Dai H, Wei Q, Jin S, Wang J, Wei X, Yuan Y, Yu D, Shi F. Dietary genistein supplementation protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury through altering transcriptomic profile. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3411-3427. [PMID: 32616235 PMCID: PMC7597844 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein is abundant in the corn-soybean meal feed. Little information is available about the effect of dietary genistein on the intestinal transcriptome of chicks, especially when suffering from intestinal injury. In this study, 180 one-day-old male ROSS 308 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 3 groups, with 4 replicates (cages) of 15 birds each. The treatments were as follows: chicks received a basal diet (CON), a basal diet and underwent lipopolysaccharide-challenge (LPS), or a basal diet supplemented with 40 mg/kg genistein and underwent LPS-challenge (GEN). LPS injection induced intestinal injury and inflammatory reactions in the chicks. Transcriptomic analysis identified 7,131 differently expressed genes (3,281 upregulated and 3,851 downregulated) in the GEN group compared with the LPS group (P adjusted value < 0.05, |fold change| > 1.5), which revealed that dietary genistein exposure altered the gene expression profile and signaling pathways in the ileum of LPS-treated chicks. Furthermore, dietary genistein improved intestinal morphology, mucosal immune function, tight junction, antioxidant activity, apoptotic process, and growth performance, which were adversely damaged by LPS injection. Therefore, adding genistein into the diet of chicks can alter RNA expression profile and ameliorate intestinal injury in LPS-challenged chicks, thereby improving the growth performance of chicks with intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengpeng Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongjian Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Song Jin
- Animal Disease Control Center of Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Animal Disease Control Center of Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, China
| | - Xihui Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunwei Yuan
- Poultry Production Department, Jiangsu Hesheng Food Limited Company, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Debing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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28
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Wang K, Zhang H, Han Q, Lan J, Chen G, Cao G, Yang C. Effects of astragalus and ginseng polysaccharides on growth performance, immune function and intestinal barrier in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:1096-1105. [PMID: 31724241 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides (Aps) and ginseng polysaccharide (Gps) on growth performance, liver function, immune function, TLR4 signalling pathways and intestinal barrier in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In an experiment spanning 28 days, 180 weaned piglets were randomly divided into three treatment groups: basal diet (Con), basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg Gps (Gps) and basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg Aps (Aps). At the end of the experiment, 12 piglets of each group were selected; half (n = 6) were intraperitoneally injected with LPS and half with normal saline. Dietary supplementation with Aps and Gps significantly increased (p < .05) the average daily gain and feed conversion rate. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased (p < .05) expression of serum urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour inflammatory factor-α (TNF-α), but decreased (p < .05) serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) expression. Lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets fed with Aps or Gps had lower (p < .05) BUN, ALT, AST, IL-1β and TNF-α levels and greater (p < .05) SOD, T-AOC and IgA levels. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased (p < .05) the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB, and LPS-challenged piglets fed diets supplemented with Aps or Gps increased TLR4 and MyD88 and decreased NF-κB expression. Lipopolysaccharide challenge reduced (p < .05) the jejunal villus height, and piglets fed with Aps or Gps had increased (p < .05) jejunal villus height. Supplementation with Aps or Gps enhanced the expression of occludin and claudin in challenged or unchallenged piglets. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Aps or Gps enhanced piglet growth performance, alleviated liver dysfunction and reduced immunological stress caused by LPS, as well as increased the intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianjie Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangtian Cao
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Huang T, Peng XY, Gao B, Wei QL, Xiang R, Yuan MG, Xu ZH. The Effect of Clostridium butyricum on Gut Microbiota, Immune Response and Intestinal Barrier Function During the Development of Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2309. [PMID: 31681193 PMCID: PMC6797560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Probiotics are used as potential alternatives to antibiotics to prevent NE. It is known that Clostridium butyricum can act as a probiotic that can prevent infection. However, whether or not it exerts a beneficial effect on NE in chickens remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the impact of C. butyricum on immune response and intestinal microbiota during the development of NE in chickens, including experimental stages with basal diets, high-fishmeal-supplementation diets, and Clostridium perfringens challenge. Chickens were divided into two groups from day 1 to day 20: one group had its diet supplemented with C. butyricum supplementation and one did not. At day 20, the chickens were divided into four groups: C. perfringens challenged and unchallenged chickens with and without C. butyricum supplementation. All groups were fed a basal diet for 13 days and thereafter a basal diet with 50% fishmeal from day 14 to 24. Chickens were infected with C. perfringens from day 21 to 23. At days 13, 20 and 24, samples were collected for analysis of the relative expression of immune response and intestinal mucosa barrier-related genes and intestinal microbes. The results show that C. butyricum can inhibit the increase in IL-17A gene expression and the reduction in Claudin-1 gene induced-expression caused by C. perfringens challenge. Moreover, C. butyricum was found to increase the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in infected chickens. Although C. butyricum was found to have a significant beneficial effect on the structure of intestinal bacteria in the basal diet groups and decrease the abundance of C. perfringens in the gut, it did not significantly affect the occurrence of intestinal lesions and did not significantly correct the shift in gut bacterial composition post C. perfringens infection. In conclusion, although C. butyricum promotes the expression of anti-inflammatory and tight junction protein genes and inhibits pro-inflammatory genes in C. perfringens-challenged chickens, it is not adequate to improve the structure of intestinal microbiota in NE chickens. Therefore, more effective schemes of C. butyricum supplementation to prevent and treat NE in chickens need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yu Peng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Gao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Lin Wei
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Gui Yuan
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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