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Serra V, Pastorelli G, Tedesco DEA, Turin L, Guerrini A. Alternative protein sources in aquafeed: Current scenario and future perspectives. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 25:100381. [PMID: 39280774 PMCID: PMC11399666 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish meal represents the main protein source for most commercially farmed aquatic species, as it is characterized by high nutritional value and lack of anti-nutritional factors. However, its availability and the market price have been recognized as serious problems at least for over a decade, making it necessary to search for non-conventional protein sources, as an alternative to fish meals. This review aims to comprehensively examine and critically revise the use of fish meal and all alternative protein sources explored to date on the health, welfare, and growth performance of the major aquatic species commercially interesting from a global scenario. The investigation revealed that the inclusion levels of the different protein sources, plant- and animal-derived, ranged from 10 to 80 % and from 2 to 100 % respectively, in partial or complete replacement of fish meal, and generated positive effects on health, welfare, growth performance, and fillet quality. However, the results showed that above a certain level of inclusion, each protein source can negatively affect fish growth performance, metabolic activities, and other biological parameters. Moreover, it is likely that by mixing different protein sources, the combination of each ingredient causes a synergistic effect on the nutritional properties. Therefore, the future of aquatic feed formulation is expected to be based on the blend of different protein sources. Overall, the analysis highlighted the need for additional research in the field of replacing fish meals with new protein sources, given that many knowledge gaps are still to be filled on aquatic species, which deserve to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Guerrini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Salinas-Chavira J, Carvalho PHV, Latack BC, Ferraz MVC, Montano M, Zinn RA. Influence of metabolizable protein and methionine supplementation on growth-performance of Holstein steer calves during the initial 112-d feedlot growing phase. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae003. [PMID: 38375404 PMCID: PMC10876069 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to examine the effects of metabolizable protein (MP) and ruminal-protected methionine supplementation on growth performance of Holstein steer calves during the initial feedlot growing phase (112 d). One hundred eighty Holstein steer calves (122 ± 7 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to 30 pens (6 steers per pen). Five treatments were applied: 1) control, a diet based on steam-flaked corn containing urea and dry distillers grains plus solubles as supplemental N sources with no amino acid addition; 2) control diet plus blood meal supplementation; 3) diet from treatment 2, with 0.064% Smartamine M (70% methionine; Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA) supplementation; 4) diet from treatment 2 with 0.096% Smartamine M supplementation; 5) diet from treatment 2 with 0.128% Smartamine M supplementation. All diets were formulated to exceed the estimated MP requirements. The estimated metabolizable lysine, as well as methionine, was deficient in the control diet. Blood meal was added to the control diet to meet estimated lysine requirements (diet 2), the other diets had increasing concentrations of supplemental methionine. Supplemental MP enhanced (10%, P < 0.02) interim and overall 112-d average daily gain (ADG). Additional effects of supplemental methionine on ADG were not appreciable (P > 0.10). Supplemental MP did not affect (P > 0.10) dry matter intake (DMI) during the first 56-d period; however, it tended to increase (P = 0.08) DMI during the subsequent 56-d period. Overall, supplemental MP or methionine had no appreciable effect (P > 0.10) on DMI. Supplemental MP improved (P < 0.01) gain efficiency and estimated dietary net energy (NE) values during the initial 56-d period (11 and 7%, respectively) and overall (7 and 4%, respectively). Supplemental MP did not affect (P > 0.10) gain efficiency during the second 56-d period, although it tended to enhance (P = 0.08) estimated dietary NE. Supplemental methionine did not appreciably affect (P > 0.10) gain efficiency or estimated dietary NE. Therefore, adding MP to cover the estimated limiting amino acid supply in diets may enhance the gain efficiency and dietary energetics of growing Holstein calves. However, amino acid addition supplementation beyond the requirements may not produce extra productive performance of steer calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Salinas-Chavira
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Km-5 Carretera Victoria-Mante, Cd. Victoria, Tam. 87000, Mexico
| | - Pedro H V Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
- CSU AgNext, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
| | - Brooke C Latack
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
| | - Marcos V C Ferraz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Parinitns 69152240, Brasil
| | - Martin Montano
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Km 5.5, carretera Mexicali/San Felipe, Mexicali, BC 21386, Mexico
| | - Richard A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
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Kawasaki K, Zhao J, Takao N, Sato M, Ban T, Tamamaki K, Kagami M, Yano K. Sustenance Trial to Analyze the Effects of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal on the Reproductive Efficiency of Sows and the Hematological Properties of Suckling and Weaning Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3410. [PMID: 37958165 PMCID: PMC10647472 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalating demand for meat, driven by global population growth, necessitates sustainable solutions for animal feed production. This study investigated the effects of substituting conventional protein resources in sow and piglet dietary regimens with black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) meal on reproductive efficiency, blood profile, piglet growth, and intestinal tissue morphology. The results indicate that substituting animal-derived and soy proteins with BSF meal does not compromise sow reproductive performance. Although no notable disparities were observed in piglet growth, the feed conversion ratio from the 28- to 35-day age marks were lower in the BSF-fed groups. This suggests that the animal protein-BSF substitution rate may require optimization, potentially involving chitin removal from BSF meal to enhance digestibility. Minor variations in the hematological composition and properties in piglets, with elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the high BSF group at the 28-day mark, were potentially attributable to the unique fatty acid composition of BSF meal. Moreover, this study potentiates future exploration into the efficacy of complete animal protein substitution with BSF meals on piglet nutrition and physiology, particularly in fattening pigs. The practical implementation of BSF meals in animal feed production holds promise for enhancing the sustainability of the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonori Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Junliang Zhao
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Natsu Takao
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Masaki Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Takuma Ban
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Kaoru Tamamaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Masanori Kagami
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Kiminobu Yano
- University Farm, Kagawa University, Showa 300-2, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2304, Japan
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Yang M, Guo X, Chen T, Li P, Xiao T, Dai Z, Hu Y. Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal by poultry by-product meal on the growth performance, immunity, and intestinal health of juvenile red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:381-390. [PMID: 36257552 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the dietary replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal (PBM) on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant properties, and intestinal health of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia). A diet containing 20% fish meal (FM) and complex plant ingredients as the main protein resources was set as the FM group (crude protein 32%, crude lipid 6%). Four diets replacing 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% fish meal of the FM diet with PBM were set as the PBM25, PBM50, PBM75, and PBM100 groups, respectively. Compared to the FM group, the PBM100 diet significantly decreased growth performance and feed utilization of crayfish, while markedly increasing the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase. The immune response was depressed in crayfish fed the PBM100 diet as the activities of serum lysozyme and phenoloxidase, gene expression of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (alf), cyclophilin A (cypa), crustin, and hemocyanin-1 (hep-1) in hepatopancreas were remarkably decreased. The activities of antioxidases and expression of antioxidant-relevant genes in the hepatopancreas were not influenced by PBM inclusion. Crayfish fed different diets exhibited no obvious symptoms of enteritis, but the PBM100 diet destructed intestinal morphology by significantly decreasing the average length of longitudinal ridges. The α-diversity and overall community structure were not significantly influenced but variations were found in the relative abundance of some genera by PBM inclusion. In summary, CAP could successfully replace 75% dietary FM in a basal diet containing 20% fish meal, while higher CAP level compromised growth performance, immunity, and intestinal histology of crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Li
- North American Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenyan Dai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Kim S. A multi-omics approach to assess production of the valuable peptides and amino acids in porcine blood protein hydrolysate. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhai H, Adeola O, Liu J. Phosphorus nutrition of growing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 9:127-137. [PMID: 35573097 PMCID: PMC9079227 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for diverse biological processes, which aggregate to the animal's requirement for P, and nutritionists strive to meet this requirement accurately. The P demand for a growing pig comprises requirements for maintenance and tissue deposition. The P in feed ingredients, however, must be digested and absorbed before its ultimate partition between the 2 aforementioned requirement components. Phosphorus from various sources could behave differently during digestion and absorption, which results in their disparate bioavailability for pigs. The system of standardized total tract digestibility reflects true total tract digestibility of P and feed ingredient effects on specific endogenous P loss with relative ease of implementation, and this system guarantees satisfactory additivity in digestible P among the ingredients in a diet-the foundation for diet formulation. The basal endogenous P loss, which is much easier to measure than the specific endogenous P loss, is considered as part of the pig's maintenance requirement. With this arrangement, a digestibility framework is established both for measuring the P-providing capacity of various feed ingredients and for describing the pig's P requirement. This framework entails basic understanding of the function, digestion, absorption, excretion, and homeostasis of P as support pillars. Understanding the workings of this framework enables potential integration of factors such as environment conditions and disease status in future P requirement models. The current review discusses dietary sources, digestion, absorption, bioavailability and requirement of P for growing pigs to understand the status quo, revealing the points of consensus as well as those of debate, and to encourage further investigation to provide more clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiao Zhai
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- DSM China Animal Nutrition Research Center, Bazhou, China
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
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Eugenio FA, van Milgen J, Duperray J, Sergheraert R, Le Floc'h N. Feeding intact proteins, peptides, or free amino acids to monogastric farm animals. Amino Acids 2022; 54:157-168. [PMID: 35106634 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For terrestrial farm animals, intact protein sources like soybean meal have been the main ingredients providing the required amino acids (AA) to sustain life. However, in recent years, the availability of hydrolysed protein sources and free AA has led to the use of other forms of AA to feed farm animals. The advent of using these new forms is especially important to reduce the negative environmental impacts of animal production because these new forms allow reducing the dietary crude protein content and provide more digestible materials. However, the form in which dietary AA are provided can have an effect on the dynamics of nutrient availability for protein deposition and tissue growth including the efficiency of nutrient utilization. In this literature review, the use of different forms of AA in animal diets is explored, and their differences in digestion and absorption rates are focused on. These differences affect the postprandial plasma appearance of AA, which can have metabolic consequences, like greater insulin response when free AA or hydrolysates instead of intact proteins are fed, which can have a profound effect on metabolism and growth performance. Nevertheless, the use and application of the different AA forms in animal diets are important to achieve a more sustainable and efficient animal production system in the future, as they allow for a more precise diet formulation and reduced negative environmental impact. It is, therefore, important to differentiate the physiological and metabolic effects of different forms of AA to maximize their nutritional value in animal diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Eugenio
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France
- BCF Life Sciences, Boisel, 56140, Pleucadeuc, France
| | - J van Milgen
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France
| | - J Duperray
- BCF Life Sciences, Boisel, 56140, Pleucadeuc, France
| | - R Sergheraert
- BCF Life Sciences, Boisel, 56140, Pleucadeuc, France
| | - N Le Floc'h
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France.
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Park CS, Adeola O. Digestibility of amino acids in fish meal and blood-derived protein sources fed to pigs. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1418-1425. [PMID: 34991208 PMCID: PMC9449404 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fish meal (FM) and blood-derived protein sources including spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP), porcine red blood cells (PRBC), and blood meal (BM) fed to growing pigs. Methods Ten barrows (mean initial body weight of 22.1±1.54 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicated 5×4 incomplete Latin square design with 5 experimental diets and 4 periods. Four experimental diets were prepared to contain FM, SDPP, PRBC, or BM as the sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet was prepared and included to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. For the 7-day experimental period, pigs were fed for 5 days as adaptation, and ileal digesta samples were collected for 9 hours on days 6 and 7. Results The SID of crude protein in BM (48.0%) was less (p<0.05) than in FM, SDPP, and PRBC (83.4%, 83.9%, and 87.3%, respectively). Pigs fed the diet containing BM had less (p<0.05) SID of AA, except isoleucine and proline, than those fed the diet containing FM, SDPP, or PRBC. Among FM, SDPP, and PRBC, there was no difference in the SID of crude protein and all AA, except isoleucine. The SID of isoleucine in PRBC and BM (62.7% and 48.3%, respectively) was less (p<0.05) than in FM and SDPP (88.0% and 84.9%, respectively). The SID of lysine in FM, SDPP, PRBC, and BM was 85.4%, 84.9%, 89.7%, and 51.9%, respectively. Conclusion The SID of most AA was not different among FM, SDPP, and PRBC, but BM had lower SID of most AA than FM, SDPP, and PRBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Sol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Hsieh SL, Shih YW, Chiu YM, Tseng SF, Li CC, Wu CC. By-Products of the Black Soybean Sauce Manufacturing Process as Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Materials for Use as Functional Foods. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2579. [PMID: 34961049 PMCID: PMC8709241 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential of by-products of the black bean fermented soybean sauce manufacturing process as new functional food materials, we prepared black bean steamed liquid lyophilized product (BBSLP) and analysed its antioxidant effects in vitro. RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured and treated with BBSLP for 24 h, and 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was then used for another 24 h to induce inflammation. The cellular antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response were then analysed. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in RAW264.7 macrophages was also analysed. Results showed BBSLP had 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium (ABTS+) radical-scavenging abilities and reducing power in vitro. The levels of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were reduced after RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with BBSLP after LPS induction. After RAW264.7 macrophage treatment with BBSLP and induction by LPS, the levels of inflammatory molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α, decreased. NF-κB signaling activity was inhibited by reductions in IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB DNA-binding activity after RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with BBSLP after LPS induction. In conclusion, BBSLP has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities and can be a supplement material for functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Wen Shih
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan;
| | - Ying-Ming Chiu
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan;
| | - Shao-Feng Tseng
- Department of Quality Control and Research, Ta-Tung Soya Sauce Co. Ltd., Yunlin 64069, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Chung Wu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan;
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Chojnacka K, Mikula K, Izydorczyk G, Skrzypczak D, Witek-Krowiak A, Gersz A, Moustakas K, Iwaniuk J, Grzędzicki M, Korczyński M. Innovative high digestibility protein feed materials reducing environmental impact through improved nitrogen-use efficiency in sustainable agriculture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112693. [PMID: 33962281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable development in agriculture brings both environmental and economic benefits. Contemporary agriculture is also about increasing nutrient use efficiency, especially nitrogen, as the critical nutrient causing the most significant environmental pressure. This creates the need to produce highly digestible protein feed with high bioavailability, reducing losses of biogenic elements to feces. In this review, the latest trends and the potential for their implementation in sustainable agriculture have been compared, as well as the need to reduce the negative environmental impact of agriculture has been demonstrated. Applying local protein sources to feed animals reduces greenhouse gas emissions associated with transportation. The production of highly digestible fodder leads to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by excessive nitrogen outflows. Another approach indecreasing ammonia emissions from livestock farming is feed protein reduction and amino acid supplementation. All of the aforementioned approaches may result in beneficial long-term changes, contributing to environmental safety, animal welfare and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mikula
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland.
| | - Dawid Skrzypczak
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gersz
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, ul. Chełmońskiego 38C, 55-630, Wrocław, Poland
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Babatunde OO, Park CS, Adeola O. Nutritional Potentials of Atypical Feed Ingredients for Broiler Chickens and Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051196. [PMID: 33919422 PMCID: PMC8143358 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Common feed ingredients such as corn, barley, wheat, soybean meal, and canola meal are used to feed broiler chickens and pigs in various countries around the world. However, due to rising costs and the need to practice sustainable animal husbandry, concerted efforts have been aimed at identifying and examining the nutritional potentials of atypical feed ingredients for pigs and chickens. Although there are some articles and reviews that discuss the potential of a single or few feed ingredients for either chickens or pigs, there has not been an extensive review that integrates information from several alternative feed ingredients for both species in one place. Therefore, this review aims to enumerate several feed ingredients that have shown prospects in supplying either one or more nutrients to pigs and chickens while reducing the dependence on commonly used feedstuff. In addition, feeding practices, merits, and limitations associated with these uncommon feed ingredients are discussed. Furthermore, practical applications of these alternative feed ingredients in relation to either pigs or chickens are briefly examined. Abstract Diets play an important part in monogastric nutrition. This is because diets are comprised of various feed ingredients that supply energy and nutrients required by broiler chickens or pigs for normal growth and development. The main feed ingredients used for formulating diets for pigs and chickens are comprised of cereals and oilseed meals. Corn and soybean meal (SBM) are mostly used in North America for animal feeds. However, due to geographical locations, availability, and cost, ingredients such as wheat, barley, and canola meal are often used for feeding pigs and chickens. Overdependence on common ingredients such as corn and SBM for decades has resulted in rising costs of animal production. Therefore, the need has risen to examine the potentials of alternative feed ingredients capable of supplying the required energy and nutrients for monogastric animals. Research has been carried out to identify and evaluate several uncommon feed ingredients and their utilization by broiler chickens and pigs. Thus, this review enumerates the nutritional potentials of feed ingredients in 4 main nutritional classes using information from articles in peer-reviewed journals. Feeding practices, advantages, and limitations of using certain uncommon feed ingredients are discussed. In addition, species-specific factors in terms of practical applications are explored.
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Sato H, Miura M, Fujieda T, Taciak M, Kikusato M, Toyomizu M. Variation in lysine, threonine, and tryptophan availability in meat and bone meal as estimated by the slope-ratio growth assay technique in growing rats. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13413. [PMID: 32671905 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Meat and bone meal (MBM) is an important protein source used in animal feeds. However, as the composition and availability of amino acids (AAs) in MBM fluctuate markedly, it is important to verify the magnitude of these parameters in different MBMs. In this study, the AA compositions of 19 MBMs were analyzed to confirm variations in lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp), then which were compared with those of soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Instability in Lys, Thr, and Trp availabilities in six MBMs were also considered after estimation using the slope-ratio growth assay technique in rats. Variations in AA composition were evaluated using the coefficient of variance (CV: Standard deviation/Mean). CVs for Lys, Thr, and Trp content were 9.40, 11.83, and 18.12 in MBM, 2.71, 2.48, and 3.19 in SBM, and 10.09, 10.44, and 13.47 in FM. Furthermore, means and SDs for Lys, Thr, and Trp availabilities in MBM were 53.3 ± 10.4% (CV: 19.5), 65.9 ± 17.6% (CV: 26.6), and 83.2 ± 11.2% (CV: 13.5), respectively. These results provide the first evidence that variations in MBM AA compositions were 3.5 to 5.7 times higher than those in SBM, but similar to FM, and that the large variation in availability substantially existed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sato
- Animal Nutrition Group, Material Development Section, Material & Technology Solutions Laboratories, Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Miura
- Animal Nutrition Group, Material Development Section, Material & Technology Solutions Laboratories, Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujieda
- Animal Nutrition Group, Material Development Section, Material & Technology Solutions Laboratories, Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoi Kikusato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Aderibigbe AS, Park CS, Adebiyi A, Olukosi OA, Adeola O. Digestibility of Amino Acids in Protein-Rich Feed Ingredients Originating from Animals, Peanut Flour, and Full-Fat Soybeans Fed to Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2062. [PMID: 33171822 PMCID: PMC7695148 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in alternative protein sources for growing pigs was determined in this study. Diets containing egg albumen (EA), casein, blood meal (BM), and blood plasma meal (BPM) and a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were fed to 20 barrows in a quadruplicate 5 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with two periods in experiment 1. The SID of AA was greater in casein than other ingredients (p < 0.05), except Pro. The SID of Arg, Ile, and Met was lower (p < 0.05) in EA than BM and BPM. The SID of Trp in BM was greater (p < 0.05) than EA but not different from BPM. In experiment 2, 20 pigs were fed diets containing peanut flour (PF) or full-fat soybeans (FFSB) or NFD in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor but providing six observations for NFD. The SID of Arg, Ileu, Leu, Met, Phe, and Val was greater (p < 0.05) in PF than FFSB. The SID of Lys was greater (p < 0.05) in FFSB than PF. In summary, the test ingredients contain readily digestible AA and could serve as alternative protein sources for growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Simeon Aderibigbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.S.A.); (C.S.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Chan Sol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.S.A.); (C.S.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Adekunle Adebiyi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.S.A.); (C.S.P.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.S.A.); (C.S.P.); (A.A.)
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Crosbie M, Zhu C, Shoveller AK, Huber LA. Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals ( Hermetia illucens) fed to growing pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa104. [PMID: 32734146 PMCID: PMC7381833 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and net energy (Exp. 2) in two black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) samples [full fat (FF; 42.5% crude protein (CP), as-fed) and defatted (DF; 40.8% CP; as-fed)] for growing pigs. Two cornstarch-based diets were formulated with FF and DF BSFLM as the sole sources of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used, and the corn starch:sucrose:oil ratio was kept constant among diets to calculate digestible energy (DE) by difference method. In each experiment, pigs were fed 2.8 × estimated maintenance energy requirement. In Exp. 1, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (25.1 ± 0.41 kg initial body weight) were used in a replicated 2 × 2 Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 5 d followed by 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 2, eight barrows [23.4 ± 0.54 kg initial body weight (BW)] were used in a partially replicated Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d, followed by 5 d of total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. The SID of CP (80.6 ± 1.1%) and Lys (88.0 ± 1.4%) were not different between FF and DF BSFLM. The SID of Arg, Val, Ala, and Pro tended to be less, and the SID of Met tended to be greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P = 0.034, 0.090, 0.053, 0.065, 0.074, respectively). Digestible energy (4,927 vs. 3,941 ± 75 kcal/kg), metabolizable energy (4,569 vs. 3,396 ± 102 kcal/kg), and predicted net energy (3,477 vs. 2,640 ± 30 kcal/kg, using equations from Noblet; 3,479 vs. 2,287 ± 28 kcal/kg, using equations from Blok, respectively) were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P ≤ 0.05). Both FF and DF BSFLM had high SID for most AA; however, FF BSFLM was a better source of net energy for growing pigs. Therefore, both FF and DF BSFLM could be used as protein alternatives in growing pig diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelina Crosbie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cuilan Zhu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Kerr BJ, Curry SM, Ramirez BC. Lack of interactive effects between diet composition and acid addition with drying method on amino acid digestibility values in porcine ileal digesta. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa026. [PMID: 31993632 PMCID: PMC7038183 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of oven drying (OD) or freeze drying (FD) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA in diets fed to pigs. In experiment 1, 15 barrows (88.4 ± 6.4 kg) were allotted to either a corn starch-soybean meal (CST), potato starch-soybean meal (PST), or corn-soybean meal (CSBM) diet, over 2 collection periods. Following collection, samples were pooled within pig and subdivided into either OD or FD, resulting in 10 observations per diet by drying-method combination. In experiment 2, 11 barrows (63.3 ± 3.8 kg) were fed a CST diet, and, following collection, samples were pooled within pig and subdivided and either adjusted to pH 4 or remain unadjusted. Subsets of these samples were then subdivided to be either FD or OD, resulting in 11 observations per pH level by drying-method combination. OD was accomplished by drying samples in a forced air oven at either 100 °C (experiment 1) or 75 °C (experiment 2). In experiment 1, there was no diet type by drying-method interactions noted for any of the AA (P > 0.10).OD resulted in a higher AID of AA compared with samples which were FD (P ≤ 0.10), for all AA except for Gly and Tyr. Averaged across all AA, AID of AA was 3.3% greater if the sample was OD compared with FD. Differences in AID of AA among the 3 diets were noted for all AA (P ≤ 0.07), except for Cys (P = 0.33), due to the fact that CST and PST diets only contained soybean meal (SBM) as an AA-providing ingredient while the CSBM diet contained both corn and SBM. Pigs fed the PST diet had greater SID for all AA compared with pigs fed the CST diet (P ≤ 0.05), except for His, Lys, Cys, and Glu. In experiment 2, there were no pH-adjustment by drying-method interactions noted on AID for any of the AA (P > 0.10). Adjusting ileal digesta to a pH of 4.0 had little effect on AID for most of the AA, except for a lowered AID of Arg, His, Lys, Trp, and Ser (P ≤ 0.10). OD resulted in a higher AID for all AA (P ≤ 0.09) except for Ile, Thr, Val, Ala, Asp, Glu, and Gly. Averaged across all AA, the increase in AID of AA was 1.7% greater if the sample was OD compared with FD. On average, OD of ileal digesta resulted in a 2.5% greater estimate of AID of AA compared with samples that were FD, and was not diet-, pH-, or AA-dependent. Because the majority of the data on AA digestibility are based on FD, a bias factor may be necessary to adjust AA digestibility data obtained on an OD-basis relative to an FD-basis for use in feed formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Kerr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Ames, IA
| | - Shelby M Curry
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Brett C Ramirez
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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