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Chang H, Chen YT, Huang HE, Ger MJ. Overexpressing plant ferredoxin-like protein enhances photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrates accumulation in Phalaenopsis. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:547-560. [PMID: 37851307 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is one of three major models of carbon dioxide assimilation pathway with better water-use efficiency and slower photosynthetic efficiency in photosynthesis. Previous studies indicated that the gene of sweet pepper plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) shows high homology to the ferredoxin-1(Fd-1) family that belongs to photosynthetic type Fd and involves in photosystem I. It is speculated that overexpressing pflp in the transgenic plant may enhance photosynthetic efficiency through the electron transport chain (ETC). To reveal the function of PFLP in photosynthetic efficiency, pflp transgenic Phalaenopsis, a CAM plant, was generated to analyze photosynthetic markers. Transgenic plants exhibited 1.2-folds of electron transport rate than that of wild type (WT), and higher CO2 assimilation rates up to 1.6 and 1.5-folds samples at 4 pm and 10 pm respectively. Enzyme activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was increased to 5.9-folds in Phase III, and NAD+-linked malic enzyme (NAD+-ME) activity increased 1.4-folds in Phase IV in transgenic plants. The photosynthesis products were analyzed between transgenic plants and WT. Soluble sugars contents such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose were found to significantly increase to 1.2, 1.8, and 1.3-folds higher in transgenic plants. The starch grains were also accumulated up to 1.4-folds in transgenic plants than that of WT. These results indicated that overexpressing pflp in transgenic plants increases carbohydrates accumulation by enhancing electron transport flow during photosynthesis. This is the first evidence for the PFLP function in CAM plants. Taken altogether, we suggest that pflp is an applicable gene for agriculture application that enhances electron transport chain efficiency during photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-En Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taitung University, Taitung, 95002, Taiwan
| | - Mang-Jye Ger
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan.
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Zhao Q, Shen W, Gu Y, Hu J, Ma Y, Zhang X, Du Y, Zhang Y, Du J. Exogenous melatonin mitigates saline-alkali stress by decreasing DNA oxidative damage and enhancing photosynthetic carbon metabolism in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) leaves. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13983. [PMID: 37616002 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Saline-alkali stress (SS) is a common abiotic stress affecting crop cultivation worldwide, seriously inhibiting plant growth and biomass accumulation. Melatonin has been proven to relieve the inhibition of multiple abiotic stresses on plant growth. Therefore, soybean cultivars Heihe 49 (HH49, SS-tolerant) and Henong 95 (HN95, SS-sensitive) were pot-cultured in SS soil and then treated with 300 μM melatonin at the V1 stage, when the first trifoliate leaves were fully unfolded, to investigate if melatonin has an effect on SS. SS increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in soybean leaves and thereby induced DNA oxidative damage. In addition, SS retarded cell growth and decreased the mesophyll cell size, chloroplast number, photosynthetic pigment content, which further reduced the light energy capture and electron transport rate in soybean leaves, and affected carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism. However, melatonin treatment reduced SS-induced ROS accumulation in the soybean leaves by increasing antioxidant content and oxidase activity. Effective removal of ROS reduced SS-induced DNA oxidative damage in the soybean leaf genome, which was represented by decreased random-amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphism, 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanine content, and relative density of apurinic/apyrimidinic-sites. Melatonin treatment also increased the volume of mesophyll cells, the numbers of chloroplast and starch grains, the contents of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids in soybean seedling leaves treated with SS, thereby increasing the efficiency of effective light capture and electron transfer and improving photosynthesis. Subsequently, carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism in soybean leaves under SS were improved by melatonin treatment, which contributes to providing basic substances and energy for cell growth and metabolism, ultimately improving soybean SS tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land Improvement Engineering Technology in Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, PR China
| | - Wanzheng Shen
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
| | - Yanhua Gu
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
| | - Jiachen Hu
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
| | - Yue Ma
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
| | - Xinlin Zhang
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
| | - Yanli Du
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
| | - Yuxian Zhang
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, PR China
| | - Jidao Du
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, PR China
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land Improvement Engineering Technology in Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, PR China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, PR China
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Chen Q, Hu T, Li X, Song CP, Zhu JK, Chen L, Zhao Y. Phosphorylation of SWEET sucrose transporters regulates plant root:shoot ratio under drought. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:68-77. [PMID: 34949800 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The root:shoot ratio has long been known to be enhanced in plants under drought stress. Here we discovered that osmotic stress enhances long-distance sucrose transport to increase the root:shoot ratio in an abscisic-acid-dependent manner. The Arabidopsis sucrose transporters SWEET11 and 12, key players in phloem loading, are rapidly phosphorylated upon drought and abscisic acid treatments. The drought- and abscisic-acid-activated SnRK2 protein kinases phosphorylate the carboxy-terminal cytosolic regions of SWEET11 and 12. This phosphorylation enhances the oligomerization and sucrose transport activity of SWEETs, which results in elevated sucrose contents in roots and improved root growth under drought stress, leading to the enhanced root:shoot ratio of biomass and drought resistance. Notably, the expression of phospho-mimic SWEETs led to improved root growth even under non-stressed conditions. The phosphorylation of sucrose transporters provides an explanation for the long-standing observation that drought stress enhances the root:shoot ratio in plants and suggests a strategy for engineering drought-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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Tan P, Zeng C, Wan C, Liu Z, Dong X, Peng J, Lin H, Li M, Liu Z, Yan M. Metabolic Profiles of Brassica juncea Roots in Response to Cadmium Stress. Metabolites 2021; 11:383. [PMID: 34199254 PMCID: PMC8232002 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica juncea has great application potential in phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil because of its excellent Cd accumulating and high biomass. In this study, we compared the effects of Cd under 48 h and 7 d stress in roots of Brassica juncea using metabolite profiling. The results showed that many metabolic pathways and metabolites in Brassica juncea roots were altered significantly in response to Cd stress. We found that significant differences in levels of amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and indoles were induced by Cd stress at different times, which played a pivotal role in the adaptation of Brassica juncea roots to Cd stress. Meanwhile, Brassica juncea roots could resist 48 h Cd stress by regulating the biosynthesis of amino acids, linoleic acid metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, ABC transporters, arginine biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism; however, they regulated alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, ABC transporters, and linoleic acid metabolism to resist 7 d Cd stress. A metabolomic expedition to the response of Brassica juncea to Cd stress will help to comprehend its tolerance and accumulation mechanisms of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (P.T.); (C.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (J.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Chaozhen Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (P.T.); (C.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (J.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Chang Wan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (P.T.); (C.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (J.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (P.T.); (C.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (J.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xujie Dong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (P.T.); (C.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (J.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Jiqing Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (P.T.); (C.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (J.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Mei Li
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (P.T.); (C.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (J.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Mingli Yan
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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Malaviya DR, Roy AK, Kaushal P, Pathak S, Kalendar R. Phenotype study of multifoliolate leaf formation in Trifolium alexandrinum L. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10874. [PMID: 33717683 PMCID: PMC7936568 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Trifolium is characterized by typical trifoliolate leaves. Alterations in leaf formats from trifoliolate to multifoliolate, i.e., individual plants bearing trifoliolate, quadrifoliolate, pentafoliolate or more leaflets, were previously reported among many species of the genus. The study is an attempt to develop pure pentafoliolate plants of T. alexandrinum and to understand its genetic control. Methods The experimental material consisted of two populations of T. alexandrinum with multifoliolate leaf expression, i.e.,interspecific hybrid progenies of T. alexandrinum with T. apertum, and T. alexandrinum genotype Penta-1. Penetrance of the multifoliolate trait was observed among multifoliolate and trifoliolate plant progenies. In vitro culture and regeneration of plantlets from the axillary buds from different plant sources was also attempted. Results The inheritance among a large number of plant progenies together with in vitro micro-propagation results did not establish a definite pattern. The multifoliolate leaf formation was of chimeric nature, i.e., more than one leaf format appearing on individual branches. Reversal to normal trifoliolate from multifoliolate was also quite common. Penetrance and expression of multifoliolate leaf formation was higher among the plants raised from multifoliolate plants. Multifoliolate and pure pentafoliolate plants were observed in the progenies of pure trifoliolate plants and vice-versa. There was an apparent increase in the pentafoliolate leaf formation frequency over the years due to targeted selection. A few progenies of the complete pentafoliolate plants in the first year were true breeding in the second year. Frequency of plantlets with multifoliolate leaf formation was also higher in in vitro axillary bud multiplication when the explant bud was excised from the multifoliolate leaf node. Conclusion Number of leaflets being a discrete variable, occurrence of multifoliolate leaves on individual branches, reversal of leaf formats on branches and developing true breeding pentafoliolates were the factors leading to a hypothesis beyond normal Mendelian inheritance. Transposable elements (TEs) involved in leaf development in combination with epigenetics were probably responsible for alterations in the expression of leaflet number. Putative TE’s movement owing to chromosomal rearrangements possibly resulted in homozygous pentafoliolate trait with evolutionary significance. The hypothesis provides a new insight into understanding the genetic control of this trait in T. alexandrinum and may also be useful in other Trifolium species where such observations are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Ram Malaviya
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, India.,ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Ajoy Kumar Roy
- ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Pankaj Kaushal
- ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India.,ICAR - National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur, India
| | - Shalini Pathak
- ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Ruslan Kalendar
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland.,National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Aqmola, Kazakhstan
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Nabubuya A, Namutebi A, Byaruhanga Y, Narvhus J, Wicklund T. Influence of development, postharvest handling, and storage conditions on the carbohydrate components of sweetpotato ( Ipomea batatas Lam.) roots. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:1088-1097. [PMID: 29188036 PMCID: PMC5694865 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in total starch and reducing sugar content in five sweetpotato varieties were investigated weekly during root development and following subjection of the roots to different postharvest handling and storage conditions. Freshly harvested (noncured) roots and cured roots (spread under the sun for 4 days at 29–31°C and 63–65% relative humidity [RH]) were separately stored at ambient conditions (23°C–26°C and 70–80% RH) and in a semiunderground pit (19–21°C and 90–95% RH). Changes in pasting properties of flour from sweetpotato roots during storage were analyzed at 14‐day intervals. Significant varietal differences (p < .05) in total starch, sucrose, glucose, maltose, and fructose concentrations were registered. The total starch and sucrose content of the roots did not change significantly (p < .05) during root development (72.4 and 7.4%, respectively), whereas the average concentrations of glucose, maltose, and fructose decreased markedly (0.46–0.18%, 0.55–0.28%, and 0.43–0.21%), respectively. Storage led to decrease in total starch content (73–47.7%) and increase in sucrose and glucose concentrations (8.1–11.2% and 0.22–1.57%, respectively). Storage also resulted in reduction in sweetpotato flour pasting viscosities. Curing resulted in increased sucrose and glucose concentrations (9.1–11.2% and 0.45–0.85%, respectively) and marked reduction (p < .05) in total starch content (72.9–47.6%). This resulted in low pasting viscosities compared to flour from storage of uncured roots. These findings show that significant changes occur in the carbohydrate components of sweetpotato roots during storage compared to development and present an opportunity for diverse utilization of flours from sweetpotato roots in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Nabubuya
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bio-Engineering Makerere University Kampala Uganda.,Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Agnes Namutebi
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bio-Engineering Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Yusuf Byaruhanga
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bio-Engineering Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Judith Narvhus
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Trude Wicklund
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
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Chang H, Huang HE, Cheng CF, Ho MH, Ger MJ. Constitutive expression of a plant ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) enhances capacity of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in rice (Oryza sativa). Transgenic Res 2017; 26:279-289. [PMID: 28054169 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) gene, cloned from sweet peppers predicted as an electron carrier in photosynthesis, shows high homology to the Fd-I sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana, Lycopersicon esculentum, Oryza sativa and Spinacia oleracea. Most of pflp related studies focused on anti-pathogenic effects, while less understanding for the effects in photosynthesis with physiological aspects, such as photosynthesis rate, and levels of carbohydrate metabolites. This project focuses on the effects of pflp overexpression on photosynthesis by physiological evaluations of carbon assimilation with significant higher levels of carbohydrates with higher photosynthesis efficiency. In this report, two independent transgenic lines of rice plants (designated as pflp-1 and pflp-2) were generated from non-transgenic TNG67 rice plant (WT). Both transgenic pflp rice plants exhibited enhanced photosynthesis efficiency, and gas exchange rates of photosynthesis were 1.3- and 1.2-fold higher for pflp-1 and pflp-2 than WT respectively. Significantly higher electron transport rates of pflp rice plants were observed. Moreover, photosynthetic products, such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and starch contents of pflp transgenic lines were increased accordingly. Molecular evidences of carbohydrate metabolism related genes activities (osHXK5, osHXK6, osAGPL3, osAGPS2α, osSPS, ospFBPase, oscFBPase, and osSBPase) in transgenic lines were higher than those of WT. For performance of crop production, 1000-grain weight for pflp-1 and pflp-2 rice plants were 52.9 and 41.1 g that were both significantly higher than 31.6 g for WT, and panicles weights were 1.4- and 1.2-fold higher than WT. Panicle number, tiller number per plants for pflp rice plants were all significantly higher compared with those of WT where there was no significant difference observed between two pflp rice plants. Taken altogether; this study demonstrated that constitutive pflp expression can improve rice production by enhancing the capacity of photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiang-En Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taitung University, Taitung, 95092, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fu Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Mang-Jye Ger
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan.
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Yooyongwech S, Samphumphuang T, Tisarum R, Theerawitaya C, Cha-um S. Water-Deficit Tolerance in Sweet Potato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] by Foliar Application of Paclobutrazol: Role of Soluble Sugar and Free Proline. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1400. [PMID: 28848596 PMCID: PMC5550687 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elevate water deficit tolerance by improving soluble sugar and free proline accumulation, photosynthetic pigment stabilization, photosynthetic abilities, growth performance and storage root yield in sweet potato cv. 'Tainung 57' using a foliar application of paclobutrazol (PBZ). The experiment followed a Completely Randomized Block Design with four concentrations of PBZ: 0 (control), 17, 34, and 51 μM before exposure to 47.5% (well irrigation), 32.3% (mild water deficit) or 17.5% (severe water deficit) soil water content. A sweet potato cultivar, 'Japanese Yellow', with water deficit tolerance attributes was the positive check in this study. Total soluble sugar content (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) increased by 3.96-folds in 'Tainung 57' plants treated with 34 μM PBZ grown under 32.3% soil water content (SWC) compared to the untreated plants, adjusting osmotic potential in the leaves and controlling stomatal closure (represented by stomatal conductance and transpiration rate). In addition, under the same treatment, free proline content (2.15 μmol g-1 FW) increased by 3.84-folds when exposed to 17.5% SWC. PBZ had an improved effect on leaf size, vine length, photosynthetic pigment stability, chlorophyll fluorescence, and net photosynthetic rate; hence, delaying wilting symptoms and maintaining storage root yield (26.93 g plant-1) at the harvesting stage. A positive relationship between photon yield of PSII (ΦPSII) and net photosynthetic rate was demonstrated (r2 = 0.73). The study concludes that soluble sugar and free proline enrichment in PBZ-pretreated plants may play a critical role as major osmoprotectant to control leaf osmotic potential and stomatal closure when plants were subjected to low soil water content, therefore, maintaining the physiological and morphological characters as well as storage root yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thapanee Samphumphuang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Rujira Tisarum
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Cattarin Theerawitaya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Suriyan Cha-um
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum Thani, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Suriyan Cha-um,
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Comparison of proteomic and metabolomic profiles of two contrasting ecotypes of sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batata L.). J Proteomics 2016; 143:306-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Ahmed IM, Nadira UA, Cao F, He X, Zhang G, Wu F. Physiological and molecular analysis on root growth associated with the tolerance to aluminum and drought individual and combined in Tibetan wild and cultivated barley. PLANTA 2016; 243:973-85. [PMID: 26748913 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The drought-stimulated gene expression of NCED, SUS, and KS - DHN and ABA signal cross-talk with other phytohormones maintains barley root growth under drought stress at pH 4.0 plus polyethylene glycol plus aluminum. Aluminum (Al) toxicity and drought are two major factors that limit barley production. In this work, the individual and combined effects of Al/acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) induced drought stress that suppressed root growth and caused oxidative damage as characterized by increased H2O2 and O2(.-) accumulation. The wild-barley genotypes, XZ5 and XZ29, exhibited a higher tolerance than the two cultivars Dayton (Al tolerant) and Tadmor (drought tolerant) under combined stress (pH 4.0 + PEG + Al). The oxidative damage induced by PEG was more severe at pH 4.0 than at pH 6.0. In XZ29, the highest root secretion of malate and citrate was recorded, and the least Al uptake in the four genotypes. In XZ5, a peak accumulation of ABA and minor synthesis of zeatin riboside and ethylene were found being essential in maintaining primary root elongation and root hair development. PEG-induced drought stress repressed Al uptake in root tips, with a lower increase in callose formation and HvMATE (Hordeum vulgare multidrug and toxic compound exudation) expression compared to Al-induced callose production. Stress by pH 4.0 + PEG + Al up-regulated 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) which is involved in ABA biosynthesis. Such treatment stimulated the regulation of ABA-dependent genes sucrose synthase (SUS) and KS-type dehydrin (KS-DHN) in root tips. Our results suggest that the tolerance ranking to pH 4.0 + PEG + Al stress in Tibetan wild barley by gene expression is closely correlated to physiological indices. The results show that acclimatisation to pH 4.0 + PEG + Al stress involves specific responses in XZ5 and XZ29. The present study provides insights into the effects of Al/acid and drought combined stress on the abundance of physiological indices in the roots of barley varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imrul Mosaddek Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Plant Physiology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Aktari Nadira
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangbin Cao
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feibo Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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11
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Liu J, Han L, Huai B, Zheng P, Chang Q, Guan T, Li D, Huang L, Kang Z. Down-regulation of a wheat alkaline/neutral invertase correlates with reduced host susceptibility to wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7325-38. [PMID: 26386259 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have found that sucrose (Suc) metabolism plays a crucial role in the environmental stress response of many plant species. The majority of Suc metabolism-associated reports refer to acid invertases (Ac-Invs). However, alkaline/neutral Invs (A/N-Invs) have been poorly studied. In this study, a wheat A/N-Inv gene, Ta-A/N-Inv1, with three copies located on chromosomes 4A, 4B, and 4D, was cloned from a wheat-Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) interaction cDNA library. Transcripts of the three Ta-A/N-Inv1 copies were up-regulated in wheat leaves that were infected by Pst or had experienced certain abiotic treatments. Furthermore, the expression of Ta-A/N-Inv1 was decreased by treatment with exogenous hormones. Heterologous mutant complementation and subcellular localization revealed that Ta-A/N-Inv1 is a cytoplasmic invertase. Knocking down all three copies of Ta-A/N-Inv1 using the barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing system reduced the susceptibility of wheat to the Pst virulent pathotype CYR31, which is associated with pathogen-induced H2O2 accumulation and enhanced necrosis. Interestingly, 48h dark treatment of the Ta-A/N-Inv1-knockdown plants immediately after inoculation abrogated their enhanced resistance, suggesting that H2O2 production and its associated cell death and resistance in the Ta-A/N-Inv1-silenced plants require light. Consistent with this observation, photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes were significantly up-regulated in the Ta-A/N-Inv1-knockdown plants infected by CYR31 under light exposure. These results suggest that Ta-A/N-Inv1 might act as a negative regulator in wheat disease resistance to Pst by increasing cytoplasmic hexose accumulation and downregulating photosynthesis of the leaves to avoid cell death due to excessive ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lina Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Peijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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12
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Hua S, Chen ZH, Zhang Y, Yu H, Lin B, Zhang D. Chlorophyll and carbohydrate metabolism in developing silique and seed are prerequisite to seed oil content of Brassica napus L. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:34. [PMID: 28510961 PMCID: PMC5432831 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the seed oil content in canola is a crucial quality determining trait, the regulatory mechanisms of its formation are not fully discovered. This study compared the silique and seed physiological characteristics including fresh and dry weight, seed oil content, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate content in a high oil content line (HOCL) and a low oil content line (LOCL) of canola derived from a recombinant inbred line in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The aim of the investigation is to uncover the physiological regulation of silique and seed developmental events on seed oil content in canola. RESULTS On average, 83% and 86% of silique matter while 69% and 63% of seed matter was produced before 30 days after anthesis (DAA) in HOCL and LOCL, respectively, over three years. Furthermore, HOCL exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry matter at most developmental stages of siliques and seeds. From 20 DAA, lipids were deposited in the seed of HOCL significantly faster than that of LOCL, which was validated by transmission electron microscopy, showing that HOCL accumulates considerable more oil bodies in the seed cells. Markedly higher silique chlorophyll content was observed in HOCL consistently over the three consecutive years, implying a higher potential of photosynthetic capacity in siliques of HOCL. As a consequence, HOCL exhibited significantly higher content of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and starch mainly at 20 to 45 DAA, a key stage of seed lipid deposition. Moreover, seed sugar content was usually higher than silique indicating the importance of sugar transportation from siliques to seeds as substrate for lipid biosynthesis. The much lower silique cellulose content in HOCL was beneficial for lipid synthesis rather than consuming excessive carbohydrate for cell wall. CONCLUSIONS Superior physiological characteristics of siliques in HOCL showed advantage to produce more photosynthetic assimilates, which were highly correlated to seed oil contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijin Hua
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, 2751NSW Australia
| | - Yaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
| | - Huasheng Yu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
| | - Baogang Lin
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
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13
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Zhang L, Xiong ZT, Xu ZR, Liu C, Cai SW. Cloning and characterization of acid invertase genes in the roots of the metallophyte Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino from two populations: Differential expression under copper stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:87-95. [PMID: 24636951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The roots of metallophytes serve as the key interface between plants and heavy metal-contaminated underground environments. It is known that the roots of metallicolous plants show a higher activity of acid invertase enzymes than those of non-metallicolous plants when under copper stress. To test whether the higher activity of acid invertases is the result of increased expression of acid invertase genes or variations in the amino acid sequences between the two population types, we isolated full cDNAs for acid invertases from two populations of Kummerowia stipulacea (from metalliferous and non-metalliferous soils), determined their nucleotide sequences, expressed them in Pichia pastoris, and conducted real-time PCR to determine differences in transcript levels during Cu stress. Heterologous expression of acid invertase cDNAs in P. pastoris indicated that variations in the amino acid sequences of acid invertases between the two populations played no significant role in determining enzyme characteristics. Seedlings of K. stipulacea were exposed to 0.3µM Cu(2+) (control) and 10µM Cu(2+) for 7 days under hydroponics׳ conditions. The transcript levels of acid invertases in metallicolous plants were significantly higher than in non-metallicolous plants when under copper stress. The results suggest that the expression of acid invertase genes in metallicolous plants of K. stipulacea differed from those in non-metallicolous plants under such conditions. In addition, the sugars may play an important role in regulating the transcript level of acid invertase genes and acid invertase genes may also be involved in root/shoot biomass allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-ting Xiong
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People׳s Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-rui Xu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Shen-wen Cai
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People׳s Republic of China
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14
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Yang ZB, Eticha D, Albacete A, Rao IM, Roitsch T, Horst WJ. Physiological and molecular analysis of the interaction between aluminium toxicity and drought stress in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3109-25. [PMID: 22371077 PMCID: PMC3350927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) toxicity and drought are two major factors limiting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in the tropics. Short-term effects of Al toxicity and drought stress on root growth in acid, Al-toxic soil were studied, with special emphasis on Al-drought interaction in the root apex. Root elongation was inhibited by both Al and drought. Combined stresses resulted in a more severe inhibition of root elongation than either stress alone. This result was different from the alleviation of Al toxicity by osmotic stress (-0.60 MPa polyethylene glycol) in hydroponics. However, drought reduced the impact of Al on the root tip, as indicated by the reduction of Al-induced callose formation and MATE expression. Combined Al and drought stress enhanced up-regulation of ACCO expression and synthesis of zeatin riboside, reduced drought-enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and expression of NCED involved in ABA biosynthesis and the transcription factors bZIP and MYB, thus affecting the regulation of ABA-dependent genes (SUS, PvLEA18, KS-DHN, and LTP) in root tips. The results provide circumstantial evidence that in soil, drought alleviates Al injury, but Al renders the root apex more drought-sensitive, particularly by impacting the gene regulatory network involved in ABA signal transduction and cross-talk with other phytohormones necessary for maintaining root growth under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Bao Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dejene Eticha
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Institute of Plant Science, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Roitsch
- Institute of Plant Science, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Johannes Horst
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Yamaki S. Metabolism and Accumulation of Sugars Translocated to Fruit and Their Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.79.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Hura T, Hura K, Grzesiak S. Possible contribution of cell-wall-bound ferulic acid in drought resistance and recovery in triticale seedlings. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:1720-33. [PMID: 19464752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to estimate whether the presence of free and cell-wall-bound ferulic acid in leaf tissues can support drought resistance and its recovery under rehydration. An experiment was carried out on two genotypes of winter triticale: Lamberto and Ticino, at the propagation phase. Lamberto exhibited high content of ferulic acid bound with carbohydrates of the cell-wall under drought and rehydration. The markedly better parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence for this variety under both treatments correlated strongly and positively with the high contents of cell-wall-bound ferulic acid. The photosynthetic apparatus of Lamberto, in relation to Ticino, proved to be the more efficient after 4 weeks of drought treatment. The after-effects of soil drought better elicited the function disturbances of the photosynthetic apparatus in Ticino, which did not fully recover in comparison to Lamberto. Ferulic acid covalently bound to carbohydrates of the cell wall may act as a light filter limiting mesophyll penetration under drought conditions and can also support drought adaptation by down-regulation of leaf growth. The observed increase in the content of cell-wall-bound ferulic acid, as a response to water deficit in the leaf, could be one of the protective mechanisms induced by drought conditions. The ability to accumulate phenolic compounds in dehydrated leaves might be an additional and reliable biochemical parameter indicating the resistance of plants to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hura
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
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17
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Chen WH, Tseng YC, Liu YC, Chuo CM, Chen PT, Tseng KM, Yeh YC, Ger MJ, Wang HL. Cool-night temperature induces spike emergence and affects photosynthetic efficiency and metabolizable carbohydrate and organic acid pools in Phalaenopsis aphrodite. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1667-75. [PMID: 18682955 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
After being acclimated to constant warm (28 degrees C day/28 degrees C night) and cool-night temperature (28 degrees C day/20 degrees C night) regimes in growth chambers for 2 weeks, the two groups of mature Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana plants both clearly exhibited a diurnal oscillation of stomatal conductance, net CO(2) uptake rate, malate and starch levels, and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) and NAD(+)-malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.39) activities. Hence, P. aphrodite is an obligate crassulacean acid metabolism plant. Nevertheless, different night temperature greatly affected both the stomatal conductance and the contribution of ambient and respiratory CO(2) to the nocturnal accumulation of malate. However, the amounts of nocturnal accumulated malate and daily deposited starch appeared to have no significant difference between the two groups. These results demonstrate that P. ahrodite is congruent with the characteristics of CAM plants having great flexibility and plasticity in response to changes in environmental conditions. In addition, the formation of reproductive stem, viz. spike, was noticeably inhibited by a constant warm temperature, but induced by a fluctuating warm day and cool night condition. The relationship between the metabolic pool variation and spike induction of Phalaenopsis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, No. 700 Kaohsiung University Rd, Nan-Tzu District 811, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R O C
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18
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Vargas WA, Pontis HG, Salerno GL. Differential expression of alkaline and neutral invertases in response to environmental stresses: characterization of an alkaline isoform as a stress-response enzyme in wheat leaves. PLANTA 2007; 226:1535-45. [PMID: 17674033 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
It is well accepted that sucrose (Suc) metabolism is involved in responses to environmental stresses in many plant species. In the present study we showed that alkaline invertase (A-Inv) expression is up-regulated in wheat leaves after an osmotic stress or a low-temperature treatment. We demonstrated that the increase of total alkaline/neutral Inv activity in wheat leaves after a stress could be due to the induction of an A-Inv isoform. Also, we identified and functionally characterized the first wheat cDNA sequence that codes for an A-Inv. The wheat leaf full-length sequence encoded a protein 70% similar to a neutral Inv of Lolium temulentum; however, after functional characterization, it resulted to encode a protein that hydrolyzed Suc to hexoses with an optimum pH of 8, and, consequently, the encoding sequence was named Ta-A-Inv. By RT-PCR assays we demonstrated that Ta-A-Inv expression is induced in response to osmotic and cold stress in mature primary wheat leaves. We propose that Ta-A-Inv activity could play an important role associated with a more efficient cytosolic Suc hydrolysis during environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Vargas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), C.C. 1348, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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19
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Chong BF, Bonnett GD, Glassop D, O'Shea MG, Brumbley SM. Growth and metabolism in sugarcane are altered by the creation of a new hexose-phosphate sink. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:240-53. [PMID: 17309679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An efficient in planta sugarcane-based production system may be realized by coupling the synthesis of alternative products to the metabolic intermediates of sucrose metabolism, thus taking advantage of the sucrose-producing capability of the plant. This was evaluated by synthesizing sorbitol in sugarcane (Saccharum hybrids) using the Malus domestica sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (mds6pdh). Mature transgenic sugarcane plants were compared with untransformed sugarcane variety Q117 by evaluation of the growth, metabolite levels and extractable activity of relevant enzymes. The average amounts of sorbitol detected in the most productive line were 120 mg/g dry weight (equivalent to 61% of the soluble sugars) in the leaf lamina and 10 mg/g dry weight in the stalk pith. The levels of enzymes involved in sucrose synthesis and cleavage were elevated in the leaves of plants accumulating sorbitol, but this did not affect sucrose accumulation in the culm. The activity of oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway and the non-reversible glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction were elevated to replenish the reducing power consumed by sorbitol synthesis. Sorbitol-producing sugarcane generated 30%-40% less aerial biomass and was 10%-30% shorter than control lines. Leaves developed necrosis in a pattern characteristic of early senescence, and the severity was related to the relative quantity of sorbitol accumulated. When the Zymomonas mobilis glucokinase (zmglk) gene was co-expressed with mds6pdh to increase the production of glucose-6-phosphate, the plants were again smaller, indicating that glucose-6-phosphate deficiency was not responsible for the reduced growth. In summary, sorbitol hyperaccumulation affected sugarcane growth and metabolism, but the outcome was not lethal for the plant. This work also demonstrated that impressive yields of alternative products can be generated from the intermediates of sucrose metabolism in Saccharum spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrie Fong Chong
- David North Plant Research Centre, BSES Limited, PO Box 86, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia.
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20
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Le Lay P, Isaure MP, Sarry JE, Kuhn L, Fayard B, Le Bail JL, Bastien O, Garin J, Roby C, Bourguignon J. Metabolomic, proteomic and biophysical analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana cells exposed to a caesium stress. Influence of potassium supply. Biochimie 2006; 88:1533-47. [PMID: 16716483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation and localisation of 133Cs in a plant cellular model and the metabolic response induced were analysed as a function of external K concentration using a multidisciplinary approach. Sucrose-fed photosynthetic Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells, grown in a K-containing or K-depleted medium, were submitted to a 1 mM Cs stress. Cell growth, strongly diminished in absence of K, was not influenced by Cs. In contrast, the chlorophyll content, affected by a Cs stress superposed to K depletion, did not vary under the sole K depletion. The uptake of Cs was monitored in vivo using 133Cs NMR spectroscopy while the final K and Cs concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Cs absorption rate and final concentration increased in a K-depleted external medium; in vivo NMR revealed that intracellular Cs was distributed in two kinds of compartment. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy indicated that one could be the chloroplasts. In parallel, the cellular response to the Cs stress was analysed using proteomic and metabolic profiling. Proteins up- and down-regulated in response to Cs, in presence of K+ or not, were analysed by 2D gel electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. No salient feature was detected excepting the overexpression of antioxidant enzymes, a common response of Arabidopsis cells stressed whether by Cs or by K-depletion. 13C and 31P NMR analysis of acid extracts showed that the metabolome impact of the Cs stress was also a function of the K nutrition. These analyses suggested that sugar metabolism and glycolytic fluxes were affected in a way depending upon the medium content in K+. Metabolic flux measurements using 13C labelling would be an elegant way to pursue on this line. Using our experimental system, a progressively stronger Cs stress might point out other specific responses elicited by Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Le Lay
- Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire végétale, UMR 5168 CEA/CNRS/INRA/UJF, DRDC, CEA-Grenoble, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 09, France
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21
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Abstract
Monocarpic plants require the initiation of whole-plant senescence to remobilize and transfer assimilates pre-stored in vegetative tissues to grains. Delayed whole-plant senescence caused by either heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer or adoption of lodging-resistant cultivars/hybrids that remain green when the grains are due to ripen results in a low harvest index with much nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) left in the straw. Usually, water stress during the grain-filling period induces early senescence, reduces photosynthesis, and shortens the grain-filling period; however, it increases the remobilization of NSC from the vegetative tissues to the grain. If mild soil drying is properly controlled during the later grain-filling period in rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), it can enhance whole-plant senescence, lead to faster and better remobilization of carbon from vegetative tissues to grains, and accelerate the grain-filling rate. In cases where plant senescence is unfavorably delayed, such as by heavy use of nitrogen and the introduction of hybrids with strong heterosis, the gain from the enhanced remobilization and accelerated grain-filling rate can outweigh the loss of reduced photosynthesis and the shortened grain-filling period, leading to an increased grain yield, better harvest index and higher water-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Cho JI, Lee SK, Ko S, Kim HK, Jun SH, Lee YH, Bhoo SH, Lee KW, An G, Hahn TR, Jeon JS. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the cell-wall invertase gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2005; 24:225-36. [PMID: 15759120 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall invertase (CIN) catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose for the supply of carbohydrates to sink organs via an apoplastic pathway. To study the CIN genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.), we isolated cDNA clones showing amino acid similarity to the plant cell wall invertase proteins from a search of rice sequence databases. Profile analyses revealed that the cloned genes are expressed in unique patterns in various organs. For example, transcripts of OsCIN1, OsCIN2, OsCIN4, and OsCIN7 were detected in immature seeds whereas OsCIN3 gene expression was flower-specific. Further transcript analysis of these genes expressed in developing seeds indicated that OsCIN1, OsCIN2, and OsCIN7 might play an important role involving sucrose partitioning to the embryo and endosperm. Sucrose, a substrate of CINs, induced the accumulation of OsCIN1 transcripts in excised leaves and OsCIN2 in immature seeds, while the level of OsCIN5 was significantly down-regulated in excised leaves treated with sucrose. Infecting the tissues with rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea) as a biotic stressor increased the expression of OsCIN1, OsCIN4, and OsCIN5, suggesting that these genes may participate in a switch in metabolism to resist pathogen invasion. These results demonstrate that OsCIN genes play diverse roles involving the regulation of metabolism, growth, development, and stress responses.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Wall/enzymology
- Cell Wall/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Databases, Protein
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Flowers/enzymology
- Flowers/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genome, Plant
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oryza/enzymology
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/growth & development
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Seeds/enzymology
- Seeds/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sucrose/metabolism
- Sucrose/pharmacology
- beta-Fructofuranosidase/chemistry
- beta-Fructofuranosidase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Il Cho
- Plant Metabolism Research Centre & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 449-701, Korea.
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Yang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhu Q, Liu L. Activities of fructan- and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in wheat stems subjected to water stress during grain filling. PLANTA 2004; 220:331-43. [PMID: 15290295 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated if a controlled water deficit during grain filling of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) could accelerate grain filling by facilitating the remobilization of carbon reserves in the stem through regulating the enzymes involved in fructan and sucrose metabolism. Two high lodging-resistant wheat cultivars were grown in pots and treated with either a normal (NN) or high amount of nitrogen (HN) at heading time. Plants were either well-watered (WW) or water-stressed (WS) from 9 days post anthesis until maturity. Leaf water potentials markedly decreased at midday as a result of water stress but completely recovered by early morning. Photosynthetic rate and zeatin + zeatin riboside concentrations in the flag leaves declined faster in WS plants than in WW plants, and they decreased more slowly with HN than with NN when soil water potential was the same, indicating that the water deficit enhanced, whereas HN delayed, senescence. Water stress, both at NN and HN, facilitated the reduction in concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and fructans in the stems but increased the sucrose level there, promoted the re-allocation of pre-fixed (14)C from the stems to grains, shortened the grain-filling period, and accelerated the grain-filling rate. Grain weight and grain yield were increased under the controlled water deficit when HN was applied. Fructan exohydrolase (FEH; EC 3.2.1.80) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) activities were substantially enhanced by water stress and positively correlated with the total NSC and fructan remobilization from the stems. Acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity was also enhanced by the water stress and associated with the change in fructan concentration, but not correlated with the total NSC remobilization and (14)C increase in the grains. Sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.99) activity was inhibited by the water stress and negatively correlated with the remobilization of carbon reserves. Sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) activity in the stems decreased sharply during grain filling and showed no significant difference between WW and WS treatments. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the stem was remarkably enhanced by water stress and significantly correlated with SPS and FEH activities. Application of ABA to WW plants yielded similar results to those for WS plants. The results suggest that the increased remobilization of carbon reserves by water stress is attributable to the enhanced FEH and SPS activities in wheat stems, and that ABA plays a vital role in the regulation of the key enzymes involved in fructan and sucrose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Jha AB, Dubey RS. Carbohydrate metabolism in growing rice seedlings under arsenic toxicity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:867-72. [PMID: 15310076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We studied in the seedlings of two rice cultivars (Malviya-36 and Pant-12) the effect of increasing levels of arsenic in situ on the content of sugars and the activity of several enzymes of starch and sucrose metabolism: alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), beta-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2), starch phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26), sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.14). During a growth period of 10-20 d As2O3 at 25 and 50 microM in the growth medium caused an increase in reducing, non-reducing and total soluble sugars. An increased conversion of non-reducing to reducing sugars was observed concomitant with As toxicity. The activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and sucrose phosphate synthase declined, whereas starch phosphorylase, acid invertase and sucrose synthase were found to be elevated. Results indicate that in rice seedlings arsenic toxicity causes perturbations in carbohydrate metabolism leading to the accumulation of soluble sugars by altering enzyme activity. Sucrose synthase possibly plays a positive role in synthesis of sucrose under As-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Jha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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25
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Veena, Jiang H, Doerge RW, Gelvin SB. Transfer of T-DNA and Vir proteins to plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces expression of host genes involved in mediating transformation and suppresses host defense gene expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 35:219-36. [PMID: 12848827 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that incites crown gall tumors by transferring to and expressing a portion of a resident plasmid in plant cells. Currently, little is known about the host response to Agrobacterium infection. Using suppressive subtractive hybridization and DNA macroarrays, we identified numerous plant genes that are differentially expressed during early stages of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Expression profiling indicates that Agrobacterium infection induces plant genes necessary for the transformation process while simultaneously repressing host defense response genes, thus indicating successful utilization of existing host cellular machinery for genetic transformation purposes. A comparison of plant responses to different strains of Agrobacterium indicates that transfer of both T-DNA and Vir proteins modulates the expression of host genes during the transformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1392, USA
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26
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Li XQ, Zhang D. Gene expression activity and pathway selection for sucrose metabolism in developing storage root of sweet potato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 44:630-6. [PMID: 12826628 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) storage root coincides with starch accumulation made using cleaved products of imported photoassimilate sucrose. The genes and pathways are predominantly active for sucrose metabolism in developing storage root were unknown. In this study, we used both an expressed sequence tag (EST) approach and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach to answer this question. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) was found to be significantly more frequent in storage root ESTs than in fibrous root ESTs. SuSy was the most abundant carbohydrate-metabolism gene in the storage-root ESTs. RT-PCR results confirmed this by showing that invertase was active in fibrous roots but rapidly decreased to an undetectable level during storage root development while SuSy became predominant. Invertase expression was also detectable in young immature storage root and shoot tips, suggesting an involvement in cell formation. SuSy expression pattern showed considerable similarity to that of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, an essential enzyme for starch synthesis. The results indicated that (i). SuSy was the most actively expressed enzyme in sucrose metabolism in developing storage root and was correlated with sink strength, and (ii). whereas invertase was active at cell formation stages, SuSy pathway was predominant for sucrose cleavage related to starch-accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Li
- Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, PO Box 20280, Fredericton, NB, E3B 4Z7 Canada.
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Roitsch T, Balibrea ME, Hofmann M, Proels R, Sinha AK. Extracellular invertase: key metabolic enzyme and PR protein. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2003; 54:513-24. [PMID: 12508062 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erg050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular invertase is the key enzyme of an apoplasmic phloem unloading pathway and catalyses the hydrolytic cleavage of the transport sugar sucrose released into the apoplast. This mechanism contributes to long-distance assimilate transport, provides the substrate to sustain heterotrophic growth and generates metabolic signals known to effect various processes of primary metabolism and defence responses. The essential function of extracellular invertase for supplying carbohydrates to sink organs was demonstrated by the finding that antisense repression of an anther-specific isoenzyme provides an efficient method for metabolic engineering of male sterility. The regulation of extracellular invertase by all classes of phytohormones indicates an essential link between the molecular mechanism of phytohormone action and primary metabolism. The up-regulation of extracellular invertase appears to be a common response to various biotic and abiotic stress-related stimuli such as pathogen infection and salt stress, in addition to specific stress-related reactions. Based on the observed co-ordinated regulation of source/sink relations and defence responses by sugars and stress-related stimuli, the identified activation of distinct subsets of MAP kinases provides a mechanism for signal integration and distribution within such complex networks. Sucrose derivatives not synthesized by higher plants, such as turanose, were shown to elicit responses distinctly different from metabolizable sugars and are rather perceived as stress-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Roitsch
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Universität Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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28
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Peuke AD, Schraml C, Hartung W, Rennenberg H. Identification of drought-sensitive beech ecotypes by physiological parameters. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 154:373-387. [PMID: 33873420 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• The effects of drought on European beech (Fagus sylvatica) were assessed in a pot experiment under controlled conditions. • Plants from 11 autochthonous provenances originating from regions in Germany, which differed in annual precipitation, were exposed to a 3-wk drought period in a glasshouse after the first stage of shoot growth had been completed. • Drought reduced the water content to 97% of control in leaves and axes and to 92% in the roots. A strong reduction of predawn water potential in roots and shoots, as well as on transpiration rate, was found. In the roots, the effect on water potential was the same for all provenances, but differences were observed in the shoot water potential. Leaf concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA), proline and sucrose increased in the drought-treated plants compared with the controls. • Two extreme clusters from opposite climatic sites were identified by cluster analysis. A drought-sensitive cluster, originating from regions with high annual precipitation, had low water potential and transpiration rates, as well as high concentrations of fructose, ABA and proline after drought. Water potential and transpiration rates were less affected by drought in the other cluster, which comprised two provenances of relatively dry habitats, and concentrations of hexose, ABA and proline were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Peuke
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee Geb. 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - C Schraml
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee Geb. 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - W Hartung
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Rennenberg
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee Geb. 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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