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Zhu JJ, Wang HJ. Semiochemicals and natural repellents in biting fly management. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101223. [PMID: 38908821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Biting flies, including stable flies and horn flies, are considered important pests of livestock, companion animals, and humans by inflicting painful bites and interrupting normal animal behavior and human recreational/outdoor activities. It is estimated that they cause an annual loss of over 3 billion dollars in the US livestock industry. Both groups of pest flies further transmit various infectious diseases to animals and humans. The present review summarizes recent research advancements in stable and horn fly chemical and sensory ecology, especially in the discovery of novel attractants and repellents, as well as their controls for these blood-sucking flies and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei J Zhu
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Haichuan J Wang
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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2
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Namphonsane A, Amornsakchai T, Chia CH, Goh KL, Thanawan S, Wongsagonsup R, Smith SM. Development of Biodegradable Rigid Foams from Pineapple Field Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2895. [PMID: 37447540 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pineapple materials sourced from agricultural waste have been employed to process novel bio-degradable rigid composite foams. The matrix for the foam consisted of starch extracted from pineapple stem, known for its high amylose content, while the filler comprised non-fibrous cellulosic materials sourced from pineapple leaf. In contrast to traditional methods that involve preparing a batter, this study adopted a unique approach where the starch gel containing glycerol were first formed using a household microwave oven, followed by blending the filler into the gel using a two-roll mill. The resulting mixture was then foamed at 160 °C using a compression molding machine. The foams displayed densities ranging from 0.43-0.51 g/cm3 and exhibited a highly amorphous structure. Notably, the foams demonstrated an equilibrium moisture content of approximately 8-10% and the ability to absorb 150-200% of their own weight without disintegration. Flexural strengths ranged from 1.5-4.5 MPa, varying with the filler and glycerol contents. Biodegradability tests using a soil burial method revealed complete disintegration of the foam into particles measuring 1 mm or smaller within 15 days. Moreover, to showcase practical applications, an environmentally friendly single-use foam tray was fabricated. This novel method, involving gel formation followed by filler blending, sets it apart from previous works. The findings highlight the potential of pineapple waste materials for producing sustainable bio-degradable foams with desirable properties and contribute to the field of sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atitiya Namphonsane
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Taweechai Amornsakchai
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- TEAnity Team Co., Ltd., 40/494 Soi Navamintra 111, Khet Bueng Kum, Bangkok 10230, Thailand
| | - Chin Hua Chia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kheng Lim Goh
- Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Engineering, Newcastle University in Singapore, 172A Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8 #05-01, SIT@NYP Building, Singapore 567739, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Sombat Thanawan
- Rubber Technology Research Center, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Rungtiwa Wongsagonsup
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Meejoo Smith
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Barros ATMD, Soares FG, Barros TND, Cançado PHD. Stable fly outbreaks in Brazil: a 50-year (1971-2020) retrospective. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e015922. [PMID: 37018839 PMCID: PMC10079268 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks associated with agricultural and/or livestock production systems have become a serious problem in some Brazilian locations. This article presents a survey on the history, evolution and mapping of such outbreaks in Brazil over five decades (1971-2020). Outbreaks (n= 579) were recorded in 285 municipalities from 14 states, mainly associated with by-products from the ethanol industry (82.7%), in natura organic fertilizers (12.6%) and integrated crop-livestock systems (3.1%). Few cases were reported until the mid-2000s, progressively increasing since then. Outbreaks associated with ethanol mills occurred in 224 municipalities, mainly in Southeast and Midwest states, while those associated with organic fertilizers (mainly poultry litter and coffee mulch) affected 39 municipalities, mostly in the Northeast and Southeast states. More recently, outbreaks in integrated crop-livestock systems during the rainy season have occurred in Midwest states. This survey highlights the magnitude of the problem of stable fly outbreaks in Brazil and its relationship with environmental public policies, agricultural production chains and regional trends. Specific public actions and policies are urgently needed to prevent their occurrence and impact in the affected regions.
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Zhu JJ, Roh GH, Asamoto Y, Bizati K, Liu JC, Lehmann A, Harrison K, Taylor DB, Otake H. Development and first evaluation of an attractant impregnated adhesive tape against blood-sucking flies. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:603-612. [PMID: 34268876 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stable flies are one of the most important arthropod pests of livestock that reduce cattle weight gain and milk production leading to annual economic losses in excess of $2 billion to the US cattle industry. The host-seeking behavior is primarily mediated by associated odors from stable fly larval development environments and host animals. The present paper reports the development and evaluation of attractant-impregnated adhesive tapes to reduce stable fly attacks on cattle. Laboratory bioassays showed that only m-cresol impregnated adhesive tapes caught significantly more stable flies (16 ± 1) than the control tape without attractant added (7 ± 1), with a 77% fly recapture rate. Attractant-impregnated adhesive tapes deployed in cattle feedlots showed significant impacts in reducing fly population, with a total of one million stable flies captured over a period of three weeks (mean catches from 57 596 to 102 088 stable flies per trap per week). It further relieved cattle stress with a significant reduction of biting fly avoidance behavior, (6 ± 0.4 cows observed with tail wagging in control vs. 3 ± 0.4 from the trap-deployed). The efficacy of the developed tapes lasted up to 1-week longevity, although 70% of m-cresol was released starting from the second day. The m-cresol impregnated adhesive tape provided an 80% reduction in cattle stress due to stable fly attack. This is the first report of a technology developed by integrating an attractant compound into an adhesive material on a plastic film with demonstrated effectiveness in trapping biting flies that attack livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei J Zhu
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gwang-Hyun Roh
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Lehmann
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kyle Harrison
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - David B Taylor
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Zúñiga-Arias D, Charpentier-Alfaro C, Méndez-Arias J, Rodríguez-Mora K. Changes in the structure and composition of pineapple leaf fiber after alkali and ionic surfactant pretreatments and their impact on enzymatic hydrolysis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 52:969-978. [PMID: 35034574 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.2021233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of two different pretreatments (NaOH and alkaline surfactant assisted) on the chemical, morphological and enzymatic saccharification of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF). Results showed that both pretreatments significantly reduced lignin content of the biomass, achieving a 69.6 and a 76.3% reduction for NaOH and surfactant pretreated materials, respectively. SEM, CLSM and FTIR-ATR techniques were used to evaluate morphological changes in the fibers after pretreatments. Images obtained revealed cellulose exposure and lignin redistribution in the pretreated fibers. Surfactant pretreated material provided the best results after enzymatic hydrolysis compared to NaOH and untreated PALF. A final enzymatic hydrolysis yield of 81.8% was obtained after a 24 h process using surfactant pretreated fibers, in comparison to 75.9 and 45.1% yields for NaOH pretreated material and raw fibers, respectively. Nowadays, the use of agricultural residues for high added value products is of great importance for sustainable development. This work specifically studied an effective and green approach for lignin removal and enzymatic hydrolysis from pineapple leaf fiber that is an abundant waste in Costa Rica and an interesting feedstock for biorefinery processes design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Zúñiga-Arias
- Es cuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Camila Charpentier-Alfaro
- Es cuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Johanna Méndez-Arias
- Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Karina Rodríguez-Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Chin-Pampillo JS, Perez-Villanueva M, Masis-Mora M, Mora-Dittel T, Carazo-Rojas E, Alcañiz JM, Chinchilla-Soto C, Domene X. Amendments with pyrolyzed agrowastes change bromacil and diuron's sorption and persistence in a tropical soil without modifying their environmental risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145515. [PMID: 33770876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of pesticides fate in tropical soils and how it could be affected by pyrolyzed biomass as amendment is limited. Combining conventional and radiotracer methods, as well as risk assessment tools, the effects of several charred agrowastes on the sorption, persistence, and ecological risk of the herbicides bromacil (BMC) and diuron (DRN) were evaluated in a tropical agricultural soil under laboratory conditions. Pineapple stubble (PS), palm oil fiber (PF), and coffee hull (CH) were charred at 300 (torrefied) and 600 °C (biochar) and applied to the soil at 10 and 20 t ha-1 rates. The sorption coefficients (Koc) in unamended soil for BMC and DRN were 18.4 and 212.1 L kg-1, respectively. The addition of torrefied PS and PF caused a 3 to 4-fold increment in BMC sorption and a 3 to 6-fold change in DRN's sorption. The only biochar that affected the sorption was PS that increased DRN's sorption 3.5 times. The application of coffee hull materials had no significant effect. In terms of degradation (half-life, DT50), for unamended soil BMC's degradation (300 days) was limited compared to DRN (73 days). Alternatively, biodegradation (mineralization half-life time, MT50) was 1278 d for BMC and 538 for DRN. While only PF and CH torrefied increased BMC's persistence, all the torrefied affected DRN's persistence. However, despite the observed effects, the predicted ecological risk was not mitigated. Our results highlight the need for scientific evidence on the use of pyrolyzed organic amendments to assess potential benefits and prevent unintended impacts in tropical agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Chin-Pampillo
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica; CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marta Perez-Villanueva
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - Mario Masis-Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - Teresita Mora-Dittel
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth Carazo-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - Josep M Alcañiz
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Chinchilla-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - Xavier Domene
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; Serra Húnter Fellow, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
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7
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Olafson PU, Aksoy S, Attardo GM, Buckmeier G, Chen X, Coates CJ, Davis M, Dykema J, Emrich SJ, Friedrich M, Holmes CJ, Ioannidis P, Jansen EN, Jennings EC, Lawson D, Martinson EO, Maslen GL, Meisel RP, Murphy TD, Nayduch D, Nelson DR, Oyen KJ, Raszick TJ, Ribeiro JMC, Robertson HM, Rosendale AJ, Sackton TB, Saelao P, Swiger SL, Sze SH, Tarone AM, Taylor DB, Warren WC, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Werren JH, Wilson RK, Zdobnov EM, Benoit JB. The genome of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, reveals potential mechanisms underlying reproduction, host interactions, and novel targets for pest control. BMC Biol 2021; 19:41. [PMID: 33750380 PMCID: PMC7944917 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a major blood-feeding pest of livestock that has near worldwide distribution, causing an annual cost of over $2 billion for control and product loss in the USA alone. Control of these flies has been limited to increased sanitary management practices and insecticide application for suppressing larval stages. Few genetic and molecular resources are available to help in developing novel methods for controlling stable flies. Results This study examines stable fly biology by utilizing a combination of high-quality genome sequencing and RNA-Seq analyses targeting multiple developmental stages and tissues. In conjunction, 1600 genes were manually curated to characterize genetic features related to stable fly reproduction, vector host interactions, host-microbe dynamics, and putative targets for control. Most notable was characterization of genes associated with reproduction and identification of expanded gene families with functional associations to vision, chemosensation, immunity, and metabolic detoxification pathways. Conclusions The combined sequencing, assembly, and curation of the male stable fly genome followed by RNA-Seq and downstream analyses provide insights necessary to understand the biology of this important pest. These resources and new data will provide the groundwork for expanding the tools available to control stable fly infestations. The close relationship of Stomoxys to other blood-feeding (horn flies and Glossina) and non-blood-feeding flies (house flies, medflies, Drosophila) will facilitate understanding of the evolutionary processes associated with development of blood feeding among the Cyclorrhapha. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-00975-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia U Olafson
- Livestock Arthropod Pests Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX, USA.
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Greta Buckmeier
- Livestock Arthropod Pests Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- The Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Craig J Coates
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Megan Davis
- Livestock Arthropod Pests Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Justin Dykema
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott J Emrich
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evan N Jansen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Lawson
- The European Molecular Biology Laboratory, The European Bioinformatics Institute, The Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Gareth L Maslen
- The European Molecular Biology Laboratory, The European Bioinformatics Institute, The Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dana Nayduch
- Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kennan J Oyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tyler J Raszick
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - José M C Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Timothy B Sackton
- Informatics Group, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Perot Saelao
- Livestock Arthropod Pests Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Sonja L Swiger
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Stephenville, TX, USA
| | - Sing-Hoi Sze
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Aaron M Tarone
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David B Taylor
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- University of Missouri, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Paslaru AI, Verhulst NO, Maurer LM, Brendle A, Pauli N, Vögtlin A, Renzullo S, Ruedin Y, Hoffmann B, Torgerson PR, Mathis A, Veronesi E. Potential mechanical transmission of Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) by the stable fly ( Stomoxys calcitrans) through regurgitation and defecation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 1:100007. [PMID: 36003591 PMCID: PMC9387481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2020.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disorder of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) which can induce severe infections leading to high economic losses. Being of African origin, the first LSD outbreaks in Europe occurred in Greece and later in the Balkan region. Little is known about the mode of transmission, especially in relation to the potential role of arthropods vectors. The purpose of our study was to investigate the role of Stomoxys calcitrans in the transmission of LSDV and their presence at different farms in Switzerland. Laboratory-reared flies were exposed to LSDV spiked-blood and incubated under a realistic fluctuating temperature regime. Body parts, regurgitated blood, and faecal samples were analysed by qPCR for the presence of viral DNA and infectious virus at different time points post-feeding (p.f.). LSDV DNA was detected in heads, bodies, and regurgitated blood up to three days p.f. and up to two days p.f. in the faeces. Infectious virus was isolated from bodies and faeces up to two days and in the regurgitated blood up to 12 h p.f. There was no increase in viral load, consolidating the role of S. calcitrans as mechanical vectors for LSDV. Stomoxys flies were present at all eight farms investigated, including a farm located at 2128 m asl. The persistence of LSDV in S. calcitrans in combination with the long flight ranges of this abundant and widespread fly might have implications on LSD epidemiology and on implementing control measures during disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca I. Paslaru
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.266A, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Niels O. Verhulst
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.266A, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Lena M. Maurer
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.266A, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Alexsandra Brendle
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.266A, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Pauli
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.266A, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Vögtlin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Renzullo
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Yelena Ruedin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathis
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.266A, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Eva Veronesi
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.266A, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
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9
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Taylor DB, Harrison K, Zhu JJ. Methods for Surveying Stable Fly Populations. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 33135761 PMCID: PMC7751195 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stable flies are among the most important pests of livestock throughout much of the world. Their painful bites induce costly behavioral and physiological stress responses and reduce productivity. Stable flies are anthropogenic and their population dynamics vary depending on agricultural and animal husbandry practices. Standardized sampling methods are needed to better identify the factors controlling stable fly populations, test novel control technologies, and determine optimal management strategies. The current study reviewed methods used for a long-term study of stable fly population dynamics in the central Great Plains. An additional study compared the relative size of flies sampled from the general population with that of flies sampled emerging from substrates associated with livestock production. Flies developing in livestock associated substrates are significantly larger than those in the general population indicating that other types of developmental sites are contributing significant numbers of flies to the general population. Because efforts to identify those sites have yet to be successful, we speculate that they may be sites with low densities of developing stable flies, but covering large areas such as croplands and grasslands. The stable fly surveillance methods discussed can be used and further improved for monitoring stable fly populations for research and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Taylor
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kyle Harrison
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
| | - Junwei J Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
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10
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Sharif S, Liénard E, Duvallet G, Etienne L, Mongellaz C, Grisez C, Franc M, Bouhsira E, Jacquiet P. Attractiveness and Specificity of Different Polyethylene Blue Screens on Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:E575. [PMID: 32867238 PMCID: PMC7563190 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stomoxys calcitrans is considered as a major pest of livestock worldwide. Insecticides have been extensively used to control this pest but resistance to these chemical compounds is now reported in many countries. Therefore, a more sustainable and efficient control is needed. Seven different types of blue screens, with reflectances around 460 nm, were tested during summer 2016 in southwestern France to evaluate their attractiveness and their specificity for stable flies. Height of the screen and orientation (east or west) of a blue screen were also considered. High levels of S. calcitrans captures were recorded during this study (from 141 to 7301 individuals per blue screen and per day) whereas the numbers of tabanids and pollinator insects remained extremely low (less than 10 individuals per screen and per day). No significant difference in attractiveness has been shown between the different types of blue screens. The lower half of the blue screens caught significantly more stable flies (70%) than the higher half (30%). The "east" side of the screen attracted 60% of stable flies but this was not significantly different from the west side. These results are highlighting the interest in these blue polyethylene screens for controlling stable flies in cattle farms, in comparison with more expensive blue fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukri Sharif
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France; (S.S.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Emmanuel Liénard
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France; (S.S.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Gérard Duvallet
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34000 Montpellier, France; (G.D.); (L.E.)
| | - Lucas Etienne
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34000 Montpellier, France; (G.D.); (L.E.)
| | - Clément Mongellaz
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France; (S.S.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Christelle Grisez
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France; (S.S.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Michel Franc
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France;
| | - Emilie Bouhsira
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France; (S.S.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France; (S.S.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (E.B.)
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11
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Cook DF, Deyl RA, Lindsey JB, D'Antuono MF, Telfer DV, McPharlin IR. Burial and Compaction of Sandy Soils to Prevent Emergence of Adult Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) at the Soil Surface. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1315-1322. [PMID: 32052835 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) remain a significant pest affecting livestock and rural communities on the Swan Coastal Plain around Perth, Western Australia. Vegetable crop residues remaining after harvest enable stable fly development. Left untreated they can produce from several hundred to >1,000 stable fly/m2 of post-harvest residues. We studied the effect of burial and compaction of sandy soils on adult emergence of stable fly and house fly (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Adults of both fly species can move up through 50 cm of loose, dry sand, however at depths greater than 60 cm, emergence rapidly declines with <5% of adults surviving under 100 cm of soil. Burial of stable fly larvae and pupae under 15 cm of soil followed by compaction using a static weight dramatically reduced adult emergence. Moist soil compacted at ≥3 t/m2 completely prevented stable fly emergence whereas house fly emergence was not affected. One t/m2 of compaction resulted in <5% emergence of stable fly buried as pupae. Soil that was easily compactible (i.e., high silt, fine sand and clay content) reduced stable fly emergence more than soil with more coarse sand and low clay content. This study demonstrates the potential for a novel and chemical-free option for controlling stable fly development from vegetable crop post-harvest residue. Field trials are needed to confirm that burial and compaction of vegetable post-harvest residues using agricultural machinery can dramatically reduce the subsequent emergence of adult stable fly on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Francis Cook
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert A Deyl
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremy B Lindsey
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mario F D'Antuono
- Retired and Formerly Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Donald V Telfer
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian R McPharlin
- Retired and Formerly Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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Roh GH, Zhou X, Wang Y, Cermak SC, Kenar JA, Lehmann A, Han B, Taylor DB, Zeng X, Park CG, Brewer GJ, Zhu JJ. Spatial repellency, antifeedant activity and toxicity of three medium chain fatty acids and their methyl esters of coconut fatty acid against stable flies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:405-414. [PMID: 31381253 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stable flies are one of the most detrimental arthropod pests to livestock. With changing climates and agronomic practices, they expand their roles as pests and disease vectors as well. Their painful bites reduce livestock productivity, annoy companion animals, and interfere with human recreational activities. Current management technologies are unable to effectively control stable flies. The present study reports new results concerning the contact, spatial repellency, and toxicity of a bio-based product, coconut fatty acid and their methyl ester derivatives of free fatty acids of C8:0 , C10:0 and C12:0 to stable flies. RESULTS Three medium chain fatty acid methyl esters (C8:0 , C10:0 and C12:0 ) showed strong antifeedant activity against stable flies and their strengths were dose-dependent. Only the C8:0 acid, C8:0 - and C10:0 methyl esters elicited significant antennal responses. Laboratory single cage olfactometer bioassays revealed that coconut fatty acid and C8:0 methyl ester displayed active spatial repellency. All three methyl esters showed strong toxicity against stable flies. CONCLUSION Antifeedant activity is the main method through which coconut fatty acid deters stable fly blood-feeding. The C8:0 , C10:0 and C12:0 methyl esters act not only as strong antifeedants, but also possess strong toxicity against stable fly adults. Limited spatial repellency was observed from coconut fatty acid and C8:0 methyl ester. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang H Roh
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiaaojie Zhou
- Institute of Disinfection and Vector Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yansu Wang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Steven C Cermak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - James A Kenar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Baoyu Han
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David B Taylor
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Zeng
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Chung Gyoo Park
- Institute of Life Science (BK21+ Program)/Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary J Brewer
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Junwei J Zhu
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE, USA
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13
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Geden CJ, Biale H, Chiel E, Johnson DM. Effect of Fluctuating High Temperatures on House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and Their Principal Parasitoids (Muscidifurax spp. and Spalangia spp. [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]) From the United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1650-1660. [PMID: 31198940 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Colonies of house flies (Musca domestica L. [Diptera: Muscidae]) and four species of parasitoids (Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia cameroni Perkins and Spalangia endius Walker) were established by making collections from dairy farms near Bell, FL, Beatrice, NE, Minneapolis, MN, and San Jacinto, CA. Colonies were assessed for heat tolerance by comparing life history parameters at 25-27°C and fluctuating hot (26.7-41.7°C) temperatures. Muscidifurax raptor, S. cameroni, and S. endius produced 24-28% as many progeny under hot conditions as at 25°C. Colonies of M. zaraptor were more heat-tolerant and produced an average 46.9% as many progeny under the hot regime compared with moderate conditions. There was little evidence for higher heat tolerance in parasitoid populations from historically hot locations (CA desert and FL). Colonies of M. raptor and S. endius that had been in culture for 24 yr were the least heat-tolerant with regard to progeny production. House flies collected from the same locations varied little in longevity, fecundity, or egg-to-adult survival under either hot or moderate regimes. Flies reared under hot conditions laid about half as many eggs (89/female) and had about half the egg-adult survival rate (47.3%) under hot compared with moderate conditions, indicating that heat stress had less effect on flies than on all of the parasitoids except M. zaraptor. An attempt to select for heat tolerance in flies by subjecting them to incremental increases in rearing temperatures for 20 generations resulted in little change in tolerance among the selected flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Geden
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL
| | - Haim Biale
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Aba Khoushy Avenue, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elad Chiel
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa-Oranim, Qiryat Tivon, Israel
| | - Dana M Johnson
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL
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14
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Florez-Cuadros M, Berkebile D, Brewer G, Taylor DB. Effects of Diet Quality and Temperature on Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Development. INSECTS 2019; 10:E207. [PMID: 31315258 PMCID: PMC6681194 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The effects of diet quality and temperature on the development time and size of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was evaluated. Both development time and size varied relative to diet quality and temperature, and their effects were additive. Diet quality and temperature made similar contributions to the variance in size whereas temperature was responsible for >97% of the variance in development time. Regression analysis predicted the shortest development time, egg to adult, to be 12.7 days at 32 °C and 70% nutrients. Egg to adult development varied curvilinearly relative to diet quality and temperature on the degree day 10 (DD10) scale taking 261 DD10 at 30 °C and 50% nutrients. The thermal threshold was 11.5 °C with a thermal constant of 248. Very few stable flies developed to adult on the poorest diet (12.5% nutrients) and adults emerged from fewer than 1% of the puparia at 35 °C. The heaviest pupae (15.4 mg) were produced with the 100% diet at 15 °C and adults had a higher probability of emerging successfully from heavier puparia. The length of the discal-medial cell of adult wings had a cubic relationship with puparia weight and peaked at 21 °C. Egg to pupariation survival was predicted to peak at 27 °C and 71% diet whereas puparia to adult survival peaked at 24 °C and 100% diet. Diet quality and temperature had no effect on sex ratio and the rate of development did not differ between the sexes. Female stable flies were ≈5% larger than males. Composite metrics for egg to pupariation and egg to adult fitness were developed. The optimum for puparia fitness was 29 °C and 78% diet quality and for adult fitness 25 °C and 83% diet quality. Diet accounted for 31% of the variance in pupal fitness and 24% of the variance in adult fitness whereas temperature accounted for 17% and 20%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Florez-Cuadros
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA
- Current affiliation: Centro Integral de Investigaciones (CIVIF), Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia
| | - Dennis Berkebile
- Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, USA
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA
| | - David B Taylor
- Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, USA.
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15
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Olafson PU, Kaufman PE, Duvallet G, Solórzano JA, Taylor DB, Fryxell RT. Frequency of kdr and kdr-his Alleles in Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations From the United States, Costa Rica, France, and Thailand. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1145-1149. [PMID: 30768670 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence of pyrethroid insecticide product failure for the control of stable fly [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] populations in the United States and worldwide prompted us to evaluate the frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr)-type polymorphisms within the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene of field collected specimens from the United States, France, Costa Rica, and Thailand. The kdr-his allele (L1014H), associated with permethrin resistance, was detected in stable flies from the 10 states sampled in the United States, as well as from Costa Rica and France (Toulouse). Field collections of stable flies from California (Modesto) and New York (Cliffton Springs) exhibited reduced susceptibility upon exposure to a diagnostic permethrin concentration of 10× LC99, but survival did not appear to strictly associate with frequency of the kdr-his allele. This suggests that there are additional resistance mechanisms contributing to the phenotype in these states. The kdr allele (L1014F) was detected for the first time in stable flies originating in France and Thailand, and an improved, DNA-based diagnostic assay was developed and validated for use in future screens for kdr and kdr-his allele frequencies from field collections. The absence of kdr in United States and Costa Rica populations suggests that the allele is currently restricted to Europe and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Untalan Olafson
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Gérard Duvallet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, France
| | - José-Arturo Solórzano
- Instituto Nacional Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - David B Taylor
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
| | - Rebecca Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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16
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Malaithong N, Duvallet G, Ngoen-Klan R, Bangs MJ, Chareonviriyaphap T. Stomoxyinae Flies in Thailand: A Précis, with Abridged Taxonomic Key to the Adult Species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:385-394. [PMID: 30864904 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomoxyinae flies (Diptera: Muscidae) are cosmopolitan obligate hematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance. The subfamily Stomoxyinae includes 51 known species within 10 genera. Five genera, Stomoxys, Haematobosca, Haematobia, Haematostoma, and Stygeromyia, represent important livestock pests causing substantial economic losses in the commercial animal industry. The majority of Stomoxyinae research and control efforts have focused on Stomoxys species. Following the earliest descriptions of Stomoxyinae in Asia in the beginning of the past century, the first published list of species identified in Thailand did not occur until 1978. Currently, there are 11 confirmed species in the country with 3 others suspected present. This includes six species of Stomoxys with Stomoxys calcitrans the most common and widespread in the country. Since 1978, 20 publications, 17 of which since 2006, have covered original research on Stomoxyinae fly biology, species distribution, patterns of daily and seasonal activity, gene flow, and phylogenetics in Thailand. All Stomoxyinae-related published research from Thailand through 2017 is reviewed herein, and include an updated identification key to the Stomoxyinae genera and all known or suspected species, both male and female adults, present in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naritsara Malaithong
- 1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,2 Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies (NRU-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gerard Duvallet
- 3 UMR5175 CEFE, Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan
- 1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael J Bangs
- 1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,4 Public Health & Malaria Control Department, Kuala Kencana, Indonesia
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17
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The Factors Influencing Seasonal Dynamics and Spatial Distribution of Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) within Stables. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040142. [PMID: 30332735 PMCID: PMC6315762 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The biology of the stable fly is fairly well known, but factors influencing the distribution of adult stable flies within stables are still inadequately investigated. The four experimental stables were located in south western Slovakia. Within each stable, five sticky traps were localized along the stable, and the flies were weekly counted during the flight season of years 2015–2017. Seasonal activity and stable fly abundance in relation to temperature, rainfall, light conditions, relative air humidity, and cows per stable were evaluated. The seasonal activity of the stable fly shows one large peak at the end of summer and a second smaller peak just before the end of the flight season. The spatial distribution of stable flies was unique for each stable. All of the environmental variables had significant and mostly positive effect on stable fly abundance. The strongest and most positive effect on stable fly counts was temperature and rainfall five weeks prior to collecting session. Within the stable, cow number, air humidity, and light conditions are the strongest candidates to influence their distribution.
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18
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Friesen K, Berkebile DR, Zhu JJ, Taylor DB. Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30124666 DOI: 10.3791/57341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, are serious pests of livestock, humans, companion animals and wildlife worldwide. During the last 20+ years, changes in agronomic practices resulted in serious outbreaks of stable flies in several countries. These outbreaks disrupted livestock production and human recreation resulting in public demands for increasing research and management efforts for this pest. A simple and inexpensive procedure for rearing stable flies for laboratory studies is presented. The procedure uses locally available diet components, equipment and supplies. The procedure can be adapted for rearing other muscoid flies including face fly (Musca autumnalis), horn fly (Haematobia irritans), and house fly (Musca domestica). The procedure produces stable fly puparia averaging 12.5 mg and ~35% egg to adult survival. Approximately 3000 flies are produced in each pan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerry J Zhu
- Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, ARS-USDA
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19
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Murchie AK, Hall CE, Gordon AW, Clawson S. Black Border Increases Stomoxys calcitrans Catch on White Sticky Traps. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9010013. [PMID: 29393889 PMCID: PMC5872278 DOI: 10.3390/insects9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a biting fly that can cause severe irritation to livestock resulting in reduced productivity. The most common method of monitoring S. calcitrans is through the use of sticky traps and many designs have been developed using different colours and materials such as alsynite fibreglass and polypropylene sheeting. Laboratory experiments and some field experimentation have demonstrated that colour contrast can attract S. calcitrans. However, this response has not been fully utilised in trap design. To test that simple colour contrast could increase trap efficacy, white sticky traps were mounted on three differently coloured backgrounds (white, yellow, and black) and positioned at five sites on a mixed livestock farm. White sticky traps on a black background caught significantly more S. calcitrans than the yellow or white backgrounds. An incidental result was that Pollenia sp. were caught in greater numbers on the yellow framed traps. The reasons for S. calcitrans attraction to black–white contrast are most likely due to conspicuousness in the environment although the extent to which flies are using this feature as a host-location cue or a perching site are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie K Murchie
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Carol E Hall
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Alan W Gordon
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Sam Clawson
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK.
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20
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Jelvez Serra NS, Goulart HF, Triana MF, Dos Santos Tavares S, Almeida CIM, DA Costa JG, Santana AEG, Zhu JJ. Identification of stable fly attractant compounds in vinasse, a byproduct of sugarcane-ethanol distillation. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:381-391. [PMID: 28833391 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is a worldwide pest of livestock. Recent outbreaks of stable flies in sugarcane fields in Brazil have become a serious problem for livestock producers. Larvae and pupae found inside sugarcane stems after harvesting may indicate that stable flies use these stems as potential oviposition or larval development sites. Field observations suggest that outbreaks of stable flies are associated with the vinasse and filter cake derived from biomass distillation in sugarcane ethanol production that are used as fertilizers in sugarcane fields. Adult stable flies are attracted to vinasse, which appears to present an ideal larval development site. The primary goal of the present study is to demonstrate the role of vinasse in influencing the sensory physiological and behavioural responses of stable flies, and to identify its associated volatile attractant compounds. Both laboratory and field studies showed that vinasse is extremely attractive to adult stable flies. Chemical analyses of volatiles collected revealed a wide range of carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenols and aldehydes as potential attractant compounds. These newly identified attractants could be used to develop a tool for the attractant-baited mass trapping of stable flies in order to reduce infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Jelvez Serra
- Biology Department, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - H F Goulart
- Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio-Largo, Brazil
| | - M F Triana
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - S Dos Santos Tavares
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - C I M Almeida
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - J G DA Costa
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Tabuleiros Costeiros, Rio Largo, Brazil
| | - A E G Santana
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - J J Zhu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Agrosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A
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