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Da Re D, Marini G, Bonannella C, Laurini F, Manica M, Anicic N, Albieri A, Angelini P, Arnoldi D, Blaha M, Bertola F, Caputo B, De Liberato C, Della Torre A, Flacio E, Franceschini A, Gradoni F, Kadriaj P, Lencioni V, Del Lesto I, La Russa F, Lia RP, Montarsi F, Otranto D, L'Ambert G, Rizzoli A, Rombolà P, Romiti F, Stancher G, Torina A, Velo E, Virgillito C, Zandonai F, Rosà R. VectAbundance: a spatio-temporal database of Aedes mosquitoes observations. Sci Data 2024; 11:636. [PMID: 38879616 PMCID: PMC11180130 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Modelling approaches play a crucial role in supporting local public health agencies by estimating and forecasting vector abundance and seasonality. However, the reliability of these models is contingent on the availability of standardized, high-quality data. Addressing this need, our study focuses on collecting and harmonizing egg count observations of the mosquito Aedes albopictus, obtained through ovitraps in monitoring and surveillance efforts across Albania, France, Italy, and Switzerland from 2010 to 2022. We processed the raw observations to obtain a continuous time series of ovitraps observations allowing for an extensive geographical and temporal coverage of Ae. albopictus population dynamics. The resulting post-processed observations are stored in the open-access database VectAbundance.This initiative addresses the critical need for accessible, high-quality data, enhancing the reliability of modelling efforts and bolstering public health preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Da Re
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Epilab-JRU, FEM-FBK Joint Research Unit, Trento, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bonannella
- OpenGeoHub Foundation, Doorwerth, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Laurini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Epilab-JRU, FEM-FBK Joint Research Unit, Trento, Italy
- Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
| | - Nikoleta Anicic
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marharyta Blaha
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | - Beniamino Caputo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Flacio
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene Del Lesto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco La Russa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Epilab-JRU, FEM-FBK Joint Research Unit, Trento, Italy
| | - Pasquale Rombolà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Viterbo, Italy
| | - Federico Romiti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Viterbo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Virgillito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Rosà
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Trájer AJ. The potential habitat and environmental fitness change of Aedes albopictus in Western Eurasia for 2081-2100. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:243-252. [PMID: 38922659 DOI: 10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_143_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES The range of Aedes albopictus, the most important vector mosquito in Western Eurasia is growing due to climate change. However, it is not known how it will influence the habitats occupied by the species and its environmental fitness within its future range. METHODS To study this question, the habitat characteristic of the mosquito was investigated for 2081-2100. RESULTS The models suggest a notable future spread of the mosquito in the direction of Northern Europe and the parallel northward and westward shift of the southern and eastern potential occurrences of the mosquito. The models suggest a notable increase in generation numbers in the warmest quarter, which can reach 4-5 generations in the peri-Mediterranean region. However, both the joint survival rate of larvae and pupae and the number of survival days of adults in the warmest quarter exhibit decreasing values, as does the potential disappearance of the mosquito in the southern regions of Europe and Asia Minor, along with the growing atmospheric CO2 concentration-based scenarios. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION While in 1970-2000 Aedes albopictus mainly occupied the hot and warm summer temperate regions of Europe, the species will inhabit dominantly the cool summer temperate (oceanic) and the humid continental climate territories of North and North-Eastern Europe in 2081-2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila J Trájer
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
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Canizales CC, Carranza JC, Vallejo GA, Urrea DA. Aedes albopictus distribution in Ibagué, Colombia: Potential risk of arboviral outbreaks. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:506-519. [PMID: 38109139 PMCID: PMC10826468 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.7010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Aedes albopictus is a vector for arboviruses, such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. The first A. albopictus reports on the American continent date back to 1985. It has spread rapidly throughout Colombia since its first report in 1998 due to its ecological and physiological adaptation capability. Objective To determine A. albopictus distribution in the 13 communes of Ibagué, Colombia. Materials and methods Samples were collected between May and November 2022 in the 13 communes of Ibagué. Vacuum sampling and sweep-netting entomological nets were used in areas with abundant vegetation. The mosquitoes were transported to the Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical at the Universidad del Tolima for taxonomic determination. Results We identified 708 A. albopictus specimens distributed throughout Ibague’s 13 communes. The highest vector abundance occurred in communes 10, 11, 7, 8, 2, and 9; communes 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 13 had a relative abundance of around 3%, while commune 1 had 2% of relative abundance. Conclusions Aedes albopictus is distributed throughout all the communes of Ibague. Its dispersion has probably been favored by this region’s environmental and social conditions. We recommend annual monitoring of these vectors populations and molecular characterization of the found arboviruses. Ascertaining this mosquito’s distribution throughout the city will enable focusing entomological control strategies and preventing future arbovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio Cesar Carranza
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
| | - Daniel Alfonso Urrea
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
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Wang F, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Fan J, Leng P, Zhou J, Yao S, Yang D, Liu Y, Wang J, Yao J, Zhou Y, Zhao T. Spatial and temporal analyses of the influences of meteorological and environmental factors on Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) population dynamics during the peak abundance period at a city scale. Acta Trop 2023:106964. [PMID: 37307888 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) is a major vector of multiple diseases. While vaccines have been developed, preventing these Aedes-borne diseases continues to primarily depend on monitoring and controlling the vector population. Despite increasing research on the impacts of various factors on Ae. albopictus population dynamics, there is still no consensus on how meteorological or environmental factors affect vector distribution. In this study, the relationships between mosquito abundance and meteorological and environmental indicators were examined at the town level based on data collected from July to September, the peak abundance period of 2019 in Shanghai. In addition to performing Poisson regression, we employed the geographically weighted Poisson regression model to account for spatial dependency and heterogeneity. The result showed that the environmental factors (notably human population density, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), socioeconomic deprivation, and road density) had more significant impacts than the meteorological variables in accounting for the spatial variation of mosquito abundance at a city scale. The dominant environmental variable differed in urban and rural places. Furthermore, our findings indicated that deprived townships are more susceptible to higher vector densities compared to non-deprived townships. Therefore, it is crucial not only to allocate more resources but also to increase attention towards controlling the vectors responsible for their transmission in these townships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Hongkou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Hengduan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Junhua Fan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Peien Leng
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shenjun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Juanyi Yao
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yibin Zhou
- Minhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201011, China.
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
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Aryaprema VS, Steck MR, Peper ST, Xue RD, Qualls WA. A systematic review of published literature on mosquito control action thresholds across the world. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011173. [PMID: 36867651 PMCID: PMC10016652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the use of numerous methods of control measures, mosquito populations and mosquito-borne diseases are still increasing globally. Evidence-based action thresholds to initiate or intensify control activities have been identified as essential in reducing mosquito populations to required levels at the correct/optimal time. This systematic review was conducted to identify different mosquito control action thresholds existing across the world and associated surveillance and implementation characteristics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Searches for literature published from 2010 up to 2021 were performed using two search engines, Google Scholar and PubMed Central, according to PRISMA guidelines. A set of inclusion/exclusion criteria were identified and of the 1,485 initial selections, only 87 were included in the final review. Thirty inclusions reported originally generated thresholds. Thirteen inclusions were with statistical models that seemed intended to be continuously utilized to test the exceedance of thresholds in a specific region. There was another set of 44 inclusions that solely mentioned previously generated thresholds. The inclusions with "epidemiological thresholds" outnumbered those with "entomological thresholds". Most of the inclusions came from Asia and those thresholds were targeted toward Aedes and dengue control. Overall, mosquito counts (adult and larval) and climatic variables (temperature and rainfall) were the most used parameters in thresholds. The associated surveillance and implementation characteristics of the identified thresholds are discussed here. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The review identified 87 publications with different mosquito control thresholds developed across the world and published during the last decade. Associated surveillance and implementation characteristics will help organize surveillance systems targeting the development and implementation of action thresholds, as well as direct awareness towards already existing thresholds for those with programs lacking available resources for comprehensive surveillance systems. The findings of the review highlight data gaps and areas of focus to fill in the action threshold compartment of the IVM toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindhya S. Aryaprema
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - Madeline R. Steck
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steven T. Peper
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rui-de Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - Whitney A. Qualls
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Del Lesto I, De Liberato C, Casini R, Magliano A, Ermenegildi A, Romiti F. Is Asian tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus) going to become homodynamic in Southern Europe in the next decades due to climate change? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220967. [PMID: 36533199 PMCID: PMC9748500 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, competent vector of several arboviruses, poses significant impact on human health worldwide. Although global warming is a driver of A . albopictus range expansion, few studies focused on its effects on homodynamicity (i.e. the ability to breed all-year-round), a key factor of vectorial capacity and a primary condition for an Aedes-borne disease to become endemic in temperate areas. Data from a 4-year monitoring network set in Central Italy and records from weather stations were used to assess winter adult activity and weekly minimum temperatures. Winter oviposition occurred in 38 localities with a seasonal mean photoperiod of 9.7 : 14.3 (L : D) h. Positive collections (87) occurred with an average minimum temperature of the two and three weeks before sampling of approximately 4°C. According to these evidences and considering the climate projections of three global climate models and three shared socio-economic pathways for the next three 20-year periods (from 2021 to 2080), the minimum temperature of January will increase enough to allow an all-year-round oviposition of A . albopictus in several areas of the Mediterranean Basin. Due to vector homodynamicity, Aedes-borne diseases could become endemic in Southern Europe by the end of the twenty-first century, worsening the burden on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Del Lesto
- Department of Grosseto, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Viale Europa 30, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Riccardo Casini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Adele Magliano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Arianna Ermenegildi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Federico Romiti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
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Abdullah NAMH, Dom NC, Salleh SA, Salim H, Precha N. The association between dengue case and climate: A systematic review and meta-analysis. One Health 2022; 15:100452. [PMID: 36561711 PMCID: PMC9767811 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous research frequently indicates that climate factors impact dengue transmission, the results are inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis highlights and address the complex global health problems towards the human-environment interface and the inter-relationship between these variables. For this purpose, four online electronic databases were searched to conduct a systematic assessment of published studies reporting the association between dengue cases and climate between 2010 and 2022. The meta-analysis was conducted using random effects to assess correlation, publication bias and heterogeneity. The final assessment included eight studies for both systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of four meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate the correlation of dengue cases with climate variables, namely precipitation, temperature, minimum temperature and relative humidity. The highest correlation is observed for precipitation between 83 mm and 15 mm (r = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.31, 0.45), relative humidity between 60.5% and 88.7% (r = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.37), minimum temperature between 6.5 °C and 21.4 °C (r = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.48) and mean temperature between 21.0 °C and 29.8 °C (r = 0.07, 95% CI = -0.1, 0.24). Thus, the influence of climate variables on the magnitude of dengue cases in terms of their distribution, frequency, and prevailing variables was established and conceptualised. The results of this meta-analysis enable multidisciplinary collaboration to improve dengue surveillance, epidemiology, and prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Athen Mohd Hardy Abdullah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), UITM Cawangan Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazri Che Dom
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), UITM Cawangan Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Integrated Mosquito Research Group (I-MeRGe), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), UITM Cawangan Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Corresponding author at: Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Aekball Salleh
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasber Salim
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nopadol Precha
- Department of Environmental Health and Technology, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Romiti F, Casini R, Magliano A, Ermenegildi A, De Liberato C. Aedes albopictus abundance and phenology along an altitudinal gradient in Lazio region (central Italy). Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:92. [PMID: 35303950 PMCID: PMC8931972 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894), which is native to Southeast Asia, is among the top 100 invasive species worldwide and one of the most troubling vector species. It has become established in more than 20 European countries. Since its arrival in Italy in the 1990s, the species has colonized all the regions of the country, up to an altitude of 600 m. Nevertheless, no thorough investigation has ever been performed to confirm or extend its elevation limit (EL) in Italy. Methods To define the EL of Ae. albopictus and analyse its phenology along an altitudinal gradient, we carried out an investigation by means of ovitraps placed in Lazio region, central Italy. Sampling was performed on a weekly basis in 13 villages within five 200-m altitudinal ranges [0–1000 m above sea level (asl)], with the addition of higher localities to the species range whenever the species was recorded in the highest range. Results Aedes albopictus has colonized sites well beyond its known EL, with established populations at 900 m asl and positive ovitraps recorded at 1193 m asl. The relationship between egg abundance and elevation was described by an exponential decay regression, which predicted an EL for oviposition at 1015 m asl. In the active season, egg-laying started earlier at low altitude and ended earlier within the highest altitudinal range. Aedes albopictus abundance and activity period (number of days active) decreased, respectively, by 95% and 34% from the lowest to the highest altitudinal range. Conclusions Using data from the present study, the altitudinal limit of Ae. albopictus in central Italy was updated from 600 to 900 m asl. In addition, established populations were predicted to exist up to 1015 m asl. Considering that up to 99.5% of Lazio region’s inhabitants could potentially be affected by Aedes-borne virus outbreaks, the surveillance area for Ae. albopictus should be expanded accordingly. However, our results also indicate that Ae. albopictus surveillance programs need to be revised in order to harmonize the resources earmarked for these with the altitudinal changes in the phenology of this species. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Romiti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Casini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Magliano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Ermenegildi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
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