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Garlet CG, Gubiani PDS, Palharini RB, Moreira RP, Godoy DN, Farias JR, Bernardi O. Field-evolved resistance to chlorpyrifos by Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Inheritance mode, cross-resistance patterns, and synergism. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5367-5374. [PMID: 34310024 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is an economically important pest worldwide. In this study, we selected a genotype of FAW resistant to chlorpyrifos from a field-collected population, characterized the genetic basis of resistance, and evaluated cross-resistance and mechanisms of resistance using synergists. RESULTS The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos for the resistant (Clorp-R) and susceptible (Sus) FAW genotypes were 24.26 and 0.023 μg per larva, respectively, representing a resistance ratio > 1050-fold. The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos against heterozygotes were 3.34 and 4.00 μg per larva, suggesting that resistance is autosomally inherited. The chlorpyrifos resistance in FAW was influenced by few genes, with the minimum numbers of segregations being 1.74 and 1.88. On chlorpyrifos-sprayed plants and leaves, Clorp-R and heterozygote genotypes showed >95% and >52% survival, respectively, whereas the Sus genotype had no survival, indicating that the resistance is incompletely dominant at the field rate of chlorpyrifos. The Clorp-R genotype presented some cross-resistance to acephate, but low cross-resistance to thiodicarb, methomyl, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, methoxyfenozide, spinetoram, and teflubenzuron. The synergists piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithiotate did not have relevant effects on the Clorp-R genotype, suggesting a minor role for metabolic resistance. CONCLUSIONS The inheritance of chlorpyrifos resistance in FAW was characterized as autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic, with metabolic resistance playing a small role in the detoxification of chlorpyrifos. Low cross-resistance between chlorpyrifos and other mode of action (MoA) insecticides occurs in FAW, highlighting the importance of considering the rotation of MoA as a strategy to delay resistance. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cínthia G Garlet
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Patricia da S Gubiani
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ramon B Palharini
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Rafaella P Moreira
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Daniela N Godoy
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliano R Farias
- Department of Crop Protection, Regional Integrated University of Alto Uruguay, Santo Ângelo, Brazil
| | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Tabbabi A, Daaboub J, Laamari A, Cheikh RB, Feriani M, Boubaker C, Jha IB, Cheikh HB. Evaluation of resistance to temephos insecticide in Culex pipiens pipiens larvae collected from three districts of Tunisia. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:1361-1367. [PMID: 31148962 PMCID: PMC6531957 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are considered as the main groups of arthropods that cause nuisance and public health problems. OBJECTIVES Evaluation of resistance to temephos insecticide in Culex pipiens pipiens larvae collected from three districts of Tunisia. METHODS Late third and early fourth instars larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens were collected in three localities of Northern and Southern Tunisia. Field collected populations were tested against temephos insecticide and compared to bioassays of a susceptible reference strain. The cross-resistance between temephos and propoxur, and the polymorphism of over-produced esterases and AChE 1 were investigated. RESULTS Studied populations exhibited tolerance to temephos with low and high levels of resistance. The resistance ratio (RR50) values of temephos ranged from 1.34 to 114. Synergists and starch electrophoresis showed that the metabolic resistances were involved in the recorded resistance. Likewise, the resistant target site (acetyl cholinesterase: AChE 1) was responsible for the recorded resistance to temephos compound in Culex pipiens pipiens. CONCLUSION The low and high resistance recorded to temephos insecticides is particularly interesting, because it leaves a range of tools useable by vector control services. However, further studies are needed to determine its spread and anticipate vector control failure where these insecticides are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tabbabi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Tunisia
| | - Jabeur Daaboub
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Tunisia
| | - Ali Laamari
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Raja Ben Cheikh
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Feriani
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Boubaker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ibtissem Ben Jha
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Ben Cheikh
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
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Kandel Y, Vulcan J, Rodriguez SD, Moore E, Chung HN, Mitra S, Cordova JJ, Martinez KJL, Moon AS, Kulkarni A, Ettestad P, Melman S, Xu J, Buenemann M, Hanley KA, Hansen IA. Widespread insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti L. from New Mexico, U.S.A. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212693. [PMID: 30794644 PMCID: PMC6386485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of a variety of emerging viral pathogens, including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus. This species has established endemic populations in all cities across southern New Mexico sampled to date. Presently, control of Aedes-borne viruses relies on deployment of insecticides to suppress mosquito populations, but the evolution of insecticide resistance threatens the success of vector control programs. While insecticide resistance is quite common in Ae. aegypti field populations across much of the U.S., the resistance status of this species in populations from New Mexico has not previously been assessed. RESULTS First, we collected information on pesticide use in cities in southern New Mexico and found that the most commonly used active ingredients were pyrethroids. The use of insecticides with the same mode-of-action over multiple years is likely to promote the evolution of resistance. To determine if there was evidence of resistance in some cities in southern New Mexico, we collected Ae. aegypti from the same cities and established laboratory strains to assess resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and, for a subset of populations, to organophosphate insecticides. F2 or F4 generation mosquitoes were assessed for insecticide resistance using bottle test bioassays. The majority of the populations from New Mexico that we analyzed were resistant to the pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin. A notable exception to this trend were mosquitoes from Alamogordo, a city that did not report using pyrethroid insecticides for vector control. We screened individuals from each population for known knock down resistance (kdr) mutations via PCR and found a strong association between the presences of the F1534C kdr mutation in the para gene of Ae. aegypti (homologue to F1534C in Musca domestica L.) and pyrethroid resistance. CONCLUSION High-level pyrethroid resistance is common in Ae. aegypti from New Mexico and geographic variation in such resistance is likely associated with variation in usage of pyrethroids for vector control. Resistance monitoring and management is recommended in light of the potential for arbovirus outbreaks in this state. Also, alternative approaches to mosquito control that do not involve insecticides should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda Kandel
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Julia Vulcan
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Stacy D. Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Emily Moore
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Hae-Na Chung
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Soumi Mitra
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Joel J. Cordova
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Kalli J. L. Martinez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Alex S. Moon
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Paul Ettestad
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Sandra Melman
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Michaela Buenemann
- Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Immo A. Hansen
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tabbabi A, Laamari A, Cheikh RB, Jha IB, Daaboub J, Cheikh HB. Resistance development and insecticide susceptibility in Culex pipiens pipiens, an important vector of human diseases, against selection pressure of temephos and its relationship to cross-resistance towards organophosphates and pyrethroids insecticides. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:1175-1181. [PMID: 30766583 PMCID: PMC6354882 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i4.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex pipiens pipiens is an important vector of human diseases. Objective To determine the insecticide resistance development in Culex pipiens pipiens against selection pressure of temephos.. Methods A field population of Culex pipiens pipiens was collected from Northwestern Tunisia with a medium level of temephos resistance (LC50 = 0.0069). It was subjected to six generations of temephos pressure selection to evaluate its relationship to cross-resistance towards organophosphates (OPs) and pyrethroids (PYR) insecticides. Results The selection was initiated at the dose 0.0266, 0.0748 and 0.0069 which were increased during successive generations up to 0.1488, 3.8747 and 0.0086 after sixth generation for temephos, chlorpyrifos and permethrin insecticides, respectively. It is important to noted that high cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos insecticide (OP) was detected (51.88×). However, little or no cross-resistance to the pyrethroid permethrin (PYR) was recorded (1.24×). Contrary to metabolic resistance, it seemed that acetylcholinesterases AChE 1 was fixed under pressure selection. Conclusion The high cross-resistance to temephos and chlorpyrifos is reasonable because they belong to the same class of insecticide (OP). However, the little cross-resistance to the pyrethroid permethrin could support its use alternately for Culex pipiens pipiens control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tabbabi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ali Laamari
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Raja Ben Cheikh
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ibtissem Ben Jha
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jabeur Daaboub
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Ben Cheikh
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Tabbabi A, Daaboub J. First studies showing high temephos resistance in Anopheles labranchiae ( Diptera: Culicidae) from Tunisia. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:41-47. [PMID: 29977256 PMCID: PMC6016970 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the public health importance of Anopheles (An.) labranchiae, their resistance status to temephos insecticide has not, to our knowledge, been explored. OBJECTIVES The present study was carried out to determine the temephos resistance status of field populations of An. labranchiae from Tunisia. METHODS Six field populations of An. labranchiae were collected as larvae from breeding sites of Northern and Central Tunisia. All the tests were carried out according to the WHO method. RESULTS Results reported that the majority of field populations showed low and medium resistance ratios (6.2 CONCLUSION The resistance ratios of this species were higher than recorded in other countries. Biochemical and molecular studies would be of great importance to identify the mechanisms involved in the recorded resistance to temephos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tabbabi
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jabeur Daaboub
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
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Tabbabi A, Daaboub J. First study of susceptibility and resistance status to pyrethroids insecticides in Anopheles (Cellia) sergentii (Theobald, 1907) from Southern Tunisia. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:48-54. [PMID: 29977257 PMCID: PMC6016985 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance is an important threat to malaria control. Anopheles (An.) sergentii proved to be the number one vector in the oases and may be of a particular interest in projection of the future trends of the disease in Tunisia. Objectives Resistance status to pyrethroids insecticides in An. sergentii was evaluated for the first time in Tunisia. Methods Diagnostic resistance tests to pyrethroids insecticides were conducted on late third and early fourth larvae of An. sergentii collected in Southern Tunisia. Results The level of resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin varied from 1.9 to 5.77 and from 2.75 to 4.63, respectively. The highest resistance was recorded in sample # 3 to the two used insecticides. Synergists showed that esterases and glutathione-S-transferase were not involved in the resistance to any of the evaluated insecticides. In contrast, cytochrome-P450 monooxygenases played a role in the detoxification of two among three studied samples. Positive correlations between larval tolerance to both Permethrin/DDT and Deltamethrin/DDT were recorded indicated target site insensitivity. Conclusion Continued monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and generating complementary data on mechanisms of resistance using molecular and biochemical methods is essential to ensure early detection of insecticide resistance in potential malaria vectors in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tabbabi
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jabeur Daaboub
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
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Alout H, Labbé P, Berthomieu A, Makoundou P, Fort P, Pasteur N, Weill M. High chlorpyrifos resistance in Culex pipiens mosquitoes: strong synergy between resistance genes. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:224-31. [PMID: 26463842 PMCID: PMC4806891 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic determinism of high chlorpyrifos resistance (HCR), a phenotype first described in 1999 in Culex pipiens mosquitoes surviving chlorpyrifos doses ⩾1 mg l(-1) and more recently found in field samples from Tunisia, Israel or Indian Ocean islands. Through chlorpyrifos selection, we selected several HCR strains that displayed over 10 000-fold resistance. All strains were homozygous for resistant alleles at two main loci: the ace-1 gene, with the resistant ace-1(R) allele expressing the insensitive G119S acetylcholinesterase, and a resistant allele of an unknown gene (named T) linked to the sex and ace-2 genes. We constructed a strain carrying only the T-resistant allele and studied its resistance characteristics. By crossing this strain with strains harboring different alleles at the ace-1 locus, we showed that the resistant ace-1(R) and the T alleles act in strong synergy, as they elicited a resistance 100 times higher than expected from a simple multiplicative effect. This effect was specific to chlorpyrifos and parathion and was not affected by synergists. We also examined how HCR was expressed in strains carrying other ace-1-resistant alleles, such as ace-1(V) or the duplicated ace-1(D) allele, currently spreading worldwide. We identified two major parameters that influenced the level of resistance: the number and the nature of the ace-1-resistant alleles and the number of T alleles. Our data fit a model that predicts that the T allele acts by decreasing chlorpyrifos concentration in the compartment targeted in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alout
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P Labbé
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A Berthomieu
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Makoundou
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Fort
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, CRBM–UMR, Montpellier, France
| | - N Pasteur
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Weill
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Multiple insecticide resistances in the disease vector Culex p. quinquefasciatus from Western Indian Ocean. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77855. [PMID: 24204997 PMCID: PMC3804603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mosquito-borne diseases affect the Western Indian Ocean islands. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is one of these vectors and transmits filariasis, Rift Valley and West Nile viruses and the Japanese encephalitis. To limit the impact of these diseases on public health, considerable vector control efforts have been implemented since the 50s, mainly through the use of neurotoxic insecticides belonging to Organochlorines (OC), Organophosphates (OP) and pyrethroids (PYR) families. However, mosquito control failures have been reported on site, and they were probably due to the selection of resistant individuals in response to insecticide exposure. In this study, we used different approaches to establish a first regional assessment of the levels and mechanisms of resistance to various insecticides. Bioassays were used to evaluate resistance to various insecticides, enzyme activity was measured to assess the presence of metabolic resistances through elevated detoxification, and molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target-site mutations. These complementary approaches showed that resistance to the most used insecticides families (OC, OP and PYR) is widespread at a regional scale. However, the distribution of the different resistance genes is quite heterogeneous among the islands, some being found at high frequencies everywhere, others being frequent in some islands and absent in others. Moreover, two resistance alleles displayed clinal distributions in Mayotte and La Réunion, probably as a result of a heterogeneous selection due to local treatment practices. These widespread and diverse resistance mechanisms reduce the capacity of resistance management through classical strategies (e.g. insecticide rotation). In case of a disease outbreak, it could undermine the efforts of the vector control services, as only few compounds could be used. It thus becomes urgent to find alternatives to control populations of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus in the Indian Ocean.
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Ben Cheikh R, Berticat C, Berthomieu A, Pasteur N, Ben Cheikh H, Weill M. Genes conferring resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Tunisia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:523-530. [PMID: 19496423 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Tunisia, the mosquito Culex pipiens shows various organophosphate resistance alleles at Ester and ace-1 loci. The characterization and the distribution pattern of these alleles were studied among 20 populations sampled from north to center of Tunisia. At the Ester locus, Ester4, Ester5, and Ester(B12) were present. A new esterase characterized by the same electrophoretic migration as esterase A1 was identified: A13, encoded by Ester(A13) allele. At the ace-1 locus, the presence of the ace-1(R), ace-1(D), and F290V mutated alleles was also detected. A large heterogeneity in allelic frequencies at Ester and ace-1 loci was observed among samples, with a high significant genotypic differentiation considering both loci (F, = 0.077, P < 10(-5)), depicting variations of insecticide treatment intensity between areas. A comparison between populations collected in 1996 and 2005 showed an absence of significant resistance evolution. However, the high frequencies of resistance alleles in 2005 populations suggested that the selection pressures are still important in Tunisia. Strategies for resistance management are discussed in the context of the current knowledge of the Tunisian situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ben Cheikh
- Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugéne Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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Raymond M, Berticat C, Weill M, Pasteur N, Chevillon C. Insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens: What have we learned about adaptation? MICROEVOLUTION RATE, PATTERN, PROCESS 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0585-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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