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Hoebinger C, Rajcic D, Hendrikx T. Oxidized Lipids: Common Immunogenic Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:824481. [PMID: 35083304 PMCID: PMC8784685 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.824481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ranging from simple steatosis to inflammatory steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, continues to rise, making it one of the major chronic liver diseases and indications for liver transplantation worldwide. The pathological processes underlying NAFLD not only affect the liver but are also likely to have systemic effects. In fact, growing evidence indicates that patients with NAFLD are at increased risk for developing atherosclerosis. Indeed, cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Here, we aim to address common pathophysiological molecular pathways involved in chronic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. In particular, we focus on the role of oxidized lipids and the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes, which are important targets of host immunity. Acting as metabolic danger signals, they drive pro-inflammatory processes and thus contribute to disease progression. Finally, we summarize encouraging studies indicating that oxidized lipids are promising immunological targets to improve intervention strategies for NAFLD and potentially limit the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Hoebinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragana Rajcic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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2
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Aberdeen H, Battles K, Taylor A, Garner-Donald J, Davis-Wilson A, Rogers BT, Cavalier C, Williams ED. The Aging Vasculature: Glucose Tolerance, Hypoglycemia and the Role of the Serum Response Factor. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:58. [PMID: 34067715 PMCID: PMC8156687 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fastest growing demographic in the U.S. at the present time is those aged 65 years and older. Accompanying advancing age are a myriad of physiological changes in which reserve capacity is diminished and homeostatic control attenuates. One facet of homeostatic control lost with advancing age is glucose tolerance. Nowhere is this more accentuated than in the high proportion of older Americans who are diabetic. Coupled with advancing age, diabetes predisposes affected subjects to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the treatment of type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemic episodes are a frequent clinical manifestation, which often result in more severe pathological outcomes compared to those observed in cases of insulin resistance, including premature appearance of biomarkers of senescence. Unfortunately, molecular mechanisms of hypoglycemia remain unclear and the subject of much debate. In this review, the molecular basis of the aging vasculature (endothelium) and how glycemic flux drives the appearance of cardiovascular lesions and injury are discussed. Further, we review the potential role of the serum response factor (SRF) in driving glycemic flux-related cellular signaling through its association with various proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Aberdeen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baptist Health Sciences University, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; or
| | - Kaela Battles
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Ariana Taylor
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Jeranae Garner-Donald
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Ana Davis-Wilson
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Bryan T. Rogers
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Candice Cavalier
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Emmanuel D. Williams
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
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3
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Gligorijević N, Stanić-Vučinić D, Radomirović M, Stojadinović M, Khulal U, Nedić O, Ćirković Veličković T. Role of Resveratrol in Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Disorders and Cardiovascular Complications Related to COVID-19 Disease: Mode of Action and Approaches Explored to Increase Its Bioavailability. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26102834. [PMID: 34064568 PMCID: PMC8151233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced by many plants as a defense mechanism against stress-inducing conditions. The richest dietary sources of resveratrol are berries and grapes, their juices and wines. Good bioavailability of resveratrol is not reflected in its high biological activity in vivo because of resveratrol isomerization and its poor solubility in aqueous solutions. Proteins, cyclodextrins and nanomaterials have been explored as innovative delivery vehicles for resveratrol to overcome this limitation. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated beneficial effects of resveratrol in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Main beneficial effects of resveratrol intake are cardioprotective, anti-hypertensive, vasodilatory, anti-diabetic, and improvement of lipid status. As resveratrol can alleviate the numerous factors associated with CVD, it has potential as a functional supplement to reduce COVID-19 illness severity in patients displaying poor prognosis due to cardio-vascular complications. Resveratrol was shown to mitigate the major pathways involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 including regulation of the renin-angiotensin system and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, stimulation of immune system and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Therefore, several studies already have anticipated potential implementation of resveratrol in COVID-19 treatment. Regular intake of a resveratrol rich diet, or resveratrol-based complementary medicaments, may contribute to a healthier cardio-vascular system, prevention and control of CVD, including COVID-19 disease related complications of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Gligorijević
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Dragana Stanić-Vučinić
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.-V.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirjana Radomirović
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.-V.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Marija Stojadinović
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.-V.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Urmila Khulal
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Global Campus, Ghent University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Olgica Nedić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Tanja Ćirković Veličković
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.-V.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Global Campus, Ghent University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-11-333-6608
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4
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Stamenkovska M, Hadzi-Petrushev N, Nikodinovski A, Gagov H, Atanasova-Panchevska N, Mitrokhin V, Kamkin A, Mladenov M. Application of curcumine and its derivatives in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1977655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mimoza Stamenkovska
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, European University Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandar Nikodinovski
- Institut for Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Hristo Gagov
- Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Natalija Atanasova-Panchevska
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Vadim Mitrokhin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Physiology, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Physiology, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mitko Mladenov
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Physiology, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Kuwabara A, Nakade M, Tamai H, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Tanaka K. The association between vitamin E intake and hypertension: results from the re-analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 60:239-45. [PMID: 25297612 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increasing concern about noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), in which oxidative damage plays a role. In this paper, we have re-analyzed the data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) 2007 to study the relationship between an NCD (e.g. hypertension) and the dietary intake of vitamin E, a potent anti-oxidative vitamin. The inclusion criteria were those aged 40 and over, excluding pregnant or lactating women, and data from 1,405 males and 2,102 females were analyzed. The mean ages were 63.5 and 62.4, respectively. Nutrients intake was evaluated from a semi-weighted, 1-d household dietary record. When the subjects were categorized into tertiles based on their vitamin E intake, higher vitamin E intake was associated with a lower percentage of subjects with hypertension (p for trend=0.01). Subjects with higher vitamin E intake had higher energy intake-adjusted intake of other nutrients which have been considered to be related to hypertension such as potassium, magnesium, and vitamin C. Logistic regression analysis was done with the low tertile of vitamin E intake as the reference. The medium and high tertiles of vitamin E intake were associated with a significantly lower odds ratio for hypertension, 0.73 (95% CI; 0.62-0.87) for the former and 0.81 (95% CI; 0.69-0.96) for the latter. Additional analyses, one adjusted for the indices associated with hypertension and one excluding the subjects with vitamin E supplementation, have yielded the similar results. In summary, re-analysis of data from NHNS has revealed that higher vitamin E intake was significantly associated with lower prevalence of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kuwabara
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University
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6
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Lipkova J, Splichal Z, Bienertova-Vasku JA, Jurajda M, Parenica J, Vasku A, Goldbergova MP. Period3VNTR polymorphism influences the time-of-day pain onset of acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:878-90. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.921790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Xiao R, Power RF, Mallonee D, Crowdus C, Brennan KM, Ao T, Pierce JL, Dawson KA. A comparative transcriptomic study of vitamin E and an algae-based antioxidant as antioxidative agents: investigation of replacing vitamin E with the algae-based antioxidant in broiler diets. Poult Sci 2011; 90:136-46. [PMID: 21177453 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study indicated that inclusion of an algae-based antioxidant as an antioxidative agent [EconomasE, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY; EcoE] significantly reduced the amount of vitamin E (VE) required in broiler diets without compromising performance and meat quality. To assess the mechanisms related to the VE-saving activity of EcoE, as well as other potential functions related to EcoE and VE supplementation, we analyzed gene expression profiles of breast muscle from broilers fed a control diet, the control diet + 50 IU of VE/kg, the control diet + 100 IU of VE/kg, or the control diet + 200 g of EcoE/ton. Evaluation of the serum antioxidant capacity indicated that dietary supplementation of either a high level of VE (50 or 100 IU of VE/kg) or EcoE significantly improved bird antioxidant status. Analysis of gene expression profiles indicated that expression of 542 genes of the breast muscle were altered (P < 0.05, fold change >1.2) by dietary treatments, of which a significant part were commonly regulated by EcoE and VE (especially the control diet + 50 IU of VE/kg). In addition to the process of cellular oxidation, gene ontology analysis indicated the involvement of EcoE and VE on cell morphology, skeletal and muscular system development and function, immune response, and multiple metabolic processes, including lipid, carbohydrate, and drug metabolism. Results of this experiment indicate that the biological roles of high VE, including its activity as an antioxidant, can be greatly mimicked at the transcriptional level by EcoE, and they suggest a relationship of functional redundancy between VE and EcoE in the broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xiao
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
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8
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Oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells is ameliorated by gamma-tocopherol treatment. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47:387-92. [PMID: 18807106 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress-induced reactive oxygen species are associated with the clinical manifestation of insulin resistance. Evidence suggests that antioxidant treatment may reduce this incidence. AIM OF THE STUDY This study determined whether glucose oxidase (GO)-induced insulin resistance in cultured skeletal muscle cells could be ameliorated by pre-treatment with gamma-tocopherol (GT). METHODS Insulin sensitivity in L6 myotubes was assessed by 2-deoxy-D: -[(3)H]-glucose uptake. The phosphorylation of distal insulin signaling proteins Akt and the Akt substrate AS160 were determined by western blot. RESULTS One hour treatment with 100 mU/ml GO decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (P < 0.001). Pre-treatment with GT either partially (100 microM) or completely (200 microM) restored insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in cells after GO-induced insulin resistance. GO-induced oxidative stress did not impair insulin stimulated phosphorylation of Akt or AS160, but 200 microM GT increased insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of these key signaling proteins (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High-dose (200 microM) GT treatment ameliorated oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance in cultured rat L6 skeletal muscle cells.
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9
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Siekmeier R, Steffen C, März W. Role of oxidants and antioxidants in atherosclerosis: results of in vitro and in vivo investigations. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008; 12:265-82. [PMID: 18172221 DOI: 10.1177/1074248407299519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that oxidants are central in the development of atherosclerosis. Consequently, additional studies evaluated the protective effects of various natural and synthetic antioxidants, alone and in combination, with most studies focusing on alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Here, we summarize the role of oxidants in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis. We also discuss epidemiological studies and others focused on the protective effect of vitamin E against atherosclerosis. Other antioxidants are also considered if they were included in studies involving vitamin E. The protective effect of antioxidants on atherosclerotic pathomechanisms has been confirmed in vitro, but only in some animal studies. Various epidemiological and observational studies have produced conflicting results on the protective effect of antioxidants. Most studies of primary or secondary prevention failed to show a protective effect. These conflicting results are biased by a number of factors, including differences between the study groups. Therefore, we describe these studies in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Siekmeier
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany.
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10
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Munteanu A, Zingg JM. Cellular, molecular and clinical aspects of vitamin E on atherosclerosis prevention. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:538-90. [PMID: 17825403 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Randomised clinical trials and epidemiologic studies addressing the preventive effects of vitamin E supplementation against cardiovascular disease reported both positive and negative effects, and recent meta-analyses of the clinical studies were rather disappointing. In contrast to that, many animal studies clearly show a preventive action of vitamin E in several experimental settings, which can be explained by the molecular and cellular effects of vitamin E observed in cell cultures. This review is focusing on the molecular effects of vitamin E on the cells playing a role during atherosclerosis, in particular on the endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages, T cells, and mast cells. Vitamin E may act by normalizing aberrant signal transduction and gene expression in antioxidant and non-antioxidant manners; in particular, over-expression of scavenger receptors and consequent foam cell formation can be prevented by vitamin E. In addition to that, the cellular effects of alpha-tocopheryl phosphate and of EPC-K1, a composite molecule between alpha-tocopheryl phosphate and l-ascorbic acid, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Munteanu
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Nocentini S, Guggiari M, Rouillard D, Surgis S. Exacerbating Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on DNA Damage Induced in Cultured Human Normal Fibroblasts by UVA Radiation¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730370eeoves2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Jeong YJ, Choi YJ, Choi JS, Kwon HM, Kang SW, Bae JY, Lee SS, Kang JS, Han SJ, Kang YH. Attenuation of monocyte adhesion and oxidised LDL uptake in luteolin-treated human endothelial cells exposed to oxidised LDL. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:447-57. [PMID: 17313705 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507657894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of LDL is causally involved in the development of atherosclerosis and occursin vivoin the blood as well as within the vascular wall. The present study attempted to explore whether polyphenolic flavonoids influence monocyte-endothelium interaction and lectin-like oxidised LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) expression involved in the early development of atherosclerosis. The flavones luteolin and apigenin inhibited THP-1 cell adhesion onto oxidised LDL-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), while the flavanols of ( − )epigallocatechin gallate and (+)catechin, the flavonols of quercetin and rutin, and the flavanones of naringin, naringenin, hesperidin and hesperetin did not have such effects. Consistently, Western blot analysis revealed that the flavones at 25 μmdramatically and significantly abolished HUVEC expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin evidently enhanced by oxidised LDL; these inhibitory effects were exerted by drastically down regulating mRNA levels of these cell adhesion molecules. In addition, quercetin and luteolin significantly attenuated expression of LOX-1 protein up regulated in oxidised LDL-activated HUVEC with a fall in transcriptional mRNA levels of LOX-1. In addition, quercetin and luteolin clearly blunted oxidised LDL uptake by HUVEC treated with oxidised LDL. The results demonstrate that the flavones luteolin and apigenin as well as quercetin were effective in the different initial steps of atherosclerosis process by inhibiting oxidised LDL-induced endothelial monocyte adhesion and/or oxidised LDL uptake. Therefore, certain flavonoids qualify as anti-atherogenic agents in LDL systems, which may have implications for strategies attenuating endothelial dysfunction-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Institute of Korea Nutrition Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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13
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Antonopoulou S, Karantonis HC. SEPARATION OF POLAR LIPIDS FROM SOYBEAN OIL AND COTTON SEED OIL BY ONE-STEP HPLC SYSTEM. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ISOLATED LIPIDS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120003034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smaragdi Antonopoulou
- a Department of Science of Nutrition-Dietetics , Harokopio University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Haralabos C. Karantonis
- b Faculty of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Greece
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Comparison of antiatherogenic properties of lipids obtained from wild and cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Lau BHS. Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic compounds is a possible mechanism of cardiovascular health benefit. J Nutr 2006; 136:765S-768S. [PMID: 16484559 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.765s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, and lowering cholesterol can significantly reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Oxidation of LDL has recently been recognized as playing an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL, but not native LDL, promotes vascular dysfunction by exerting direct cytotoxicity to endothelial cells, by increasing chemotactic properties of monocytes, by transforming macrophages to foam cells, and by enhancing the proliferation of endothelial cells, monocytes, and muscle cells. All these events are recognized as contributors to cardiovascular diseases. This paper presents experimental evidence showing that several garlic compounds can suppress LDL oxidation in vitro. Short-term supplementation of garlic in human subjects has demonstrated an increased resistance of LDL to oxidation. These data suggest that suppressed LDL oxidation may be one of the mechanisms that accounts for the beneficial effects of garlic in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H S Lau
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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16
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Gutstein WH, Pérez CA. Contribution of vasoconstriction to the origin of atherosclerosis: a conceptual study. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005; 14:257-61. [PMID: 15542376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research during the past century has clearly shown that endothelial injury (EI) and/or endothelial dysfunction (ED) are among the major events determining the onset of atherosclerosis. Included in the events that may elicit endothelial damage, vasoconstriction (VC) has received relatively little attention. This conceptual review attempts to show that in elastic and conduit arteries, VC is not only capable of producing EI/ED, but is also closely associated with many recognized proatherogenic stimuli. Of related interest is the observation that a number of suspected antiatherogenic stimuli oppose VC by their vasodilatory effects, lending further support to this relationship. In addition, recent developments in the knowledge of the molecular basis of VC (including the role of specific inhibitors) are discussed, and their potential for preventing lesion formation and thus becoming novel therapeutic alternatives against the onset of atherosclerosis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gutstein
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, Valhalla, New York, USA.
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17
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Aviram M, Kaplan M, Rosenblat M, Fuhrman B. Dietary antioxidants and paraoxonases against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis development. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005:263-300. [PMID: 16596803 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27661-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial wall plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Under oxidative stress LDL is exposed to oxidative modifications by arterial wall cells including macrophages. Oxidative stress also induces cellular-lipid peroxidation, resulting in the formation of 'oxidized macrophages', which demonstrate increased capacity to oxidize LDL and increased uptake of oxidized LDL. Macrophage-mediated oxidation of LDL depends on the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants in the lipoprotein and in the cells. LDL is protected from oxidation by antioxidants, as well as by a second line of defense--paraoxonase 1 (PON1), which is a high-density lipoprotein-associated esterase that can hydrolyze and reduce lipid peroxides in lipoproteins and in arterial cells. Cellular paraoxonases (PON2 and PON3) may also play an important protective role against oxidative stress at the cellular level. Many epidemiological studies have indicated a protective role for a diet rich in fruits and vegetables against the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. A large number of studies provide data suggesting that consumption of dietary antioxidants is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular diseases. Basic research provides plausible mechanisms by which dietary antioxidants might reduce the development of atherosclerosis. These mechanisms include inhibition of LDL oxidation, inhibition of cellular lipid peroxidation and consequently attenuation of cell-mediated oxidation of LDL. An additional possible mechanism is preservation/increment of paraoxonases activity by dietary antioxidants. This review chapter presents recent data on the anti-atherosclerotic effects and mechanism of action of three major groups of dietary antioxidants-vitamin E, carotenoids and polyphenolic flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicin and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
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Giray B, Kan E, Bali M, Hincal F, Basaran N. The effect of vitamin E supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in hemodialysis patients. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 338:91-8. [PMID: 14637272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study has been undertaken to investigate the possible alterations of oxidant/antioxidant status in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and the effects of vitamin E supplementation. METHODS Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities [glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations as a measure of lipid peroxidation in HD patients have been determined and compared with healthy controls. The patient group consisted of 36 uremic patients 21-75 years of age undergoing maintenance HD three times weekly for an average of 41 months. The efficiency of Vitamin E therapy in dialysis patients was also assessed by re-evaluating antioxidant status of the same patients after supplementation of the vitamin E in a dosage of 600 mg/daily for 14 weeks. RESULTS A significant decrease in the activities of erythrocyte SOD, CAT and GSHPx and a significant increase in TBARS concentrations were found in patient group compared to control group (p<0.001). A significant correlation between GSHPx activities and duration of HD therapy was also observed (r=-0.46, p<0.01). Vitamin E supplementation caused an increase in GSHPx and SOD activities and a decrease in TBARS concentrations. A slight but not significant increase in CAT activity was also observed by Vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the presence of an oxidative activity and the possible preventive role of Vitamin E therapy in uremic patients undergoing HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belma Giray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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Balestrieri ML, De Prisco R, Nicolaus B, Pari P, Moriello VS, Strazzullo G, Iorio EL, Servillo L, Balestrieri C. Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol or tomato lipophilic extracts enhances acyl-platelet-activating factor biosynthesis in endothelial cells during oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:1058-67. [PMID: 15059646 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 12/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic compounds contained in tomato can prevent cardiovascular diseases by modulating the atherogenic processes in vascular endothelium mediated by oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). We investigated the effects of lycopene on the metabolism of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its much less biologically active acyl analog, acyl-PAF, known to prevent LDL oxidation. Lycopene, or lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol, or whole tomato lipophilic extracts (containing more than 80% lycopene) were used in experiments in which endothelial cells (ECs) are known to synthesize PAF following H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. The results indicated that in each case H(2)O(2)-stimulated PAF biosynthesis in ECs, which is catalyzed by acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (AT), appeared strongly inhibited. However, acyl-PAF biosynthesis, which also occurs through the PAF-dependent transacetylase (TA), was significantly increased by lycopene only when it was in association with alpha-tocopherol or with the minor compounds present in the whole lipophilic tomato extract. These findings suggest that alpha-tocopherol or lipophilic compounds present in tomato juice potentiate the effects of lycopene on the modulation of PAF and acyl-PAF biosynthesis in ECs during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Balestrieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Italy.
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20
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Macronutrients. Dis Mon 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Noguchi N, Hanyu R, Nonaka A, Okimoto Y, Kodama T. Inhibition of THP-1 cell adhesion to endothelial cells by alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol is dependent on intracellular concentration of the antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1614-20. [PMID: 12788481 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E analogs such as alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol have been shown to reduce endothelial expression of adhesion molecules. The reactivity of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol in inhibiting lipid peroxidation in vitro was essentially identical but the inhibition of adhesion of THP-1 cells, a monocytic-"like" cell line, to endothelial cells differs substantially. To determine the mechanism underlying this response, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were assessed for their ability to accumulate vitamin E analogs. alpha-Tocotrienol accumulated in HUVECs to levels approximately 10-fold greater than that of alpha-tocopherol. The decrease in expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the adhesion of THP-1 cells to HUVECs by alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol was also determined. Both alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol suppressed VCAM-1 expression and adhesion of THP-1 cells to HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner. The efficacy of tocotrienol for reduction of VCAM-1 expression and adhesion of THP-1 cells to HUVECs was also 10-fold higher than that of tocopherol. The inhibitory effects of vitamin E analogs on the adhesiveness of endothelial cells clearly correlated with their intracellular concentrations. The data demonstrated that, in assessing the biological responses of antioxidants, intracellular accumulation and metabolism were additional important factors that must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Noguchi
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .-tokyo.ac.jp
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Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S, Nomikos T, Demopoulos CA. Structure elucidation of phenolic compounds from red/white wine with antiatherogenic properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1632:90-9. [PMID: 12782155 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is supposed to play a critical role in atherogenesis. During this oxidation a potent inflammatory phospholipid mediator named platelet activating factor (PAF) is produced, and it is believed to be the key for the initiation of the inflammation and therefore for the process of atherogenesis. From many studies, it is established that wine has beneficial effects on health, including protection against cardiovascular diseases. According to our point of view, the cardioprotective effect of wine may be attributed partly to the existence of PAF antagonists in red or white wine and partly to the existence of antioxidants that reduce the oxidation of LDL and therefore the production of PAF. In this study, wine compounds that antagonize PAF were isolated and purified via chromatographic procedures, and determined structurally using chemical, enzymatic and spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fragopoulou
- Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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van Haaften RIM, Haenen GRMM, Evelo CTA, Bast A. Effect of vitamin E on glutathione-dependent enzymes. Drug Metab Rev 2003; 35:215-53. [PMID: 12959415 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120024086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and various electrophiles are involved in the etiology of diseases varying from cancer to cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. The human body is protected against damaging effects of these compounds by a wide variety of systems. An important line of defense is formed by antioxidants. Vitamin E (consisting of various forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols) is an important fat-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant. Besides working as an antioxidant, this compound possesses other functions with possible physiological relevance. The glutathione-dependent enzymes form another line of defense. Two important enzymes in this class are the free radical reductase and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). The GSTs are a family of phase II detoxification enzymes. They can catalyze glutathione conjugation with various electrophiles. In most cases the electrophiles are detoxified by this conjugation, but in some cases the electrophiles are activated. Antioxidants do not act in isolation but form an intricate network. It is, for instance, known that vitamin E, together with glutathione (GSH) and a membrane-bound heat labile GSH-dependent factor, presumably an enzyme, can prevent damaging effects of reactive oxygen species on polyunsaturated fatty acids in biomembranes (lipid peroxidation). This manuscript reviews the interaction between the two defense systems, vitamin E and glutathione-dependent enzymes. On the simplest level, antioxidants such as vitamin E have protective effects on glutathione-dependent enzymes; however, we will see that reality is somewhat more complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel I M van Haaften
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Myara I, Alamowitch C, Michel O, Heudes D, Bariety J, Guy-Grand B, Chevalier J. Lipoprotein oxidation and plasma vitamin E in nondiabetic normotensive obese patients. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:112-20. [PMID: 12529493 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To correlate the susceptibility of low-(LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in vitro and the concentrations of serum antibodies against malondialdehyde-modified LDL and plasma vitamin E with the anthropometric and laboratory characteristics of obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A total of 75 nondiabetic, normotensive obese patients were assigned to one of four groups according to their body mass index (BMI): moderately obese (30 <or= BMI <or= 34.9 kg/m(2), n = 11), severely obese (35 <or= BMI <or= 39.9 kg/m(2), n = 20), morbidly obese (40 <or= BMI <or= 50 kg/m(2), n = 29), and very severely obese (BMI > 50 kg/m(2), n = 15). RESULTS The oxidation lag time for LDL from patients with a BMI >or=35 kg/m(2) was shorter than that for LDL from non-obese controls (n = 13), whereas very-low-density lipoprotein oxidation lag times were not significantly different. The serum antibodies against modified LDL were similar in all groups, whereas the plasma vitamin E concentrations of obese patients were decreased (p <or= 0.01). There was a negative correlation between LDL oxidation lag time and BMI (r = -0.35, p = 0.0008), and between plasma vitamin E and BMI (r = -0.53, p < 0.0001) and waist-to-hip ratio (r = -0.40, p = 0.0003). DISCUSSION The LDL of nondiabetic, normotensive obese patients is more readily oxidized, and plasma vitamin E concentrations are low. These are both risk factors for coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Myara
- INSERM U 430, Broussais Hospital, and Claude Bernard Association, Paris, France
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Kan E, Undeğer U, Bali M, Başaran N. Assessment of DNA strand breakage by the alkaline COMET assay in dialysis patients and the role of Vitamin E supplementation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2002; 520:151-9. [PMID: 12297155 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chronic renal failure (CRF) is not definitely demonstrated, a consistent number of observations has provided evidence for the presence of oxidative stress in uremic patients undergoing maintenance dialysis. In order to investigate this hypothesis further and to understand the role of antioxidant supplementation, peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from 36 dialysis patients before and after Vitamin E supplementation in a dosage of 600 mg per day (2x300 mg) for 14 weeks and examined in the alkaline Comet assay for DNA strand breakage. The results were also compared with those of 36 controls with comparable age, sex, and smoking habits, and with no history of renal disease. The DNA breakage observed in the lymphocytes of patients before Vitamin E supplementation was significantly higher than in the controls (P<0.001) but a clear protective effect of Vitamin E supplementation were observed after 14 weeks of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Kan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Khalil A. [Molecular mechanisms of the protective effect of vitamin e against atherosclerosis]. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80:662-9. [PMID: 12184319 DOI: 10.1139/y02-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins constitutes the first step of a very complex process leading to atherosclerosis. Vitamin E, and principally a-tocopherol, is considered as the principal inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. Some studies showed the beneficial role of vitamin E in the prevention and reduction of atherosclerosis and its associated pathologies. However, other in vitro studies advance a prooxidant role of vitamin E. The results of the epidemiologic studies are difficult to generalize without taking account of the clinical randomized tests. In this work, we reviewed the principal studies devoted to the role of vitamin E and discussed the assumption of a prooxidant effect of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelouahed Khalil
- Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke et département de médecine, service de gériatrie, Pavillon D'Youville, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Santos AA, Silva MV, Guerreiro LT, Alves MV, Cunha Bastos VL, Cunha Bastos J, Kovary K. Influence of norbixin on plasma cholesterol-associated lipoproteins, plasma arylesterase/paraoxonase activity and hepatic lipid peroxidation of Swiss mice on a high fat diet. Food Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Corrêa Leite ML, Nicolosi A, Cristina S, Hauser WA, Nappi G. Nutrition and cognitive deficit in the elderly: a population study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55:1053-8. [PMID: 11781671 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2000] [Revised: 05/08/2001] [Accepted: 05/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between a healthy diet indicator and the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the elderly. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Population based. SUBJECTS A total of 1651 subjects (560 men and 1091 women) including everybody aged 70 y or more, and a random sample of people (about 40%) aged 65-69 y resident in four rural towns in the province of Pavia, Italy in 1992-1993. INTERVENTIONS The healthy diet indicator based on the WHO guidelines for the prevention of chronic diseases was calculated as reported by Huijbregts et al (1998; Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 826-831). Food intake was estimated by means of a 180-item food-frequency questionnaire and nutrient intake was calculated using the food composition database compiled for epidemiologic studies in Italy. The cognitive function was categorized into four levels-normal cognition, mild, moderate and severe cognitive deficit-according to the neuropsychological test score. The relationship between the dietary and the ordinal cognitive function variables was studied using the proportional-odds model. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, education, total energy intake, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, a better healthy diet score was associated with a lower prevalence of cognitive deficit. The cumulative odds ratio was 0.85 (95% CI 0.77-0.93). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an association between a globally satisfactory diet and better cognitive performance in the elderly. However, the specific aspects of a 'healthy diet' for the elderly should be clarified. SPONSORSHIP National Research Council (Italy), 'Invecchiamento' Project no. 95.01048.PF40.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Corrêa Leite
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
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Nacka F, Cansell M, Méléard P, Combe N. Incorporation of alpha-tocopherol in marine lipid-based liposomes: in vitro and in vivo studies. Lipids 2001; 36:1313-20. [PMID: 11834082 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes made from a natural marine lipid extract and containing a high polyunsaturated n-3 fatty lipid ratio were envisaged as oral route vectors and a potential alpha-tocopherol supplement. The behavior of vesicles obtained by simple filtration and of giant vesicles prepared by electroformation was investigated in gastrointestinal-like conditions. The influence of alpha-tocopherol incorporation into liposomes was studied on both physical and chemical membrane stability. Propanal, as an oxidation product of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, was quantified by static headspace gas chromatography when alpha-tocopherol incorporation into liposome ratios ranged from 0.01 to 12 mol%. Best oxidative stability was obtained for liposomes that contained 5 mol% alpha-tocopherol. Compared to the other formulas, propanal formation was reduced, and time of the oxidation induction phase was longer. Moreover, alpha-tocopherol induced both liposome structural modifications, evidenced by turbidity, and phospholipid chemical hydrolysis, quantified as the amount of lysophospholipids. This physicochemical liposome instability was even more pronounced in acid storage conditions, i.e., alpha-tocopherol incorporation into liposome membranes accelerated the structural rearrangements and increased the rate of phospholipid hydrolysis. In particular, giant vesicles incubated at pH 1.5 underwent complex irreversible shape transformations including invaginations. In parallel, the absorption rate of alpha-tocopherol was measured in lymph-cannulated rats when alpha-tocopherol was administrated, as liposome suspension or added to sardine oil, through a gastrostomy tube. Alpha-tocopherol recovery in lymph was increased by almost threefold, following liposome administration. This may be related to phospholipids that should favor alpha-tocopherol solubilization and to liposome instability in the case of a high amount of alpha-tocopherol in the membranes. A need to correlate results obtained from in vitro liposome behavior with in vivo lipid absorption was demonstrated by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nacka
- ISTAB, Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire, Talence, France
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Simon E, Gariepy J, Cogny A, Moatti N, Simon A, Paul JL. Erythrocyte, but not plasma, vitamin E concentration is associated with carotid intima-media thickening in asymptomatic men at risk for cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2001; 159:193-200. [PMID: 11689221 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data regarding the preventive role of vitamin E in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have yielded conflicting results, possibly because endpoints considered were clinical events but not detection of atherosclerosis per se. Otherwise, it has been suggested that the measure of the erythrocyte alpha-tocopherol level may be more suitable to assess the human tocopherol status than its plasma level. We investigated the association between early atherosclerosis in superficial arteries assessed noninvasively and the alpha-tocopherol status in 261 asymptomatic men at risk for cardiovascular disease. alpha-Tocopherol concentrations in plasma, HDL, and erythrocytes were determined using a reverse-phase HPLC method. Detection of carotid plaques and measure of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were performed using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. The main result of this study is the observation of a negative correlation (P<0.01) between carotid IMT and erythrocyte alpha-tocopherol concentration, independently of conventional cardiovascular risk factors, whereas no such association has been found with plasma (total or HDL) alpha-tocopherol concentrations. No association has been evidenced between alpha-tocopherol concentrations and carotid plaques. These results emphasize the primary protective role of vitamin E in the early phases of atherosclerosis and the significance of the erythrocyte alpha-tocopherol concentration as a marker of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Simon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cardio-vasculaire, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 20 rue Leblanc, 75908 Cedex 15, Paris, France
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Nocentini S, Guggiari M, Rouillard D, Surgis S. Exacerbating effect of vitamin E supplementation on DNA damage induced in cultured human normal fibroblasts by UVA radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:370-7. [PMID: 11332032 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0370:eeoves>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of vitamin E supplementation were evaluated in cultured human normal fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet A radiation (320-380 nm) (UVA). Cells were incubated in medium containing alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol acetate or the synthetic analog Trolox for 24 h prior to UVA exposure. DNA damage in the form of frank breaks and alkali-labile sites, collectively termed single-strand breaks (SSB), was assayed by the technique of single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), immediately following irradiation or after different repair periods. The generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide ion (O2.-) was measured by flow cytometry through the oxidation of indicators into fluorescent dyes. It was observed that pretreatment of cells with any form of vitamin E resulted in an increased susceptibility to the photoinduction of DNA SSB and in a longer persistence of damage, whereas no significant change was observed in the production of H2O2 and O2.- reactive oxygen species, compared to untreated controls. These findings indicate that in human normal fibroblasts, exogenously added vitamin E exerts a promoting activity on DNA damage upon UVA irradiation and might lead to increased cytotoxic and mutagenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nocentini
- UMR CNRS/Institut Curie 218, Institut Curie, Section de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, France.
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Abstract
It has been known for several decades that hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and that lowering of cholesterol can significantly reduce risk for cardiovascular diseases. More recently, oxidation of LDL has been recognized as playing an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL, but not native LDL, promotes vascular dysfunction by exerting direct cytotoxicity toward endothelial cells, by increasing chemotactic properties for monocytes, by transforming macrophages to foam cells via scavenger-receptors and by enhancing the proliferation of various cell types, e.g., endothelial cells, monocytes and smooth muscle cells; all of these events are recognized as contributing to atherogenesis. In this paper, experimental evidence is presented that shows that several garlic compounds can effectively suppress LDL oxidation in vitro. Short-term supplementation of garlic in human subjects has demonstrated an increased resistance of LDL to oxidation. These data suggest that suppressed LDL oxidation may be one of the powerful mechanisms accounting for the antiatherosclerotic properties of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Lau
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Juurlink BHJ. Therapeutic potential of dietary phase 2 enzyme inducers in ameliorating diseases that have an underlying inflammatory component. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases associated with ageing have an underlying oxidative stress and accompanying inflammatory component, for example, Alzheimer's disease or atherosclerosis. Reviewed in this manuscript are: the role of oxidative stress in activating the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), the role of NFκB in activating pro-inflammatory gene transcription, strong oxidants produced by cells, anti-oxidant defense systems, the central role of phase 2 enzymes in the anti-oxidant defense, dietary phase 2 enzyme inducers and evidence that dietary phase 2 enzymes decrease oxidative stress. It is likely that a diet containing phase 2 enzyme inducers may ameliorate or even prevent diseases that have a prominent inflammatory component to them. Research should be directed into the potential therapeutic effects of dietary phase 2 enzyme inducers in ameliorating diseases with an underlying oxidative stress and inflammatory component to them.Key words: Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, diet, glutathione, inflammation, stroke.
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Terasawa Y, Ladha Z, Leonard SW, Morrow JD, Newland D, Sanan D, Packer L, Traber MG, Farese RV. Increased atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice deficient in alpha -tocopherol transfer protein and vitamin E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13830-4. [PMID: 11095717 PMCID: PMC17661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.240462697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lipid peroxidation in the subendothelial space has been hypothesized to play a central role in atherogenesis, the role of vitamin E in preventing lipid peroxidation and lesion development remains uncertain. Here we show that in atherosclerosis-susceptible apolipoprotein E knockout mice, vitamin E deficiency caused by disruption of the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene (Ttpa) increased the severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the proximal aorta. The increase was associated with increased levels of isoprostanes, a marker of lipid peroxidation, in aortic tissue. These results show that vitamin E deficiency promotes atherosclerosis in a susceptible setting and support the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation contributes to lesion development. Ttpa(-/-) mice are a genetic model of vitamin E deficiency and should be valuable for studying other diseases in which oxidative stress is thought to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Terasawa
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, P. O. Box 419100, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100, USA
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Abstract
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation is considered an important step in the atherogenic process. Oxidatively modified particles induce the expression of adhesion molecules, stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and impair endothelial function. The measurement of oxidised LDLs in vivo is very difficult, therefore most investigators rely on the measurement of in vitro oxidability of these particles to evaluate their deleterious effects. Supplementation with water and lipid soluble anti-oxidant vitamins, especially vitamin C and E, significantly increase the resistance to LDL oxidation. Vitamin E supplementation also improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolaemic and subjects who smoke cigarettes. Epidemiological studies have not consistently demonstrated a protective effect of vitamin E consumption as food or supplements on coronary events or stroke. Likewise, only one of five large prospective trials has shown a beneficial effect of vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events or mortality. One report showed that supplemented haemodialysed patients had a lower incidence of cardiovascular events. Thus, presently, there is not enough evidence to widely recommend the use of vitamin E supplements for vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bunout
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, PO Box 138-11, Santiago, Chile.
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Ricciarelli R, Zingg JM, Azzi A. Vitamin E reduces the uptake of oxidized LDL by inhibiting CD36 scavenger receptor expression in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2000; 102:82-7. [PMID: 10880419 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E is well known as an antioxidant, and numerous studies suggest that it has a preventive role in atherosclerosis, although the mechanism of action still remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS The original aim of this study was to establish whether alpha-tocopherol (the most active form of vitamin E) acts at the earliest events on the cascade of atherosclerosis progression, that of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) uptake and foam-cell formation. We show here that the CD36 scavenger receptor (a specific receptor for oxLDL) is expressed in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Treatment of SMCs and HL-60 macrophages with alpha-tocopherol (50 micromol/L, a physiological concentration) downregulates CD36 expression by reducing its promoter activity. Furthermore, we find that alpha-tocopherol treatment of SMCs leads to a reduction of oxLDL uptake. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that CD36 is expressed in cultured human SMCs. In these cells, CD36 transports oxLDL into the cytosol. alpha-Tocopherol inhibits oxLDL uptake by a mechanism involving downregulation of CD36 mRNA and protein expression. Therefore, the beneficial effect of alpha-tocopherol against atherosclerosis can be explained, at least in part, by its effect of lowering the uptake of oxidized lipoproteins, with consequent reduction of foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ricciarelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that contain at least one double bond in the trans configuration. In the diet they occur at relatively low levels in meat and dairy products as a by-product of fermentation in ruminant animals or in hydrogenated fats as a consequence of the hydrogenation process. In general, dietary hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acids have been reported to increase LDL cholesterol levels relative to oil in the natural state or cis fatty acids. In contrast, dietary hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acids have been reported have to have little effect or decrease HDL cholesterol levels, the later observation restricted to relatively high intakes of trans fatty acids. These two effects result in higher, therefore less favorable, total or LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios. Significant increases in Lp(a) levels have been reported after consumption of diets relatively high in trans fatty acids compared with either unsaturated or saturated fatty acids. However, the magnitude of the change is for the most part small and the physiological significance of this observation has yet to be resolved. Data related to the mechanism by which hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acids alter serum lipid levels and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease are in the nascent stages. At this time it would appear prudent that public health recommendations should be aimed at encouraging the moderate consumption of products low in saturated fat or minimally hydrogenated. Trans fatty acids intake should not be stressed at the expense of saturated fat but should augment it.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Lichtenstein
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Kamal-Eldin A, Frank J, Razdan A, Tengblad S, Basu S, Vessby B. Effects of dietary phenolic compounds on tocopherol, cholesterol, and fatty acids in rats. Lipids 2000; 35:427-35. [PMID: 10858028 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the phenolic compounds butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sesamin (S), curcumin (CU), and ferulic acid (FA) on plasma, liver, and lung concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols (T), on plasma and liver cholesterol, and on the fatty acid composition of liver lipids were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Test compounds were given to rats ad libitum for 4 wk at 4 g/kg diet, in a diet low but adequate in vitamin E (36 mg/kg of gamma-T and 25 mg/kg of alpha-T) and containing 2 g/kg of cholesterol. BHT significantly reduced feed intake (P < 0.05) and body weight and increased feed conversion ratio; S and BHT caused a significant enlargement of the liver (P < 0.001), whereas CU and FA did not affect any of these parameters. The amount of liver lipids was significantly lowered by BHT (P < 0.01) while the other substances reduced liver lipid concentrations but not significantly. Regarding effects on tocopherol levels, (i) feeding of BHT resulted in a significant elevation (P< 0.001) of alpha-T in plasma, liver, and lung, while gamma-T values remained unchanged; (ii) rats provided with the S diet had substantially higher gamma-T levels (P < 0.001) in plasma, liver, and lung, whereas alpha-T levels were not affected; (iii) administration of CU raised the concentration of alpha-T in the lung (P < 0.01) but did not affect the plasma or liver values of any of the tocopherols; and (iv) FA had no effect on the levels of either homolog in the plasma, liver, or lung. The level of an unknown substance in the liver was significantly reduced by dietary BHT (P < 0.001). BHT was the only compound that tended to increase total cholesterol (TC) in plasma, due to an elevation of cholesterol in the very low density lipoprotein + low density lipoprotein (VLDL + LDL) fraction. S and FA tended to lower plasma total and VLDL + LDL cholesterol concentrations, but the effect for CU was statistically significant (P < 0.05). FA increased plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol while the other compounds reduced it numerically, but not significantly. BHT, CU, and S reduced cholesterol levels in the liver TC (P < 0.001) and percentages of TC in liver lipids (P < 0.05). With regard to the fatty acid composition of liver lipids, S increased the n-6/n-3 and the 18:3/20:5 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratios, and BHT lowered total monounsaturated fatty acids and increased total PUFA (n-6 + n-3). The effects of CU and FA on fatty acids were not highly significant. These results suggest some in vivo interactions between these phenolic compounds and tocopherols that may increase the bioavailability of vitamin E and decrease cholesterol in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
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Simon E, Paul JL, Atger V, Simon A, Moatti N. Study of vitamin E net mass transfer between alpha-tocopherol-enriched HDL and erythrocytes: application to asymptomatic hypercholesterolemic men. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28:815-23. [PMID: 10754278 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that hypercholesterolemic asymptomatic men had lower erythrocyte vitamin E content, despite normal plasma concentrations compared to normocholesterolemic men. We hypothesized that the reduced erythrocyte vitamin E concentration could be due to an impairment of transfer of vitamin E from plasma lipoproteins. We first developed a model for testing the ability of erythrocytes to accept vitamin E from high-density lipoproteins (HDL) pre-enriched in vitamin E, which allows to measure a net mass transfer of vitamin E from HDL to erythrocytes. Vitamin E-enriched HDL were obtained in controlled conditions of concentration and incubation time with a good reproducibility (CV </= 10%). The kinetic study of the net mass transfer of vitamin E to erythrocytes of healthy volunteers shows small inter- and intraindividual variations. The application of this model to erythrocytes of hyper- and normocholesterolemic men demonstrates that the reduced erythrocyte vitamin E content observed in hypercholesterolemic men was not due to a reduced ability of these cells to accept vitamin E from HDL. It might rather be due to an impairment of lipoproteins in the delivery of vitamin E to tissues, or to an oxidative stress which consumes antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Simon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences pharmaceutigques et biologiques, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Abstract
A review is presented of studies on the effects of vitamin E on heart disease, studies encompassing basic science, animal studies, epidemiological and observational studies, and four intervention trials. The in vitro, cellular, and animal studies, which are impressive both in quantity and quality, leave no doubt that vitamin E, the most important fat-soluble antioxidant, protects animals against a variety of types of oxidative stress. The hypothesis that links vitamin E to the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) postulates that the oxidation of unsaturated lipids in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle initiates a complex sequence of events that leads to the development of atherosclerotic plaque. This hypothesis is supported by numerous studies in vitro, in animals, and in humans. There is some evidence that the ex vivo oxidizability of a subject's LDL is predictive of future heart events. This background in basic science and observational studies, coupled with the safety of vitamin E, led to the initiation of clinical intervention trials. The three trials that have been reported in detail are, on balance, supportive of the proposal that supplemental vitamin E can reduce the risk for heart disease, and the fourth trial, which has just been reported, showed small, but not statistically significant, benefits. Subgroup analyses of cohorts from the older three trials, as well as evidence from smaller trials, indicate that vitamin E provides protection against a number of medical conditions, including some that are indicative of atherosclerosis (such as intermittent claudication). Vitamin E supplementation also produces an improvement in the immune system and protection against diseases other than cardiovascular disease (such as prostate cancer). Vitamin E at the supplemental levels being used in the current trials, 100 to 800 IU/d, is safe, and there is little likelihood that increased risk will be found for those taking supplements. About one half of American cardiologists take supplemental vitamin E, about the same number as take aspirin. In fact, one study suggests that aspirin plus vitamin E is more effective than aspirin alone. There are a substantial number of trials involving vitamin E that are in progress. However, it is possible, or even likely, that each condition for which vitamin E provides benefit will have a unique dose-effect curve. Furthermore, different antioxidants appear to act synergistically, so supplementation with vitamin E might be more effective if combined with other micronutrients. It will be extremely difficult to do trials that adequately probe the dose-effect curve for vitamin E for each condition that it might affect, or to do studies of all the possible combinations of other micronutrients that might act with vitamin E to improve its effectiveness. Therefore, the scientific community must recognize that there never will be a time when the science is "complete." At some point, the weight of the scientific evidence must be judged adequate; although some may regard it as early to that judgement now, clearly we are very close. In view of the very low risk of reasonable supplementation with vitamin E, and the difficulty in obtaining more than about 30 IU/day from a balanced diet, some supplementation appears prudent now.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Pryor
- The Biodynamics Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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Vatassery GT, Bauer T, Dysken M. High doses of vitamin E in the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system in the aged. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70:793-801. [PMID: 10539737 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/70.5.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a putative factor in the pathogenesis of many human disorders of the central nervous system. Therefore, antioxidants such as vitamin E have become attractive as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several diseases. In addition, vitamin E seems to play a specific role in the nervous system. As a result, vitamin E has been used in pharmacologic doses in the treatment of disorders such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and tardive dyskinesia. One investigation showed that the use of 2000 IU all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate is beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Similar doses of vitamin E, however, were not beneficial for delaying the progression of Parkinson disease. In other studies, dosages >/=400 IU vitamin E/d were found to be beneficial in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, although this finding was not confirmed in a larger cooperative study conducted by the Veterans Administration. Even though the efficacy of vitamin E in the management of cardiovascular disease has been shown, the potential role of vitamin E in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease remains essentially unknown. The experience from 2 large clinical trials involving the oral intake of 2000 IU vitamin E/d suggests that vitamin E is relatively safe at this dosage for periods <2 y. However, the safety and efficacy of supplemental vitamin E over periods of many years in the prevention of neurologic diseases has not been adequately explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Vatassery
- Research Service and GRECC, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Peplow PV. Regulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) activity in human diseases by phospholipase A2 inhibitors, PAF acetylhydrolases, PAF receptor antagonists and free radical scavengers. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; 61:65-82. [PMID: 10509861 DOI: 10.1054/plef.1999.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present recent findings indicating the likely involvement of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human diseases, and possible ways of alleviating its harmful effects. PAF is a potent proinflammatory mediator and promotes adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells, leading to transendothelial migration of leukocytes, by a process of juxtacrine intercellular signalling. This process leads to activation of leukocytes and the release of reactive oxygen radicals, lipid mediators, cytokines and enzymes. These reaction products subsequently contribute to the pathological features of various inflammatory diseases. The reactive oxygen radicals cause low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation which mediates the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL may damage cellular and subcellular membranes, leading to tissue injury and cell death. Among the therapeutic approaches considered are agents that inhibit/degrade proinflammatory mediators and thereby have anti-inflammatory and/or anti-atherogenic potential. These include inhibitors of phospholipase A2 activity, PAF-acetylhydrolases, PAF antagonists and free radical scavengers/antioxidants, the latter protecting against oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maret G. Traber
- Department of Nutrition and Food ManagementLinus Pauling InstituteOregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97330 USA
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Affenito SG, Kerstetter J. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: women's health and nutrition. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1999; 99:738-51. [PMID: 10361541 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Within the past 10 years women's health has evolved to a much broader paradigm, beyond reproductive issues. From a physiological perspective, women's health now refers to the prevention, diagnosis, and management of conditions or diseases that may be unique to women, be more prevalent in women, or manifest differently in women than men. Women's health encompasses emotional, social, cultural, spiritual, and physical well-being. It is determined by the social, political, and economic context of women's lives. Nutrition is involved in the etiology or treatment of half of the 10 leading causes of death in women. The incidence of osteoporosis and extremes in body weight are approaching epidemic proportions in women. This position reviews the following health problems: cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, weight, and diabetes mellitus. Dietetics professionals are in the perfect position to understand the issues surrounding women's health in order to deliver a message to women that will allow them to make wise decisions regarding their health. Nutrition is a critical component of risk reduction and treatment, and must be included in clinical and preventive services for women. Dietetics professionals must work to increase their knowledge about women's health issues, to promote health and education programs, to influence policy makers, to deliver the highest-quality medical nutrition therapy, and to be proactive in documenting the effectiveness of outcomes-based research.
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