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Prahm AP, Hvistendahl MK, Brandt CF, Blanche P, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Jeppesen PB. Post-prandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) after carbohydrate-, fat- or protein enriched meals in healthy subjects. Peptides 2023; 169:171091. [PMID: 37640265 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is an important regulator of intestinal growth and function. In adherable mixed meals the macronutrient composition with the best potential for stimulating GLP-2 secretion is not known. We compared the effect of 3 iso-energetic meals, where approximately 60 % of the energy ratio was provided as either carbohydrate, fat, or protein, respectively, on the post-prandial endogenous GLP-2 secretion. The responses were compared to secretion profiles of peptide YY (PYY), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Ten healthy subjects were admitted on three occasions, at least a week apart, after a night of fasting. In an open-label, crossover design, they were randomized to receive a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) or high protein (HP) meal. The meals were approximately ∼3.9 MJ. Venous blood was collected for 240 min, and plasma concentrations of GLP-2, GIP and PYY were measured with specific radioimmunoassays. Mean GLP-2 levels peaked already at 30 min for the HC meal, however the HP meal induced the highest mean GLP-2 peaking levels, resulting in significantly higher mean GLP-2 area under the curve (AUC) from baseline of 7279 pmol*min/L, 95 %-CI [6081;8477] compared to the HC meal: 4764 pmol*min/L, 95 %-CI [3498;6029], p = 0.020 and the HF meal: 4796 pmol*min/L, [3385;6207], p = 0.011. Findings were similar for the PYY. The HC meal provided a greater AUC for GIP compared to the HP- and HF meals. The HP meal was most effective with respect to stimulation of the postprandial GLP-2 and PYY secretion, whereas the HC meal was more effective for GIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Pilegaard Prahm
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mark Krogh Hvistendahl
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Filtenborg Brandt
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Blanche
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute 12.2, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute 12.2, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Bekker Jeppesen
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rings LM, Kamr AM, Kinsella HM, Hostnik LD, Swink JM, Burns TA, Christie K, David JB, Toribio RE. The enteroinsular axis during hospitalization in newborn foals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106686. [PMID: 34649126 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The enteroinsular axis (EIA) is an energy regulatory system that modulates insulin secretion through the release of enteroendocrine factors (incretins). Despite the importance of energy homeostasis in the equine neonate, information on the EIA in hospitalized foals is lacking. The goals of this study were to measure serum insulin and plasma incretin (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP], glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] and glucagon-like peptide-2 [GLP-2]) concentrations, to determine the insulin and incretin association, as well as their link to disease severity and outcome in hospitalized foals. A total of 102 newborn foals ≤72 h old were classified into hospitalized (n = 88) and healthy groups (n = 14). Hospitalized foals included septic (n = 55) and sick non-septic (SNS; n = 33) foals based on sepsis scores. Blood samples were collected over 72 h to measure serum insulin and plasma GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations using immunoassays. Data were analyzed by nonparametric methods and univariate logistic regression. At admission, serum glucose and insulin and plasma GIP were significantly lower in hospitalized and septic compared to healthy foals (P < 0.01), while plasma GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations were higher in hospitalized and septic foals than healthy and SNS foals, and decreased over time in septic foals (P < 0.05). As a percent of admission values, GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations dropped faster in healthy compared to hospitalized foals. Serum insulin concentrations were lower in hospitalized and septic non-survivors than survivors at admission (P < 0.01). Hospitalized foals with serum insulin < 5.8 µIU/mL, plasma GLP-1 >68.5 pM, and plasma GLP-2 >9 ng/mL within 24 h of admission were more likely to die (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.1-16.1; OR = 13.5, 95% CI = 1.4-123.7; OR = 12.5, 95% CI = 1.6-97.6, respectively; P < 0.05). Low GIP together with increased GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations indicates that different mechanisms may be contributing to reduced insulin secretion in critically ill foals, including impaired intestinal production (GIP, proximal intestine) and pancreatic endocrine resistance to enhanced incretin secretion (GLP-1, GLP-2; distal intestine). These imbalances could contribute to energy dysregulation in the critically ill equine neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Rings
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - A M Kamr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - H M Kinsella
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - L D Hostnik
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J M Swink
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Brown Equine Hospital, Somerset, PA 15501, USA
| | - T A Burns
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K Christie
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - J B David
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - R E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Functional Molecules of Intestinal Mucosal Products and Peptones in Animal Nutrition and Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:263-277. [PMID: 34807446 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the use of intestinal mucosal products and peptones (partial protein hydrolysates) to enhance the food intake, growth, development, and health of animals. The mucosa of the small intestine consists of the epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosa. The diverse population of cells (epithelial, immune, endocrine, neuronal, vascular, and elastic cells) in the intestinal mucosa contains not only high-quality food protein (e.g., collagen) but also a wide array of low-, medium-, and high-molecular-weight functional molecules with enormous nutritional, physiological, and immunological importance. Available evidence shows that intestinal mucosal products and peptones provide functional substances, including growth factors, enzymes, hormones, large peptides, small peptides, antimicrobials, cytokines, bioamines, regulators of nutrient metabolism, unique amino acids (e.g., taurine and 4-hydroxyproline), and other bioactive substances (e.g., creatine and glutathione). Therefore, dietary supplementation with intestinal mucosal products and peptones can cost-effectively improve feed intake, immunity, health (the intestine and the whole body), well-being, wound healing, growth performance, and feed efficiency in livestock, poultry, fish, and crustaceans. In feeding practices, an inclusion level of an intestinal mucosal product or a mucosal peptone product at up to 5% (as-fed basis) is appropriate in the diets of these animals, as well as companion and zoo animals.
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Jamshidi Kandjani O, Alizadeh AA, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Dastmalchi S. Expression, purification and molecular dynamics simulation of extracellular domain of glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor linked to teduglutide. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:812-820. [PMID: 34174312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Teduglutide is the only drug approved for long-term treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). This drug exerts its pharmacological effects via binding to the GLP-2 receptors (ECD-GLP2R) located in intestinal tissue. The three dimensional (3D) structure of ECD-GLP2R hasn't been determined yet and hence its mode of interaction with agonists/antagonists is not clear. Therefore, it would be of great importance to develop a structural scaffold for investigation of ECD-GLP2R interactions with its binders. For this, the current study aimed to produce fusion protein of ECD-GLP2R-teduglutide. The ECD-GLP2R-teduglutide protein was expressed in bacterial expression system and purified using affinity and size exclusion chromatography techniques. Using circular dichroism the secondary structure content of purified protein was determined which was comparable to that of theoretical calculations. The low structural stability of purified protein (ΔG = 3.64 kJ.mol-1) was elucidated by monitoring its fluorescence emission at the presence of various concentrations of GdnHCl as a denaturant. Finally, a 3D model for ECD-GLP2R-teduglutide protein was generated and validated using molecular dynamics simulation whose information alongside the experimental studies can be useful for providing new insight into the mode of interaction of ECD-GLP2R with its specific ligands in order to design potent and specific GLP2R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Jamshidi Kandjani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Parmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, PO BOX: 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey.
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Lafferty RA, O’Harte FPM, Irwin N, Gault VA, Flatt PR. Proglucagon-Derived Peptides as Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:689678. [PMID: 34093449 PMCID: PMC8171296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.689678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered as an impurity in insulin preparations, our understanding of the hyperglycaemic hormone glucagon has evolved markedly over subsequent decades. With description of the precursor proglucagon, we now appreciate that glucagon was just the first proglucagon-derived peptide (PGDP) to be characterised. Other bioactive members of the PGDP family include glucagon-like peptides -1 and -2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2), oxyntomodulin (OXM), glicentin and glicentin-related pancreatic peptide (GRPP), with these being produced via tissue-specific processing of proglucagon by the prohormone convertase (PC) enzymes, PC1/3 and PC2. PGDP peptides exert unique physiological effects that influence metabolism and energy regulation, which has witnessed several of them exploited in the form of long-acting, enzymatically resistant analogues for treatment of various pathologies. As such, intramuscular glucagon is well established in rescue of hypoglycaemia, while GLP-2 analogues are indicated in the management of short bowel syndrome. Furthermore, since approval of the first GLP-1 mimetic for the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2005, GLP-1 therapeutics have become a mainstay of T2DM management due to multifaceted and sustainable improvements in glycaemia, appetite control and weight loss. More recently, longer-acting PGDP therapeutics have been developed, while newfound benefits on cardioprotection, bone health, renal and liver function and cognition have been uncovered. In the present article, we discuss the physiology of PGDP peptides and their therapeutic applications, with a focus on successful design of analogues including dual and triple PGDP receptor agonists currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor A. Gault
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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Glucagon-like Peptide 2 Concentrations Vary in Zambian Children During Diarrhoea, in Malnutrition and Seasonally. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2020; 70:513-520. [PMID: 32044830 PMCID: PMC7340486 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide hormone released from enteroendocrine L-cells following nutrient ingestion. It has been shown to exert trophic effects on the gut. We set out to measure GLP-2 concentrations in blood in children with diarrhoea and malnutrition. METHODS GLP-2 levels were measured in blood samples collected from 5 different groups of children (n = 324) at different time points: those with acute diarrhoea, during illness and 3 weeks after recovery; persistent diarrhoea and severe acute malnutrition; controls contemporaneous for diarrhoea; stunted children from the community; and controls contemporaneous for the stunted children. Stool biomarkers and pathogen analysis were carried out on the children with stunting. RESULTS GLP-2 concentrations were higher during acute diarrhoea (median 3.1 ng/mL, interquartile range 2.1, 4.4) than on recovery (median 1.8, interquartile range 1.4, 3.1; P = 0.001), but were not elevated in children with persistent diarrhoea and severe acute malnutrition. In stunted children, there was a progressive decline in GLP-2 levels from 3.2 ng/mL (1.9, 4.9) to 1.0 (0.0, 2.0; P < 0.001) as the children became more stunted. Measures of seasonality (rainfall, temperature,Food Price Index, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli) were found to be significantly associated with GLP-2 concentrations in multivariable analysis. We also found a correlation between stool inflammatory biomarkers and GLP-2. CONCLUSIONS In diarrhoea, GLP-2 levels increased in acute but not persistent diarrhoea. Malnutrition was associated with reduced concentrations. GLP-2 displayed seasonal variation consistent with variations in nutrient availability.
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Karaki SI. Effects of an Enteral Formula Containing Fermented Dairy Products on Epithelial Ion Transport in Rat Intestines. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 65:498-506. [PMID: 31902863 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is the most common complication of enteral nutrition (EN). Pro/prebiotics are typically used to prevent diarrhea during EN. This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of enteral formula containing fermented dairy products (FDPs) and galacto-oligosaccharides on intestinal mucosal functions in rats. After feeding rats with regular rodent chow (RRC), standard formula (STD-F), and FDP-containing formula (FDP-F) for 2 wk, the rats were sacrificed with their intestines removed. Then, the electrophysiological properties of intestinal epithelia were measured using the Ussing chamber. In addition, organic acids and microbiota in the cecal contents were analyzed. In FDP-F-fed rats, electrical nerve activation-evoked increase in short-circuit current (Isc) in the cecum and middle colon was reduced compared with STD-F-fed rats. Mucosal propionate-evoked changes in Isc in FDP-F-fed rats were also reduced in the terminal ileum. The total cecal organic acid concentration in STD-F-fed rats decreased compared with RRC-fed rats, and approximately half was recovered in FDP-F-fed rats, which contributed to the recovery of acetate and butyrate concentrations. In microbiota analysis, the density of total bacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium, in cecal contents increased in FDP-F-fed rats. In conclusion, the consumption of FDP-F changed the total amounts and components of gut microbiota and organic acids, and resulted in inhibitory changes in mucosal luminal stimulant- and nervous system-mediated fluid secretory function. These findings suggest that FDP-F might prevent the incidence of diarrhea during EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Karaki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6916189. [PMID: 31976326 PMCID: PMC6949732 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6916189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Piglets experience severe growth challenges and diarrhea after weaning due to nutritional, social, psychological, environmental, and physiological changes. Among these changes, the nutritional factor plays a key role in postweaning health. Dietary protein, fibre, starch, and electrolyte levels are highly associated with postweaning nutrition diarrhea (PWND). In this review, we mainly discuss the high protein, fibre, resistant starch, and electrolyte imbalance in diets that induce PWND, with a focus on potential mechanisms in weaned piglets.
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Christodoulou MI, Tchoumtchoua J, Skaltsounis AL, Scorilas A, Halabalaki M. Natural Alkaloids Intervening the Insulin Pathway: New Hopes for Anti-Diabetic Agents? Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5982-6015. [PMID: 29714135 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180430152618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating experimental data supports the capacity of natural compounds to intervene in complicated molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of certain human morbidities. Among them, diabetes is now a world's epidemic associated with increased risk of death; thus, the detection of novel anti-diabetic agents and/or adjuvants is of vital importance. Alkaloids represent a diverse group of natural products with a range of therapeutic properties; during the last 20 years, published research on their anti-diabetic capacity has been tremendously increased. PURPOSE To discuss current concepts on the anti-diabetic impact of certain alkaloids, with special reference to their molecular targets throughout the insulin-signaling pathway. METHODOLOGY Upon in-depth search in the SCOPUS and PUBMED databases, the literature on alkaloids with insulin secretion/sensitization properties was critically reviewed. RESULTS In-vitro and in-vivo evidence supports the effect of berberine, trigonelline, piperine, oxymatrine, vindoneline, evodiamine and neferine on insulin-signaling and related cascades in beta-cells, myocytes, adipocytes, hepatocytes and other cells. Associated receptors, kinases, hormones and cytokines, are affected in terms of gene transcription, protein expression, activity and/or phosphorylation. Pathophysiological processes associated with insulin resistance, beta-cell failure, oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as clinical phenotype are also influenced. DISCUSSION Growing evidence suggests the ability of specific alkaloids to intervene in the insulin-signal transduction pathway, reverse molecular defects resulting in insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and improve disease complications, in-vitro and in-vivo. Future indepth molecular studies are expected to elucidate their exact mechanism of action, while large clinical trials are urgently needed to assess their potential as anti-diabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Ioanna Christodoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Job Tchoumtchoua
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
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Ahmed M, Ahmed S. Functional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Hormones. Gastroenterology Res 2019; 12:233-244. [PMID: 31636773 PMCID: PMC6785288 DOI: 10.14740/gr1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are essential to many physiologic functions in our body. They have many GI and extra-GI functions. Some of the functions of these hormones, which have GI and extra-GI sources, are still unknown. Specific GI hormones can affect the brain to control food intake, while others can proliferate normal and neoplastic tissue when their receptors are expressed in certain neoplasms. GI hormones also have many diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic values of GI hormones are elaborated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monjur Ahmed
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to write the manuscript
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to write the manuscript
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Montes Castillo MC, Martínez Ramírez MJ, Soriano Arroyo R, Prieto Gomez I, Segarra Robles AB, Garrido-Martínez M, Santiago-Fernández P, Delgado Rodríguez M. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and Glucagon-like peptide 2 in relation to osteoporosis in non-diabetic postmenopausal women. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13651. [PMID: 31541189 PMCID: PMC6754449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis results from an imbalance in bone remodeling, which is known to follow a circadian rhythm determined by a functional relationship between intestine and bone tissue. Specific intestinal peptides have been identified as mediators. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucagon-like peptide 2, have been associated with bone health. Our main objective was to determine whether postprandial plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2 and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 activity, are associated with osteoporosis in non-diabetic postmenopausal women. We studied non-diabetic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis diagnosed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (cases, n = 43) and age-matched (±1 yr) controls without osteoporosis or a history of osteoporotic fracture (n = 43). We measured postprandial plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 activity, bone mineral density, and baseline levels of bone remodeling markers and analyzed the food intake using a food-frequency questionnaire. Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 values were lower (p < 0.001) in cases, μ (SEM) = 116.25 (2.68), than in controls, μ (SEM) = 126.79 (2.68). Glucagon-like peptide 1 was associated with reduced osteoporosis risk in the crude logistic regression analysis [OR (95% CI) = 0.724 (0.53-0.97), p = 0.031] and adjusted analysis [OR = 0.603 (0.38-0.94), p = 0.027]. We found no association of glucagon-like peptide 2, or dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 activity with osteoporosis. Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 levels are related to osteoporosis and osteoporosis risk in non-diabetic postmenopausal women. Further studies are required to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina Montes Castillo
- Endocrinology and Nutrition, Jaen University Hospital, Av. Ejército Español, sn, Jaén, Spain.
- Endocrinology and Nutrition, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María José Martínez Ramírez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition, Jaen University Hospital, Av. Ejército Español, sn, Jaén, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Campus "Las Lagunillas", Building B3, Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Soriano Arroyo
- Endocrinology and Nutrition, Jaen University Hospital, Av. Ejército Español, sn, Jaén, Spain
- Emergency Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Prieto Gomez
- Area of Physiology, University of Jaen, Campus "Las Lagunillas", Building B3, Jaén, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Delgado Rodríguez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Jaen, Campus "Las Lagunillas", Building B3, Jaén, Spain
- CIBERESP, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Mosquito breeding depends on the supply of fresh vertebrate blood, a major bottleneck for large-scale production of Anopheles spp. Feeding alternatives to fresh blood are thus a priority for research, outdoor large-cage trials and control interventions. Several artificial meal compositions were tested and Anopheles oogenesis, egg laying and development into the next generation of adult mosquitoes were followed. We identified blood-substitute-diets that supported ovarian development, egg maturation and fertility as well as, low progeny larval mortality, and normal development of offspring into adult mosquitoes. The formulated diet is an effective artificial meal, free of fresh blood that mimics a vertebrate blood meal and represents an important advance for the sustainability of Anopheles mosquito rearing in captivity.
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Haisan J, Oba M, Sugino T. The effects of feeding more milk on periprandial plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 concentrations in preweaning dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11396-11402. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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He C, Huang L, Lei P, Liu X, Li B, Shan Y. Sulforaphane Normalizes Intestinal Flora and Enhances Gut Barrier in Mice with BBN-Induced Bladder Cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800427. [PMID: 30302904 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Gut microbiota imbalance, inflammation, and gut barrier deficiency play an important role in carcinogenesis. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, has been proven to be highly effective in inhibiting cancer. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential roles of the gut microbiota in the inhibition of BBN-induced bladder cancer by SFN. METHODS AND RESULTS N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine is used to induce bladder cancer in male C57BL/6 mice, with or without SFN for 23 weeks. SFN ameliorates the histological changes characteristic of bladder cancer, resulting in fewer submucosal capillaries. SFN normalizes gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice with BBN-induced bladder cancer with a significant increase in Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium cluster I. SFN also increases butyric acid levels in the mouse colon, and repairs the injury to the mucosal epithelium of the colon and cecum through the upregulation of the expression of tight junction proteins and GLP2. SFN greatly decreases the release of cytokines (IL-6) and secretory immunoglobulin A in the mice with bladder cancer. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SFN protects against chemical-induced bladder cancer through normalizing the composition of gut microbiota and repairing the physiological destruction of the gut barrier, as well as decreasing inflammation and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxia He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Baolong Li
- Center of Safety and Evaluation of Drugs, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yujuan Shan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
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15
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Herosimczyk A, Lepczyński A, Ożgo M, Barszcz M, Marynowska M, Tuśnio A, Taciak M, Markulen A, Skomiał J. Proteome changes in ileal mucosa of young pigs resulting
from different levels of native chicory inulin in the diet. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/93737/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kahraman R, İplik ES, Çalhan T, Şahin A, Çakmakoğlu B. Assessment of the role of EGF +61A/G and EGFR R497K polymorphism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A case-control study. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.25000/acem.416704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sun D, Li H, Mao S, Zhu W, Liu J. Effects of different starch source of starter on small intestinal growth and endogenous GLP-2 secretion in preweaned lambs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:306-317. [PMID: 29432586 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of starch in starter feed on small intestinal growth and endogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) secretion in preweaned lambs. Twenty-four 10-d-old lambs were divided into three groups that were treated with different iso-starch diets containing purified cassava starch (CS, n = 8), maize starch (MS, n = 8), and pea starch (PS, n = 8). At 56 d old, there was no significant difference in final body weight (BW) of lambs among the three groups. However, different starch source in starter significantly affected the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) of lambs among three groups. Compared with the CS and MS diets, the PS diet significantly increased the GLP-2 concentration in blood plasma (P < 0.001), the crypt depth of the jejunum (P = 0.006), and the villus height of the ileum (P = 0.039). Meanwhile, PS diet significantly increased the mRNA expression of proglucagon and the glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor (GLP-2R) in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the PS diet significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of cyclin D1 (P < 0.001), cyclin E (P = 0.006), and cyclin-dependent kinases 6 (CDK6) (P = 0.048) in the jejunum and cyclin A (P < 0.001), cyclin D1 (P < 0.001), and CDK6 (P = 0.002) in the ileum. Correlation analysis showed that endogenous GLP-2 secretion was positively related to the mRNA levels of cell cycle proteins in small intestinal mucosa. In summary, all results showed that PS in starter feed promoted small intestinal growth that may, in part, be related to cell cycle acceleration and endogenous GLP-2 secretion in preweaned lambs. These findings provide new insights into nutritional interventions that promote the development of small intestines in young ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Desjardins-Morrissette M, van Niekerk JK, Haines D, Sugino T, Oba M, Steele MA. The effect of tube versus bottle feeding colostrum on immunoglobulin G absorption, abomasal emptying, and plasma hormone concentrations in newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4168-4179. [PMID: 29454696 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if feeding colostrum to newborn calves through an esophageal tube, compared with a nipple bottle, would delay abomasal emptying, which would in turn decrease passive transfer of IgG and plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 and GLP-2 concentrations. Twenty newborn Holstein bull calves were fed 3 L of colostrum replacer (200 g of IgG) through either an esophageal tube or nipple bottle at 2 h after birth followed by feeding pooled whole milk every 12 h after birth. Acetaminophen was mixed into the colostrum meal as a marker for abomasal emptying. A jugular catheter was inserted 1 h after birth and blood was sampled frequently to analyze serum for IgG and acetaminophen and plasma for glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GLP-2. Feeding method did not affect abomasal emptying, and as a result no treatment effect was present on serum IgG concentrations. Maximum concentration of serum IgG was 24.4 ± 0.40 mg/mL (± standard error), which was reached at 14.6 ± 1.88 h after the colostrum meal for both groups. Apparent efficiency of absorption at maximum concentration of IgG was 52.9%, indicating high efficiency of passive transfer of IgG for both treatments. Tube feeding increased glucose and insulin area under the curve before the first milk meal, most likely due to the decreased time to consume the colostrum meal. In addition, tube-fed calves consumed 0.5 ± 0.13 L more milk in their first milk meal than bottle-fed calves. No treatment effect on plasma concentrations of GLP-1 or GLP-2 was present, but both hormones increased after colostrum feeding. These findings confirm that there is no effect on absorption of IgG from colostrum when feeding good-quality colostrum at a volume of 3 L through either an esophageal tube or nipple bottle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Desjardins-Morrissette
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - J K van Niekerk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - D Haines
- The Saskatoon Colostrum Co. Ltd., Saskatoon, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - T Sugino
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan 739-8528
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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19
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Harper KM, Mutasa M, Prendergast AJ, Humphrey J, Manges AR. Environmental enteric dysfunction pathways and child stunting: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006205. [PMID: 29351288 PMCID: PMC5792022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is commonly defined as an acquired subclinical disorder of the small intestine, characterized by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. EED has been proposed to underlie stunted growth among children in developing countries. A collection of biomarkers, organized into distinct domains, has been used to measure different aspects of EED. Here, we examine whether these hypothesized relationships, among EED domains and between each domain and stunting, are supported by data from recent studies. METHODOLOGY A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CINAHL between January 1, 2010 and April 20, 2017. Information on study objective, design, population, location, biomarkers, and results were recorded, as well as qualitative and quantitative definitions of EED. Biomarkers were organized into five EED domains, and the number of studies that support or do not support relationships among domains and between each domain with stunting were summarized. RESULTS There was little evidence to support the pathway from intestinal permeability to microbial translocation and from microbial translocation to stunting, but stronger support existed for the link between intestinal inflammation and systemic inflammation and for intestinal inflammation and stunting. There was conflicting evidence for the pathways from intestinal damage to intestinal permeability and intestinal damage to stunting. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that certain EED biomarkers may require reconsideration, particularly those most difficult to measure, such as microbial translocation and intestinal permeability. We discuss several issues with currently used biomarkers and recommend further analysis of pathogen-induced changes to the intestinal microbiota as a pathway leading to stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Harper
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maxine Mutasa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jean Humphrey
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amee R. Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
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MohanKumar K, Namachivayam K, Ho TT, Torres BA, Ohls RK, Maheshwari A. Cytokines and growth factors in the developing intestine and during necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 2017; 41:52-60. [PMID: 27832931 PMCID: PMC5334139 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors play diverse roles in the uninflamed fetal/neonatal intestinal mucosa and in the development of inflammatory bowel injury during necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). During gestational development and the early neonatal period, the fetal/premature intestine is exposed to high levels of many "inflammatory" cytokines and growth factors, first via swallowed amniotic fluid in utero and then, after birth, in colostrum and mother's milk. This article reviews the dual, seemingly counter-intuitive roles of cytokines, where these agents play a "trophic" role and promote maturation of the uninflamed mucosa, but can also cause inflammation and promote intestinal injury during NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thao T.B. Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Robin K. Ohls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Departments of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 1 Tampa General Circle, Suite F170, Tampa, FL.
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21
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Lim DW, Diané A, Muto M, Vine DF, Nation PN, Wizzard PR, Sigalet DL, Bigam DL, Pencharz PB, Turner JM, Wales PW. Differential Effects on Intestinal Adaptation Following Exogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Therapy With and Without Enteral Nutrition in Neonatal Short Bowel Syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:156-170. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607116665812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Lim
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abdoulaye Diané
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitsuru Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donna F. Vine
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick N. Nation
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela R. Wizzard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David L. Sigalet
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David L. Bigam
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul B. Pencharz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justine M. Turner
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul W. Wales
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children & University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Rieg JAD, Chirasani VR, Koepsell H, Senapati S, Mahata SK, Rieg T. Regulation of intestinal SGLT1 by catestatin in hyperleptinemic type 2 diabetic mice. J Transl Med 2016; 96:98-111. [PMID: 26552046 PMCID: PMC4695279 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is the major site for nutrient absorption that is critical in maintenance of euglycemia. Leptin, a key hormone involved in energy homeostasis, directly affects nutrient transport across the intestinal epithelium. Catestatin (CST), a 21-amino acid peptide derived from proprotein chromogranin A, has been shown to modulate leptin signaling. Therefore, we reasoned that leptin and CST could modulate intestinal Na(+)-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) expression in the context of obesity and diabetes. We found that hyperleptinemic db/db mice exhibit increased mucosal mass, associated with an enhanced proliferative response and decreased apoptosis in intestinal crypts, a finding absent in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Intestinal SGLT1 abundance was significantly decreased in hyperleptinemic but not leptin-deficient mice, indicating leptin regulation of SGLT1 expression. Phlorizin, a SGLT1/2 inhibitor, was without effect in an oral glucose tolerance test in db/db mice. The alterations in architecture and SGLT1 abundance were not accompanied by changes in the localization of intestinal alkaline phosphatase, indicating intact differentiation. Treatment of db/db mice with CST restored intestinal SGLT1 abundance and intestinal turnover, suggesting a cross-talk between leptin and CST, without affecting plasma leptin levels. Consistent with this hypothesis, we identified structural homology between CST and the AB-loop of leptin and protein-protein docking revealed binding of CST and leptin with the Ig-like binding site-III of the leptin receptor. In summary, downregulation of SGLT1 in an obese type 2 diabetic mouse model with hyperleptinemia is presumably mediated via the short form of the leptin receptor and reduces overt hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Dominguez Rieg
- Department of Basic Sciences, Bastyr University California, San Diego, CA, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA
| | | | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA,Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timo Rieg
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA,Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract comprises a large endocrine organ that regulates not only nutrient sensing and metabolising but also satiety and energy homeostasis. More than 20 hormones secreted from the stomach, intestine, and pancreas as well as signaling mediators of the gut microbiome are involved in this process. A better understanding of how related pathways affect body weight and food intake will help us to find new strategies and drugs to treat obesity. For example, weight loss secondary to lifestyle intervention is often accompanied by unfavorable changes in multiple GI hormones, which may cause difficulties in maintaining a lower body weight status. Conversely, bariatric surgery favorably changes the hormone profile to support improved satiety and metabolic function. This partially explains stronger sustained body weight reduction resulting in better long-term results of improved metabolic functions. This review focuses on GI hormones and signaling mediators of the microbiome involved in satiety regulation and energy homeostasis and summarizes their changes following weight loss. Furthermore, the potential role of GI hormones as anti-obesity drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, Institute for Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany,
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Liu Y, Song M, Che TM, Bravo D, Maddox CW, Pettigrew JE. Effects of capsicum oleoresin, garlic botanical, and turmeric oleoresin on gene expression profile of ileal mucosa in weaned pigs1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3426-40. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - M. Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - T. M. Che
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - D. Bravo
- Pancosma SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C. W. Maddox
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - J. E. Pettigrew
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
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25
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Yu C, Jia G, Jiang Y, Deng Q, Chen Z, Xu Z, Chen X, Wang K. Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide 2 on Tight Junction in Jejunal Epithelium of Weaned Pigs though MAPK Signaling Pathway. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:733-42. [PMID: 25050009 PMCID: PMC4093200 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) that is expressed in intestine epithelial cells of mammals, is important for intestinal barrier function and regulation of tight junction (TJ) proteins. However, there is little known about the intracellular mechanisms of GLP-2 in the regulation of TJ proteins in piglets’ intestinal epithelial cells. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that GLP-2 regulates the expressions of TJ proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in piglets’ intestinal epithelial cells. The jejunal tissues were cultured in a Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/high glucose medium containing supplemental 0 to 100 nmol/L GLP-2. At 72 h after the treatment with the appropriate concentrations of GLP-2, the mRNA and protein expressions of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin and claudin-1 were increased (p<0.05). U0126, an MAPK kinase inhibitor, prevented the mRNA and protein expressions of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1 increase induced by GLP-2 (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that GLP-2 could improve the expression of TJ proteins in weaned pigs’ jejunal epithelium, and the underlying mechanism may due to the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Qiuhong Deng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- College of Animal Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Animal Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Kangning Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
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Shan CY, Yang JH, Kong Y, Wang XY, Zheng MY, Xu YG, Wang Y, Ren HZ, Chang BC, Chen LM. Alteration of the intestinal barrier and GLP2 secretion in Berberine-treated type 2 diabetic rats. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:255-62. [PMID: 23757509 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, Berberine has been used in the treatment of enteritis in China, and it is also known to have anti-hyperglycemic effects in type 2 diabetic patients. However, as Berberine is insoluble and rarely absorbed in gastrointestinal tract, the mechanism by which it works is unclear. We hypothesized that it may act locally by ameliorating intestinal barrier abnormalities and endotoxemia. A high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin was used to induce type 2 diabetes in male Sprague Dawley rats. Berberine (100 mg/kg) was administered by lavage to diabetic rats for 2 weeks and saline was given to controls. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance improved in the Berberine group, although there was no significant decrease in blood glucose. Berberine treatment also led to a notable restoration of intestinal villi/mucosa structure and less infiltration of inflammatory cells, along with a decrease in plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level. Tight junction protein zonula occludens 1 (ZO1) was also decreased in diabetic rats but was restored by Berberine treatment. Glutamine-induced glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) secretion from ileal tissue decreased dramatically in the diabetic group but was restored by Berberine treatment. Fasting insulin, insulin resistance index, plasma LPS level, and ZO1 expression were significantly correlated with GLP2 level. In type 2 diabetic rats, Berberine treatment not only augments GLP2 secretion and improves diabetes but is also effective in repairing the damaged intestinal mucosa, restoring intestinal permeability, and improving endotoxemia. Whether these effects are mechanistically related will require further studies, but they certainly support the hypothesis that Berberine acts via modulation of intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Shan
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is complex disease thought to occur as a result of an immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract of preterm infants. Intestinal dysfunction induced by total parental nutrition (TPN) may increase the risk for NEC upon introduction of enteral feeding. We hypothesized that the intestinal trophic and anti-inflammatory actions previously ascribed to the gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), would reduce the incidence of NEC when given in combination with TPN in preterm piglets. METHODS Preterm, newborn piglets were nourished by TPN and infused continuously with either human GLP-2 (100 μg · kg⁻¹ · day⁻¹) or control saline for 2 days (n = 12/group). On day 3, TPN was discontinued and pigs were given orogastric formula feeding every 3 hours, and continued GLP-2 or control treatment until the onset of clinical signs of NEC for an additional 96 hours and tissue was collected for molecular and histological endpoints. RESULTS GLP-2 treatment delayed the onset of NEC but was unable to prevent a high NEC incidence (~70%) and severity that occurred in both groups. GLP-2-treated pigs had less histological injury and increased proximal intestinal weight and mucosal villus height, but not crypt depth or Ki-67-positive cells. Inflammatory markers of intestinal myeloperoxidase were unchanged and serum amyloid A levels were higher in GLP-2-treated pigs. CONCLUSIONS GLP-2 did not prevent NEC and a proinflammatory response despite some reduction in mucosal injury and increased trophic effect.
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Mace OJ, Marshall F. DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PIG SYMPOSIUM: Gut chemosensing and the regulation of nutrient absorption and energy supply1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1932-45. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- O. J. Mace
- Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - F. Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
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Liu Y, Ipharraguerre IR, Pettigrew JE. Digestive physiology of the pig symposium: potential applications of knowledge of gut chemosensing in pig production. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1982-90. [PMID: 23408810 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig production is a commodity business, which makes it a cost-driven business. Pig producers and their advisors are appropriately reluctant to adopt technologies without confidence that improved production will more than pay for the cost of the technology. Physiological effects of technologies targeting gut sensory pathways must translate to demonstrably improved health and/or productive performance if they are to be adopted. The types and degrees of stressors experienced by pigs in commercial production vary widely and often differ from those in research herds, and those variations influence their productive responses to nutritional and health technologies. Pigs are most vulnerable to disease soon after weaning, and the diets fed to pigs at that time are more expensive and offered in much smaller amounts than those fed later in life. Those factors make it easier to justify expensive dietary technologies for young pigs than for older ones. New developments in gut chemosensing appear important, but their practical application is not yet clear. We suggest investigation of the potential to connect chemical detection by the gut to pig productivity and/or efficiency through these mechanisms: 1) trophic effects on the intestines, which lead to improved enteric health or enhanced nutrient digestion and absorption, 2) enhanced barrier function in the intestinal mucosa, 3) increased feed intake, 4) enhanced insulin secretion and sensitivity, which may be especially useful in lactating sows to improve subsequent reproduction, and 5) other signals triggered by products of enteric fermentation, possibly short-chain fatty acids, that may influence gut integrity, feed intake, and reproductive function. Each of these mechanisms relates to a practical issue in pig production. Practical application would likely be achieved through dietary changes, but separate management factors, drugs, or other interventions may also be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 60801, USA
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Russo F, Linsalata M, Clemente C, Chiloiro M, Orlando A, Marconi E, Chimienti G, Riezzo G. Inulin-enriched pasta improves intestinal permeability and modifies the circulating levels of zonulin and glucagon-like peptide 2 in healthy young volunteers. Nutr Res 2012; 32:940-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Moran-Ramos S, Tovar AR, Torres N. Diet: friend or foe of enteroendocrine cells--how it interacts with enteroendocrine cells. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:8-20. [PMID: 22332097 PMCID: PMC3262619 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut hormones play a key role in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and a wide range of metabolic functions in response to food ingestion. These hormones are altered in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, and are thus proposed to be possible targets for the prevention or treatment of these diseases. It is clear that food composition, macronutrients, and other non-nutrient components as well as the physical properties of food not only modulate the secretion of gut peptides but also modulate transcription and enteroendocrine cell differentiation, which ultimately modifies gut hormone response. The specific mechanisms or sensing machinery that respond to the different components of the diet have been studied for many years; however, over the last few years, new molecular genetic techniques have led to important advances, thereby allowing a deeper understanding of these mechanisms. This review addresses the current knowledge regarding enteroendocrine cells and how diet interacts with this machinery to stimulate and regulate the secretion of gut peptides. The potential for diet interventions as a promising strategy for modulating gut hormone responses to food ingestion and, ultimately, preventing or treating metabolic diseases is being emphasized considering that these diseases are currently a public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moran-Ramos
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán,” México, México City, México; and,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán,” México, México City, México; and
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán,” México, México City, México; and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Hu XF, Guo YM, Huang BY, Bun S, Zhang LB, Li JH, Liu D, Long FY, Yang X, Jiao P. The effect of glucagon-like peptide 2 injection on performance, small intestinal morphology, and nutrient transporter expression of stressed broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1967-74. [PMID: 20709983 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of injecting glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) on the small intestinal weight, morphology, and nutrient transporter expression in pharmacologically stressed broiler chickens. A total of 144 seven-day-old birds were fed either a basal diet (CTRL) or a basal diet plus 30 mg of corticosterone (CORT)/kg of diet for a total of 14 d. Half of the birds from each group were injected daily with GLP-2 (6.7 nmol/kg of BW) or saline for 14 d. The average final BW, ADG, ADFI, and the ratio of feed intake to weight gain (F:G) was recorded over 21 d for the 4 groups of 36 birds, namely CTRL + saline, CTRL + GLP-2, CORT + saline, and CORT + GLP-2. In addition, the absolute and relative small intestinal weight, villus height (VH), and crypt depth (CD) of the duodenum and jejunum, as well as the abundance of sodium and glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT-1), vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein-28,000 molecular weight (CaBP-D28k), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT-1) mRNA in the duodenum and of liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) mRNA in the jejunum. The total DNA, RNA, and protein content in small intestinal mucosa were also determined. The results showed that CORT administration significantly lowered average final BW, ADG, ADFI, absolute small intestinal weight, VH, and CD of duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05) while increasing the relative small intestinal weight, F:G, relative abundance of SGLT-1, CaBP-D28k, PepT-1, and L-FABP mRNA (P < 0.05). Glucagon-like peptide 2 injection increased the average final BW, ADG, VH, and CD in duodenum and jejunum and relative abundance of SGLT-1, CaBP-28k, PepT1, and PepT1 mRNA of broiler chickens, respectively (P < 0.05), and decreased F:G (P < 0.05). In chickens fed basal diet plus CORT, injecting GLP-2 decreased F:G (P < 0.05); increased VH and CD of duodenum and CD of jejunum; and increased relative abundance of SGLT-1, CaBP-D28k, PepT-1, and L-FABP mRNA, RNA, and total protein content in small intestine compared with the injection of saline (P < 0.05). In birds fed the basal diet, GLP-2 injection decreased F:G (P < 0.05) and increased final BW, ADG, small bowel weight, CD of jejunum, and relative abundance of CaBP-D28k and PepT-1 mRNA compared with injecting saline (P < 0.05). In conclusion, GLP-2 injection reversed the negative effect of stress on the weight and morphology and the absorptive function of small bowel of broiler chickens. Glucagon-like peptide 2 injection also had a positive effect on the growth performance of healthy broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Taylor-Edwards CC, Burrin DG, Matthews JC, McLeod KR, Holst JJ, Harmon DL. Expression of mRNA for proglucagon and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) receptor in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract and the influence of energy intake. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 39:181-93. [PMID: 20688461 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent trophic gut hormone, yet its function in ruminants is relatively unknown. Experiment 1 was conducted as a pilot study to establish the presence of GLP-2 in ruminants and to ascertain whether it was responsive to increased nutrition, as in non-ruminants. Concentrations of intact GLP-2 in the blood and gut epithelial mRNA expression of proglucagon (GCG) and the GLP-2 receptor (GLP2R) were measured in 4 ruminally, duodenally, and ileally cannulated steers. Steers were fed to meet 0.75 x NE(M) for 21 d, and then increased to 1.75 x NE(M) requirement for another 29 d. Blood samples and ruminal, duodenal, and ileal epithelium biopsies were collected at low intake (Days -6 and -3), acute high intake (Days 1 and 3), and chronic high intake (Days 7 and 29) periods. Experiment 2 investigated the mRNA expression pattern of GCG and GLP2R in epithelial tissue obtained from the forestomachs (rumen, omasum, and abomasum) and intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) of 18 forage-fed Angus steers (260 kg BW). In Experiments 1 and 2, real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that expression of GCG and GLP2R mRNA was detectable in forestomach tissues, but expression was greater (P < 0.001) in small intestinal and colon tissue. High energy intake tended (P = 0.07) to increase plasma GLP-2 during the acute period and was paralleled by a 78% increase (P = 0.07) in ileal GCG mRNA expression. After this initial adaptation, duodenal GCG mRNA expression increased (P = 0.08) during the chronic high intake period. Duodenal GLP2R mRNA expression was not affected by energy intake, but ileal GLP2R expression was increased after 29 d of high energy intake compared to both the low and acute high intake periods (P = 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively). These data demonstrate that cattle express GCG and GLP2R mRNA primarily in small intestinal and colon tissues. Increased nutrient intake increases ileal GCG mRNA and plasma GLP-2, suggesting that GLP-2 may play a role in the trophic response of the ruminant gastrointestinal tract to increased feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Taylor-Edwards
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Pinheiro AP, Bulik CM, Thornton LM, Sullivan PF, Root TL, Bloss CS, Berrettini WH, Schork NJ, Kaye WH, Bergen AW, Magistretti P, Brandt H, Crawford S, Crow S, Fichter MM, Goldman D, Halmi KA, Johnson C, Kaplan AS, Keel PK, Klump KL, La Via M, Mitchell JE, Strober M, Rotondo A, Treasure J, Woodside DB. Association study of 182 candidate genes in anorexia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1070-80. [PMID: 20468064 PMCID: PMC2963154 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We performed association studies with 5,151 SNPs that were judged as likely candidate genetic variations conferring susceptibility to anorexia nervosa (AN) based on location under reported linkage peaks, previous results in the literature (182 candidate genes), brain expression, biological plausibility, and estrogen responsivity. We employed a case-control design that tested each SNP individually as well as haplotypes derived from these SNPs in 1,085 case individuals with AN diagnoses and 677 control individuals. We also performed separate association analyses using three increasingly restrictive case definitions for AN: all individuals with any subtype of AN (All AN: n = 1,085); individuals with AN with no binge eating behavior (AN with No Binge Eating: n = 687); and individuals with the restricting subtype of AN (Restricting AN: n = 421). After accounting for multiple comparisons, there were no statistically significant associations for any individual SNP or haplotype block with any definition of illness. These results underscore the importance of large samples to yield appropriate power to detect genotypic differences in individuals with AN and also motivate complementary approaches involving Genome-Wide Association (GWA) studies, Copy Number Variation (CNV) analyses, sequencing-based rare variant discovery assays, and pathway-based analysis in order to make up for deficiencies in traditional candidate gene approaches to AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poyastro Pinheiro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Correspondence to: Dr. Cynthia M. Bulik, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 -7160.
| | - Laura M. Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tammy L. Root
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cinnamon S. Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Wade H. Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California,Correspondence to: Dr. Walter H. Kaye, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Dr., Suite C207, La Jolla, CA 92037.
| | - Andrew W. Bergen
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Mind Institute EPFL—Lausanne, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harry Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steve Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Manfred M. Fichter
- Roseneck Hospital for Behavioral Medicine, Prien, Germany, Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine A. Halmi
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Westchester Division, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, New York
| | - Craig Johnson
- Laureate Psychiatric Clinic and Hospital, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Allan S. Kaplan
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Maria La Via
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E. Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Michael Strober
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alessandro Rotondo
- Neuropsychiatric Research Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Janet Treasure
- Eating Disorders Section, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, University of London, London, England
| | - D. Blake Woodside
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Henriksen DB, Alexandersen P, Hartmann B, Adrian CL, Byrjalsen I, Bone HG, Holst JJ, Christiansen C. Four-month treatment with GLP-2 significantly increases hip BMD: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study in postmenopausal women with low BMD. Bone 2009; 45:833-42. [PMID: 19631303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that repeated dosing of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) at 10 p.m. in postmenopausal women for 14 days results in a dose-dependent decrease in the nocturnal bone resorption, as assessed by s-CTX. In contrast, bone formation, as assessed by serum osteocalcin, appeared to be unaffected by treatment with exogenous GLP-2, at least over 14 days. The present study extends the observation period to four months. The study was a double-blind placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial comparing three different doses of GLP-2 (0.4 mg, 1.6 mg and 3.2 mg GLP-2, administered nightly) against a saline control injection. We examined safety and tolerability, and the effects on biochemical markers of bone turnover and the effect on bone mineral density. Injection of 0.4 mg, 1.6 mg and 3.2 mg GLP-2 resulted in similar reduction in the nocturnal rise of s-CTX, at Treatment Day 120 the mean difference to placebo was approximately -150%*h at AUC(0-10H) (P<0.01). Osteocalcin levels were unaffected in the 10-hour period after injection indicating that injections of 0.4 mg, 1.6 mg and 3.2 mg GLP-2 do not exert any acute stimulatory or inhibitory effect on bone formation. Treatment with GLP-2 resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in total hip BMD over the course of the study that for the 3.2 mg GLP-2 group reached 1.1% (P=0.007) from baseline. The overall rates of adverse events in the 4 treatment groups were similar and there were no signs of tachyphylaxis or antibodies against GLP-2. The results indicate that GLP-2 produces a substantial decrease in bone resorption without suppression of bone formation thereby changing the bone remodeling balance in favor of bone formation, particularly at the hip.
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Izumi H, Ishizuka S, Inafune A, Hira T, Ozawa K, Shimizu T, Takase M, Hara H. alpha-Lactalbumin hydrolysate stimulates glucagon-like peptide-2 secretion and small intestinal growth in suckling rats. J Nutr 2009; 139:1322-7. [PMID: 19494023 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.106401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether bovine milk constituents influenced glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 secretion and intestinal growth in suckling rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (14 d old) received i.g. infusions of a milk protein fraction, a lactose solution, or the cream fraction of milk. The serum concentration of GLP-2, but not GLP-1, markedly increased in rats administered milk protein compared with those given the lactose solution or the cream fraction from 60 to 120 min after administration. In another experiment, both casein (CN) and whey protein isolate stimulated GLP-2 secretion at 120 min after administration, but soy protein and ovalbumin did not. Stimulation of GLP-2 secretion by several milk proteins was similar, including alpha-CN, alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-La), and beta-lactoglobulin, in a separate experiment. A hydrolysate of alpha-La obtained by incubation with protease A extracted from Aspergillus oryzae (LaHPA) caused almost twice the GLP-2 release due to intact alpha-La and other alpha-La hydrolysates. Free amino acid concentrations and molecular size distributions did not differ among alpha-La hydrolysates, including LaHPA. In rat pups reared with milk formulae containing alpha-La or LaHPA, LaHPA significantly promoted small intestinal elongation and increased the number of crypt epithelial cells compared with a formula containing intact alpha-La. LaHPA administration also increased the maltase:lactase activity ratio, a marker of maturation of the intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, milk proteins stimulate GLP-2 secretion and contribute to growth and maturation of the small intestine in suckling rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Izumi
- Nutritional Science Laboratory, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa 228-8583, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantation of insulin-secreting cells has the potential to provide tight glycemic regulation in diabetic subjects. Implantation of cadaveric human islets in immunosuppressed human patients is currently applied at a very small scale. To overcome the limitations of tissue availability and recipient immunosuppression, encapsulation of nonautologous cells and use of potentially autologous nonislet cells, the latter engineered for insulin secretion, are being pursued. This article reports on recent findings with the implantation of tissue constructs containing enteroendocrine cells stably expressing recombinant insulin in diabetic mice. The concept of a dual recombinant hepatic and enteroendocrine cell system, which may better approximate the secretory response of islets, is discussed. METHODS Mouse GLUTag-INS cells engineered to secrete human insulin were developed and incorporated in tissue constructs as reported previously. Constructs were implanted intraperitoneally in diabetic mice, and blood glucose levels, animal weights, and plasma insulin levels were measured at various time points. RESULTS GLUTag-INS-containing tissue constructs secreted insulin preimplantation and postexplantation, and human insulin was detected in the plasma of diabetic mice. However, normoglycemia was not restored. CONCLUSIONS A variety of cell types and of encapsulation methods to enhance immune acceptance of insulin-secreting grafts are being pursued. Recombinant enteroendocrine cells show promise, but it is likely that they need to be combined with recombinant hepatic cells to achieve glycemic normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bara
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter M. Thulé
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Athanassios Sambanis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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Henriksen DB, Alexandersen P, Hartmann B, Adrian CL, Byrjalsen I, Bone HG, Holst JJ, Christiansen C. Disassociation of bone resorption and formation by GLP-2: a 14-day study in healthy postmenopausal women. Bone 2007; 40:723-9. [PMID: 17081815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a single subcutaneous injection of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) at 10 p.m. in postmenopausal women results in a dose-dependent decrease in the nocturnal serum and urine concentrations of fragments derived from the degradation of the C-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type I (s-CTX and u-CTX) and u-DPD, markers of bone resorption. In contrast, bone formation, as assessed by serum osteocalcin and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), appeared to be unaffected by treatment with exogenous GLP-2. These effects were further investigated in a 14-day study. The aim was to demonstrate that a parenteral formulation of GLP-2 is safe and well tolerated after repeated dosing in healthy postmenopausal women for 14 days. It was further investigated whether the effects on bone turnover markers were sustained throughout the study period. The study was a double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 60 postmenopausal women and 2 different doses of GLP-2 (1.6 mg and 3.2 mg GLP-2) against a saline control. The data for bone resorption revealed a similar reduction on Day 1 and Day 14, both based on time course and AUC. There were no signs of tachyphylaxis and no serious adverse reaction. Both GLP-2 doses resulted in similar and significant (p<0.001) reduction in bone resorption indicating that the maximum efficacious dose has been approached. Osteocalcin and PINP levels were unaffected at Day 1 and Day 14, suggesting a disassociation between bone resorption and bone formation during GLP-2 treatment.
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Masur K, Schwartz F, Entschladen F, Niggemann B, Zaenker KS. DPPIV inhibitors extend GLP-2 mediated tumour promoting effects on intestinal cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 137:147-55. [PMID: 16908079 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptides-1 and -2 (GLP-1 and -2) are co-secreted after food intake from intestinal L cells. Since both peptides are rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPIV), research is focused on the development of DPPIV inhibitors or DPPIV resistant. AIMS In this study we investigated, whether the inhibition of DPPIV activity and the resulting increased half-life of DPPIV substrates may influence cancer development and progression. METHODS We examined proliferation and migratory activity of two human colon cancer cell lines (SW480, HT29) after stimulation with GLP-2 in combination with or without DPPIV inhibitors. RESULTS Migratory activity was increased by 25% from 20% matrix induced activity to a maximum of 45% (100 nM GLP-2). In cells expressing CD26, migration was prolonged by addition of DPPIV inhibitors in a concentration dependent manner. After treatment with GLP-2 doubling time decreased from 2.4 to 1.5 days - and addition of DPPIV inhibitors enhanced the effect of GLP-2. CONCLUSIONS The use of DPPIV inhibitors together with GLP-2 led to increased proliferation as well as elevated migratory activity. Therefore, the use of DPPIV inhibitors could increase the risk of promoting an already existing intestinal tumour and may support the potential of colon cancer cells to metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masur
- Institute of Immunology, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58448 Witten, Germany.
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Donovan SM. Role of human milk components in gastrointestinal development: Current knowledge and future NEEDS. The journal The Journal of Pediatrics 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Multifunctional roles of dietary proteins in the regulation of metabolism and food intake: Application to feeding infants. The journal The Journal of Pediatrics 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Iordache C, Drozdowski LA, Clandinin MT, Wild G, Todd Z, Thomson ABR. Lipid malabsorption persists after weaning in rats whose dams were given GLP-2 and dexamethasone. Lipids 2006; 40:1141-8. [PMID: 16459926 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) enhances intestinal growth and absorption in mature animals, and glucocorticosteroids (GC) increase the sugar and lipid uptake in adult animals. However, the role of GC and GLP-2 in the ontogeny of lipid absorption is unknown. We hypothesized that GLP-2 and the GC dexamethasone (DEX), when administrated to rat dams during pregnancy and lactation, would enhance lipid uptake in the offspring. Rat dams were treated in the last 10 d of pregnancy and during lactation with GLP-2 [0.1 microg/g/d subcutaneous (sc)], DEX (0.128 microg/g/d sc), GLP-2 + DEX, or a placebo. Sucklings were sacrificed at 19-21 d of age, and weanlings were sacrificed 4 wk later. Lipid uptake was assessed using an in vitro ring uptake method. Although DEX and GLP-2 + DEX increased the jejunal mass, the jejunal lipid uptake was unchanged. In contrast, GLP-2, DEX, and GLP-2 + DEX reduced the ileal lipid uptake in suckling and weanling rats. This reduction was not due to alterations in intestinal morphology or to changes in fatty acid-binding protein abundance, but it was partially explained by an increase in the effective resistance of the intestinal unstirred water layer. In sucklings, DEX dramatically reduced the jejunal lipid uptake to levels similar to those seen in weanlings, such that the normal ontogenic decline in lipid uptake was not observed. Giving dams GLP-2 or DEX during pregnancy and lactation reduced lipid uptake in the offspring, and this persisted for at least 1 mon. The impact this may have on the nutritional well-being of the animal in later life is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu Iordache
- Nutrition and Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Cakir M, Mungan I, Karahan C, Can G, Okten A. Necrotizing enterocolitis increases the bone resorption in premature infants. Early Hum Dev 2006; 82:405-9. [PMID: 16343822 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis is a common neonatal gastrointestinal disease that affects approximately 10% of premature infants less than 1500 g. The average mortality is 20-40% and survivors may present with diarrhea or malabsorption, intestinal strictures and fistulas, feeding abnormalities and failure to thrive. It is not clear whether the higher incidence of this gastrointestinal disease in premature infants contributes to the risk of osteopenia of prematurity. AIM To examine bone turnover state in premature infants who had a necrotizing enterocolitis attack during postnatal period. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS We examine the bone turnover markers in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis and compare them with infants with sepsis. Forty-one premature infants participated in the study and were divided into three groups. In group I, there were 14 premature infants who developed necrotizing enterocolitis with negative blood culture during their hospitalization. In group II, there were 12 premature infants who developed sepsis during their hospitalization. Age-matched 15 premature infants who were given parenteral nutrition served as control group (group III). Blood samples and 6-h urine samples were obtained for bone turnover markers and calcium, phosphorous, creatinine and 25-hydroxy vitamin D between the day 20 and 25. Bone osteoblastic activity was assessed by measurement of serum osteocalcin. Bone resorption was assessed by measurement of serum levels of beta-CrossLaps and urinary deoxypyridinoline. RESULTS There were no significant differences in bone osteoblastic activity among the groups, but bone resorption markers were significantly higher in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis compared to other groups (p < 0.016). CONCLUSION Necrotizing enterocolitis increases the bone resorption in premature infants. It may be related with reduced glucagon like peptide-2 levels, a new intestinal hormone that is primary secreted from distal small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cakir
- Department of Paediatrics, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Geier MS, Tenikoff D, Yazbeck R, McCaughan GW, Abbott CA, Howarth GS. Development and resolution of experimental colitis in mice with targeted deletion of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:687-92. [PMID: 15754331 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent intestinotrophic growth factor that enhances repair of damaged intestinal tissue. However, its bioactivity is limited by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV)-mediated degradation. We hypothesized that DPIV(-/-) mice would display an increased resistance to, and an enhanced recovery from, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis compared to DPIV(+/+) mice. DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice consumed 2% DSS for 6 days, followed by a 15 day recovery period. Mice were killed at days 0, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 21 (n = 6-8) and the small intestine and colon removed for histological assessment of villus height, crypt depth, and crypt area. The epithelial cell proliferative labeling index was determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. Small intestine, colon, and total body weight did not differ between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice. Distal colon crypt depth did not differ significantly between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice during the development of DSS-colitis or during the recovery phase. Similarly no significant effects were apparent on distal colon crypt area or PCNA labeling index between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) during the development of and recovery from DSS-colitis. However, DPIV(-/-) mice still possessed significant levels of plasma DPIV-like activity. We conclude that loss of DPIV activity does not increase resistance to experimental colitis and hypothesize that other DPIV family members may also be involved in the cleavage of GLP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Geier
- Child Health Research Institute and Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Martin GR, Wallace LE, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Demchyshyn L, Toney K, Sigalet DL. Nutrient-stimulated GLP-2 release and crypt cell proliferation in experimental short bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G431-8. [PMID: 15388486 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00242.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is an enteroendocrine peptide that is released in response to luminal nutrients and has unique trophic actions in the gastrointestinal tract. These features suggest GLP-2 may be important in controlling intestinal adaptation. We examined the relationship over time of GLP-2 production and adaptation to intestinal resection, the effects of resection-induced malabsorption on GLP-2 production, and the correlation of endogenous serum GLP-2 levels with adaptation as measured by crypt-cell proliferation (CCP). We initially examined the effect of nutrient malabsorption, induced by a 90% resection of the proximal intestine studied on day 4, on the time course and levels of GLP-2 release. Secondly, the degree of malabsorption was varied by performing intestinal transection or 50, 75, or 90% resection of proximal small intestine. Finally, the relationship of GLP-2 levels over time with adaptation to a 90% resection was examined by determining GLP-2 levels on days 7, 14, and 28, and correlating this with intestinal adaptation, as assessed by morphology and CCP rate. A 90% resection significantly increased basal and postprandial GLP-2 levels, with a net increase in nutrient-stimulated exposure over 90 min; GLP-2 exposure (integrated levels vs. time) increased 12.7-fold in resected animals (P < 0.001). Basal and postprandial GLP-2 levels significantly correlated with the magnitude of intestinal resection (r(2) = 0.71; P < 0.001), CCP (r(2) = 0.48; P < 0.005), and nutrient malabsorption (protein, P < 0.001; fat, P < 0.005). The increase in CCP was maintained to 28 days after small bowel resection and was associated with an ongoing elevation in GLP-2 release. These findings suggest that GLP-2 is important in initiating and maintaining the small intestinal adaptive response to resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Martin
- University of Calgary, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Health Sciences Bldg, Rm. 1746, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Wu G, Jaeger LA, Bazer FW, Rhoads JM. Arginine deficiency in preterm infants: biochemical mechanisms and nutritional implications. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:442-51. [PMID: 15302078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Revised: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Arginine, an amino acid that is nutritionally essential for the fetus and neonate, is crucial for ammonia detoxification and the synthesis of molecules with enormous importance (including creatine, nitric oxide, and polyamines). A significant nutritional problem in preterm infants is a severe deficiency of arginine (hypoargininemia), which results in hyperammonemia, as well as cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, and intestinal dysfunction. Arginine deficiency may contribute to the high rate of infant morbidity and mortality associated with premature births. Although hypoargininemia in preterm infants has been recognized for more than 30 years, it continues to occur in neonatal intensive care units in the United States and worldwide. On the basis of recent findings, we propose that intestinal citrulline and arginine synthesis (the major endogenous source of arginine) is limited in preterm neonates owing to the limited expression of the genes for key enzymes (e.g., pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, argininosuccinate synthase and lyase), thereby contributing to hypoargininemia. Because premature births in humans occur before the normal perinatal surge of cortisol (an inducer of the expression of key arginine-synthetic enzymes), its administration may be a useful tool to advance the maturation of intestinal arginine synthesis in preterm neonates. Additional benefits of cortisol treatment may include the following: 1) allowing early introduction of enteral feeding to preterm infants, which is critical for intestinal synthesis of citrulline, arginine, and polyamines as well as for intestinal motility, integrity, and growth; and 2) shortening the expensive stay of preterm infants in hospitals as a result of accelerated organ maturation and the restoration of full enteral feeding. Further studies of fetal and neonatal arginine metabolism will continue to advance our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the survival and growth of preterm infants. This new knowledge will be beneficial for designing the next generation of enteral and parenteral amino acid solutions to optimize nutrition and health in this compromised population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Dahly EM, Miller ME, Lund PK, Ney DM. Postreceptor resistance to exogenous growth hormone exists in the jejunal mucosa of parenterally fed rats. J Nutr 2004; 134:530-7. [PMID: 14988442 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine whether the intestinal mucosa is resistant to the mitogenic effects of exogenous growth hormone (GH) but sensitive to exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) because of decreased GH receptor (GHR) binding or postreceptor responsiveness to GH. First, only continuous i.v. administration of IGF-I, but neither pulsatile subcutaneous nor continuous i.v. GH, stimulated jejunal mucosal hyperplasia; however, both GH and IGF-I increased serum IGF-I and promoted similar whole-body growth after 8 d of exclusive TPN and 6 d of growth factor treatment in rats. This suggests a tissue-specific resistance to GH action in the intestinal mucosa during TPN. Second, exogenous GH during TPN did not reduce GH-specific binding in jejunum, suggesting that the inability of GH to stimulate mucosal hyperplasia is not due to low levels of the GHR. Third, IGF-I, but not GH, induced acute expression of c-fos (P < 0.009) and c-jun (P = 0.053) mRNAs in jejunum based on Northern analysis and in situ hybridization histochemistry 60 min after a single i.v. bolus of GH or IGF-I. This suggests that IGF-I, but not GH, activates early postreceptor growth-related signaling pathways in jejunum. In summary, the lack of early c-fos and c-jun induction in response to GH in TPN rats indicates that the jejunal mucosa is resistant to exogenous GH between GHR activation and induction of immediate early genes. This may contribute to the inability of mucosal cells to respond to the trophic effects of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Dahly
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Busek P, Malík R, Sedo A. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and/or structure homologues (DASH) and their substrates in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:408-21. [PMID: 14687920 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(03)00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins is an important regulatory event. Numerous biologically active peptides that play an essential role in cancerogenesis contain an evolutionary conserved proline residue as a proteolytic-processing regulatory element. Proline-specific proteases could therefore be viewed as important "check-points". Limited proteolysis of such peptides may lead to quantitative but, importantly, due to the change of receptor preference, also qualitative changes of their signaling potential. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV, EC 3.4.14.5, identical with CD26) was for many years believed to be a unique cell membrane protease cleaving X-Pro dipeptides from the N-terminal end of peptides and proteins. Subsequently, a number of other molecules were discovered, exhibiting various degree of structural homology and DPP-IV-like enzyme activity, capable of cleaving similar set of substrates. These comprise for example, seprase, fibroblast activation protein alpha, DPP6, DPP8, DPP9, attractin, N-acetylated-alpha-linked-acidic dipeptidases I, II and L, quiescent cell proline dipeptidase, thymus-specific serine protease and DPP IV-beta. It is tempting to speculate their potential participation on DPP-IV biological function(s). Disrupted expression and enzymatic activity of "DPP-IV activity and/or structure homologues" (DASH) might corrupt the message carried by their substrates, promoting abnormal cell behavior. Consequently, modulation of particular enzyme activity using e.g. DASH inhibitors, specific antibodies or DASH expression modification may be an attractive therapeutic concept in cancer treatment. This review summarizes recent information on the interactions between DASH members and their substrates with respect to their possible role in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Busek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Henriksen DB, Alexandersen P, Byrjalsen I, Hartmann B, Bone HG, Christiansen C, Holst JJ. Reduction of nocturnal rise in bone resorption by subcutaneous GLP-2. Bone 2004; 34:140-7. [PMID: 14751571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a subcutaneous injection of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) at 9 a.m. in fasting postmenopausal women results in a dose-dependent decrease in the serum concentration of fragments derived from the degradation of the C-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type I (s-CTX), a marker of bone resorption. In contrast, GLP-2 was found to have a neutral effect on bone formation, as assessed by serum osteocalcin. Since increased s-CTX levels are normally observed at night, we conducted bedtime studies in healthy postmenopausal women. The objective was to study the effect of GLP-2 injection on bone turnover given at bedtime. A total of 81 postmenopausal women were included in two randomised placebo-controlled studies. In conclusion, we found a dose-related reduction of s-CTX after injection of GLP-2 (P < 0.05) and osteocalcin levels was increased as compared to placebo (P = 0.07) by the treatment, suggestive of a stimulative effect on bone formation. An area under the curve (AUC0-10 h) analysis for s-CTX after GLP-2 injection confirmed the dose-related decrease as compared to placebo (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Lefèbvre
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman (B35), B-4000 Liège I, Belgium.
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