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Hillyer LM, Woodward B. Acutely malnourished weanling mice administered Flt3 ligand can support a cell-mediated inflammatory response. Cytokine 2018; 113:39-49. [PMID: 30539781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this investigation was to determine whether, despite acute (wasting) deficits of dietary nitrogen and energy, weanling mice could respond to the dendritic cell hematopoietin, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), in terms of an index of cell-mediated inflammatory competence. Male and female C57BL/6J weanlings were used, initially 19 days of age, and malnutrition was produced using a nitrogen-deficient diet. In preliminary work ten daily subcutaneous 1.0 µg doses of murine Flt3L, comparable to a protocol effective in humans, expanded the splenic conventional dendritic cell compartment (CD11c+F4/80-/low) of healthy weanlings without affecting the numbers of lymphocytes, macrophages, or recoverable mononuclear cells. Two subsequent experiments showed that, despite advancing malnutrition, exogenous Flt3L was able both to exert its classic influence on splenic conventional dendritic cell numbers and to invigorate the attenuated primary splenic cell-mediated inflammatory response to sheep erythrocytes. A final experiment showed that the cytokine intervention did not affect dendritic cell maturity according to several phenotypic indices. The findings provide new support for the proposition that dendritic cell numbers are the first limiting factor in the weak cell-mediated immune competence of acute pre-pubescent malnutrition. More substantially, intervention with Flt3L sustained an inflammatory systemic immune character despite progressive weanling malnutrition and weight loss. This outcome provides new support of fundamental character for the Tolerance Model which posits that the cell-mediated inflammatory incompetence of acute pre-pubescent protein and energy deficits is a regulated adaptive attempt, the antithesis of the classic paradigm of unregulated immunological attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M Hillyer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Bill Woodward
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Abstract
The global impact of childhood malnutrition is staggering. The synergism between malnutrition and infection contributes substantially to childhood morbidity and mortality. Anthropometric indicators of malnutrition are associated with the increased risk and severity of infections caused by many pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. Since childhood malnutrition commonly involves the inadequate intake of protein and calories, with superimposed micronutrient deficiencies, the causal factors involved in impaired host defense are usually not defined. This review focuses on literature related to impaired host defense and the risk of infection in primary childhood malnutrition. Particular attention is given to longitudinal and prospective cohort human studies and studies of experimental animal models that address causal, mechanistic relationships between malnutrition and host defense. Protein and micronutrient deficiencies impact the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs and compromise both innate and adaptive immune functions. Malnutrition-related changes in intestinal microbiota contribute to growth faltering and dysregulated inflammation and immune function. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the malnutrition-infection synergism, critical gaps in our understanding remain. We highlight the need for mechanistic studies that can lead to targeted interventions to improve host defense and reduce the morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases in this vulnerable population.
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Hillyer L, Dao B, Niemiec P, Lee S, Doidge M, Bemben I, Neyestani T, Woodward B. Elevated Bioactivity of the Tolerogenic Cytokines, Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor-β, in the Blood of Acutely Malnourished Weanling Mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:1439-47. [PMID: 16946413 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of acute deficits of protein and energy on the blood levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), physiologically the main anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines. In four 14-day experiments, male and female C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 days old, consumed a complete purified diet either ad libitum or in restricted daily quantities, or had free access to an isocaloric purified low-protein diet. A zero-time control group (19 days old) was included. In the first two experiments, serum IL-10 levels were assessed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bioassay. The mean serum IL-10 bioactivities were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in both malnourished groups (low-protein and restricted intake: 15.8 and 12.2 ng/ml, respectively) than in the zero-time and age-matched control groups (6.3 and 7.3 ng/ml, respectively), whereas serum IL-10 immunoactivity was high only in the restricted intake group (e.g., second experiment: 17.0 pg/ml vs. 5.4, 3.7, and 3.1 pg/ml in the zero-time control, age-matched control and low-protein group, respectively). The third and fourth experiments centered on plasma TGF-β immunoactivity (sandwich ELISA) and bioactivity, respectively. The ELISA revealed a high mean plasma TGF-β1 level (P < 0.05) in the low-protein group only, but TGF-β bioactivity (β1 isoform, although 15% β2 in the restricted intake group) was high in both malnourished groups (8.7 and 9.3 ng/ml in the low-protein and restricted groups, respectively) relative to the age-matched control group (0.5 ng/ml). Thus, metabolically distinct weanling systems mimicking marasmus and incipient kwashiorkor both exhibit a blood cytokine profile that points to a tolerogenic microenvironment within immune response compartments. A model emerges in which malnutrition-associated immune competence, at least in advanced weight loss, centers on cytokine-mediated peripheral tolerance that reduces the risk of catabolically induced autoimmune disease, but this is at the cost of attenuated responsiveness to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn Hillyer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1G 2W1
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Monk JM, Makinen K, Shrum B, Woodward B. Blood Corticosterone Concentration Reaches Critical Illness Levels Early During Acute Malnutrition in the Weanling Mouse. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:264-8. [PMID: 16514171 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute (i.e., wasting) pediatric malnutrition consistently elevates blood glucocorticoid levels, but neither the magnitude of the rise in concentration nor its kinetics is clear. Male and female C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 days old, and CBA/J mice, initially 23 days old, consumed a complete purified diet either ad libitum (age-matched control) or in restricted daily quantities (mimicking marasmus), or they consumed a purified isocaloric low-protein diet ad libitum (mimicking incipient kwashiorkor). Serum levels of corticosterone were assessed by double antibody radioimmunoassay after 3, 6, and 14 days (C57BLV6J strain) or after 6 and 14 days in the genetically distant CBA/J strain. Age-matched control groups of both strains exhibited mean corticosterone levels of 5–30 ng/ml, whereas the acutely malnourished groups exhibited mean levels of this hormone that were elevated by more than an order of magnitude as early as 3 days after initiation of weight loss. This outcome was confirmed in a second experiment in which the serum corticosterone level of C57BL/6J weanlings was examined by competitive binding enzyme immunoassay 3 and 14 days after initiation of the dietary protocols. Therefore, deficits of protein and/or energy in weanling murine systems relevant to acute pediatric malnutrition elicit early elevations in blood glucocorticoid levels to a magnitude reminiscent of critical illness and multiple trauma. The key to this novel finding was an exsanguination method that permitted accurate assessment of the blood corticosterone level of the healthy, quiescent mouse. Overall, the results of this investigation provide a new perspective on the glucocorticoids as part of the early hormonal response to acute weanling malnutrition coincident with the shift toward catabolic metabolism and the initiation of depression in cellular immune competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Monk
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Woodward B. Fidelity in Animal Modeling: Prerequisite for a Mechanistic Research Front Relevant to the Inflammatory Incompetence of Acute Pediatric Malnutrition. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:541. [PMID: 27077845 PMCID: PMC4848997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory incompetence is characteristic of acute pediatric protein-energy malnutrition, but its underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Perhaps substantially because the research front lacks the driving force of a scholarly unifying hypothesis, it is adrift and research activity is declining. A body of animal-based research points to a unifying paradigm, the Tolerance Model, with some potential to offer coherence and a mechanistic impetus to the field. However, reasonable skepticism prevails regarding the relevance of animal models of acute pediatric malnutrition; consequently, the fundamental contributions of the animal-based component of this research front are largely overlooked. Design-related modifications to improve the relevance of animal modeling in this research front include, most notably, prioritizing essential features of pediatric malnutrition pathology rather than dietary minutiae specific to infants and children, selecting windows of experimental animal development that correspond to targeted stages of pediatric immunological ontogeny, and controlling for ontogeny-related confounders. In addition, important opportunities are presented by newer tools including the immunologically humanized mouse and outbred stocks exhibiting a magnitude of genetic heterogeneity comparable to that of human populations. Sound animal modeling is within our grasp to stimulate and support a mechanistic research front relevant to the immunological problems that accompany acute pediatric malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Woodward
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Raiten DJ, Sakr Ashour FA, Ross AC, Meydani SN, Dawson HD, Stephensen CB, Brabin BJ, Suchdev PS, van Ommen B. Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE). J Nutr 2015; 145:1039S-1108S. [PMID: 25833893 PMCID: PMC4448820 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.194571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing recognition has emerged of the complexities of the global health agenda—specifically, the collision of infections and noncommunicable diseases and the dual burden of over- and undernutrition. Of particular practical concern are both 1) the need for a better understanding of the bidirectional relations between nutritional status and the development and function of the immune and inflammatory response and 2) the specific impact of the inflammatory response on the selection, use, and interpretation of nutrient biomarkers. The goal of the Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE) is to provide guidance for those users represented by the global food and nutrition enterprise. These include researchers (bench and clinical), clinicians providing care/treatment, those developing and evaluating programs/interventions at scale, and those responsible for generating evidence-based policy. The INSPIRE process included convening 5 thematic working groups (WGs) charged with developing summary reports around the following issues: 1) basic overview of the interactions between nutrition, immune function, and the inflammatory response; 2) examination of the evidence regarding the impact of nutrition on immune function and inflammation; 3) evaluation of the impact of inflammation and clinical conditions (acute and chronic) on nutrition; 4) examination of existing and potential new approaches to account for the impact of inflammation on biomarker interpretation and use; and 5) the presentation of new approaches to the study of these relations. Each WG was tasked with synthesizing a summary of the evidence for each of these topics and delineating the remaining gaps in our knowledge. This review consists of a summary of the INSPIRE workshop and the WG deliberations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
| | - Fayrouz A Sakr Ashour
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - A Catharine Ross
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Davis, CA
| | - Bernard J Brabin
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Parminder S Suchdev
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and
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Constitutive, but not challenge-induced, interleukin-10 production is robust in acute pre-pubescent protein and energy deficits: new support for the tolerance hypothesis of malnutrition-associated immune depression based on cytokine production in vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:117-35. [PMID: 21318019 PMCID: PMC3037065 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The tolerance model of acute (i.e., wasting) pre-pubescent protein and energy deficits proposes that the immune depression characteristic of these pathologies reflects an intact anti-inflammatory form of immune competence that reduces the risk of autoimmune reactions to catabolically released self antigens. A cornerstone of this proposition is the finding that constitutive (first-tier) interleukin(IL)-10 production is sustained even into the advanced stages of acute malnutrition. The IL-10 response to inflammatory challenge constitutes a second tier of anti-inflammatory regulation and was the focus of this investigation. Weanling mice consumed a complete diet ad libitum, a low-protein diet ad libitum (mimicking incipient kwashiorkor), or the complete diet in restricted daily quantities (mimicking marasmus), and their second-tier IL-10 production was determined both in vitro and in vivo using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-CD3 as stimulants of innate and adaptive defences, respectively. Both early (3 days) and advanced (14 days) stages of wasting pathology were examined and three main outcomes emerged. First, classic in vitro systems are unreliable for discerning cytokine production in vivo. Secondly, in diverse forms of acute malnutrition declining challenge-induced IL-10 production may provide an early sign that anti-inflammatory control over immune competence is failing. Thirdly, and most fundamentally, the investigation provides new support for the tolerance model of malnutrition-associated inflammatory immune depression.
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Steevels TA, Hillyer LM, Monk JM, Fisher ME, Woodward BD. Effector/memory T cells of the weanling mouse exhibit Type 2 cytokine polarization in vitro and in vivo in the advanced stages of acute energy deficit. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:504-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Elevated blood interleukin-10 levels and undiminished systemic interleukin-10 production rate prevail throughout acute protein-energy malnutrition in the weanling mouse. Cytokine 2009; 47:126-31. [PMID: 19541500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to determine if blood IL-10 levels rise during the early stages of acute (wasting) pre-pubescent malnutrition in metabolically distinct murine models known to depress inflammatory immune competence and whether systemic IL-10 production is affected in these pathologies. Weanling C57BL/6J mice were assigned to dietary protocols that elicited wasting pathologies mimicking the human diseases of marasmus (restricted-intake group) or incipient kwashiorkor (low-protein group). An age-matched control group also was included. Serum IL-10 bioactivities were assessed in the early (day 3) and advanced (day 14) stages of weight loss, and net systemic IL-10 production was assessed at the same stages of pathology by in vivo cytokine capture. Blood IL-10 levels were elevated in both malnourished groups relative to controls at days 3 and 14 (range of P values: 0.03-0.0001). Further, despite a limited supply of energy and nitrogenous substrates, the systemic IL-10 production rate was at least sustained in the malnourished groups and, in fact, was elevated in the marasmic group (P=0.05) throughout the progression of weight loss. IL-10 emerges as an anti-inflammatory mediator positioned to participate in initiating and upholding the depressed immune competence that accompanies acute pre-pubescent deficits of protein and energy.
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Hillyer L, Whitley C, Olver A, Webster M, Steevels T, Woodward B. Adoptively transferred dendritic cells restore primary cell-mediated inflammatory competence to acutely malnourished weanling mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:378-85. [PMID: 18202192 PMCID: PMC2312357 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune depression associated with prepubescent malnutrition underlies a staggering burden of infection-related morbidity. This investigation centered on dendritic cells as potentially decisive in this phenomenon. C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 days old, had free access for 14 days to a complete diet or to a low-protein formulation that induced wasting deficits of protein and energy. Mice were sensitized by i.p. injection of sheep red blood cells on day 9, at which time one-half of the animals in each dietary group received a simultaneous injection of 10(6) syngeneic dendritic cells (JAWS II). All mice were challenged with the immunizing antigen in the right hind footpad on day 13, and the 24-hour delayed hypersensitivity response was assessed as percentage increase in footpad thickness. The low-protein diet reduced the inflammatory immune response, but JAWS cells, which exhibited immature phenotypic and functional characteristics, increased the response of both the malnourished group and the controls. By contrast, i.p. injection of 10(6) syngeneic T cells did not influence the inflammatory immune response of mice subjected to the low-protein protocol. Antigen-presenting cell numbers limited primary inflammatory cell-mediated competence in this model of wasting malnutrition, an outcome that challenges the prevailing multifactorial model of malnutrition-associated immune depression. Thus, a new dendritic cell-centered perspective emerges regarding the cellular mechanism underlying immune depression in acute pediatric protein and energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn Hillyer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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Woodward B. Caveat regarding dendritic cell numbers and functions in murine protein-energy malnutrition. J Nutr 2007; 137:2166; author reply 2167. [PMID: 17709459 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.9.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition is associated with a decrease in immunity and an increase in infectious disease. Both of these effects are exacerbated in aging. Conversely, energy restriction (ER) without malnutrition extends the lifespan in animals and retards the age-related decline in various parameters of immune function. Recent evidence suggests, however, that aged ER mice exhibit an increased mortality in response to primary influenza infection compared with age-matched controls. Underweight may contribute to this outcome due to an inability to meet the energy demands associated with the immune response to primary viral infection. The energetic costs of immune responsiveness must be considered in the undernourished aging population and emerging studies of ER in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Ritz
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sakai T, Mitsuya K, Kogiso M, Ono K, Komatsu T, Yamamoto S. Protein Deficiency Impairs DNA Vaccine-Induced Antigen-Specific T Cell but Not B Cell Response in C57BL/6 Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2006; 52:376-82. [PMID: 17190109 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.52.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is a simple method to induce antigen (Ag)-specific immunoresponse and has many potential advantages over other vaccines. Although people who need to receive vaccines often suffer undernutrition, there has been no study on a how nutritional status affects the immunoresponse induced by DNA vaccination. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between protein deficiency and DNA vaccine-induced immunoresponses. C57BL/6 mice were fed a 5% or 20% casein diet for 30 d. The mice were immunized with an ovalubumin (OVA)-expression plasmid by the gene gun-based method three times at 10-d intervals. Body weight and serum albumin concentration in protein-deficient mice were significantly lower than those in mice fed the 20% casein diet (p<0.01, p<0.05). The percentage of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells was significantly decreased in the 5% casein group compared to that in the 20% casein group (p<0.05). Furthermore, CD4+ T cells from mice fed the low-protein diet showed lower interleukin (IL)-2 production than did those from the 20% group. In contrast to the T-cell function, protein deficiency did not affect OVA-specific Ab responses (p>0.05). These results suggest that protein deficiency impairs the induction of Ag-specific T-cell but not B-cell response in DNA-immunized mice. Our observation indicates that, in addition to development of an effective of DNA vaccine, the management of nutritional state is important for the prevention of infectious disease by DNA vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Body Weight/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Caseins/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Deficiency/complications
- Protein Deficiency/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Serum Albumin/drug effects
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Sakai
- Department of International Nutrition, Institution of Health Bioscience, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramnoto 3-18-15, Tokushirna 770-8503, Japan.
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Neyestani TR, Woodward B. Blood concentrations of Th2-type immunoglobulins are selectively increased in weanling mice subjected to acute malnutrition. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:128-34. [PMID: 15673561 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Male and female C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 days old, consumed a complete purified diet either ad libitum (age-matched control) or in restricted daily quantities (energy deficiency), or they consumed a purified isocaloric low-protein diet ad libitum (protein and energy deficit). In a 14-day experimental period, malnourished animals lost approximately 1.5% of their initial body weight daily. Zero-time controls, 19 days old, were also included in the study. Serum levels of Th2-type (IgG1 and IgE) and Th1-type (IgG2a and IgG3) immunoglobulins were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and total IgG concentration was also assessed. Both malnourished groups exhibited high serum concentrations of IgG1 and IgE relative to the age-matched control group, whereas levels of the Th1-type immunoglobulins were unaffected. Total IgG concentration in the malnourished groups reflected the usual finding in humans (i.e., no effect or elevated). The results are consistent with the proposition of Th2-polarized immune competence in acute weanling deficiencies of energy, protein, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirang R Neyestani
- Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Institute of Nutrition Research and Food Technology, Shaheed-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Konyer JE, Hillyer LM, Woodward B. Splenic dendritic cell populations of the weanling mouse involute proportionately with total nucleated cell numbers throughout acute protein and energy deficiencies except in the most advanced stages of nitrogen-to-energy imbalance. Nutr Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(03)00082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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