1
|
Iqbal S, Shah MA, Rasul A, Saadullah M, Tabassum S, Ali S, Zafar M, Muhammad H, Uddin MS, Batiha GES, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C. Radioprotective Potential of Nutraceuticals and their Underlying Mechanism of Action. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:40-52. [PMID: 33622231 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210223101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiations are an efficient treatment modality in cancer therapy. Besides the treatment effects of radiations, the ionizing radiations interact with biological systems and generate reactive oxygen species that interfere with the normal cellular process. Previous investigations of synthetic radioprotectors have shown less effectiveness, mainly owing to some limiting effects. The nutraceuticals act as efficient radioprotectors to protect the tissues from the deleterious effects of radiation. The main radioprotection mechanism of nutraceuticals is the scavenging of free radicals while other strategies are involved modulation of signaling transduction of pathways like MAPK (JNK, ERK1/2, ERK5, and P38), NF-kB, cytokines, and their protein regulatory genes expression. The current review is focused on the radioprotective effects of nutraceuticals including vitamin E, -C, organosulphur compounds, phenylpropanoids, and polysaccharides. These natural entities protect against radiation-induced DNA damage. The review mainly entails the antioxidant perspective and mechanism of action of their radioprotective activities on a molecular level, DNA repair pathway, anti-inflammation, immunomodulatory effects, the effect on cellular signaling pathways, and regeneration of hematopoietic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnoor Iqbal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Malik Saadullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad. Pakistan
| | - Shujat Ali
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013. China
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Pakistan
| | - Haji Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi. Pakistan
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka. Pakistan
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira. Egypt
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Centro Latinoamericano de Enseñanza e Investigación en Bacteriología Alimentaria (CLEIBA), Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima15001. Peru
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saini S, Kottarath SK, Dinda AK, Dube A, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Thakur CP, Bhat M, Rai AK. Preventive as well as therapeutic significances of linoleic acid in the containment of Leishmania donovani infection. Biochimie 2020; 175:13-22. [PMID: 32439363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
People suffering from malnutrition show compromised levels of ω-6 fatty acid and malnutrition is frequently observed among visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients as disease inflicts primarily the socioeconomic destitute communities. Dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2; ω-6 fatty acid) is the principal source of essential fatty acid and its derivatives i.e. eicosanoids possess immune-modulatory activities. However, its role in VL is not yet established. LA was measured in VL human subjects (serum) as well as in Leishmania(L.)donovani infected hamsters (serum and visceral organs). Organ-specific mRNA expressions of various enzymes of the LA metabolic pathway were measured in visceral organs of infected hamsters. Our findings showed a decrease in the concentrations of LA in the serum samples of VL patients, suggesting malnutrition among these patients. However, in L. donovani infected hamsters, its level was not altered in the early infection (15 days) and then increased at late infection (60 days). Importantly, the supplementation of LA restored the Th-1 type of immune response and significantly reduced the parasite load within infected macrophages in vitro. This protective response of LA was mediated through 5-lipoxygenase pathway not via the cyclooxygenase pathway. Preventive usage of LA to mϕ followed by L. donovani infection also showed the strengthening of Th-1 immune response and significantly fewer parasite loads. Our findings demonstrate the protective role of LA in the containment of the parasite load. Incorporating LA rich oils in daily food habits across highly inflicted regions may be a significant advancement towards the eradication of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Sarath Kumar Kottarath
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anuradha Dube
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Amogh Anant Sahasrabuddhe
- Molecular & Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India
| | | | - Madhusudan Bhat
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, 211004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Disparate Candida albicans Biofilm Formation in Clinical Lipid Emulsions Due to Capric Acid-Mediated Inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01394-19. [PMID: 31405860 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01394-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Receipt of parenteral nutrition (PN) remains an independent risk factor for developing catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI) caused by fungi, including by the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans, which is notoriously adept at forming drug-resistant biofilm structures. Among a variety of macronutrients, PN solutions contain lipid emulsions to supply daily essential fats and are often delivered via central venous catheters (CVCs). Therefore, using an in vitro biofilm model system, we sought to determine whether various clinical lipid emulsions differentially impacted biofilm growth in C. albicans We observed that the lipid emulsions Intralipid and Omegaven both stimulated C. albicans biofilm formation during growth in minimal medium or a macronutrient PN solution. Conversely, Smoflipid inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation by approximately 50%. Follow-up studies revealed that while Smoflipid did not impair C. albicans growth, it did significantly inhibit hypha formation and hyphal elongation. Moreover, growth inhibition could be recapitulated in Intralipid when supplemented with capric acid-a fatty acid present in Smoflipid but absent in Intralipid. Capric acid was also found to dose dependently inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation in PN solutions. This is the first study to directly compare different clinical lipid emulsions for their capacity to affect C. albicans biofilm growth. Results derived from this study necessitate further research regarding different lipid emulsions and rates of fungus-associated CR-BSIs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dawson DR, Branch-Mays G, Gonzalez OA, Ebersole JL. Dietary modulation of the inflammatory cascade. Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:161-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
5
|
Giardi MT, Touloupakis E, Bertolotto D, Mascetti G. Preventive or potential therapeutic value of nutraceuticals against ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in exposed subjects and frequent fliers. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17168-92. [PMID: 23965979 PMCID: PMC3759958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140817168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to ionizing radiation deriving from outer space sources or activities related to medical care. Absorption of ionizing radiation doses over a prolonged period of time can result in oxidative damage and cellular dysfunction inducing several diseases, especially in ageing subjects. In this report, we analyze the effects of ionizing radiation, particularly at low doses, in relation to a variety of human pathologies, including cancer, and cardiovascular and retinal diseases. We discuss scientific data in support of protection strategies by safe antioxidant formulations that can provide preventive or potential therapeutic value in response to long-term diseases that may develop following exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleftherios Touloupakis
- Biosensor, Via Olmetti 44 Formello, Rome 00060, Italy; E-Mail:
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Voutes-Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Delfina Bertolotto
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Viale Liegi 26, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (D.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriele Mascetti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Viale Liegi 26, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (D.B.); (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ben-Shabat S, Kazdan Y, Beit-Yannai E, Sintov AC. Use of alpha-tocopherol esters for topical vitamin E treatment: evaluation of their skin permeation and metabolism. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:652-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this work was to investigate new pro-vitamins based on α-tocopherol (α-Toc) and fatty acids, and to compare their properties with those of α-tocopherol acetate (α-TAc).
Methods
Skin levels of α-Toc–fatty acid ester conjugates, total α-Toc and endogenous α-Toc were measured in skin samples taken from separate groups of treated and untreated rats. Multiple and extensive treatment with α-Toc oleate and α-TAc was also carried out to assess the skin accumulation and safety of these esters.
Key findings
The in-vivo studies revealed that α-Toc–fatty acid conjugates penetrated into the skin quantitatively while being comparable with the permeation of α-TAc. Differences were found between the levels of total α-Toc and endogenous α-Toc after application of α-TAc, α-Toc oleate, α-Toc linoleate, α-Toc-α linolenate and α-Toc palmitate, indicating that α-Toc conjugates of these fatty acids, but not α-Toc γ-linolenate or α-Toc stearate, were hydrolysed to free α-Toc. In long-term and extensive treatment, α-TAc was found to be lethal to rats treated with 1.15 mg/kg of this agent, which had been spread over 16 cm2 of skin. Similar treatment with α-Toc oleate did not produce any side effects.
Conclusions
This study suggests that α-Toc conjugates with unsaturated fatty acids may be a good alternative as stable vitamin E derivatives, rather than the α-TAc ester.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Israel
| | - Yolia Kazdan
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Israel
| | - Elie Beit-Yannai
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Israel
| | - Amnon C Sintov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Modulatory effect of fatty acids on fungicidal activity, respiratory burst and TNF-α and IL-6 production in J774 murine macrophages. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1173-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reported effects of different families of fatty acids (FA; SFA, MUFA, n-3 and n-6 PUFA) on human health and the importance of macrophage respiratory burst and cytokine release to immune defence led us to examine the influence of palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA on macrophage function. We determined fungicidal activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokine production after the treatment of J774 cells with non-toxic concentrations of the FA. PA had a late and discrete stimulating effect on ROS production, which may be associated with the reduced fungicidal activity of the cells after treatment with this FA. OA presented a sustained stimulatory effect on ROS production and increased fungicidal activity of the cells, suggesting that enrichment of diets with OA may be beneficial for pathogen elimination. The effects of PUFA on ROS production were time- and dose-dependently regulated, with no evident differences between n-3 and n-6 PUFA. It was worth noting that most changes induced after stimulation of the cells with lipopolysaccharide were suppressed by the FA. The present results suggest that supplementation of the diet with specific FA, not classes of FA, might enable an improvement in host defence mechanisms or a reduction in adverse immunological reactions.
Collapse
|
8
|
13C-NMR Regioisomeric Analysis of EPA and DHA in Fish Oil Derived Triacylglycerol Concentrates. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Calder PC. Fatty acids and immune function: relevance to inflammatory bowel diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 28:506-34. [PMID: 19954361 DOI: 10.3109/08830180903197480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids may influence immune function through a variety of mechanisms; many of these are associated with changes in fatty acid composition of immune cell membranes. Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid have roles in inflammation and immunity. Increased membrane content of n-3 fatty acids results in a changed pattern of production of eicosanoids, resolvins, and cytokines. Changing the fatty acid composition of immune cells also affects T cell reactivity and antigen presentation. Little attention has been paid to the influence of fatty acids on the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. However, there has been considerable interest in fatty acids and gut inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bjørkkjaer T, Araujo P, Madland TM, Berstad A, Frøyland L. A randomized double blind comparison of short-term duodenally administrated whale and seal blubber oils in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and joint pain. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:425-32. [PMID: 19713092 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Compared with soy oil, 10 days treatment with seal oil (SO), 10mLx3 daily, self-administrated through a nasoduodenal feeding tube, relieves joint pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This randomized, controlled, double blind pilot trial compares SO and whale oil (WO) administered similarly by duodenal tube, for 10 days in 18 patients with IBD-related joint pain (n=9 per group). Other long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were prohibited 7-days prior to and during study. Significant changes from baseline to study end were observed in both groups: reduced plasma arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) levels (tendency in WO group), decreased IBD-related joint pain and IBD-disease activity, and improved quality of life. These changes were not significantly different between SO and WO groups. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase is consistent with amelioration of IBD-related joint pain, but, as active control was used, effects need confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tormod Bjørkkjaer
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lausada N, de Gómez Dumm INT, Raimondi JC, de Alaniz MJT. Effect of cyclosporine and sirolimus on fatty acid desaturase activities in cultured HEPG2 cells. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:1865-70. [PMID: 19545746 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of cyclosporine (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL) on fatty acid (FA) desaturase activities. These enzymes (named Delta9, Delta6, and Delta5 desaturases) catalyze reactions leading to the biosynthesis of n-9, n-6, and n-3 FA families. n-3 FA family, derived from alpha-linolenic acid, is involved in the prevention of vascular events, which appear after successful kidney transplantation. Five groups of HepG(2) cells in culture were treated with either CsA (1 microg/microL and 2 microg/microL) or SRL (10 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL) for 3 days, including a control group without immunosuppressive treatment. We studied the incorporation and metabolic conversion of radioactive [1-(14)C]palmitic, linoleic, and eicosatrienoic acids. We also analyzed fatty acid composition. The distribution of radioactive metabolic products after incubation of these cells with [1-(14)C]palmitic acid revealed a decrease in Delta9 desaturase activity in the presence of each immunosuppressive drug: CsA = 0.61 +/- 0.01; SRL = 0.59 +/- 0.04 versus control = 0.79 +/- 0.05 (P < .01). We observed a significant increase in Delta6 and Delta5 desaturase activities under the influence of the immunosuppressive drugs: radiolabeled linoleic acid (CsA: 0.93 +/- 0.04; SRL: 1.02 +/- 0.03 vs control 0.60 +/- 0.03; P < .01) and eicosatrienoic acid (CsA: 1.12 +/- 0.02; SRL: 1.07 +/- 0.01 vs control 0.75 +/- 0.01; P < .01). In conclusion, CsA and SRL modulated the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated FAs, decreasing Delta9 desaturase and increasing Delta6 and Delta5 desaturase activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Lausada
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
n-3 Oil sources for use in aquaculture--alternatives to the unsustainable harvest of wild fish. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 21:85-96. [PMID: 19087364 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422408102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present review examines renewable sources of oils with n-3 long-chain (> or = C20) PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA) as alternatives to oil from wild-caught fish in aquafeeds. Due to the increased demand for and price of wild-caught marine sources of n-3 LC-PUFA-rich oil, their effective and sustainable replacement in aquafeeds is an industry priority, especially because dietary n-3 LC-PUFA from eating fish are known to have health benefits in human beings. The benefits and challenges involved in changing dietary oil in aquaculture are highlighted and four major potential sources of n-3 LC-PUFA for aquafeeds, other than fish oil, are compared. These sources of oil, which contain n-3 LC-PUFA, specifically EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) or precursors to these key essential fatty acids, are: (1) other marine sources of oil; (2) vegetable oils that contain biosynthetic precursors, such as stearidonic acid, which may be used by fish to produce n-3 LC-PUFA; (3) single-cell oil sources of n-3 LC-PUFA; (4) vegetable oils derived from oil-seed crops that have undergone genetic modification to contain n-3 LC-PUFA. The review focuses on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), because it is the main intensively cultured finfish species and it both uses and stores large amounts of oil, in particular n-3 LC-PUFA, in the flesh.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen CT, Liu Z, Ouellet M, Calon F, Bazinet RP. Rapid beta-oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in mouse brain: an in situ study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:157-63. [PMID: 19237271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of brain phospholipid fatty acid profiles reveal a selective deficiency and enrichment in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. In order to account for this difference in brain fatty acid levels, we hypothesized that EPA is more rapidly beta-oxidized upon its entry into the brain. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were perfused with either (14)C-EPA or (14)C-DHA via in situ cerebral perfusion for 40s, followed by a bicarbonate buffer to wash out the residual radiolabeled polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the capillaries. (14)C-PUFA-perfused brains were extracted for chemical analyses of neutral lipid and phospholipid fatty acids. Based on the radioactivity in aqueous, total lipid, neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions, volume of distribution (V(D), microl/g) was calculated. The V(D) between (14)C-EPA- and (14)C-DHA-perfused samples was not statistically different for total lipid, neutral lipids or total phospholipids. However, the V(D) of (14)C-EPA in the aqueous fraction was 2.5 times higher than that of (14)C-DHA (p=0.025), suggesting a more extensive beta-oxidation than DHA. Furthermore, radiolabeled palmitoleic acid, a fatty acid that can be synthesized de novo, was detected in brain phospholipids from (14)C-EPA but not from (14)C-DHA-perfused mice suggesting that beta-oxidation products of EPA were recycled into endogenous fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. These findings suggest that low levels of EPA in brain phospholipids compared to DHA may be the result of its rapid beta-oxidation upon uptake by the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College St., Room 306, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calder PC. The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:101-8. [PMID: 18951005 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immune system, including its inflammatory components, is fundamental to host defence against pathogenic invaders. It is a complex system involving interactions amongst many different cell types dispersed throughout the body. Central to its actions are phagocytosis of bacteria, processing of antigens derived from intracellular and extracellular pathogens, activation of T cells with clonal expansion (proliferation) and production of cytokines that elicit effector cell functions such as antibody production and killing cell activity. Inappropriate immunologic activity, including inflammation, is a characteristic of many common human disorders. Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid have roles in inflammation and regulation of T and B lymphocyte functions. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) also gives rise to eicosanoids and these may have differing properties from those of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids. EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) give rise to newly discovered resolvins which are anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving. Human immune cells are typically rich in arachidonic acid, but arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA contents can be altered through oral administration of EPA and DHA. This results in a changed pattern of production of eicosanoids and probably also of resolvins, although the latter are not well examined in the human context. Changing the fatty acid composition of immune cells also affects phagocytosis, T cell signaling and antigen presentation capability. These effects appear to mediated at the membrane level suggesting important roles of fatty acids in membrane order, lipid raft structure and function, and membrane trafficking. Thus, the fatty acid composition of human immune cells influences their function and the cell membrane contents of arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA are important. Fatty acids influence immune cell function through a variety of complex mechanisms and these mechanisms are now beginning to be unraveled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brunborg LA, Madland TM, Lind RA, Arslan G, Berstad A, Frøyland L. Effects of short-term oral administration of dietary marine oils in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and joint pain: A pilot study comparing seal oil and cod liver oil. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:614-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
16
|
Abstract
The immune system, including its inflammatory components, is fundamental to host defense against pathogenic invaders. It is a complex system involving interactions amongst many different cell types dispersed throughout the body. Central to its actions are phagocytosis, processing of antigens derived from intracellular and extracellular pathogens, activation of T cells with proliferation and production of cytokines that elicit effector cell functions such as antibody production and killing cell activity. Inappropriate immunologic activity, including inflammation, is a characteristic of many common human disorders. Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid have roles in inflammation and regulation of T and B lymphocyte functions. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) also gives rise to eicosanoids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to docosanoids; these may have differing properties to arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids. EPA and DHA give rise to newly discovered resolvins. Human immune cells are typically rich in arachidonic acid, but arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA contents can be altered through oral administration of those fatty acids. This results in a change pattern of production of eicosanoids and probably also of docosanoids and resolvins, although the latter are not well examined in the human context. Changing the fatty acid composition of immune cells also affects phagocytosis, T-cell signaling and antigen presentation capability. These effects appear to mediated at the membrane level suggesting important roles of fatty acids in membrane order, lipid raft structure and function and membrane trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition and School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Miller MR, Nichols PD, Barnes J, Davies NW, Peacock EJ, Carter CG. Regiospecificity profiles of storage and membrane lipids from the gill and muscle tissue of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) grown at elevated temperature. Lipids 2006; 41:865-76. [PMID: 17152924 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regiospecific and traditional analysis, of both storage and membrane lipids, was performed on gill, white muscle, and red muscle samples taken from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to gauge the effect of elevated water temperature. The fish, fed a commercial diet, were held at an elevated water temperature of 19 degrees C. Total n-3 PUFA, total PUFA, and n-3/n-6 and unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) ratios in the FA profile of the total lipid extract in the white muscle were fairly low compared with fish grown at 15 degrees C. Adaptation of structural and storage lipids at elevated temperatures was shown by a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in PUFA especially in the percentage of EPA (6-8%). Further adaptation was indicated by the percentages of SFA, which were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in gill (56%) and white muscle (58%) polar lipid fractions and coincided with lower percentages of n-3, n-6, and total PUFA. The regiospecific profiles indicated a high affinity of DHA to the sn-2 position in both the TAG (61-68%) and polar lipid (35-60%) fractions. The combination of detailed regiospecific and lipid analyses demonstrated adaptation of cell membrane structure in Atlantic salmon grown at an elevated water temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Miller
- School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania (UTAS), Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Accumulating evidence in both humans and animal models clearly indicates that a group of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the n-3 fatty acids (or omega-3), have distinct and important bioactive properties compared with other groups of fatty acids. n-3 Fatty acids are known to reduce many risk factors associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. The mechanisms whereby n-3 fatty acids affect gene expression are complex and involve multiple processes. As examples, n-3 fatty acids regulate 2 groups of transcription factors, such as sterol-regulatory-element binding proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, that are critical for modulating the expression of genes controlling both systemic and tissue-specific lipid homeostasis. Modulation of specific genes by n-3 fatty acids and cross-talk between these genes are responsible for many effects of n-3 fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Hall
- Department of Cereal and Food Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mu H, Porsgaard T. The metabolism of structured triacylglycerols. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:430-48. [PMID: 16269186 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The triacylglycerol (TAG) structure in addition to the overall fatty acid profile is of importance when considering the nutritional effect of a dietary fat. This review aims at summarizing our current knowledge of the digestion, absorption, uptake, and transport of structured TAGs, with particular emphasis on the following aspects: gastric emptying, specificity of pancreatic lipase, lymphatic transport and clearance of chylomicrons, effects of lipid structure on tissue lipid compositions and the fecal loss of fats. So an overview will be provided for how the structure and fatty acid composition of TAGs affect their absorption and the distribution of the fatty acids in the body following digestion and absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Mu
- BioCentrum-DTU, Biochemistry and Nutrition Group, Center for Advanced Food Studies, The Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ben-Shabat S, Benisty R, Wormser U, Sintov AC. Vitamin D3?Based Conjugates for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis: Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and Cutaneous Penetration Studies. Pharm Res 2005; 22:50-7. [PMID: 15771229 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-9008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goals of the experiments reported in this paper were to explore skin bioavailability and cell growth inhibitory activity of new vitamin D3-based conjugates studied as a potential drug complex for psoriasis. METHODS Conjugation was made between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as linolenic acid or gamma-linolenic acid, and calcipotriol--a vitamin D3 analogue clinically used for topical treatment of psoriasis. These complexes were prepared by coupling the corresponding fatty acid with calcipotriol in the presence of dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide (DCC) and 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP) to obtain an ester bond. RESULTS The conjugates were capable of enhancing the penetration of the vitamin into the skin as well as inhibiting proliferation of keratinocytes in cultures. The antiproliferative activity even increased after simulating the full hydrolysis of the conjugates. In vitro skin penetration studies revealed that the conjugates penetrated into the skin at higher levels relative to calcipotriol alone. It was also demonstrated that the conjugate containing n-3 fatty acid penetrated into the skin at higher levels as compared to the conjugate containing n-6 PUFA. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis has shown that after penetration, a major portion of calcipotriol-PUFA conjugate was first converted mainly into another isomer form, presumably by transesterification, and only then it was hydrolyzed to form apparently high local concentrations of both calcipotriol and PUFA. CONCLUSIONS The unique biotransformation that occurred after penetration into the skin indicates that these conjugates are mutual prodrugs that are able to be bioprocessed in the skin and fully converted to the parent therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Ben-Shabat
- The Institutes for Applied Research and the School of Pharmacy, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bjørkkjaer T, Brunborg LA, Arslan G, Lind RA, Brun JG, Valen M, Klementsen B, Berstad A, Frøyland L. Reduced joint pain after short-term duodenal administration of seal oil in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: comparison with soy oil. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39:1088-94. [PMID: 15545167 DOI: 10.1080/00365520410009429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatic joint pain is a common extra-intestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because the high ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (FAs) of the Western diet might promote rheumatic disorders, we sought to compare the effects of short-term duodenal administration of n-3-rich seal oil and n-6-rich soy oil on IBD-related joint pain. METHODS Nineteen patients with IBD-related joint pain were included in the study; 9 had Crohn disease and 10 had ulcerative colitis. Ten millilitres seal oil (n = 10) or soy oil (n = 9) was self-administered through a nasoduodenal feeding tube 3 times daily for 10 days. RESULTS Compared with soy oil treatment, seal oil significantly reduced the duration of morning stiffness (P = 0.024), number of tender joints (P = 0.035), intensity of pain (P = 0.025) and the doctor's scoring of rheumatic disease activity (P = 0.025) at the end of the 10-day treatment period. Analysis of the effects as area under the curve (area between the curve and baseline, zero) for the entire period from start of treatment until 6 months' post-treatment suggested a long-lasting beneficial effect of seal oil administration on joint pain, whereas soy oil tended (not significantly) to aggravate the condition. Consistently, the serum ratios of n-6 to n-3 FAs (P < 0.01) and arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (P < 0.01) were reduced after treatment with seal oil. CONCLUSION The results suggest distinctive, differential prolonged effects on IBD-related joint pain of short-term duodenal administration of n-3-rich seal oil (significant improvement) and n-6-rich soy oil (tendency to exacerbation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Bjørkkjaer
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|