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Bruun N, Laursen MF, Carmelo R, Christensen E, Jensen TS, Christiansen G, Birkelund S, Agger R, Kofod-Olsen E. Novel nucleotide-packaging vaccine delivers antigen and poly(I:C) to dendritic cells and generate a potent antibody response in vivo. Vaccine 2024; 42:2909-2918. [PMID: 38538405 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
An issue with many current vaccines is the dependency on broadly inflammatory adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide or aluminum salts that affect many immune- and non-immune cells. These adjuvants are not necessarily activating all antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that take up the antigen and most likely they also activate APCs with no antigen uptake, as well as many non-immune cells. Conjugation of antigen and adjuvant would enable the use of smaller amounts of adjuvant and avoid unnecessary tissue damage and activation of bystander cells. It would ensure that all APCs that take up the antigen would also become activated and avoid that immature and non-activated APCs present the antigen to T cells without a co-stimulatory signal, leading to tolerogenesis. We have developed a novel vaccine that co-deliver antigen and a nucleotide adjuvant to the same APC and lead to a strong activation response in dendritic cells and macrophages. The vaccine is constructed as a fusion-protein with an antigen fused to the DNA/RNA-binding domain from the Hc2 protein from Chlamydia trachomatis. We have found that the fusion protein is able to package polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) or dsDNA into small particles. These particles were taken up by macrophages and dendritic cells and led to strong activation and maturation of these cells. Immunization of mice with the fusion protein packaged poly(I:C) led to a stronger antibody response compared to immunization with a combination of poly(I:C) and antigen without the Hc2 DNA/RNA-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Bruun
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Marlene F Laursen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Rita Carmelo
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Esben Christensen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Trine S Jensen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Ralf Agger
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Emil Kofod-Olsen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark.
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Facciolà A, Visalli G, Laganà A, Di Pietro A. An Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050819. [PMID: 35632575 PMCID: PMC9147349 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases. Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen component. Adjuvants are essential elements that increase the efficacy of vaccination practises through many different actions, especially acting as carriers, depots, and stimulators of immune responses. For many years, few adjuvants have been included in vaccines, with aluminium salts being the most commonly used adjuvant. However, recent research has focused its attention on many different new compounds with effective adjuvant properties and improved safety. Modern technologies such as nanotechnologies and molecular biology have forcefully entered the production processes of both antigen and adjuvant components, thereby improving vaccine efficacy. Microparticles, emulsions, and immune stimulators are currently in the spotlight for their huge potential in vaccine production. Although studies have reported some potential side effects of vaccine adjuvants such as the recently recognised ASIA syndrome, the huge worth of vaccines remains unquestionable. Indeed, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of vaccines, especially in regard to managing future potential pandemics. In this field, research into adjuvants could play a leading role in the production of increasingly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
| | - Antonio Laganà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
- Multi-Specialist Clinical Institute for Orthopaedic Trauma Care (COT), 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
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Ong GH, Lian BSX, Kawasaki T, Kawai T. Exploration of Pattern Recognition Receptor Agonists as Candidate Adjuvants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745016. [PMID: 34692565 PMCID: PMC8526852 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are used to maximize the potency of vaccines by enhancing immune reactions. Components of adjuvants include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are agonists for innate immune receptors. Innate immune responses are usually activated when pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize PAMPs derived from invading pathogens or DAMPs released by host cells upon tissue damage. Activation of innate immunity by PRR agonists in adjuvants activates acquired immune responses, which is crucial to enhance immune reactions against the targeted pathogen. For example, agonists for Toll-like receptors have yielded promising results as adjuvants, which target PRR as adjuvant candidates. However, a comprehensive understanding of the type of immunological reaction against agonists for PRRs is essential to ensure the safety and reliability of vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview of the current progress in development of PRR agonists as vaccine adjuvants, the molecular mechanisms that underlie activation of immune responses, and the enhancement of vaccine efficacy by these potential adjuvant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Han Ong
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Benedict Shi Xiang Lian
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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Sasaki E, Hamaguchi I, Mizukami T. Pharmacodynamic and safety considerations for influenza vaccine and adjuvant design. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1051-1061. [PMID: 32772723 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1807936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A novel adjuvant evaluation system for safety and immunogenicity is needed. Vaccination is important for infection prevention, for example, from influenza viruses. Adjuvants are considered critical for improving the effectiveness of influenza vaccines. Adjuvant development is an important issue in influenza vaccine design. AREAS COVERED A conventional in vivo evaluation method for vaccine safety has been limited in analyzing phenotypic and pathological changes. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain information on the changes at the molecular level. This review aims to explain the recently developed genomics analysis-based vaccine adjuvant safety evaluation tools verified by AddaVaxTM and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) using 18 biomarker genes and whole-virion inactivated influenza vaccine as a toxicity control. Genomics analyzes would help provide safety and efficacy information regarding influenza vaccine design by facilitating appropriate adjuvant selection. EXPERT OPINION The efficacy and safety profiles of influenza vaccines and adjuvants using genomics technologies provide useful information regarding immunogenicity, which is related to safety and efficacy. This approach provides important information to select appropriate inoculation routes, combinations of vaccine antigens and adjuvants, and dosing amounts. The efficacy of vaccine adjuvant evaluation by genomics analysis should be verified by various studies using various vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
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Sasaki E, Momose H, Hiradate Y, Mizukami T, Hamaguchi I. Establishment of a novel safety assessment method for vaccine adjuvant development. Vaccine 2018; 36:7112-7118. [PMID: 30318166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines effectively prevent infectious diseases. Many types of vaccines against various pathogens that threaten humans are currently in widespread use. Recently, adjuvant adaptation has been attempted to activate innate immunity to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines. The effectiveness of adjuvants for vaccinations has been demonstrated in many animal models and clinical trials. Although a highly potent adjuvant tends to have high effectiveness, it also has the potential to increase the risk of side effects such as pain, edema, and fever. Indeed, highly effective adjuvants, such as poly(I:C), have not been clinically applied due to their high risks of toxicity in humans. Therefore, the task in the field of adjuvant development is to clinically apply highly effective and non- or low-toxic adjuvant-containing vaccines. To resolve this issue, it is essential to ensure a low risk of side effects and the high efficacy of an adjuvant in the early developmental phases. This review summarizes the theory and history of the current safety assessment methods for adjuvants, using the inactivated influenza vaccine as a model. Our novel method was developed as a system to judge the safety of a candidate compound using biomarkers identified by genomic technology and statistical tools. A systematic safety assessment tool for adjuvants would be of great use for predicting toxicity during novel adjuvant development, screening, and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiradate
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Masuta Y, Yamamoto T, Natsume-Kitatani Y, Kanuma T, Moriishi E, Kobiyama K, Mizuguchi K, Yasutomi Y, Ishii KJ. An Antigen-Free, Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Targeting Immunotherapy To Bolster Memory CD8 + T Cells in Nonhuman Primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2067-2075. [PMID: 29431693 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The priming, boosting, and restoration of memory cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes by vaccination or immunotherapy in vivo is an area of active research. Particularly, nucleic acid-based compounds have attracted attention due to their ability to elicit strong Ag-specific CTL responses as a vaccine adjuvant. Nucleic acid-based compounds have been shown to act as anticancer monotherapeutic agents even without coadministration of cancer Ag(s); however, so far they have lacked efficacy in clinical trials. We recently developed a second-generation TLR9 agonist, a humanized CpG DNA (K3) complexed with schizophyllan (SPG), K3-SPG, a nonagonistic Dectin-1 ligand. K3-SPG was previously shown to act as a potent monoimmunotherapeutic agent against established tumors in mice in vivo. In this study we extend the monoimmunotherapeutic potential of K3-SPG to a nonhuman primate model. K3-SPG activated monkey plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce both IFN-α and IL-12/23 p40 in vitro and in vivo. A single injection s.c. or i.v. with K3-SPG significantly increased the frequencies of activated memory CD8+ T cells in circulation, including Ag-specific memory CTLs, in cynomolgus macaques. This increase did not occur in macaques injected with free CpG K3 or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Injection of 2 mg K3-SPG induced mild systemic inflammation, however, levels of proinflammatory serum cytokines and circulating neutrophil influx were lower than those induced by the same dose of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Therefore, even in the absence of specific Ags, we show that K3-SPG has potent Ag-specific memory CTL response-boosting capabilities, highlighting its potential as a monoimmunotherapeutic agent for chronic infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Masuta
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratories of Discovery Research, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Kyoto 601-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yayoi Natsume-Kitatani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanuma
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiko Moriishi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; .,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Sartorius R, D'Apice L, Trovato M, Cuccaro F, Costa V, De Leo MG, Marzullo VM, Biondo C, D'Auria S, De Matteis MA, Ciccodicola A, De Berardinis P. Antigen delivery by filamentous bacteriophage fd displaying an anti-DEC-205 single-chain variable fragment confers adjuvanticity by triggering a TLR9-mediated immune response. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:973-88. [PMID: 25888235 PMCID: PMC4520660 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophage fd particles delivering antigenic determinants via DEC-205 (fdsc-αDEC) represent a powerful delivery system that induces CD8+ T-cell responses even when administered in the absence of adjuvants or maturation stimuli for dendritic cells. In order to investigate the mechanisms of this activity, RNA-Sequencing of fd-pulsed dendritic cells was performed. A significant differential expression of genes involved in innate immunity, co-stimulation and cytokine production was observed. In agreement with these findings, we demonstrate that induction of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon by fdsc-αDEC was MYD88 mediated and TLR9 dependent. We also found that fdsc-αDEC is delivered into LAMP-1-positive compartments and co-localizes with TLR9. Thus, phage particles containing a single-strand DNA genome rich in CpG motifs delivered via DEC-205 are able to intercept and trigger the active TLR9 innate immune receptor into late endosome/lysosomes and to enhance the immunogenicity of the displayed antigenic determinants. These findings make fd bacteriophage a valuable tool for immunization without administering exogenous adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Fausta Cuccaro
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Manuel Marzullo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Institute of Food Science, National Council of Research, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Ciccodicola
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Department of Science and Technology, University Parthenope of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Chiang CLL, Balint K, Coukos G, Kandalaft LE. Potential approaches for more successful dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:569-82. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Subunit vaccines of the future: the need for safe, customized and optimized particulate delivery systems. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:1057-77. [PMID: 22826868 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for current vaccine development is the fact that many new subunit vaccines based on highly purified recombinant proteins are poorly immunogenic and mobilize insufficient immune responses for protective immunity. Adjuvants are therefore needed in vaccine formulations to enhance, direct and maintain the immune response to vaccine antigens. Few adjuvants are currently approved for human use that mainly induce humoral immunity, and there is therefore an unmet medical need for development of effective and safe adjuvants that in addition can stimulate cellular or mucosal immunity, or combinations thereof, depending on the requirements for protection against the specific disease. Vaccine delivery systems are important components of adjuvants that allow proper delivery of antigens to antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, they often possess intrinsic immunopotentiating activity and/or can be customized towards a given immunological profile by the appropriate combination with immunopotentiating compounds. This article reviews the current status of human-tailored vaccine delivery with special focus on how to design safe particulate vaccine delivery systems with respect to composition, physicochemical properties, antigen association and choice of administration route, in order to better customize vaccine formulations towards specific diseases in the future.
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Wang B, Zaidi N, He LZ, Zhang L, Kuroiwa JMY, Keler T, Steinman RM. Targeting of the non-mutated tumor antigen HER2/neu to mature dendritic cells induces an integrated immune response that protects against breast cancer in mice. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R39. [PMID: 22397502 PMCID: PMC3446373 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given their relative simplicity of manufacture and ability to be injected repeatedly, vaccines in a protein format are attractive for breast and other cancers. However, soluble human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)/neu protein as a vaccine has not been immunogenic. When protein is directly targeted to antigen uptake receptors, such as DEC205 (DEC), efficient processing and presentation of antigen take place. The aim of this study was to determine the immunogenicity of a HER2 protein vaccine that directly targets to DEC+ dendritic cells (DCs) in a mouse breast cancer model. METHODS We genetically engineered the HER2 extracellular domain into a monoclonal antibody specific for DEC (DEC-HER2). Mice of various genetic backgrounds were immunized with DEC-HER2 in combination with DC maturation stimuli (poly IC ± CD40 Ab). Vaccine-induced T cell immunity was determined by analyzing the ability of CD4+/CD8+ T cell to produce interferon (IFN)-gamma and proliferate upon antigen rechallenge. Sera were assessed for the presence of antigen specific antibody (Ab). For vaccine efficacy, FVB/N mice were immunized with DEC-HER2 in combination with poly IC and protection against neu-expressing mammary tumors was assessed. Protection mechanisms and tumor-specific T cell responses were also evaluated. RESULTS We demonstrate that DEC-HER2 fusion mAb, but not Ctrl Ig-HER2, elicits strong, broad and multifunctional CD4+ T cell immunity, CD8+ T cell responses, and humoral immunity specific for HER2 antigen. Cross-reactivity to rat neu protein was also observed. Importantly, mice xeno-primed with DEC-HER2 were protected from a neu-expressing mammary tumor challenge. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediated the tumor protection. Robust anti-tumor T cell immunity was detected in tumor protected mice. CONCLUSIONS Immunization of mice with HER2 protein vaccine targeting DEC+ DCs in vivo induced high levels of T- and B-cell immunity. Non-targeted HER2 protein was poorly immunogenic for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This vaccination approach provided long-term survival benefit for mice challenged with neu-expressing tumor following as little as 2.7 μg of HER2 protein incorporated in the vaccine. Vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were both essential for tumor protection. This immunization strategy demonstrates great potential towards the development of vaccines for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center of Immunology and Immune Disease, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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11
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Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE, Coukos G. Adjuvants for enhancing the immunogenicity of whole tumor cell vaccines. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 30:150-82. [PMID: 21557641 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.572210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Whole tumor cell lysates can serve as excellent multivalent vaccines for priming tumor-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. Whole cell vaccines can be prepared with hypochlorous acid oxidation, UVB-irradiation and repeat cycles of freeze and thaw. One major obstacle to successful immunotherapy is breaking self-tolerance to tumor antigens. Clinically approved adjuvants, including Montanide™ ISA-51 and 720, and keyhole-limpet proteins can be used to enhance tumor cell immunogenicity by stimulating both humoral and cellular anti-tumor responses. Other potential adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptor agonists (e.g., CpG, MPLA and PolyI:C), and cytokines (e.g., granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor), have also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6142, USA
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12
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Sartorius R, Bettua C, D'Apice L, Caivano A, Trovato M, Russo D, Zanoni I, Granucci F, Mascolo D, Barba P, Del Pozzo G, De Berardinis P. Vaccination with filamentous bacteriophages targeting DEC-205 induces DC maturation and potent anti-tumor T-cell responses in the absence of adjuvants. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2573-84. [PMID: 21688262 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of a new vaccine-delivery vector, based on the filamentous bacteriophage fd displaying a single-chain antibody fragment known to bind the mouse DC surface molecule DEC-205, is reported. We demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo an enhanced receptor-mediated uptake of phage particles expressing the anti-DEC-205 fragment by DCs. We also report that DCs targeted by fd virions in the absence of other stimuli produce IFN-α and IL-6, and acquire a mature phenotype. Moreover, DC-targeting with fd particles double-displaying the anti-DEC-205 fragment on the pIII protein and the OVA(257-264) antigenic determinant on the pVIII protein induced potent inhibition of the growth of the B16-OVA tumor in vivo. This protection was much stronger than other immunization strategies and similar to that induced by adoptively transferred DCs. Since targeting DEC-205 in the absence of DC activation/maturation agents has previously been described to result in tolerance, the ability of fd bacteriophages to induce a strong tumor-specific immune response by targeting DCs through DEC-205 is unexpected, and further validates the potential employment of this safe, versatile and inexpensive delivery system for vaccine formulation.
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13
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Nordly P, Rose F, Christensen D, Nielsen HM, Andersen P, Agger EM, Foged C. Immunity by formulation design: induction of high CD8+ T-cell responses by poly(I:C) incorporated into the CAF01 adjuvant via a double emulsion method. J Control Release 2010; 150:307-17. [PMID: 21111765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination of nucleic acid-based Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 or TLR9 agonists and cationic liposomes constitutes an effective vaccine adjuvant approach for eliciting CD8+ T-cell responses. However, complexing cationic liposomes and oppositely charged oligonucleotides generally results in highly unstable and heterogeneous formulations with limited clinical applicability. The aim of this study was to design, formulate, and carefully characterize a stable CD8-inducing adjuvant based on the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] incorporated into a cationic adjuvant system (CAF01) composed of dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) and trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate (TDB). For this purpose, a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation method was investigated for complexation of high amounts of anionic poly(I:C) to gel-state DDA/TDB liposomes. Addition of a volatile, water-miscible co-solvent (ethanol) to the outer water phase enabled preparation of colloidally stable liposomes, presumably by reducing the poly(I:C)-enhanced rigidity of the lipid bilayer. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of unilamellar as well as multilamellar liposomes, the latter suggesting that poly(I:C) is intercalated between the membrane bilayers in an onion-like structure. Finally, immunization of mice with the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and DDA/TDB/poly(I:C) liposomes induced a remarkably strong, antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell response, which was maintained for more than two months. Importantly, whereas injection of soluble poly(I:C) led to rapid production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in serum, administration of poly(I:C) in complex with the cationic DDA/TDB liposomes prevented this non-specific systemic pro-inflammatory response. These data emphasize the importance of improving the quality of the vaccine formulation to indeed overcome some of the major obstacles for using CD8-inducing agents such as poly(I:C) in future subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Nordly
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Not all polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acids (Poly I:C) are equivalent for inducing maturation of dendritic cells: implication for alpha-type-1 polarized DCs. J Immunother 2009; 32:353-62. [PMID: 19342970 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31819d29bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the behavior of 2 commercially available polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acids (poly I:C1 and poly I:C2) and the structural analog poly I:C12U in regard to dendritic cell (DC) maturation. When the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonists are tested in combination with interferon-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and interferon-gamma (the so-called alpha-type-1 DC), the 3 different cocktails generate phenotypically mature DCs, but with different functional properties. Higher migratory capacity is observed with poly I:C1, the only poly I:C allowing spontaneous release of IL-12p70 by DCs. However, upon CD40 triggering, cocktails containing poly I:C2 or poly I:C12U allow a far higher production of IL-12p70 compared with those containing poly I:C1. Using a TLR signaling pathway reverse transcription profiler polymerase chain reaction to analyze changes in gene expression after treatment of DCs with the agonists alone, we show that 39% of the 84 tested genes are differentially regulated between the 3 conditions. Poly I:C12U induces far fewer regulated genes than the 2 other poly I:Cs. These different behaviors could be due to alternative ways of sensing double-stranded RNA, which do not rely solely on TLR3 but also on other types of receptors, depending on the size of poly I:Cs. As the 2 poly I:Cs tested here have very different molecular weights, this could partly explain the observed differences. In conclusion, neither the poly I:Cs nor their structural analog poly I:C12U have an equivalent behavior. This should be taken into an account not only when they are used in cocktails for DC maturation but also when analyzing signaling pathways with synthetic double-stranded RNA analogs.
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Bourquin C, Anz D, Zwiorek K, Lanz AL, Fuchs S, Weigel S, Wurzenberger C, von der Borch P, Golic M, Moder S, Winter G, Coester C, Endres S. Targeting CpG oligonucleotides to the lymph node by nanoparticles elicits efficient antitumoral immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2990-8. [PMID: 18713969 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral nucleic acids are recognized by specific pattern-recognition receptors of the Toll-like and RIG-I-like receptor families. Synthetic DNA and RNA oligonucleotides can activate the immune system through these receptors and potentiate Ab and CD8 cytotoxic responses to Ags. Systemic application of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides however also results in a generalized, non-Ag-specific stimulation of the immune system. In this study, we have dissociated the induction of an Ag-specific response from the systemic immune activation generally associated with immunostimulatory oligonucleotides. Delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides that bind TLR9 by cationized gelatin-based nanoparticles potentiates the in vivo generation of an Ag-specific cytotoxic T cell and Ab response. Furthermore, immunization with CpG-loaded nanoparticles induces a protective antitumoral response in a murine model of melanoma. The systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines and widespread immunostimulation associated with free CpG is however completely abolished. In addition, we show that gelatin nanoparticle formulation prevents the destruction of lymphoid follicles mediated by CpG. Nanoparticle-delivered CpG, in contrast to free CpG, are selectively targeted to APCs in the lymph nodes where they mediate local immune stimulation. We describe a novel strategy to target immunostimulatory oligonucleotides to the initiation site of the immune response while at the same time protecting from an indiscriminate and generalized activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bourquin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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The microbial mimic poly IC induces durable and protective CD4+ T cell immunity together with a dendritic cell targeted vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:2574-9. [PMID: 18256187 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711976105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) Th1 type immunity is implicated in resistance to global infectious diseases. To improve the efficacy of T cell immunity induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines, we are developing a protein-based approach that directly harnesses the function of dendritic cells (DCs) in intact lymphoid tissues. Vaccine proteins are selectively delivered to DCs by antibodies to DEC-205/CD205, a receptor for antigen presentation. We find that polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly IC) independently serves as an adjuvant to allow a DC-targeted protein to induce protective CD4(+) T cell responses at a mucosal surface, the airway. After two doses of DEC-targeted, HIV gag p24 along with poly IC, responder CD4(+) T cells have qualitative features that have been correlated with protective function. The T cells simultaneously make IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-2, and in high amounts for prolonged periods. The T cells also proliferate and continue to secrete IFN-gamma in response to HIV gag p24. The adjuvant role of poly IC requires Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5) receptors, but its analog poly IC(12)U requires only TLR3. We suggest that poly IC be tested as an adjuvant with DC-targeted vaccines to induce numerous multifunctional CD4(+) Th1 cells with proliferative capacity.
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Sloat BR, Shaker DS, Le UM, Cui Z. Nasal immunization with the mixture of PA63, LF, and a PGA conjugate induced strong antibody responses against all three antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:169-79. [PMID: 18194342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new generation anthrax vaccine is expected to target not only the anthrax protective antigen (PA) protein, but also other virulent factors of Bacillus anthracis. It is also expected to be amenable for rapid mass immunization of a large number of people. This study aimed to address these needs by designing a prototypic triantigen nasal anthrax vaccine candidate that contained a truncated PA (rPA63), the anthrax lethal factor (LF), and the capsular poly-gamma-D-glutamic acid (gammaDPGA) as the antigens and a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyriboinosinic-polyribocytodylic acid (poly(I:C)) as the adjuvant. This study identified the optimal dose of nasal poly(I:C) in mice, demonstrated that nasal immunization of mice with the LF was capable of inducing functional anti-LF antibodies (Abs), and showed that nasal immunization of mice with the prototypic triantigen vaccine candidate induced strong immune responses against all three antigens. The immune responses protected macrophages against an anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vitro and enabled the immunized mice to survive a lethal dose of anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vivo. The anti-PGA Abs were shown to have complement-mediated bacteriolytic activity. After further optimization, this triantigen nasal vaccine candidate is expected to become one of the newer generation anthrax vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Sloat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Welters MJP, Bijker MS, van den Eeden SJF, Franken KLMC, Melief CJM, Offringa R, van der Burg SH. Multiple CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation parameters predict vaccine efficacy in vivo mediated by individual DC-activating agonists. Vaccine 2006; 25:1379-89. [PMID: 17123670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A systematic comparison of the immunostimulatory capacity of TLR 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 agonists and an agonistic CD40-specific antibody was performed in a single long peptide vaccination model. All adjuvants activated DC in vitro but not all induced a strong functional T-cell response in vivo. Optimal clonal CD8(+) T-cell expansion depended on the capacity of agonists to mature pro-inflammatory DC and the duration of their in vivo stimulatory effect. Strong agonists promoted the induction of both antigen-specific IFNgamma-producing CD4(+) T-helper cells and high numbers of IFNgamma producing CD8(+) effector T-cells that killed target cells in vivo. Importantly, the capacity of an agonist to function as an adjuvant depended on the vaccine strategy used. Collectively, the multi-parameter system presented here can be used as a general road map to develop therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marij J P Welters
- Departments of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nakagawa Y, Maeda H, Murai T. Evaluation of the in vitro pyrogen test system based on proinflammatory cytokine release from human monocytes: comparison with a human whole blood culture test system and with the rabbit pyrogen test. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:588-97. [PMID: 11986265 PMCID: PMC119983 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.3.588-597.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reliability of an in vitro pyrogen test system based on proinflammatory cytokine release from human monocytic cells was assessed by comparison with a test system based on a human whole blood culture as well as with the conventional rabbit pyrogen test. The human cells used as the pyrogen indicator cells were newly selected by subcloning of a human monocytic cell line, Mono-Mac-6. The selected cells, named MM6-CA8, responded to various pyrogens, including endotoxin, peptidoglycan (PG), Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (SAC), and poly(I x C), with a high sensitivity and produced proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Among these cytokines, IL-6 was produced most sensitively in response to traces of the pyrogens and detected in the largest quantities in the culture medium. The cytokine-producing responses of MM6-CA8 cells correlated significantly with the responses of cultured human whole blood, which represents an ex vivo culture test system reproducing pyrogen-induced cytokine production in the human body. In terms of cytokine inducibility, the pyrogens were ranked in the order endotoxin > PG > poly (I. C) > SAC in both culture systems, a ranking which almost agreed with the ranking of their pyrogenicity as assessed by the rabbit pyrogen test. These results suggest that the in vitro responsiveness of MM6-CA8 cells to various pyrogens is highly relevant for human pyrogenic reactions. Therefore, the in vitro test system is useful and reliable for detecting the presence of materials that are pyrogenic for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Nakagawa
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Osaka Branch, 1-1-43, Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0006, Japan.
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De Clercq E. Interferon induction by polynucleotides, modified polynucleotides, and polycarboxylates. Methods Enzymol 1981; 78:227-36. [PMID: 6173595 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(81)78122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Santoli D, Koprowski H. Mechanisms of activation of human natural killer cells against tumor and virus-infected cells. Immunol Rev 1979; 44:125-163. [PMID: 153888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1979.tb00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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de Clercq E. Degradation of poly(inosinic acid) - poly(cytidylic acid) [(I)n - (C)n] by human plasma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 93:165-72. [PMID: 436827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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de Clercq E, Georgiades J, Edy VG, Sobis H. Effect of human and mouse interferon and of polyriboinosinic acid.polyribocytidylic acid on the growth of human fibrosarcoma and melanoma tumors in nude mice. Eur J Cancer 1978; 14:1273-82. [PMID: 738332 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(78)90235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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