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Liu D, Cao F, Xu Z, Zhao C, Liu Z, Pang J, Liu ZX, Moghiseh M, Butler A, Liang S, Fan W, Yang J. Selective Organ-Targeting Hafnium Oxide Nanoparticles with Multienzyme-Mimetic Activities Attenuate Radiation-Induced Tissue Damage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308098. [PMID: 37777858 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Radioprotective agents hold clinical promises to counteract off-target adverse effects of radiation and benefit radiotherapeutic outcomes, yet the inability to control drug transport in human organs poses a leading limitation. Based upon a validated rank-based multigene signature model, radiosensitivity indices are evaluated of diverse normal organs as a genomic predictor of radiation susceptibility. Selective ORgan-Targeting (SORT) hafnium oxide nanoparticles (HfO2 NPs) are rationally designed via modulated synthesis by α-lactalbumin, homing to top vulnerable organs. HfO2 NPs like Hensify are commonly radioenhancers, but SORT HfO2 NPs exhibit surprising radioprotective effects dictated by unfolded ligands and Hf(0)/Hf(IV) redox couples. Still, the X-ray attenuation patterns allow radiological confirmation in target organs by dual-beam spectral computed tomography. SORT HfO2 NPs present potent antioxidant activities, catalytically scavenge reactive oxygen species, and mimic multienzyme catalytic activities. Consequently, SORT NPs rescue radiation-induced DNA damage in mouse and rabbit models and provide survival benefits upon lethal exposures. In addition to inhibiting radiation-induced mitochondrial apoptosis, SORT NPs impede DNA damage and inflammation by attenuating activated FoxO, Hippo, TNF, and MAPK interactive cascades. A universal methodology is proposed to reverse radioenhancers into radioprotectors. SORT radioprotective agents with image guidance are envisioned as compelling in personalized shielding from radiation deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhifeng Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528041, China
| | - Chunhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zekun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiadong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ze-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Mahdieh Moghiseh
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Butler
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | | | - Weijun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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Dixit G, Gonzalez‐Bosquet J, Skurski J, Devor EJ, Dickerson EB, Nothnick WB, Issuree PD, Leslie KK, Maretzky T. FGFR2 mutations promote endometrial cancer progression through dual engagement of EGFR and Notch signalling pathways. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1223. [PMID: 37165578 PMCID: PMC10172618 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase gene fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) occur at a high frequency in endometrial cancer (EC) and have been linked to advanced and recurrent disease. However, little is known about how these mutations drive carcinogenesis. METHODS Differential transcriptomic analysis and two-step quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays were applied to identify genes differentially expressed in two cohorts of EC patients carrying mutations in the FGFR2 gene as well as in EC cells harbouring mutations in the FGFR2. Candidate genes and target signalling pathways were investigated by qRT-PCR assays, immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics analysis. The functional roles of differently regulated genes were analysed using in vitro and in vivo experiments, including 3D-orthotypic co-culture systems, cell proliferation and migration protocols, as well as colony and focus formation assays together with murine xenograft tumour models. The molecular mechanisms were examined using CRISPR/Cas9-based loss-of-function and pharmacological approaches as well as luciferase reporter techniques, cell-based ectodomain shedding assays and bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS We show that common FGFR2 mutations significantly enhance the sensitivity to FGF7-mediated activation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)17 and subsequent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We further show that FGFR2 mutants trigger the activation of ADAM10-mediated Notch signalling in an ADAM17-dependent manner, highlighting for the first time an intimate cooperation between EGFR and Notch pathways in EC. Differential transcriptomic analysis in EC cells in a cohort of patients carrying mutations in the FGFR2 gene identified a strong association between FGFR2 mutations and increased expression of members of the Notch pathway and ErbB receptor family. Notably, FGFR2 mutants are not constitutively active but require FGF7 stimulation to reprogram Notch and EGFR pathway components, resulting in ADAM17-dependent oncogenic growth. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a pivotal role of ADAM17 in the pathogenesis of EC and provide a compelling rationale for targeting ADAM17 protease activity in FGFR2-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dixit
- Inflammation ProgramUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Jesus Gonzalez‐Bosquet
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer CenterRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Joseph Skurski
- Inflammation ProgramUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Immunology Graduate ProgramUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Eric J. Devor
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer CenterRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Erin B. Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Warren B. Nothnick
- Cell Biology and PhysiologyCenter for Reproductive SciencesUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Priya D. Issuree
- Inflammation ProgramUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Kimberly K. Leslie
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Division of Molecular MedicineDepartments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Inflammation ProgramUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer CenterRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Immunology Graduate ProgramUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
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Wei G, Wang Z, Liu R, Zhou C, Li E, Shen T, Wang X, Wu Y, Li X. A combination of hybrid polydopamine-human keratinocyte growth factor nanoparticles and sodium hyaluronate for the efficient prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesion formation. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:155-167. [PMID: 34653692 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative abdominal adhesion (PAA) is one of the more universal complications of abdominal surgery with a frequent incidence. Currently available keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)-based glues for the prevention of adhesions remain a great bottleneck since their long-term biological activity in vivo is insufficient. In this study, we fabricated hybrid polydopamine (PDA)-KGF nanoparticles (PDA-KGF NPs) by using an in situ self-assembly and polymerization method. The physicochemical properties of the PDA-KGF nanoparticles were systematically characterized. The effect of preventing PAA in rats was evaluated by using hybrid PDA-KGF NPs combined with hyaluronate (Ha). The expression levels of inflammatory factors and the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in the injured peritoneum were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and hematoxylin-eosin staining, respectively. The levels of phospho-Src expression were revealed by Western blotting. The degree of fibrosis and the density of deposited collagen fibers were measured with real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and picrosirius red staining. The results indicated that the PDA-KGF NPs combined with Ha greatly prevented the incidence of abdominal adhesion s and promoted the repair of mesothelial cells in injured peritoneum. More importantly, the PDA-KGF NPs combined with Ha obviously reduced collagen deposition and fibrosis and inhibited the inflammatory response. Our results suggest that PDA-KGF NPs combined with Ha are promising barrier-like biomaterials for the effective prevention of postoperative tissue adhesion. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Postoperative abdominal adhesion (PAA) as an inevitable postoperative complication affected the quality of life of patients. Currently available methods for preventing adhesions mainly employ degradable biomaterials. Previous research demonstrated that a hybrid keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)-sodium hyaluronate (Ha) gel could prevent the formation of PAAs. However, its clinical outcomes are not satisfactory since their bioactivity in vivo is too short. In this article, we fabricated hybrid polydopamine (PDA)-KGF nanoparticles (PDA-KGF NPs), which extend KGF bioactivity, effectively prevent PAA. Moreover, PDA-KGF NPs could remarkably reduce both collagen deposition and fibrosis, inhibit the inflammatory response, and promote mesothelial regeneration. Overall, the PDA-KGF NPs combined with Ha exhibit efficient antiadhesion properties, may provide a promising clinical protocol for the prevention of PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbing Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Ruilin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Cancan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Enmeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Tianli Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yunhua Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi' an 710068, PR China
| | - Xuqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Department of Talent Highland, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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Saber W, Steinert P, Zhang MJ, Chen M, Pope A, Keating A, Wingard JR, Ballen K, Stiff P, Perales MA, Forman S, Champlin R, Langston A, Rudebeck M, Horowitz M. A Prospective Cohort Study Comparing Long-Term Outcomes with and without Palifermin in Patients Receiving Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:837.e1-837.e10. [PMID: 34224914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of debilitating oral mucositis (OM) can be as high as 99% after myeloablative conditioning regimens preparing patients with hematologic malignancies for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Palifermin (KGF) is a recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor that reduces the incidence and duration of severe OM. The long-term safety of KGF has not been well established, however. In this long-term prospective matched-cohort study, patients who received KGF (cases) and underwent autologous or allogeneic HCT for hematologic malignancies between 2006 and 2013 were matched 1:1 to patients who did not receive KGF (controls). The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Other outcomes were disease relapse, new malignancies, pancreatitis, renal failure requiring dialysis, pulmonary complications, cataract surgery, and acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The analysis population comprised 2191 matched pairs with a wide range of diseases and donor types that received diverse conditioning and GVHD preventive regimens, representing contemporary practice patterns. The median duration of follow-up was 8 years (range, 1 to 12.5 years). In multivariate analyses, the probabilities of OS (relative risk [RR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 1.12), relapse (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.18), new malignancies (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.18), and cataract surgery (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.50) were not statistically significantly different between cases and controls. In univariate analyses, no increased risks were observed for renal failure requiring dialysis, pancreatitis, acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, interstitial pneumonitis/acute respiratory distress syndrome/idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, or bronchiolitis obliterans/cryptogenic organizing pneumonia/bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia among cases compared with controls. This long-term prospective safety cohort study demonstrates that the KGF group had no increased risk of overall mortality, relapse, new malignancies, or any other key outcome. The broad inclusion criteria allow the results to be generalized to contemporary practice for patients with a wide range of diseases and receiving a wide range of HCT conditioning regimens and graft sources from diverse donor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Saber
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - Patricia Steinert
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mei-Jie Zhang
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Min Chen
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Andrea Pope
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Armand Keating
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center-BMT Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R Wingard
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Karen Ballen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Patrick Stiff
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen Forman
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Richard Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amelia Langston
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Mary Horowitz
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Kritmetapak K, Losbanos L, Berent TE, Ashrafzadeh-Kian SL, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Hines JM, Singh RJ, Kumar R. Hyperphosphatemia with elevated serum PTH and FGF23, reduced 1,25(OH) 2D and normal FGF7 concentrations characterize patients with CKD. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:114. [PMID: 33784965 PMCID: PMC8011073 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperphosphatemia confers adverse cardiovascular outcomes, and commonly occurs in late-stage CKD. Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) is a phosphaturic peptide which decreases renal phosphate transport in vitro and in vivo. Serum FGF7 concentrations are reduced in hyperphosphatemic patients with hypophosphatasia and are elevated in some hypophosphatemic patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia. No data, however, are available on whether circulating FGF7 concentrations increase to compensate for phosphate retention in CKD patients. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study performed among 85 adult patients with varying estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR). We measured serum intact FGF7 (iFGF7) concentration using an iFGF7 immunoassay and determined its associated factors. Relationships between eGFR and mineral metabolism biomarkers [phosphate, iFGF7, iFGF23, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D)] were explored. RESULTS For eGFRs of ≥ 60 (n = 31), 45-59 (n = 16), 30-44 (n = 11), 15-29 (n = 15), and < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 12), median (IQ25-75) iFGF7 concentrations were 46.1 (39.2-56.9), 43.1 (39.0-51.5), 47.3 (38.3-66.5), 47.7 (37.7-55.8), and 49.6 (42.5-65.6) pg/mL, respectively (P = 0.62). Significant increases in serum iFGF23, PTH, and phosphate were observed at eGFRs of < 33 (95 % CI, 26.40-40.05), < 29 (95 % CI, 22.51-35.36), and < 22 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95 % CI, 19.25-25.51), respectively, while significant decreases in serum 1,25(OH)2D were observed at an eGFR of < 52 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95 % CI, 42.57-61.43). No significant correlation was found between serum iFGF7 and phosphate, iFGF23, PTH or 1,25(OH)2D. In multivariable analyses, body mass index (per 5 kg/m2 increase) was independently associated with the highest quartile of serum iFGF7 concentration (OR, 1.20; 95 % CI, 1.12-1.55). CONCLUSIONS Compensatory decreases in circulating 1,25(OH)2D and increases in circulating iFGF23 and PTH, but not iFGF7, facilitate normalization of serum phosphate concentration in early stages of CKD. Whether other circulating phosphaturic peptides change in response to phosphate retention in CKD patients deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittrawee Kritmetapak
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Louis Losbanos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
| | - Taylor E Berent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
| | | | - Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich
- Clinical Immunoassay Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Jolaine M Hines
- Immunochemical Core Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA.
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Pei J, Li Y, Su T, Zhang Q, He X, Tao D, Wang Y, Yuan M, Li Y. Identification and Validation of an Immunological Expression-Based Prognostic Signature in Breast Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:912. [PMID: 33193571 PMCID: PMC7526716 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence suggests that the immune system plays a crucial role in the regulation of the response to therapy and long-term outcomes of patients with breast cancer (BRCA). In this study, we aimed to identify a significant signature based on immune-related genes to predict the prognosis of BRCA patients. Methods: The expression data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The immune-related gene list, the transcription factor (TF) gene list, and the immune infiltrate scores of samples in the TCGA database were acquired from the ImmPort database, the Cistrome Cancer database, and the TIMER database, respectively. Univariate Cox regression analysis was utilized to identify prognostic immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (PIRDEGs) in BRCA. A prognostic immune signature containing 15 PIRDEGs in BRCA was established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) model with 1,000 iterations followed by a stepwise Cox proportional hazards model with a training set of 508 samples in TCGA. An independent assessment of the prognostic prediction ability of the signature was conducted using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with a testing set of 505 samples in TCGA. Results: We identified 466 PIRDEGs and 80 TFs among the DEGs. A gene signature containing 15 PIRDEGs was constructed. Risk scores of BRCA patients were calculated using this model, which showed a high accuracy of prognosis prediction in both the training set and testing set and could be an independent prognostic factor of BRCA patients. Conclusions: Our study revealed that a PIRDEG signature could be a candidate prognostic biomarker for predicting the overall survival (OS) of patients with BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Gansu Province Maternal and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiong Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Qingyang, Qingyang, China
| | - Qiaomei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Manqiu Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Xiao Y, Wang C, Zeng B, Tang X, Zhang Y, Xiang L, Mi L, Pan Y, Wang H, Yang Z. miR124-3p/FGFR2 axis inhibits human keratinocyte proliferation and migration and improve the inflammatory microenvironment in psoriasis. Mol Immunol 2020; 122:89-98. [PMID: 32330756 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte hyperproliferation has been regarded as a central event in psoriasis pathogenesis. Investigating the mechanisms of keratinocyte hyperproliferation might provide novel strategies for psoriasis treatment. we demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) expression was abnormally upregulated within psoriatic lesion tissues and HaCaT cells under rIL-22 stimulation. FGFR2 silence within HaCaT cells under rIL-22 stimulation significantly inhibited the capacity of cells to proliferate and to migrate, reduced IL-17A and TNFα mRNA expression, and decreased the protein levels of FGFR2, keratin 6, keratin 16, MMP1, MMP9, p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-ERK. In contrast to FGFR2, the expression of miR-124-3p showed to be remarkably downregulated within psoriasis lesion tissue samples and rIL-22-stimulated HaCaT cells. miR-124-3p inhibited the expression of FGFR2 via direct binding to its 3'UTR. Within HaCaT cells under rIL-22 stimulation, the overexpression of miR-124-3p also suppressed the capacity of cells to proliferate and to migrate, reduced IL-17A and TNFα mRNA expression, and decreased the protein levels of FGFR2, keratin 6, keratin 16, MMP1, MMP9 and p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-ERK. More importantly, when co-transfected to HaCaT cells, FGFR2-overexpressing vector significantly attenuated the effects of miR-124-3p mimics on HaCaT cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated an miR124-3p/FGFR2 axis that might inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and improve the inflammatory microenvironment in psoriasis. miR124-3p/FGFR2 axis could be an underlying target for psoriasis therapy, which requires further in vivo and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China; Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Bijun Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xueyong Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Liping Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Lan Mi
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
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8
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Wang H, Wang Z, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Sheng X, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Luo P, Luo M, Shi C. Senolytics (DQ) Mitigates Radiation Ulcers by Removing Senescent Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1576. [PMID: 32117790 PMCID: PMC7034035 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation ulcers are a prevalent toxic side effect in patients receiving radiation therapy. At present, there is still no effective treatment for the complication. Senescent cells accumulate after radiation exposure, which can induce cell and tissue dysfunction. Here we demonstrate increased expression of p16 (a senescence biomarker) in human radiation ulcers after radiotherapy and radiation-induced persistent cell senescence in animal ulcer models. Furthermore, senescent cells secreted the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and induced cell senescence in adjacent cells, which was alleviated by JAK inhibition. In addition, the clearance of senescent cells following treatment with a senolytics cocktail, Dasatinib plus Quercetin (DQ), mitigated radiation ulcers. Finally, DQ induced tumor cell apoptosis and enhanced radiosensitivity in representative CAL-27 and MCF-7 cell lines. Our results demonstrate that cell senescence is involved in the development of radiation ulcers and that elimination of senescent cells might be a viable strategy for patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Hunan Branch Center, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Translational Medical Center, Central Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaowu Sheng
- Hunan Branch Center, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Translational Medical Center, Central Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingzhi Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Kalhor H, Sadeghi S, Marashiyan M, Enssi M, Kalhor R, Ganji M, Rahimi H. In silico mutagenesis in recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor: Improvement of stability and activity in addition to decrement immunogenicity. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107551. [PMID: 32032931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rhKGF) is clinically applied to decrease the incidence and duration of cancer therapeutic agents. Particularly, it is extensively used for oral mucositis after chemotherapy-induced damage of different human cancers. However, the usage of rhKGF in treatment is limited owing to its short half-life, poor stability, immunogenicity, tendency to aggregate, and side effects. Therefore, there is a need to enhance the stability and to reduce immunogenicity of rhKGF for therapeutic applications. In this study, the stability, activity, and immunogenicity of rhKGF were improved using computational methods. The several mutations were generated based on sequence alignment, amino acids physic-chemical properties, and the structure simulation. The 3D structure of rhKGF and proposed mutants were predicted by Modeller v9.15 program, and then were evaluated using PROSESS, PROCHECK, and ProSA web tools. Afterwards, the effect of these mutants on rhKGF structure, stability, activity, and its interaction with fibroblast growth factor receptor2-IIb (FGFR2-IIb) was analyzed through utilizing GROMACS molecular dynamics simulations and docking tools, respectively. Also, binding free energies were calculated by the Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) method. We found that F63Y, R121K, and combine1 (K38R, F63Y, K72E, N105S) mutants lead to reduction of the number of T-cell epitopes. However, all of the selected mutants, except for R121K, could considerably increase stability and affinity of the rhKGF to FGFR2-IIb, in silico. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, offered that the combine1 and F63Y mutants could highly improve the stability and activity of rhKGF and even reduce immunogenicity without having any significant effect on the biological functions of rhKGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourieh Kalhor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahya Marashiyan
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Enssi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Reyhaneh Kalhor
- Department of Genetics, Colleague of Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.
| | - Maziar Ganji
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Martins AFL, Nogueira TE, Morais MO, Oton-Leite AF, Valadares MC, Batista AC, Freitas NMA, Leles CR, Mendonça EF. Effect of photobiomodulation on the severity of oral mucositis and molecular changes in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a study protocol for a cost-effectiveness randomized clinical trial. Trials 2019; 20:97. [PMID: 30709370 PMCID: PMC6359861 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral mucositis (OM) is the most frequent and debilitating acute side effect associated with head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment. When present, severe OM negatively impacts the quality of life of patients undergoing HNC treatment. Photobiomodulation is a well-consolidated and effective therapy for the treatment and prevention of severe OM, and is associated with a cost reduction of the cancer treatment. Although an increase in the quality of life and a reduction in the severity of OM are well described, there is no study on cost-effectiveness for this approach considering the quality of life as a primary outcome. In addition, little is known about the photobiomodulation effects on salivary inflammatory mediators. Thus, this study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention and control of severe OM and its influence on the salivary inflammatory mediators. Methods/design This randomized, double-blind clinical trial will include 50 HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The participants will be randomized into two groups: intervention group (photobiomodulation) and control group (preventive oral care protocol). OM (clinical assessment), saliva (assessment of collected samples) and quality of life (Oral Health Impact Profile-14 and Patient-Reported Oral Mucositis Symptoms questionnaires) will be assessed at the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th radiotherapy sessions. Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine levels will be measured in the saliva samples of all participants. The costs are identified, measured and evaluated considering the radiotherapy time interval. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio will be estimated. The study will be conducted according to the Brazilian public health system perspective. Discussion Photobiomodulation is an effective therapy that reduces the cost associated with OM treatment. However, little is known about its cost-effectiveness, mainly when quality of life is the effectiveness measure. Additionally, this therapy is not supported by the Brazilian public health system. Therefore, this study widens the knowledge about the safety of and strengthens evidence for the use of photobiomodulation therapy, providing information for public policy-makers and also for dental care professionals. This study is strongly encouraged due to its clinical relevance and the possibility of incorporating new technology into public health systems. Trial registration Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials—ReBEC, RBR-5h4y4n. Registered on 13 June 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3196-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisson Filipe Lopes Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dentistry Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida, s/n. Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Túlio Eduardo Nogueira
- Department of Prevention and Oral Rehabilitation, Dentistry Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida, s/n. Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Marília Oliveira Morais
- Department of Stomatology, Araujo Jorge Cancer Hospital , R. 239, 206-Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74175-120, Brazil
| | - Angélica Ferreira Oton-Leite
- Department of Stomatology, Araujo Jorge Cancer Hospital , R. 239, 206-Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74175-120, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Department of Pharmacology and Cellular Toxicology, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, 5ª Avenida Esquina com Rua 240, s/n. Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dentistry Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida, s/n. Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Nilceana Maya Aires Freitas
- Department of Radiotherapy, Araujo Jorge Cancer Hospital, R. 239, 206-Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74175-120, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Rodrigues Leles
- Department of Prevention and Oral Rehabilitation, Dentistry Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida, s/n. Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Elismauro Francisco Mendonça
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dentistry Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida, s/n. Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74605-220, Brazil.
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11
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Yang C, Tang H, Wang L, Peng R, Bai F, Shan Y, Yu Z, Zhou P, Cong Y. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Prevents Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis Through Facilitating DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Epithelial Stem Cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 102:1577-1589. [PMID: 30092334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral mucositis is one of the most prevalent side effects in patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. Current therapeutic agents such as palifermin recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor and amifostine do not efficiently or fully prevent mucositis. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a free-radical scavenger, has shown therapeutic benefits in many preclinical and clinical studies. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of DMSO in a clinically relevant mouse model of acute, radiation-induced oral mucositis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Oral mucositis was induced by a high single and fractioned irradiation of the head and neck area in C57BL/6J mice, and the effects of DMSO (by intraperitoneal injection) were assessed by macroscopic and histopathological examination. Epithelial stem and progenitor cells were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of p63 and Ki-67, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were visualized by immunofluorescence detection of γ-H2AX. Tumor xenograft was obtained using CAL-27 cells. RESULTS Pretreatment with DMSO protected the oral mucosa from severe acute radiation injury, reduced the extent of radiation-induced weight loss, and had no significant effects on tumor weight in irradiated or nonirradiated xenograft mice. Furthermore, the efficacy of DMSO was superior to that of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor and amifostine. DMSO treatment prevented the loss of proliferative lingual epithelial stem and progenitor cells upon irradiation. More interestingly, the average levels of γ-H2AX foci were significantly decreased in p63-positive epithelial stem cells at 6 hours, but not at 2 hours, after irradiation, indicating that DMSO facilitated DNA DSB repair rather than suppressing the indirect action of irradiation. CONCLUSIONS DMSO prevents the loss of proliferative lingual epithelial stem and progenitor cells upon irradiation by facilitating DNA DSB repair, thereby protecting against radiation-induced mucositis without tumor protection. Given its high efficacy and low toxicity, DMSO could be a potential treatment option to prevent radiation-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongwei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Tsinghua Changgung, Beijing, PR China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Renjun Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yajun Shan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zuyin Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yuwen Cong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing, PR China.
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12
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Abusarah J, Khodayarian F, Cui Y, El-Kadiry AEH, Rafei M. Thymic Rejuvenation: Are We There Yet? Gerontology 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Liu M, Chen Z, Huang S, Chu S, Issaro N, Tian H, Hu H, Jiang C. Effective Protection on Acute Liver Injury by Halo Tag-Flanked Recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 7. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700411. [PMID: 29504693 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The drug development of FGF7 has been restricted by its toxicity to the host, low expression, poor stability, and easy degradation. Recent studies have shown that Halo-tag-flanked recombinant human FGF7 can solve the problem of toxicity; however, its biological activity is unknown. This study aimed to explore the activity of Halo-rhFGF7 and rhFGF7 on acute liver injury in vitro and in vivo. The rhFGF7 is expressed with a N-terminal Halo-tag, followed by a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site, in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS in this study. The products could stimulate the proliferation of carbon tetrachloride-damaged L-O2 cells (normal human liver cells); they also inhibited cell apoptosis. Due to the use of the Halo, the protein could be tracked using fluorescence localization. Recombinant protein exerted a protective effect on the acute liver injury model in vitro and in vivo. The MTT assay and Western blot analysis showed that this protective effect is realized through various paths, including promoting proliferation, inhibiting cell apoptosis and anti-inflammatory. In conclusion, Halo-rhFGF7 and rhFGF7 displayed an excellent protective effect on acute liver injury. The present study provided an experimental basis and data support for further research on rhFGF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biothechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Quzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, China
| | - Sisi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biothechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shenghui Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biothechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Nipatha Issaro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biothechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biothechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biothechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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14
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The RNA-binding protein ESRP1 promotes human colorectal cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:10007-10024. [PMID: 28052020 PMCID: PMC5354637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1) is an epithelial cell-specific RNA binding protein that controls several key cellular processes, like alternative splicing and translation. Previous studies have demonstrated a tumor suppressor role for this protein. Recently, however, a pro-metastatic function of ESRP1 has been reported. We thus aimed at clarifying the role of ESRP1 in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) by performing loss- and gain-of-function studies, and evaluating tumorigenesis and malignancy with in vitro and in vivo approaches. We found that ESRP1 plays a role in anchorage-independent growth of CRC cells. ESRP1-overexpressing cells grown in suspension showed enhanced fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1/2) signalling, Akt activation, and Snail upregulation. Moreover, ESRP1 promoted the ability of CRC cells to generate macrometastases in mice livers. High ESRP1 expression may thus stimulate growth of cancer epithelial cells and promote colorectal cancer progression. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into a previously unreported, pro-oncogenic role for ESRP1 in CRC, and suggest that fine-tuning the level of this RNA-binding protein could be relevant in modulating tumor growth in a subset of CRC patients.
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15
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Jafari B, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Dastmalchi S. Identification of Novel Single-Domain Antibodies against FGF7 Using Phage Display Technology. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:193-201. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217728520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins. FGF7 is of stromal origin and produces a paracrine effect on epithelial cells. In the current investigation, we aimed to identify new single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) against FGF7 using phage display technology. The vector harboring the codon-optimized DNA sequence for FGF7 protein was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS, and then the protein was expressed at the optimized condition. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, and in vitro scratch assay experiments were used to confirm the proper folding and functionality of the purified FGF7 protein. The purity of the produced FGF7 was 92%, with production yield of 3.5 mg/L of culture. Panning against the purified FGF7 was performed, and the identified single-domain antibodies showed significant affinity. Further investigation on one of the selected sdAb displaying phage clones showed concentration-dependent binding to FGF7. The selected sdAb can be used for developing novel tumor-suppressing agents where inhibition of FGF7 is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Jafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Radioprotective effects of Keratinocyte Growth Factor-1 against irradiation-induced salivary gland hypofunction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13496-13508. [PMID: 28086221 PMCID: PMC5355115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation can cause salivary gland hypofunction, with hyposalivation producing discomfort, health risks, and reducing function in daily life. Despite increasing translational research interest in radioprotection, there are no satisfactory treatments available. Keratinocyte growth factor-1 stimulates proliferation of salivary epithelial cells or salivary stem/progenitor cells. However, the exact mechanism of its radioprotection against radiation-induced salivary hypofunction is not fully elucidated. Our results reveal that the radioprotective effects of keratinocyte growth factor-1 involved alleviation of growth inhibition and anti-apoptotic cell death of human parotid epithelial cells. Furthermore, keratinocyte growth factor-1 protected human parotid epithelial cells through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase - protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and inhibition of p53-mediated apoptosis through activation of mouse double minute 2. Local delivery of keratinocyte growth factor-1 into the irradiated salivary glands could protect radiation-induced salivary cell damages, suppress p53-mediated apoptosis and prevent salivary hypofunction in vivo. This suggests that keratinocyte growth factor-1 is a promising candidate to prevent radiation-induced salivary hypofunction and raise rational development keratinocyte growth factor-1 local delivery system.
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17
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Hangeshashinto (TJ-14) prevents radiation-induced mucositis by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 expression and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:1329-1336. [PMID: 28516399 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced oral mucositis is the most common side effect of radiotherapy in head and neck cancer; however, effective modalities for its prevention have not been established. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of Hangeshashinto (TJ-14), a Japanese herbal medicine, for preventing radiation-induced mucositis and elucidated its effect on inflammatory responses, including inflammatory cell chemotaxis and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression, in an animal model. METHODS Syrian hamsters, 8-9 weeks old, were enrolled in this study. Animals were irradiated with a single 40 Gy dose to the buccal mucosa. Hamsters freely received a treatment diet mixed with 2% TJ-14 or a normal diet daily. The therapeutic effect was determined based on the visual mucositis score, body weight, and histological examination of infiltrated neutrophils and COX2 expression. RESULTS TJ-14 significantly reduced the severity of mucositis. The percentage with severe mucositis (score ≥3) was 100% in the untreated group and 16.7% in the TJ-14 group (P < 0.05). There was no difference in body weight change between the groups; however, weight gain in the untreated group tended to be suppressed compared to that in the TJ-14 group during the peak period of mucositis. In addition, TJ-14 inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils and COX2 expression in irradiated mucosa (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TJ-14 reduced the severity of mucositis in an animal model by suppressing the inflammatory response. Because TJ-14 is inexpensive and its safety is established, it is a promising candidate for the standard treatment of radiation-induced mucositis in cancer patients.
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Hansen PB, Penkowa M. Bismuth adjuvant ameliorates adverse effects of high-dose chemotherapy in patients with multiple myeloma and malignant lymphoma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: a randomised, double-blind, prospective pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2016; 25:1279-1289. [PMID: 27966023 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-dose chemotherapy prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) leads to adverse effects including mucositis, neutropenia and bacteremia. To reduce the toxicity, we treated myeloma and lymphoma patients with peroral bismuth as an adjuvant to chemotherapy to convey cytoprotection in non-malignant cells. METHODS This trial was a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of hematological inpatients (n = 50) receiving bismuth or placebo tablets, in order to identify any potential superiority of bismuth on toxicity from chemotherapy. RESULTS We show for the first time that bismuth significantly reduces grade 2 stomatitis, febrile neutropenia and infections caused by melphalan in multiple myeloma, where adverse effects also were significantly linked to gender. In lymphoma patients, bismuth significantly reduces diarrhoea relative to placebo. Also, lymphoma patients' adverse effects were linked to gender. For the first time, bismuth is demonstrated as a safe strategy against chemotherapy's toxicity without interfering with intentional anti-cancer efficiency. Also, we show how gender significantly influences various adverse effects and response to treatment in both multiple myeloma and malignant lymphomas. CONCLUSION These results may impact clinical prevention of chemotherapy's cytotoxicity in certain patient groups, and also, this study may direct further attention towards the impact of gender during the course and treatment outcome of malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Boye Hansen
- Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2720, Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Roskilde, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Milena Penkowa
- Section for Neuroprotection, Hjerneeksperten, 1718, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Keratinocyte Growth Factor Combined with a Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Inhibits Postoperative Intra-Abdominal Adhesions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101611. [PMID: 27669222 PMCID: PMC5085644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative intra-abdominal adhesion is a very common complication after abdominal surgery. One clinical problem that remains to be solved is to identify an ideal strategy to prevent abdominal adhesions. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) has been proven to improve the proliferation of mesothelial cells, which may enhance fibrinolytic activity to suppress postoperative adhesions. This study investigated whether the combined administration of KGF and a sodium hyaluronate (HA) gel can prevent intra-abdominal adhesions by improving the orderly repair of the peritoneal mesothelial cells. The possible prevention mechanism was also explored. The cecum wall and its opposite parietal peritoneum were abraded after laparotomy to induce intra-abdominal adhesion formation. Animals were randomly allocated to receive topical application of HA, KGF, KGF + HA, or normal saline (Control). On postoperative day 7, the adhesion score was assessed with a visual scoring system. Masson’s trichrome staining, picrosirius red staining and hydroxyproline assays were used to assess the magnitude of adhesion and tissue fibrosis. Cytokeratin, a marker of the mesothelial cells, was detected by immunohistochemistry. The levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the abdominal fluid were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Western blotting was performed to examine the expression of the TGF-β1, fibrinogen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) proteins in the rat peritoneal adhesion tissue. The combined administration of KGF and HA significantly reduced intra-abdominal adhesion formation and fibrin deposition and improved the orderly repair of the peritoneal mesothelial cells in the rat model. Furthermore, the combined administration of KGF and HA significantly increased the tPA levels but reduced the levels of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and TGF-β1 in the abdominal fluid. The expression levels of TGF-β1, fibrinogen and α-SMA protein and mRNA in the rat peritoneum or adhesion tissues were also down-regulated following the combined administration of KGF and HA. The combined administration of KGF and HA can significantly prevent postoperative intra-abdominal adhesion formation by maintaining the separation of the injured peritoneum and promoting mesothelial cell regeneration. The potential mechanism may be associated with rapid mesothelial cell repair in the injured peritoneum. This study suggests that combined administration of KGF and HA may be a promising pharmacotherapeutic strategy for preventing abdominal adhesions, which is worth further study, and has potential value in clinical applications.
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Hall TG, Yu Y, Eathiraj S, Wang Y, Savage RE, Lapierre JM, Schwartz B, Abbadessa G. Preclinical Activity of ARQ 087, a Novel Inhibitor Targeting FGFR Dysregulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162594. [PMID: 27627808 PMCID: PMC5023172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling through amplifications, mutations, and gene fusions has been implicated in a broad array of cancers (e.g. liver, gastric, ovarian, endometrial, and bladder). ARQ 087 is a novel, ATP competitive, small molecule, multi-kinase inhibitor with potent in vitro and in vivo activity against FGFR addicted cell lines and tumors. Biochemically, ARQ 087 exhibited IC50 values of 1.8 nM for FGFR2, and 4.5 nM for FGFR1 and 3. In cells, inhibition of FGFR2 auto-phosphorylation and other proteins downstream in the FGFR pathway (FRS2α, AKT, ERK) was evident by the response to ARQ 087 treatment. Cell proliferation studies demonstrated ARQ 087 has anti-proliferative activity in cell lines driven by FGFR dysregulation, including amplifications, fusions, and mutations. Cell cycle studies in cell lines with high levels of FGFR2 protein showed a positive relationship between ARQ 087 induced G1 cell cycle arrest and subsequent induction of apoptosis. In addition, ARQ 087 was effective at inhibiting tumor growth in vivo in FGFR2 altered, SNU-16 and NCI-H716, xenograft tumor models with gene amplifications and fusions. ARQ 087 is currently being studied in a phase 1/2 clinical trial that includes a sub cohort for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients with confirmed FGFR2 gene fusions (NCT01752920).
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence G. Hall
- ArQule, Inc., Burlington, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi Yu
- ArQule, Inc., Burlington, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Yunxia Wang
- ArQule, Inc., Burlington, MA, United States of America
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Vadija R, Mustyala KK, Nambigari N, Dulapalli R, Dumpati RK, Ramatenki V, Vellanki SP, Vuruputuri U. Homology modeling and virtual screening studies of FGF-7 protein-a structure-based approach to design new molecules against tumor angiogenesis. J Chem Biol 2016; 9:69-78. [PMID: 27493695 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-016-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) protein is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, which is also known as FGF-7. The FGF-7 plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis. In the present work, FGF-7 is treated as a potential therapeutic target to prevent angiogenesis in cancerous tissue. Computational techniques are applied to evaluate and validate the 3D structure of FGF-7 protein. The active site region of the FGF-7 protein is identified based on hydrophobicity calculations using CASTp and Q-site Finder active site prediction tools. The protein-protein docking study of FGF-7 with its natural receptor FGFR2b is carried out to confirm the active site region in FGF-7. The amino acid residues Asp34, Arg67, Glu116, and Thr194 in FGF-7 interact with the receptor protein (FGFR2b). A grid is generated at the active site region of FGF-7 using Glide module of Schrödinger suite. Subsequently, a virtual screening study is carried out at the active site using small molecular structural databases to identify the ligand molecules. The binding interactions of the ligand molecules, with piperazine moiety as a pharmacophore, are observed at Arg67 and Glu149 residues of the FGF-7 protein. The identified ligand molecules against the FGF-7 protein show permissible pharmacokinetic properties (ADME). The ligand molecules with good docking scores and satisfactory pharmacokinetic properties are prioritized and identified as novel ligands for the FGF-7 protein in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Vadija
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Kiran Kumar Mustyala
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Navaneetha Nambigari
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science Saifabad, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500004 India
| | - Ramasree Dulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Rama Krishna Dumpati
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Vishwanath Ramatenki
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Santhi Prada Vellanki
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Uma Vuruputuri
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
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De Sanctis V, Bossi P, Sanguineti G, Trippa F, Ferrari D, Bacigalupo A, Ripamonti CI, Buglione M, Pergolizzi S, Langendjik JA, Murphy B, Raber-Durlacher J, Russi EG, Lalla RV. Mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and systemic therapies: Literature review and consensus statements. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 100:147-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Long-Term Safety Outcomes in Patients with Hematological Malignancies Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Treated with Palifermin to Prevent Oral Mucositis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Z, Pu Y, Pan Q, Xu X, Yan X. Influences of keratinocyte growth factor - mesenchymal stem cells on chronic liver injury in rats. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1810-1817. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1105237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Clinicopathological correlation of keratinocyte growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in human gastric cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2015; 101:566-71. [PMID: 26350198 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is reported to be implicated in the growth of some cancer cells. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is thought to enhance the tumor invasion and metastasis ability. This study was aimed at analyzing the relationship between KGF and MMP-9 expression and patients' clinicopathological characteristics to clarify the clinical significance of the expression of KGF and MMP-9 in gastric cancer. METHODS Tissue samples from 161 patients with primary gastric cancer were investigated using immunohistochemistry. The relationship between KGF and/or MMP-9 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. RESULTS KGF expression and MMP-9 expression in gastric cancer tissue were observed in 62 cases (38.5%) and 97 cases (60.2%), respectively. MMP-9 was significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. The prognosis of MMP-9-positive patients was significantly poorer than that of MMP-9-negative patients (p = 0.009). KGF expression was positively correlated with MMP-9 expression in gastric cancer, and the prognosis of patients with both KGF- and MMP-9-positive tumors was significantly worse than that of patients with negative tumors for either factor (p = 0.045). Expression of MMP-9 was revealed to be an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Coexpression of KGF and MMP-9 in gastric cancer could be a useful prognostic factor, and MMP-9 might also serve as a novel target for both prognostic prediction and therapeutics.
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Hong L, Han Y, Liu J, Fan D. Keratinocyte growth factor receptor: a therapeutic target in solid cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26200212 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1062474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment effects of advanced solid cancer are unsatisfactory, and novel therapeutic approaches are much needed. Keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is primarily localized on epithelial cells. KGFR may play important roles in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, epithelial wound repair, embryonic development, immunity, tumor formation and development. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the expression, function and mechanism of KGFR in solid cancer, and analyzes its value for the cancer therapy. Furthermore, this study discusses the limitations of KGFR-based therapy, and envisages future developments in the clinical applications of KGFR. EXPERT OPINION KGFR may function as an ideal therapeutic target for solid cancer. Continued basic investigation of KGFR-mediated pathways will push insight into the novel strategies of target therapy. More in vivo studies and clinical trials should be performed to promote the translational bridging of the latest research into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- a 1 Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China +86 29 84771531 ; +86 29 82539041 ;
| | - Yu Han
- b 2 Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology , Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- a 1 Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China +86 29 84771531 ; +86 29 82539041 ;
| | - Daiming Fan
- a 1 Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China +86 29 84771531 ; +86 29 82539041 ;
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Ceccarelli S, Bei R, Vescarelli E, D'Amici S, di Gioia C, Modesti A, Romano F, Redler A, Marchese C, Angeloni A. Potential prognostic and diagnostic application of a novel monoclonal antibody against keratinocyte growth factor receptor. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 56:939-52. [PMID: 24899248 PMCID: PMC4155171 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
KGFR is involved in the pathogenesis of several human cancers. In this study, we generated and characterized a monoclonal antibody specific to KGFR (SC-101 mAb) and evaluated its potential use in basic research and as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. The specificity and biological activity of the SC-101 mAb were evaluated by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation analyses on various cell lines. KGFR expression in breast, pancreatic, and thyroid carcinoma was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with SC-101 mAb. KGFR expression levels revealed by SC-101 mAb resulted to increase proportionally with tumor grade in breast and pancreatic cancer. In addition, SC-101 mAb was able to detect KGFR down-modulation in thyroid cancer. SC-101 mAb might represent a useful tool for basic research applications, and it could also contribute to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis of epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy,
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Gene therapy for radioprotection. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:172-80. [PMID: 25721205 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a critical component of cancer treatment with over half of patients receiving radiation during their treatment. Despite advances in image-guided therapy and dose fractionation, patients receiving radiation therapy are still at risk for side effects due to off-target radiation damage of normal tissues. To reduce normal tissue damage, researchers have sought radioprotectors, which are agents capable of protecting tissue against radiation by preventing radiation damage from occurring or by decreasing cell death in the presence of radiation damage. Although much early research focused on small-molecule radioprotectors, there has been a growing interest in gene therapy for radioprotection. The amenability of gene therapy vectors to targeting, as well as the flexibility of gene therapy to accomplish ablation or augmentation of biologically relevant genes, makes gene therapy an excellent strategy for radioprotection. Future improvements to vector targeting and delivery should greatly enhance radioprotection through gene therapy.
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Fan EW, Li CC, Wu WJ, Huang CN, Li WM, Ke HL, Yeh HC, Wu TF, Liang PI, Ma LJ, Li CF. FGF7 Over Expression is an Independent Prognosticator in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract and Bladder. J Urol 2015; 194:223-9. [PMID: 25623741 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and upper tract is the most common tumor type in the urinary tract but its molecular pathogenesis and survival determinants remain obscure. By data mining a published transcriptomic database of bladder urothelial carcinoma (GSE31684) we identified FGF7 as the most significant gene up-regulated during urothelial carcinoma progression. We then used our well characterized urothelial carcinoma cohort to analyze FGF7 transcript and protein expression, and its clinicopathological significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to determine the FGF7 transcript level in 30 fresh samples each of upper tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry evaluated by H-score was used to determine FGF7 protein expression in 340 upper tract and 295 bladder urothelial carcinomas. Transcript and protein expression were correlated with clinicopathological features. We further evaluated the prognostic significance of FGF7 protein expression for disease specific and metastasis-free survival. RESULTS An increased FGF7 transcript level was associated with higher pT stage in upper tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma (p = 0.003 and <0.001, respectively). In the upper tract and bladder carcinoma groups FGF7 protein over expression was also significantly associated with advanced pT status (each p <0.001), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.002 and <0.001), high histological grade (p = 0.019 and <0.001), vascular invasion (each p <0.001), perineural invasion (p = 0.002 and 0.021) and frequent mitoses (p = 0.002 and 0.042, respectively). FGF7 over expression predicted dismal disease specific and metastasis-free survival on univariate and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that FGF7 over expression is associated with advanced clinical features in patients with upper tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma, justifying its potential prognostic value for urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Fan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Chia Li
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Nung Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ming Li
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Lung Ke
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Feng Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Peir-In Liang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Jung Ma
- Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Sangild PT, Ney DM, Sigalet DL, Vegge A, Burrin D. Animal models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Animal models of infant short bowel syndrome: translational relevance and challenges. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G1147-68. [PMID: 25342047 PMCID: PMC4269678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00088.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal failure (IF), due to short bowel syndrome (SBS), results from surgical resection of a major portion of the intestine, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and need for parenteral nutrition (PN). The incidence is highest in infants and relates to preterm birth, necrotizing enterocolitis, atresia, gastroschisis, volvulus, and aganglionosis. Patient outcomes have improved, but there is a need to develop new therapies for SBS and to understand intestinal adaptation after different diseases, resection types, and nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Animal studies are needed to carefully evaluate the cellular mechanisms, safety, and translational relevance of new procedures. Distal intestinal resection, without a functioning colon, results in the most severe complications and adaptation may depend on the age at resection (preterm, term, young, adult). Clinically relevant therapies have recently been suggested from studies in preterm and term PN-dependent SBS piglets, with or without a functional colon. Studies in rats and mice have specifically addressed the fundamental physiological processes underlying adaptation at the cellular level, such as regulation of mucosal proliferation, apoptosis, transport, and digestive enzyme expression, and easily allow exogenous or genetic manipulation of growth factors and their receptors (e.g., glucagon-like peptide 2, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, epidermal growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor). The greater size of rats, and especially young pigs, is an advantage for testing surgical procedures and nutritional interventions (e.g., PN, milk diets, long-/short-chain lipids, pre- and probiotics). Conversely, newborn pigs (preterm or term) and weanling rats provide better insights into the developmental aspects of treatment for SBS in infants owing to their immature intestines. The review shows that a balance among practical, economical, experimental, and ethical constraints will determine the choice of SBS model for each clinical or basic research question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per T. Sangild
- 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; ,2Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Denise M. Ney
- 3Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | | | - Andreas Vegge
- 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; ,5Diabetes Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark; and
| | - Douglas Burrin
- 6USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Finch PW, Mark Cross LJ, McAuley DF, Farrell CL. Palifermin for the protection and regeneration of epithelial tissues following injury: new findings in basic research and pre-clinical models. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 17:1065-87. [PMID: 24151975 PMCID: PMC4118166 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a paracrine-acting epithelial mitogen produced by cells of mesenchymal origin, that plays an important role in protecting and repairing epithelial tissues. Pre-clinical data initially demonstrated that a recombinant truncated KGF (palifermin) could reduce gastrointestinal injury and mortality resulting from a variety of toxic exposures. Furthermore, the use of palifermin in patients with hematological malignancies reduced the incidence and duration of severe oral mucositis experienced after intensive chemoradiotherapy. Based upon these findings, as well as the observation that KGF receptors are expressed in many, if not all, epithelial tissues, pre-clinical studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of palifermin in protecting different epithelial tissues from toxic injury in an attempt to model various clinical situations in which it might prove to be of benefit in limiting tissue damage. In this article, we review these studies to provide the pre-clinical background for clinical trials that are described in the accompanying article and the rationale for additional clinical applications of palifermin.
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Wong YL, Dali AZHM, Mohamed Rose I, Jamal R, Mokhtar NM. Potential molecular signatures in epithelial ovarian cancer by genome wide expression profiling. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2014; 12:e259-68. [PMID: 24673814 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of all gynecologic cancers because of its late diagnosis and poor treatment outcomes. This study aimed to identify potential molecular signatures associated with biological processes that are implicated in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS Expression profiling was carried out on 16 fresh frozen EOC and normal ovarian tissue samples using the Illumina Whole Genome DASL assay (cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation). The differentially expressed genes were analyzed using the GeneSpring GX11.5 and Pathway Studio 8.0 software. The microarray results were validated using the immunohistochemistry analyses. RESULTS Unpaired t-test identified 652 (270 up- and 382 downregulated) significant differentially expressed genes (P < 0.001 and fold change ≥2.0). Hierarchical clustering analysis displayed a distinct separation of cancer and normal samples. Gene set enrichment analysis identified alterations in the expression of genes associated with cancer development and progression. Positive immunostaining of claudin-7, ephrin receptor A1 and Forkhead Box M1 in EOC was consistent with the upregulation of these genes in the microarray result. However, the positive immunostaining of fibroblast growth factor-7 in cancer tissues was not in accordance with the downregulation of this gene in the microarray result. CONCLUSION These results identify significant genes and their related biological processes which may contribute to the better understanding of development and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ling Wong
- Department of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Isa Mohamed Rose
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Radioprotection of normal tissue cells. Strahlenther Onkol 2014; 190:745-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-014-0637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rubin JS. Recent developments in palifermin basic, pre-clinical and clinical research. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1063-4. [PMID: 24151974 PMCID: PMC4118165 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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D’Amici S, Ceccarelli S, Vescarelli E, Romano F, Frati L, Marchese C, Angeloni A. TNFα modulates Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 gene expression through the pRB/E2F1 pathway: identification of a non-canonical E2F binding motif. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61491. [PMID: 23613863 PMCID: PMC3629046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme during wound healing are not fully understood, but Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) and their receptors FGFRs are recognized as key elements. FGFR2 gene encodes for two splicing transcript variants, FGFR2-IIIb or Keratinocyte Growth Factor Receptor (KGFR) and FGFR2-IIIc, which differ for tissue localization and ligand specificity. Proinflammatory cytokines play an essential role in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and have been indicated to stimulate FGFs production. Here we demonstrated that upregulation of FGFR2 mRNA and protein expression is induced by the proinflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β and Interleukin 2. Furthermore, we found that TNFα determines FGFR2 transcriptional induction through activation of pRb, mediated by Raf and/or p38 pathways, and subsequent release of the transcription factor E2F1. Experiments based on FGFR2 promoter serial deletions and site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify a minimal responsive element that retains the capacity to be activated by E2F1. Computational analysis indicated that this element is a non-canonical E2F responsive motif. Thus far, the molecular mechanisms of FGFR2 upregulation during wound healing or in pathological events are not known. Our data suggest that FGFR2 expression can be modulated by local recruitment of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, since alterations in FGFR2 expression have been linked to the pathogenesis of certain human cancers, these findings could also provide elements for diagnosis and potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio D’Amici
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Vescarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Romano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Tani H, Saito N, Kobayashi M, Kameoka S. Clinical significance of keratinocyte growth factor and K-sam gene expression in gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1381-6. [PMID: 23545898 PMCID: PMC3658850 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gastric cancer is increasingly being detected at an early stage of development, diffuse growth‑type malignant tumors, such as scirrhous gastric cancer, are usually at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, resulting in poor treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine whether the K-sam gene and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) expression may be used to identify malignant tumors with a poor prognosis. K-sam and KGF expression was retrospectively evaluated in samples from 86 patients with early and advanced gastric cancer according to type, by examining serum levels and using immunohistochemical staining. The associations with clinicopathological characteristics and survival were also examined. The mean serum KGF levels were 11.191±3.808 pg/ml in early stage and 10.715±3.4991 pg/ml in advanced gastric cancer patients. KGF levels were significantly higher in types 4 and 5 (14.498±3.812 pg/ml, n=6) compared with types 1, 2 and 3 (10.747±3.571 pg/ml, n=80; P=0.028). Stage classification was identified as the only significant factor which determined overall survival. Patients with KGF-positive tumors had significantly higher serum KGF levels compared with those who had KGF-negative tumors. Patients with K-sam‑positive tumors had significantly higher KGF levels compared with those who had K-sam-negative tumors. Pathological KGF expression was not significantly correlated with the degree of differentiation; however, there was a positive correlation between high K-sam expression in scirrhous gastric tumors and serum KGF levels. The present study revealed that high serum KGF levels are a risk factor for diffuse infiltrative gastric cancer and may provide a simple method of identifying patients with a poor prognosis among previously diagnosed preoperative gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tani
- Department of Surgery II, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Zhao Q, Caballero OL, Davis ID, Jonasch E, Tamboli P, Yung WKA, Weinstein JN, Strausberg RL, Yao J. Tumor-specific isoform switch of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 underlies the mesenchymal and malignant phenotypes of clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2460-72. [PMID: 23444225 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to identify tumor-specific alternative splicing events having potential applications in the early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed RNA-seq data on 470 clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) and 68 kidney tissues to identify tumor-specific alternative splicing events. We further focused on the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) isoform switch and characterized ccRCCs expressing different FGFR2 isoforms by integrated analyses using genomic data from multiple platforms and tumor types. RESULTS We identified 113 top candidate alternatively spliced genes in ccRCC. Prominently, the FGFR2 gene transcript switched from the normal IIIb isoform ("epithelial") to IIIc isoform ("mesenchymal") in nearly 90% of ccRCCs. This switch is kidney specific as it was rarely observed in other cancers. The FGFR2-IIIb ccRCCs show a transcriptome and methylome resembling those from normal kidney, whereas FGFR2-IIIc ccRCCs possess elevated hypoxic and mesenchymal expression signatures. Clinically, FGFR2-IIIb ccRCCs are smaller in size, of lower tumor grade, and associated with longer patient survival. Gene set enrichment and DNA copy number analyses indicated that FGFR2-IIIb ccRCCs are closely associated with renal oncocytomas and chromophobe RCCs (chRCC). A reexamination of tumor histology by pathologists identified FGFR2-IIIb tumors as chRCCs and clear cell papillary RCCs (ccpRCC). CONCLUSIONS FGFR2 IIIb RCCs represent misdiagnosed ccRCC cases, suggesting FGFR2 isoform testing can be used in the diagnosis of RCC subtypes. The finding of a prevalent isoform switch of FGFR2 in a tissue-specific manner holds promise for the future development of FGFR2-IIIc as a distinct early detection biomarker and therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Inactivation of Rb in stromal fibroblasts promotes epithelial cell invasion. EMBO J 2012; 31:3092-103. [PMID: 22643222 PMCID: PMC3400012 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-derived growth factors are required for normal epithelial growth but are also implicated in tumour progression. We have observed inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb), through phosphorylation, in cancer-associated fibroblasts in oro-pharyngeal cancer specimens. Rb is well known for its cell-autonomous effects on cancer initiation and progression; however, cell non-autonomous functions of Rb are not well described. We have identified a cell non-autonomous role of Rb, using three-dimensional cultures, where depletion of Rb in stromal fibroblasts enhances invasive potential of transformed epithelia. In part, this is mediated by upregulation of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), which is produced by the depleted fibroblasts. KGF drives invasion of epithelial cells through induction of MMP1 expression in an AKT- and Ets2-dependent manner. Our data identify that stromal fibroblasts can alter the invasive behaviour of the epithelium, and we show that altered expression of KGF can mediate these functions.
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Ceccarelli S, Romano F, Angeloni A, Marchese C. Potential dual role of KGF/KGFR as a target option in novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancers and mucosal damages. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:377-93. [PMID: 22443411 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.671813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and its receptor KGFR play a pivotal role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival, in response to injury and tissue repair. Altered expression of this pathway in cancer opened the way to the development of targeted therapy to achieve KGFR inhibition. Nevertheless, KGF administration has been demonstrated to ameliorate oral mucositis resulting from chemoradiotherapy, besides protecting epithelial cells against radiation-induced damage. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the potential therapeutic interest of KGF/KGFR in two different areas: selective inhibition of KGFR signaling for the treatment of cancers characterized by upregulation of this pathway and administration of KGF to protect epithelial cells from induced damage. The review presents an overview of therapeutic strategies in both directions. EXPERT OPINION KGF/KGFR signaling can contribute to enhancing the malignant potential of epithelial cells and to promoting tumorigenesis. On the other hand, the therapeutic use of KGF in cancer patients provides epithelial protection, reducing chemotherapy side effects. FGFRs have become attractive antitumor targets and various inhibitors have been used to contrast tumor cell growth. The identification of KGFR-specific molecules might represent a promising therapeutic strategy that could increase the window of available agents and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ceccarelli
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Roma, Italy
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Toriseva M, Ala-aho R, Peltonen S, Peltonen J, Grénman R, Kähäri VM. Keratinocyte growth factor induces gene expression signature associated with suppression of malignant phenotype of cutaneous squamous carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33041. [PMID: 22427941 PMCID: PMC3299721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF, fibroblast growth factor-7) is a fibroblast-derived mitogen, which stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells. The expression of KGF by dermal fibroblasts is induced following injury and it promotes wound repair. However, the role of KGF in cutaneous carcinogenesis and cancer progression is not known. We have examined the role of KGF in progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. The expression of KGF receptor (KGFR) mRNA was lower in cutaneous SCCs (n = 6) than in normal skin samples (n = 6). Expression of KGFR mRNA was detected in 6 out of 8 cutaneous SCC cell lines and the levels were downregulated by 24-h treatment with KGF. KGF did not stimulate SCC cell proliferation, but it reduced invasion of SCC cells through collagen. Gene expression profiling of three cutaneous SCC cell lines treated with KGF for 24 h revealed a specific gene expression signature characterized by upregulation of a set of genes specifically downregulated in SCC cells compared to normal epidermal keratinocytes, including genes with tumor suppressing properties (SPRY4, DUSP4, DUSP6, LRIG1, PHLDA1). KGF also induced downregulation of a set of genes specifically upregulated in SCC cells compared to normal keratinocytes, including genes associated with tumor progression (MMP13, MATN2, CXCL10, and IGFBP3). Downregulation of MMP-13 and KGFR expression in SCC cells and HaCaT cells was mediated via ERK1/2. Activation of ERK1/2 in HaCaT cells and tumorigenic Ha-ras-transformed HaCaT cells resulted in downregulation of MMP-13 and KGFR expression. These results provide evidence, that KGF does not promote progression of cutaneous SCC, but rather suppresses the malignant phenotype of cutaneous SCC cells by regulating the expression of several genes differentially expressed in SCC cells, as compared to normal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Toriseva
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
| | - Risto Ala-aho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Phenylbutyrate Mouthwash Mitigates Oral Mucositis During Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Head-and-Neck Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82:1463-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang J, Sarkar S, Cua R, Zhou Y, Hader W, Yong VW. A dialog between glioma and microglia that promotes tumor invasiveness through the CCL2/CCR2/interleukin-6 axis. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:312-9. [PMID: 22159219 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma cells in situ are surrounded by microglia, suggesting the potential of glioma-microglia interactions to produce various outcomes. As chemokines are important mediators of cell-cell communication, we sought first to identify commonly expressed chemokines in 16 human glioma lines. We found CCL2 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) messenger RNA to be expressed by the majority of glioma lines. However, these lines did not express the CCL2 receptor, CCR2, which was found on microglia. Next, we overexpressed CCL2 in the U87 glioma line, which has low basal level of CCL2, to investigate the hypothesis that glioma-secreted CCL2 interacts with microglia to affect glioma growth. Stable clones with 10- to 12-fold elevation of CCL2 have similar growth rate and invasive capacity as vector controls when cultured in isolation. However, in coculture with microglia in a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix, the invasiveness of CCL2-overexpressing clones was increased. Gene array analyses were then undertaken and they revealed that interleukin (IL)-6 was consistently increased in the coculture. Recombinant IL-6 enhanced the invasiveness of glioma cells when these were cultured alone, whereas a neutralizing antibody to IL-6 attenuated the microglia-stimulated glioma invasiveness. Finally, we found that human glioma specimens in situ contained IL-6 immunoreactivity that was expressed on CD68+ cells. This study has uncovered a mechanism by which glioma cells exploit microglia for increased invasiveness. Specifically, glioma-derived CCL2 acts upon CCR2-bearing microglia, which then produces IL-6 to stimulate gliomas. The CCL2/CCR2/IL-6 loop is a potential therapeutic target for the currently incurable malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Yamamoto T, Matsuda Y, Kawahara K, Naito Z, Ishiwata T. Keratinocyte growth factor stimulates growth of MIA PaCa-2 cells through extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:307-310. [PMID: 22740901 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), also known as fibroblast growth factor-7, is mainly synthesized by mesenchymal cells. KGF modulates proliferation, differentiation, migration and adhesion to extracellular matrices of epithelial cells that specifically express the KGF receptor (KGFR). We previously reported that KGF is expressed in cancer cells and adjacent stromal fibroblasts in human pancreatic cancer tissues. Furthermore, KGF is thought to stimulate the growth of certain pancreatic cancer cell lines. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway contributes to exogenous KGF-induced pancreatic cancer cell growth. Recombinant human KGF (rhKGF) was administered to MIA PaCa-2 cells, which expressed KGFR and negligible levels of KGF. Cell growth rates in MIA PaCa-2 cells were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner following the addition of rhKGF. In the MAPK pathway, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in MIA PaCa-2 cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner, and phosphorylation of p38 was slightly increased following the administration of 100 ng/ml rhKGF. In contrast, JNK was not phosphorylated following the addition of rhKGF in MIA PaCa-2 cells. U0126, a specific inhibitor of ERK activation, decreased the rhKGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK and the growth rates of MIA PaCa-2 cells. These findings indicated that phosphorylation of the ERK signaling pathway plays a significant role in exogenous KGF-induced pancreatic cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Yamamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Interactions of formulation excipients with proteins in solution and in the dried state. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1053-73. [PMID: 21756953 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of excipients are used to stabilize proteins, suppress protein aggregation, reduce surface adsorption, or to simply provide physiological osmolality. The stabilizers encompass a wide variety of molecules including sugars, salts, polymers, surfactants, and amino acids, in particular arginine. The effects of these excipients on protein stability in solution are mainly caused by their interaction with the protein and the container surface, and most importantly with water. Some excipients stabilize proteins in solution by direct binding, while others use a number of fundamentally different mechanisms that involve indirect interactions. In the dry state, any effects that the excipients confer to proteins through their interactions with water are irrelevant, as water is no longer present. Rather, the excipients stabilize proteins through direct binding and their effects on the physical properties of the dried powder. This review will describe a number of mechanisms by which the excipients interact with proteins in solution and with various interfaces, and their effects on the physical properties of the dried protein structure, and explain how the various interaction forces are related to their observed effects on protein stability.
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Xu N, Brodin P, Wei T, Meisgen F, Eidsmo L, Nagy N, Kemeny L, Ståhle M, Sonkoly E, Pivarcsi A. MiR-125b, a microRNA downregulated in psoriasis, modulates keratinocyte proliferation by targeting FGFR2. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1521-9. [PMID: 21412257 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression. We previously identified a characteristic miRNA expression profile in psoriasis, distinct from that of healthy skin. One of the most downregulated miRNAs in psoriasis skin was microRNA-125b (miR-125b). In this study, we aimed to identify the potential role(s) of miR-125b in psoriasis pathogenesis. In situ hybridization results showed that the major cell type responsible for decreased miR-125b levels in psoriasis lesions was the keratinocyte. Overexpression of miR-125b in primary human keratinocytes suppressed proliferation and induced the expression of several known differentiation markers. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous miR-125b promoted cell proliferation and delayed differentiation. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) was identified as one of the direct targets for suppression by miR-125b by luciferase reporter assay. The expression of miR-125b and FGFR2 was inversely correlated in both transfected keratinocytes and in psoriatic skin. Knocking down FGFR2 expression by siRNA suppressed keratinocyte proliferation, but did not enhance differentiation. Altogether, our results demonstrate a role for miR-125b in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, partially through the regulation of FGFR2. Loss of miR-125b in psoriasis skin may contribute to hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Molecular Dermatology Research Group, Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eisbruch A. Amifostine in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer: Intravenous Administration, Subcutaneous Administration, or None of the Above. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:119-21. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.31.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Böhm F, Speicher T, Hellerbrand C, Dickson C, Partanen JM, Ornitz DM, Werner S. FGF receptors 1 and 2 control chemically induced injury and compound detoxification in regenerating livers of mice. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1385-96. [PMID: 20603121 PMCID: PMC2949525 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) controls bile acid metabolism and protects the liver from fibrosis, but the roles of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in the adult liver are largely unknown. We investigated the functions and mechanisms of action of these receptors in liver homeostasis, regeneration, and fibrosis. METHODS We generated mice with hepatocytes that lack FGFR1 and FGFR2 and subjected them to acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and partial hepatectomy; mice were also injected with FGF7. We performed histology, histomorphometry, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblot analyses. RESULTS In hepatocytes, loss of FGFR1 and FGFR2 eliminated responsiveness to FGF7 and related FGF family members but did not affect toxin-induced liver injury and fibrosis. However, mortality after partial hepatectomy increased because of severe hepatocyte necrosis. These effects appeared to be mediated by a failure of hepatocytes to induce the expression of the transcriptional regulators Dbp and Tef upon liver surgery; this affected expression of their target genes, which encode detoxifying cytochrome P450 enzymes. We found that Dbp and Tef expression was directly controlled by FGFR signaling in hepatocytes. As a consequence of the reduced expression of genes that control detoxification, the liver tissue that remained after partial hepatectomy failed to efficiently metabolize endogenous compounds and the drugs applied for anesthesia/analgesia. CONCLUSIONS We identified a new, cytoprotective effect of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in the regenerating liver and suggest the use of recombinant FGF7 to increase survival of patients after surgical resection of large amounts of liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Böhm
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Speicher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Clive Dickson
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Develomental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland,Address for correspondence: Prof. Dr. Sabine Werner, ETH Zürich, Department of Biology, Schafmattstr. 18, HPM D42, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Phone: +41 44 633 3941, Fax: +41 44 633 1174,
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Lopes JB, Dallan LAO, Moreira LFP, Campana Filho SP, Gutierrez PS, Lisboa LAF, de Oliveira SA, Stolf NAG. Synergism Between Keratinocyte Growth Factor and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Reduces Pericardial Adhesions. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90:566-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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