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Blasco Pedreros M, Salas N, Dos Santos Melo T, Miranda-Magalhães A, Almeida-Lima T, Pereira-Neves A, de Miguel N. Role of a novel uropod-like cell membrane protrusion in the pathogenesis of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262210. [PMID: 39129707 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. As an extracellular parasite, adhesion to host cells is essential for the development of infection. During attachment, the parasite changes its tear ovoid shape to a flat ameboid form, expanding the contact surface and migrating through tissues. Here, we have identified a novel structure formed at the posterior pole of adherent parasite strains, resembling the previously described uropod, which appears to play a pivotal role as an anchor during the attachment process. Moreover, our research demonstrates that the overexpression of the tetraspanin T. vaginalis TSP5 protein (TvTSP5), which is localized on the cell surface of the parasite, notably enhances the formation of this posterior anchor structure in adherent strains. Finally, we demonstrate that parasites that overexpress TvTSP5 possess an increased ability to adhere to host cells, enhanced aggregation and reduced migration on agar plates. Overall, these findings unveil novel proteins and structures involved in the intricate mechanisms of T. vaginalis interactions with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Blasco Pedreros
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Buenos Aires CP 7130, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús CP 1650, Argentina
| | - Nehuen Salas
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Buenos Aires CP 7130, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús CP 1650, Argentina
| | - Tuanne Dos Santos Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Abigail Miranda-Magalhães
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Thainá Almeida-Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Buenos Aires CP 7130, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús CP 1650, Argentina
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Harfouche M, Gherbi WS, Alareeki A, Alaama AS, Hermez JG, Smolak A, Abu-Raddad LJ. Epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. EBioMedicine 2024; 106:105250. [PMID: 39024899 PMCID: PMC11286989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomoniasis, caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), remains an underappreciated sexually transmitted infection (STI), primarily due to inadequate understanding of its epidemiology and public health implications. This study aimed to characterize TV epidemiology in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). METHODS Systematic review and analysis of evidence sourced from international, regional, and national databases were conducted. Findings were reported following PRISMA guidelines. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed to determine pooled mean prevalence, investigate associations with prevalence, and identify sources of between-study heterogeneity. FINDINGS The review identified 263 relevant publications, encompassing 462 TV prevalence measures. The pooled mean TV prevalence was estimated as follows: 4.7% (95% CI: 3.9-5.6%) in the general population of women, 17.2% (95% CI: 5.4-33.6%) among intermediate-risk populations, 10.3% (95% CI: 6.2-15.3%) among female sex workers, 13.9% (95% CI: 12.3-15.6%) among symptomatic women, 7.4% (95% CI: 1.9-15.5%) among infertility clinic attendees, 2.3% (95% CI: 0.1-6.3%) among women with miscarriages or ectopic pregnancies, and 1.6% (95% CI: 0.8-2.7%) among STI clinic attendees. Limited data were found for men. Multivariable meta-regressions explained >40% of the prevalence variation, unveiling a hierarchical prevalence pattern by population type, an inverse correlation with national income, and a prevalence decline at a rate of 1% per calendar year. INTERPRETATION Despite conservative sexual norms, MENA has a substantial TV prevalence, comparable to the global TV prevalence. The unexpectedly high prevalence of this curable infection may, in part, be attributed to limited access to and underutilization of STI screening and treatment services. FUNDING This work was supported by the Qatar Research, Development, and Innovation Council [ARG01-0522-230273] and by the Biomedical Research Program at Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manale Harfouche
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Wafaa Sekkal Gherbi
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asalah Alareeki
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed S Alaama
- Department of Communicable Diseases, HIV/Hepatitis/STIs Unit, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joumana G Hermez
- Department of Communicable Diseases, HIV/Hepatitis/STIs Unit, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alex Smolak
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar; Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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3
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Kochanowsky JA, Mira PM, Elikaee S, Muratore K, Rai AK, Riestra AM, Johnson PJ. Trichomonas vaginalis extracellular vesicles up-regulate and directly transfer adherence factors promoting host cell colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401159121. [PMID: 38865261 PMCID: PMC11194581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401159121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis, a common sexually transmitted parasite that colonizes the human urogenital tract, secretes extracellular vesicles (TvEVs) that are taken up by human cells and are speculated to be taken up by parasites as well. While the crosstalk between TvEVs and human cells has led to insight into host:parasite interactions, roles for TvEVs in infection have largely been one-sided, with little known about the effect of TvEV uptake by T. vaginalis. Approximately 11% of infections are found to be coinfections of multiple T. vaginalis strains. Clinical isolates often differ in their adherence to and cytolysis of host cells, underscoring the importance of understanding the effects of TvEV uptake within the parasite population. To address this question, our lab tested the ability of a less adherent strain of T. vaginalis, G3, to take up fluorescently labeled TvEVs derived from both itself (G3-EVs) and TvEVs from a more adherent strain of the parasite (B7RC2-EVs). Here, we showed that TvEVs generated from the more adherent strain are internalized more efficiently compared to the less adherent strain. Additionally, preincubation of G3 parasites with B7RC2-EVs increases parasite aggregation and adherence to host cells. Transcriptomics revealed that TvEVs up-regulate expression of predicted parasite membrane proteins and identified an adherence factor, heteropolysaccharide binding protein (HPB2). Finally, using comparative proteomics and superresolution microscopy, we demonstrated direct transfer of an adherence factor, cadherin-like protein, from TvEVs to the recipient parasite's surface. This work identifies TvEVs as a mediator of parasite:parasite communication that may impact pathogenesis during mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Kochanowsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Portia M. Mira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Samira Elikaee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Katherine Muratore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Anand Kumar Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Angelica M. Riestra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA92182
| | - Patricia J. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
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Euceda-Padilla EA, Mateo-Cruz MG, Ávila-González L, Flores-Pucheta CI, Ortega-López J, Talamás-Lara D, Velazquez-Valassi B, Jasso-Villazul L, Arroyo R. Trichomonas vaginalis Legumain-2, TvLEGU-2, Is an Immunogenic Cysteine Peptidase Expressed during Trichomonal Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:119. [PMID: 38392857 PMCID: PMC10892250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most prevalent nonviral, neglected sexually transmitted disease worldwide. T. vaginalis has one of the largest degradomes among unicellular parasites. Cysteine peptidases (CPs) are the most abundant peptidases, constituting 50% of the degradome. Some CPs are virulence factors recognized by antibodies in trichomoniasis patient sera, and a few are found in vaginal secretions that show fluctuations in glucose concentrations during infection. The CPs of clan CD in T. vaginalis include 10 genes encoding legumain-like peptidases of the C13 family. TvLEGU-2 is one of them and has been identified in multiple proteomes, including the immunoproteome obtained with Tv (+) patient sera. Thus, our goals were to assess the effect of glucose on TvLEGU-2 expression, localization, and in vitro secretion and determine whether TvLEGU-2 is expressed during trichomonal infection. We performed qRT-PCR assays using parasites grown under different glucose conditions. We also generated a specific anti-TvLEGU-2 antibody against a synthetic peptide of the most divergent region of this CP and used it in Western blot (WB) and immunolocalization assays. Additionally, we cloned and expressed the tvlegu-2 gene (TVAG_385340), purified the recombinant TvLEGU-2 protein, and used it as an antigen for immunogenicity assays to test human sera from patients with vaginitis. Our results show that glucose does not affect tvlegu-2 expression but does affect localization in different parasite organelles, such as the plasma membrane, Golgi complex, hydrogenosomes, lysosomes, and secretion vesicles. TvLEGU-2 is secreted in vitro, is present in vaginal secretions, and is immunogenic in sera from Tv (+) patients, suggesting its relevance during trichomonal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esly Alejandra Euceda-Padilla
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero (GAM), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (E.A.E.-P.); (M.G.M.-C.); (L.Á.-G.)
| | - Miriam Guadalupe Mateo-Cruz
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero (GAM), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (E.A.E.-P.); (M.G.M.-C.); (L.Á.-G.)
| | - Leticia Ávila-González
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero (GAM), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (E.A.E.-P.); (M.G.M.-C.); (L.Á.-G.)
| | - Claudia Ivonne Flores-Pucheta
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero (GAM), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (C.I.F.-P.); (J.O.-L.)
| | - Jaime Ortega-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero (GAM), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (C.I.F.-P.); (J.O.-L.)
| | - Daniel Talamás-Lara
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Laboratorios Nacionales De Servicios Experimentales (LaNSE), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero (GAM), Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Beatriz Velazquez-Valassi
- Departamento de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Hospital General de México “Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Lidia Jasso-Villazul
- Unidad de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital General de México “Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero (GAM), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (E.A.E.-P.); (M.G.M.-C.); (L.Á.-G.)
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5
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Li Z, Wang J, Gou X, Guo Z, Xu F. Trichomonas vaginalis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a patient with severe pneumonia detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35777. [PMID: 37960810 PMCID: PMC10637538 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is a common anaerobic parasitic protozoan. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are few reports documenting T. vaginalis infection outside the genitourinary tract. Severe pneumonia caused by T. vaginalis infection has been rarely reported. PATIENT CONCERNS The 80-year-old female patient had a 20-year history of type II diabetes; however, she was not on regular medication. She was hospitalized due to a coma which continued 2 hours caused by trauma after a car accident. After her admission, she was provided with continuous mechanical ventilation; during the ventilation, she was still in a coma, accompanied by repeated fever and presence of much yellow sticky phlegm. The head CT scan indicated temporal lobe hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The lung CT scan showed bilateral pulmonary inflammatory consolidation and mass lesions. DIAGNOSES She was initially diagnosed with severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Subsequently, fiberoptic bronchoscopy was conducted, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and sent for metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). The result indicated the presence of abundant sequences from the T. vaginalis genome. Thus, she was diagnosed with pulmonary T. vaginalis infection. INTERVENTION Anti-infective ornidazole treatment has significantly improved her symptoms. OUTCOMES After treatment, the patient regained consciousness and was able to communicate, and there was no obvious expectoration, fever, or positive bronchus sign in the lungs. Thereby, she was discharged from the hospital. LESSONS Special attention should be paid to infections other than common bacterial infections, such as T. vaginalis. Moreover, infection of rare pathogenic microorganisms might show symptoms similar to common bacterial infection, leading to misdiagnosis, further highlighting the usefulness of mNGS in detecting pathogens in a timely, sensitive, and accurate manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
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6
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Nagata M, Tome A, White K, Wilkens LR, Park SY, Le Marchand L, Haiman C, Hernandez BY. No Association of Trichomonas vaginalis Seropositivity with Advanced Prostate Cancer Risk in the Multiethnic Cohort: A Nested Case-Control Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5194. [PMID: 37958367 PMCID: PMC10648031 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential involvement of a sexually transmitted agent has been suggested to contribute to the high number of prostate cancers in the United States and worldwide. We investigated the relationship of Trichomonas vaginalis seropositivity with prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study within the Multiethnic Cohort in Hawaii and California using blood samples collected prior to cancer diagnoses. Incident cases of advanced prostate cancer (intermediate- to high-grade based on Gleason score ≥ 7 and/or disease spread outside the prostate) were matched to controls by age, ethnicity, and the date of blood collection. T. vaginalis serostatus was measured using an ELISA detecting IgG antibodies against a recombinant T. vaginalis α-actinin protein. Seropositivity to T. vaginalis was observed in 35 of 470 (7.4%) cases and 26 of 470 (5.5%) controls (unadjusted OR = 1.47, 95% CI 0.82-2.64; adjusted OR = 1.31, 95% CI 0.67-2.53). The association was similarly not significant when cases were confined to extraprostatic tumors having regional or distant spread (n = 121) regardless of grade (unadjusted OR = 1.37, 95% CI 0.63-3.01; adjusted OR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.46-3.11). The association of T. vaginalis with prostate cancer risk did not vary by aspirin use. Our findings do not support a role for T. vaginalis in the etiology of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nagata
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.T.); (K.W.); (L.R.W.); (S.-Y.P.); (L.L.M.); (B.Y.H.)
| | - Anne Tome
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.T.); (K.W.); (L.R.W.); (S.-Y.P.); (L.L.M.); (B.Y.H.)
| | - Kami White
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.T.); (K.W.); (L.R.W.); (S.-Y.P.); (L.L.M.); (B.Y.H.)
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.T.); (K.W.); (L.R.W.); (S.-Y.P.); (L.L.M.); (B.Y.H.)
| | - Song-Yi Park
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.T.); (K.W.); (L.R.W.); (S.-Y.P.); (L.L.M.); (B.Y.H.)
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.T.); (K.W.); (L.R.W.); (S.-Y.P.); (L.L.M.); (B.Y.H.)
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Brenda Y. Hernandez
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.T.); (K.W.); (L.R.W.); (S.-Y.P.); (L.L.M.); (B.Y.H.)
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Molgora BM, Mukherjee SK, Baumel-Alterzon S, Santiago FM, Muratore KA, Sisk AE, Mercer F, Johnson PJ. Trichomonas vaginalis adherence phenotypes and extracellular vesicles impact parasite survival in a novel in vivo model of pathogenesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011693. [PMID: 37871037 PMCID: PMC10621976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a human infective parasite responsible for trichomoniasis-the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted infection worldwide. T. vaginalis resides exclusively in the urogenital tract of both men and women. In women, T. vaginalis has been found colonizing the cervix and vaginal tract while in men it has been identified in the upper and lower urogenital tract and in secreted fluids such as semen, urethral discharge, urine, and prostatic fluid. Despite the over 270 million cases of trichomoniasis annually worldwide, T. vaginalis continues to be a highly neglected organism and thus poorly studied. Here we have developed a male mouse model for studying T. vaginalis pathogenesis in vivo by delivering parasites into the murine urogenital tract (MUT) via transurethral catheterization. Parasite burden was assessed ex-vivo using a nanoluciferase-based gene expression assay which allowed quantification of parasites pre- and post-inoculation. Using this model and read-out approach, we show that T. vaginalis can be found within MUT tissue up to 72 hrs post-inoculation. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that parasites that exhibit increased parasite adherence in vitro also have higher parasite burden in mice in vivo. These data provide evidence that parasite adherence to host cells aids in parasite persistence in vivo and molecular determinants found to correlate with host cell adherence in vitro are applicable to infection in vivo. Finally, we show that co-inoculation of T. vaginalis extracellular vesicles (TvEVs) and parasites results in higher parasite burden in vivo. These findings confirm our previous in vitro-based predictions that TvEVs assist the parasite in colonizing the host. The establishment of this pathogenesis model for T. vaginalis sets the stage for identifying and examining parasite factors that contribute to and influence infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M. Molgora
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sandip Kumar Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon Baumel-Alterzon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fernanda M. Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo,” Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Katherine A. Muratore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony E. Sisk
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Frances Mercer
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia J. Johnson
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Stockman BJ, Ventura CA, Deykina VS, Khayan Lontscharitsch N, Saljanin E, Gil A, Canestrari M, Mahmood M. Direct Measurement of Nucleoside Ribohydrolase Enzyme Activities in Trichomonas vaginalis Cells Using 19F and 13C-Edited 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5300-5306. [PMID: 36917470 PMCID: PMC10825731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 275 million people worldwide. The causative agent is the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Although the disease itself is typically mild, individuals with trichomonal infections have a higher susceptibility to more serious conditions. The emergence of parasite strains resistant to current therapies necessitates the need for novel treatment strategies. Since T. vaginalis is an obligate parasite that requires nucleoside salvage pathways, essential nucleoside ribohydrolase enzymes are promising new drug targets. Fragment screening and X-ray crystallography have enabled structure-guided design of inhibitors for two of these enyzmes. Linkage of enzymatic and antiprotozoal activity would be a transformative step toward designing novel, mechanism-based therapeutic agents. While a correlation with inhibition of purified enzyme would be mechanistically suggestive, a correlation with inhibition of in-cell enzyme activity would definitively establish this linkage. To demonstrate this linkage, we have translated our NMR-based activity assays that measure the activity of purified enzymes for use in T. vaginalis cells. The 19F NMR-based activity assay for the pyrimidine-specific enzyme translated directly to in-cell assays. However, the 1H NMR-based activity assay for the purine-specific enzyme required a switch from adenosine to guanosine substrate and the use of 13C-editing to resolve the substrate 1H signals from cell and growth media background signals. The in-cell NMR assays are robust and have been demonstrated to provide inhibition data on test compounds. The results described here represent the first direct measurement of enzyme activity in protozoan parasite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Stockman
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Carlos A Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Valerie S Deykina
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | | | - Edina Saljanin
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Ari Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Madison Canestrari
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Maham Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
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9
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Iriarte LS, Martinez CI, de Miguel N, Coceres VM. Tritrichomonas foetus Cell Division Involves DNA Endoreplication and Multiple Fissions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0325122. [PMID: 36728437 PMCID: PMC10100903 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03251-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis are extracellular flagellated parasites that inhabit animals and humans, respectively. Cell division is a crucial process in most living organisms that leads to the formation of 2 daughter cells from a single mother cell. It has been assumed that T. vaginalis and T. foetus modes of reproduction are exclusively by binary fission. However, here, we showed that multinuclearity is a phenomenon regularly observed in different T. foetus and T. vaginalis strains in standard culture conditions. Additionally, we revealed that nutritional depletion or nutritional deprivation led to different dormant phenotypes. Although multinucleated T. foetus are mostly observed during nutritional depletion, numerous cells with 1 larger nucleus have been observed under nutritional deprivation conditions. In both cases, when the standard culture media conditions are restored, the cytoplasm of these multinucleated cells separates, and numerous parasites are generated in a short period of time by the fission multiple. We also revealed that DNA endoreplication occurs both in large and multiple nuclei of parasites under nutritional deprivation and depletion conditions, suggesting an important function in stress nutritional situations. These results provide valuable data about the cell division process of these extracellular parasites. IMPORTANCE Nowadays, it's known that T. foetus and T. vaginalis generate daughter cells by binary fission. Here, we report that both parasites are also capable of dividing by multiple fission under stress conditions. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that T. foetus can increase its DNA content per parasite without concluding the cytokinesis process (endoreplication) under stress conditions, which represents an efficient strategy for subsequent fast multiplication when the context becomes favorable. Additionally, we revealed the existence of novel dormant forms of resistance (multinucleated or mononucleated polyploid parasites), different than the previously described pseudocysts, that are formed under stress conditions. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the role of these structures in the parasites' transmission in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia S. Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian I. Martinez
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica M. Coceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Alderete JF, Chan H. Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis, the Most Prevalent, Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010077. [PMID: 36678425 PMCID: PMC9863549 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A point-of-care (POC) diagnostic is needed for both women and men to establish universal screening and surveillance for the number one, non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. We developed a POC diagnostic for this STI using the MedMira Rapid Vertical Flow (RVF®) Technology test cartridge with a membrane that includes a Vertical procedural/reagent control line (referred to as CVL) and spotted with 1 µg of a 72.4-kDa truncated version of α-actinin called ACT::SOE3. This protein is a specific diagnostic target for antibody in sera of individuals with trichomoniasis. Serum antibody to ACT::SOE3 is a positive reaction with the test spot. Specificity of ACT::SOE3 was revealed with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) generated to ACT::SOE3. Addition of negative control serum with MAb 67B reactive to ACT::SOE3 shows detection of both ACT::SOE3 and the CVL. Only positive sera of individuals had antibody reactive with ACT::SOE3 and detected the presence of the spot and the CVL. Negative control sera were unreactive with ACT::SOE3 and only showed the presence of the CVL. Importantly, to show proof-of-principle for POC application, ACT::SOE3 was detected with the positive patient sera spiked with whole blood. Finally, packaged cartridges stored with desiccant packs at 37 °C for one year gave identical results with the positive and negative human sera. Our results show the validity of this new POC serodiagnostic for this STI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Alderete
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Hermes Chan
- MedMira, Suite 1, 155 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, NS B3S 1B3, Canada
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11
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Li S, Wang X, Yu Y, Cao S, Liu J, Zhao P, Li J, Zhang X, Li X, Zhang N, Sun M, Cao L, Gong P. Establishment and application of a CRISPR-Cas12a-based RPA-LFS and fluorescence for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:350. [PMID: 36180879 PMCID: PMC9526244 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis can lead to cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, prostatitis and perinatal complications and increased risk of HIV transmission. Here, we used an RPA-based CRISPR-Cas12a assay system in combination with a lateral flow strip (LFS) (referred to as RPA-CRISPR-Cas12a) to establish a highly sensitive and field-ready assay and evaluated its ability to detect clinical samples. Methods We developed a one-pot CRISPR-Cas12a combined with RPA-based field detection technology for T. vaginalis, chose actin as the target gene to design crRNA and designed RPA primers based on the crRNA binding site. The specificity of the method was demonstrated by detecting genomes from nine pathogens. To improve the usability and visualize the RPA-CRISPR-Cas12a assay results, both fluorescence detection and LFS readouts were devised. Results The RPA-CRISPR-Cas12a assay platform was completed within 60 min and had a maximum detection limit of 1 copy/µl and no cross-reactivity with Candida albicans, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, G. duodenalis or Toxoplasma gondii after specificity validation. Thirty human vaginal secretions were tested by RPA-CRISPR-Cas12a assays, and the results were read by a fluorescent reporter and LFS biosensors and then compared to the results from nested PCR detection of these samples. Both RPA-CRISPR-Cas12a assays showed 26.7% (8/30) T. vaginalis-positive samples and a consistency of 100% (8/8). The RPA-CRISPR-Cas12a assays had a higher sensitivity than nested PCR (only seven T. vaginalis-positive samples were detected). Conclusions The T. vaginalis RPA-CRISPR-Cas12a assay platform in this study can be used for large-scale field testing and on-site tests without the need for trained technicians or costly ancillary equipment. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05475-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yanhui Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Songgao Cao
- Pingdu People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266700, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Pingdu People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266700, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Min Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Pengtao Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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12
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Muellers SN, Nyitray MM, Reynarowych N, Saljanin E, Benzie AL, Schoenfeld AR, Stockman BJ, Allen KN. Structure-Guided Insight into the Specificity and Mechanism of a Parasitic Nucleoside Hydrolase. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1853-1861. [PMID: 35994320 PMCID: PMC10845162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative parasitic protozoan of the disease trichomoniasis, the most prevalent, nonviral sexually transmitted disease in the world. T. vaginalis is a parasite that scavenges nucleosides from the host organism via catalysis by nucleoside hydrolase (NH) enzymes to yield purine and pyrimidine bases. One of the four NH enzymes identified within the genome of T. vaginalis displays unique specificity toward purine nucleosides, adenosine and guanosine, but not inosine, and atypically shares greater sequence similarity to the pyrimidine hydrolases. Bioinformatic analysis of this enzyme, adenosine/guanosine-preferring nucleoside ribohydrolase (AGNH), was incapable of identifying the residues responsible for this uncommon specificity, highlighting the need for structural information. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structures of holo, unliganded AGNH and three additional structures of the enzyme bound to fragment and small-molecule inhibitors. Taken together, these structures facilitated the identification of residue Asp231, which engages in substrate interactions in the absence of those residues that typically support the canonical purine-specific tryptophan-stacking specificity motif. An altered substrate-binding pose is mirrored by repositioning within the protein scaffold of the His80 general acid/base catalyst. The newly defined structure-determined sequence markers allowed the assignment of additional NH orthologs, which are proposed to exhibit the same specificity for adenosine and guanosine alone and further delineate specificity classes for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Muellers
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mattias M Nyitray
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Nicholas Reynarowych
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Edina Saljanin
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Annie Laurie Benzie
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Alan R Schoenfeld
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Brian J Stockman
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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13
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Margarita V, Cao LC, Bailey NP, Ngoc THT, Ngo TMC, Nu PAT, Diaz N, Dessì D, Hirt RP, Fiori PL, Rappelli P. Effect of the Symbiosis with Mycoplasma hominis and Candidatus Mycoplasma Girerdii on Trichomonas vaginalis Metronidazole Susceptibility. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060812. [PMID: 35740218 PMCID: PMC9220282 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide, is caused by the protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis. The 5- nitroimidazole drugs, of which metronidazole is the most prescribed, are the only effective drugs to treat trichomoniasis. Resistance against metronidazole is increasingly reported among T. vaginalis isolates. T. vaginalis can establish an endosymbiosis with two Mycoplasma species, Mycoplasma hominis and Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii, whose presence has been demonstrated to influence several aspects of the protozoan pathobiology. The role of M. hominis in T. vaginalis resistance to metronidazole is controversial, while the influence of Ca. M. girerdii has never been investigated. In this work, we investigate the possible correlation between the presence of Ca. M. girerdii and/or M. hominis and the in vitro drug susceptibility in a large group of T. vaginalis isolated in Italy and in Vietnam. We also evaluated, via RNA-seq analysis, the expression of protozoan genes involved in metronidazole resistance in a set of syngenic T. vaginalis strains, differing only for the presence/absence of the two Mycoplasmas. Our results show that the presence of M. hominis significantly increases the sensitivity to metronidazole in T. vaginalis and affects gene expression. On the contrary, the symbiosis with Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii seems to have no effect on metronidazole resistance in T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Margarita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (N.D.); (D.D.); (P.L.F.)
| | - Le Chi Cao
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam; (L.C.C.); (T.H.T.N.); (T.M.C.N.); (P.A.T.N.)
| | - Nicholas P. Bailey
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (N.P.B.); (R.P.H.)
| | - Thuy Ha Thi Ngoc
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam; (L.C.C.); (T.H.T.N.); (T.M.C.N.); (P.A.T.N.)
| | - Thi Minh Chau Ngo
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam; (L.C.C.); (T.H.T.N.); (T.M.C.N.); (P.A.T.N.)
| | - Phuong Anh Ton Nu
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam; (L.C.C.); (T.H.T.N.); (T.M.C.N.); (P.A.T.N.)
| | - Nicia Diaz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (N.D.); (D.D.); (P.L.F.)
| | - Daniele Dessì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (N.D.); (D.D.); (P.L.F.)
- Mediterranean Centre for Disease Control (MCDC), 07110 Sassari, Italy
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (N.P.B.); (R.P.H.)
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (N.D.); (D.D.); (P.L.F.)
- Mediterranean Centre for Disease Control (MCDC), 07110 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Rappelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (N.D.); (D.D.); (P.L.F.)
- Mediterranean Centre for Disease Control (MCDC), 07110 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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14
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Lawson JS, Glenn WK. Multiple pathogens and prostate cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:23. [PMID: 35637508 PMCID: PMC9150368 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this review is to consider whether multiple pathogens have roles in prostate cancer. METHODS We have reviewed case control studies in which infectious pathogens in prostate cancer were compared to normal and benign prostate tissues. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles. RESULTS We confirmed that high risk human papilloma viruses are a probable cause of prostate cancer. We judged Escherichia coli, Cutibacterium acnes, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Herpes simplex, Epstein Barr virus and Mycoplasmas as each having possible but unproven roles in chronic prostatic inflammation and prostate cancer. We judged Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and the Polyoma viruses as possible but unlikely to have a role in prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS AND ACTIONS The most influential cause of prostate cancer appears to be infection induced chronic inflammation. Given the high prevalence of prostate cancer it is important for action to can be taken without waiting for additional conclusive evidence. These include: 1. Encouragement of all boys (as well as girls) to have HPV vaccines 2. The vigorous use of antibiotics to treat all bacterial pathogens identified in the urogenital tract 3. The use of antiviral medications to control herpes infections 4. Education about safe sexual practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Wendy K. Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
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15
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Łanocha A, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Wilczyńska D, Zdziarska B, Kosik-Bogacka D. Protozoan Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Patients with Hematological Malignancies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102847. [PMID: 35628973 PMCID: PMC9146298 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of gastrointestinal protozoan infection in patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) undergoing intensive hemato-oncological treatment and to determine the influence of certain biological factors on the incidence of intestinal parasite infection. Stool samples were collected from hematological malignancy patients (n = 50) hospitalized at the Department of Hematology and Transplantology of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin. The control group consisted of 50 healthy participants. We used a direct smear examination and a commercial immunoenzymatic test. Intestinal protozoans were detected in 16% of patients with hematological malignancies and in 6% of individuals in the control group. In stool samples from patients with HM, cysts of Giardia intestinalis (2%), oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. (10%), vacuolar forms of potentially pathogenic Blastocystis spp. (2%), and cysts of nonpathogenic Entamoeba coli (2%) were found. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis coproantigens were detected in 5 (10%) and 1 (2%) patients with HM, respectively. In three participants from the control group, vacuolar forms of Blastocystis spp. were found. In the patients with HM, a significantly higher prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was found in individuals working in the garden without protective gloves and those in contact with animals. In patients with hematological malignancies, intestinal parasites should be excluded, even during intensive chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Łanocha
- Department of Hematology with Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland; (A.Ł.); (B.Z.)
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dominika Wilczyńska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Zdziarska
- Department of Hematology with Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland; (A.Ł.); (B.Z.)
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
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16
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Inflammation and Prostate Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Identifying Opportunities for Treatment and Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061367. [PMID: 35326519 PMCID: PMC8946208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major cause of disease for men globally. Inflammation, an established hallmark of cancer, is frequently observed in the prostate, though its contribution to prostate cancer risks and outcomes is not fully understood. Prostate cancer is biologically and clinically heterogeneous, and there is now evidence that inflammation and immunological characteristics vary by the genomic and mutational landscape of the tumor. Moreover, it is now recognized that risk factor profiles vary between tumor subgroups, as defined by histopathological and molecular features. Here, we provide a review centered around the relationship between inflammation and prostate cancer, with a consideration of molecular tumor features and a particular focus on the advanced and lethal stages of disease. We summarize findings from epidemiological studies of the etiology and role of inflammation in prostate cancer. We discuss the pathology of prostate inflammation, and consider approaches for assessing the tumor immune microenvironment in epidemiological studies. We review emerging clinical therapies targeting immune biology within the context of prostate cancer. Finally, we consider potentially modifiable risk factors and corresponding lifestyle interventions that may affect prostate inflammation, impacting outcomes. These emerging insights will provide some hints for the development of treatment and prevention strategies for advanced and lethal prostate cancer.
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17
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Ibáñez-Escribano A, Fonseca-Berzal C, Martínez-Montiel M, Álvarez-Márquez M, Gómez-Núñez M, Lacueva-Arnedo M, Espinosa-Buitrago T, Martín-Pérez T, Escario JA, Merino-Montiel P, Montiel-Smith S, Gómez-Barrio A, López Ó, Fernández-Bolaños JG. Thio- and selenosemicarbazones as antiprotozoal agents against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:781-791. [PMID: 35193444 PMCID: PMC8881069 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2041629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the preparation of a panel of Schiff bases analogues as antiprotozoal agents by modification of the stereoelectronic effects of the substituents on N-1 and N-4 and the nature of the chalcogen atom (S, Se). These compounds were evaluated towards Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis. Thiosemicarbazide 31 showed the best trypanocidal profile (epimastigotes), similar to benznidazole (BZ): IC50 (31)=28.72 μM (CL-B5 strain) and 33.65 μM (Y strain), IC50 (BZ)=25.31 μM (CL-B5) and 22.73 μM (Y); it lacked toxicity over mammalian cells (CC50 > 256 µM). Thiosemicarbazones 49, 51 and 63 showed remarkable trichomonacidal effects (IC50 =16.39, 14.84 and 14.89 µM) and no unspecific cytotoxicity towards Vero cells (CC50 ≥ 275 µM). Selenoisosters 74 and 75 presented a slightly enhanced activity (IC50=11.10 and 11.02 µM, respectively). Hydrogenosome membrane potential and structural changes were analysed to get more insight into the trichomonacidal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Manuel Álvarez-Márquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Núñez
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Lacueva-Arnedo
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Espinosa-Buitrago
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Martín-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Antonio Escario
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Penélope Merino-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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18
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Kim SS, Kim KS, Han IH, Kim Y, Bang SS, Kim JH, Kim YS, Choi SY, Ryu JS. Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:547-556. [PMID: 34974661 PMCID: PMC8721307 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate whether inflammatory microenvironment induced by Trichomonas vaginalis infection can stimulate proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro and in vivo mouse experiments. The production of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased when cells of the mouse PCa cells (TRAMP-C2 cell line) were infected with live T. vaginalis. T. vaginalis-conditioned medium (TCM) prepared from co-culture of PCa cells and T. vaginalis increased PCa cells migration, proliferation and invasion. The cytokine receptors (CXCR2, CCR2, gp130) were expressed higher on the PCa cells treated with TCM. Pretreatment of PCa cells with antibodies to these cytokine receptors significantly reduced the proliferation, mobility and invasiveness of PCa cells, indicating that TCM has its effect through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling. In C57BL/6 mice, the prostates injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells were larger than those injected with PCa cells alone after 4 weeks. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and cyclin D1 in the prostate tissue injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells increased than those of PCa cells alone. Collectively, it was suggested that inflammatory reactions by T. vaginalis-stimulated PCa cells increase the proliferation and invasion of PCa cells through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Su Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Kim
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri 11923,
Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Han
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Seong Sik Bang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Choi
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763,
Korea
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19
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Coceres VM, Iriarte LS, Miranda-Magalhães A, Santos de Andrade TA, de Miguel N, Pereira-Neves A. Ultrastructural and Functional Analysis of a Novel Extra-Axonemal Structure in Parasitic Trichomonads. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:757185. [PMID: 34858875 PMCID: PMC8630684 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.757185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus are extracellular flagellated parasites that inhabit humans and other mammals, respectively. In addition to motility, flagella act in a variety of biological processes in different cell types, and extra-axonemal structures (EASs) have been described as fibrillar structures that provide mechanical support and act as metabolic, homeostatic, and sensory platforms in many organisms. It has been assumed that T. vaginalis and T. foetus do not have EASs. However, here, we used complementary electron microscopy techniques to reveal the ultrastructure of EASs in both parasites. Such EASs are thin filaments (3-5 nm diameter) running longitudinally along the axonemes and surrounded by the flagellar membrane, forming prominent flagellar swellings. We observed that the formation of EAS increases after parasite adhesion on the host cells, fibronectin, and precationized surfaces. A high number of rosettes, clusters of intramembrane particles that have been proposed as sensorial structures, and microvesicles protruding from the membrane were observed in the EASs. Our observations demonstrate that T. vaginalis and T. foetus can connect to themselves by EASs present in flagella. The protein VPS32, a member of the ESCRT-III complex crucial for diverse membrane remodeling events, the pinching off and release of microvesicles, was found in the surface as well as in microvesicles protruding from EASs. Moreover, we demonstrated that the formation of EAS also increases in parasites overexpressing VPS32 and that T. vaginalis-VPS32 parasites showed greater motility in semisolid agar. These results provide valuable data about the role of the flagellar EASs in the cell-to-cell communication and pathogenesis of these extracellular parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M. Coceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia S. Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | | | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
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20
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Natto MJ, Hulpia F, Kalkman ER, Baillie S, Alhejeli A, Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L, Van Calenbergh S, de Koning HP. Deazapurine Nucleoside Analogues for the Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1752-1764. [PMID: 33974405 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease in humans, but treatment options are limited. Here, we report a resorufin-based drug sensitivity assay for high-throughput microplate-based screening under hypoxic conditions. A 5203-compound enamine kinase library and several specialized compound series were tested for the inhibition of Trichomonas growth at 10 μM with Z' values of >0.5. Hits were rescreened in serial dilution to establish an IC50 concentration. A series of 7-substituted 7-deazaadenosine analogues emerged as highly potent anti-T. vaginalis agents, with EC50 values in the low double digit nanomolar range. These analogues exhibited excellent selectivity indices. Follow-up medicinal chemistry efforts identified an optimal ribofuranose and C7 substituent. Several nucleosides rapidly cleared cultures of T. vaginalis at a concentrations of just 2 × EC50. Preliminary in vivo evaluation in a murine trichomoniasis model (Tritrichomonas foetus) revealed promising activity upon topical administration, validating purine nucleoside analogues as a new class of antitrichomonal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal J. Natto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Campus Heymans (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Eric R. Kalkman
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Susan Baillie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Amani Alhejeli
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | | | | | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Campus Heymans (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
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21
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Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis viruses (TVVs) are double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses that cohabitate in Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative pathogen of trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Featuring an unsegmented dsRNA genome encoding a single capsid shell protein (CSP), TVVs contrast with multisegmented dsRNA viruses, such as the diarrhea-causing rotavirus, whose larger genome is split into 10 dsRNA segments encoding 5 unique capsid proteins. Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative pathogen for the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide, is itself frequently infected with one or more of the four types of small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) Trichomonas vaginalis viruses (TVV1 to 4, genus Trichomonasvirus, family Totiviridae). Each TVV encloses a nonsegmented genome within a single-layered capsid and replicates entirely intracellularly, like many dsRNA viruses, and unlike those in the Reoviridae family. Here, we have determined the structure of TVV2 by cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) at 3.6 Å resolution and derived an atomic model of its capsid. TVV2 has an icosahedral, T = 2*, capsid comprised of 60 copies of the icosahedral asymmetric unit (a dimer of the two capsid shell protein [CSP] conformers, CSP-A and CSP-B), typical of icosahedral dsRNA virus capsids. However, unlike the robust CSP-interlocking interactions such as the use of auxiliary “clamping” proteins among Reoviridae, only lateral CSP interactions are observed in TVV2, consistent with an assembly strategy optimized for TVVs’ intracellular-only replication cycles within their protozoan host. The atomic model reveals both a mostly negatively charged capsid interior, which is conducive to movement of the loosely packed genome, and channels at the 5-fold vertices, which we suggest as routes of mRNA release during transcription. Structural comparison of TVV2 to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae L-A virus reveals a conserved helix-rich fold within the CSP and putative guanylyltransferase domain along the capsid exterior, suggesting conserved mRNA maintenance strategies among Totiviridae. This first atomic structure of a TVV provides a framework to guide future biochemical investigations into the interplay between Trichomonas vaginalis and its viruses.
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22
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Fürnkranz U, Walochnik J. Nosocomial Infections: Do Not Forget the Parasites! Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020238. [PMID: 33669761 PMCID: PMC7923136 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections (NIs) pose an increasing threat to public health. The majority of NIs are bacterial, fungal, and viral infections; however, parasites also play a considerable role in NIs, particularly in our increasingly complex healthcare environment with a growing proportion of immunocompromised patients. Moreover, parasitic infections acquired via blood transfusion or organ transplantation are more likely to have severe or fatal disease outcomes compared with the normal route of infection. Many of these infections are preventable and most are treatable, but as the awareness for parasitic NIs is low, diagnosis and treatment are often delayed, resulting not only in higher health care costs but, importantly, also in prolonged courses of disease for the patients. For this article, we searched online databases and printed literature to give an overview of the causative agents of parasitic NIs, including the possible routes of infection and the diseases caused. Our review covers a broad spectrum of cases, ranging from widely known parasitic NIs, like blood transfusion malaria or water-borne cryptosporidiosis, to less well-known NIs, such as the transmission of Strongyloides stercoralis by solid organ transplantation or nosocomial myiasis. In addition, emerging NIs, such as babesiosis by blood transfusion or person-to-person transmitted scabies, are described.
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23
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Molgora BM, Rai AK, Sweredoski MJ, Moradian A, Hess S, Johnson PJ. A Novel Trichomonas vaginalis Surface Protein Modulates Parasite Attachment via Protein:Host Cell Proteoglycan Interaction. mBio 2021; 12:e03374-20. [PMID: 33563826 PMCID: PMC7885099 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03374-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a highly prevalent, sexually transmitted parasite which adheres to mucosal epithelial cells to colonize the human urogenital tract. Despite adherence being crucial for this extracellular parasite to thrive within the host, relatively little is known about the mechanisms or key molecules involved in this process. Here, we have identified and characterized a T. vaginalis hypothetical protein, TVAG_157210 (TvAD1), as a surface protein that plays an integral role in parasite adherence to the host. Quantitative proteomics revealed TvAD1 to be ∼4-fold more abundant in parasites selected for increased adherence (MA parasites) than the isogenic parental (P) parasite line. De novo modeling suggested that TvAD1 binds N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a sugar comprising host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Adherence assays utilizing GAG-deficient cell lines determined that host GAGs, primarily heparan sulfate (HS), mediate adherence of MA parasites to host cells. TvAD1 knockout (KO) parasites, generated using CRISPR-Cas9, were found to be significantly reduced in host cell adherence, a phenotype that is rescued by overexpression of TvAD1 in KO parasites. In contrast, there was no significant difference in parasite adherence to GAG-deficient lines by KO parasites compared with wild-type, which is contrary to that observed for KO parasites overexpressing TvAD1. Isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) analysis showed that TvAD1 binds to HS, indicating that TvAD1 mediates host cell adherence via HS interaction. In addition to characterizing the role of TvAD1 in parasite adherence, these studies reveal a role for host GAG molecules in T. vaginalis adherence.IMPORTANCE The ability of the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis to adhere to its human host is critical for establishing and maintaining an infection. Yet how parasites adhere to host cells is poorly understood. In this study, we employed a novel adherence selection method to identify proteins involved in parasite adherence to the host. This method led to the identification of a protein, with no previously known function, that is more abundant in parasites with increased capacity to bind host cells. Bioinformatic modeling and biochemical analyses revealed that this protein binds a common component on the host cell surface proteoglycans. Subsequent creation of parasites that lack this protein directly demonstrated that the protein mediates parasite adherence via an interaction with host cell proteoglycans. These findings both demonstrate a role for this protein in T. vaginalis adherence to the host and shed light on host cell molecules that participate in parasite colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Molgora
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anand Kumar Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael J Sweredoski
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Annie Moradian
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sonja Hess
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Patricia J Johnson
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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24
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Henriquez FL, Mooney R, Bandel T, Giammarini E, Zeroual M, Fiori PL, Margarita V, Rappelli P, Dessì D. Paradigms of Protist/Bacteria Symbioses Affecting Human Health: Acanthamoeba species and Trichomonas vaginalis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:616213. [PMID: 33488560 PMCID: PMC7817646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.616213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the publication of the seminal paper by Lynn Margulis in 1967 proposing the theory of the endosymbiotic origin of organelles, the study of the symbiotic relationships between unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes has received ever-growing attention by microbiologists and evolutionists alike. While the evolutionary significance of the endosymbiotic associations within protists has emerged and is intensively studied, the impact of these relationships on human health has been seldom taken into account. Microbial endosymbioses involving human eukaryotic pathogens are not common, and the sexually transmitted obligate parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and the free-living opportunistic pathogen Acanthamoeba represent two unique cases in this regard, to date. The reasons of this peculiarity for T. vaginalis and Acanthamoeba may be due to their lifestyles, characterized by bacteria-rich environments. However, this characteristic does not fully explain the reason why no bacterial endosymbiont has yet been detected in unicellular eukaryotic human pathogens other than in T. vaginalis and Acanthamoeba, albeit sparse and poorly investigated examples of morphological identification of bacteria-like microorganisms associated with Giardia and Entamoeba were reported in the past. In this review article we will present the body of experimental evidences revealing the profound effects of these examples of protist/bacteria symbiosis on the pathogenesis of the microbial species involved, and ultimately their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Henriquez
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Ronnie Mooney
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bandel
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Giammarini
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Zeroual
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Margarita
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Rappelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Dessì
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
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25
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Kushwaha B, Devi A, Maikhuri JP, Rajender S, Gupta G. Inflammation driven tumor-like signaling in prostatic epithelial cells by sexually transmitted Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J Urol 2020; 28:225-240. [PMID: 33251708 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the sequence of inflammation-driven signaling cascades and other molecular events that might cause tumor-like transformation of prostatic cells. METHODS Cytokine array analysis, Reactome and STRING analysis, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms governing inflammation-driven adverse changes in human prostatic cells caused by the sexually transmitted infection, Trichomonas vaginalis, resulting in prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. RESULTS Array analysis showed upregulation of 23 cytokines within 24 h of infection of human prostatic epithelial RWPE-1 cells with the parasite, in vitro. Reactome and STRING analysis of array data identified interleukin-6, interleukin-8, nuclear factor kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and cyclooxygenase 2 as chief instigators of prostatic anomaly, which were found to be significantly upregulated by immunofluorescence and western blotting analyses. STRING further connected these instigators with macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PIM-1 and prostate-specific antigen; which was confirmed by their marked stimulation in infected prostatic cells by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Upregulated proliferation markers, such as Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and B-cell lymphoma 2, suggested tumor-like signaling in infected RWPE-1 cells, which was further supported by downregulation of E-cadherin, upregulation of vimentin and activation of focal adhesion kinase. Prostate tumor DU145 cells were more sensitive to parasite invasion, and showed rapid upregulation with nuclear translocation of sensitive parameters, such as nuclear factor kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor. The migration of DU145 cells augmented when incubated in spent media from parasite-infected RWPE-1 cells. CONCLUSION The initiation of inflammation driven tumor-like cell signaling in parasite-infected human prostatic epithelial cells is apparent, with the prostate tumor (DU145) cells being more sensitive to T. vaginalis than normal (RWPE-1) prostatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Kushwaha
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Archana Devi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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26
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Saleh NE, Alhusseiny SM, El-Zayady WM, Aboelnaga EM, El-Beshbishi WN, Saleh YM, Abou-ElWafa HS, El-Beshbishi SN. Trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer risk in Egypt: a case-control study. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:1379-1388. [PMID: 33159459 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that has been associated with prostate cancer in some countries. This study aims to investigate if T. vaginalis infection can be a risk factor for prostate cancer in Egypt and its possible relationship with cancer prognostic factors and overall survival. Serum samples were collected from a total of 445 age-matched males; 126 with prostate cancer, 108 with bladder cancer, 91 with different types of cancers, and 120 healthy controls, and then analyzed by ELISA for detection of anti-Trichomonas IgG and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The results revealed that only 8.3% of controls were seropositive for trichomoniasis, compared with 19% of prostate cancer patients (P = 0.015). There were positive associations between the levels of PSA and tumor stage with T. vaginalis IgG optical density scores among the seropositive cases (P < 0.001 and < 0.05, respectively). However, no significant correlations were detected between seropositivity of T. vaginalis and other prognostic factors or overall survival in those patients. In conclusion, chronic T. vaginalis infection may be associated with prostate cancer, but it does not seem that this STI aggravates the cancer status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora E Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 2 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar M Alhusseiny
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 2 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M El-Zayady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 2 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Engy M Aboelnaga
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Wafaa N El-Beshbishi
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Hala S Abou-ElWafa
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar N El-Beshbishi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 2 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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27
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Sawant M, Baydoun M, Creusy C, Chabé M, Viscogliosi E, Certad G, Benamrouz-Vanneste S. Cryptosporidium and Colon Cancer: Cause or Consequence? Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1665. [PMID: 33121099 PMCID: PMC7692234 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of cancers attributable to infectious agents represents over 20% of the global cancer burden. The apicomplexan intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium is currently considered one of the major causes of mild and severe diarrhea worldwide. However, less attention has been paid to its tumorigenic potential despite the high exposure of humans and animals to this ubiquitous parasite. Herein, we discuss the potential causal link between Cryptosporidium infection and digestive cancer, with particular emphasis on colon cancer, based on increasing clinical, epidemiological and experimental pieces of evidence supporting this association. In addition, we highlight the current knowledge about the potential mechanisms by which this parasite may contribute to cell transformation and parasite-induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Sawant
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
| | - Martha Baydoun
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
- INSERM, CHU-Lille, U1189-ONCO-THAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Colette Creusy
- Service d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l’Institut Catholique de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Magali Chabé
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
| | - Gabriela Certad
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l’Innovation, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l’Institut Catholique de Lille, F-59462 Lomme, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz-Vanneste
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
- Equipe Ecologie et Biodiversité, Unité de Recherche Smart and Sustainable Cities, Faculté de Gestion, Economie et Sciences, Institut Catholique de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Kucera R, Pecen L, Topolcan O, Dahal AR, Costigliola V, Giordano FA, Golubnitschaja O. Prostate cancer management: long-term beliefs, epidemic developments in the early twenty-first century and 3PM dimensional solutions. EPMA J 2020; 11:399-418. [PMID: 32843909 PMCID: PMC7429585 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the early twenty-first century, societies around the world are facing the paradoxal epidemic development of PCa as a non-communicable disease. PCa is the most frequently diagnosed cancer for men in several countries such as the USA. Permanently improving diagnostics and treatments in the PCa management causes an impressive divergence between, on one hand, permanently increasing numbers of diagnosed PCa cases and, on the other hand, stable or even slightly decreasing mortality rates. Still, aspects listed below are waiting for innovate solutions in the context of predictive approaches, targeted prevention and personalisation of medical care (PPPM / 3PM).A.PCa belongs to the cancer types with the highest incidence worldwide. Corresponding economic burden is enormous. Moreover, the costs of treating PCa are currently increasing more quickly than those of any other cancer. Implementing individualised patient profiles and adapted treatment algorithms would make currently too heterogeneous landscape of PCa treatment costs more transparent providing clear "road map" for the cost saving.B.PCa is a systemic multi-factorial disease. Consequently, predictive diagnostics by liquid biopsy analysis is instrumental for the disease prediction, targeted prevention and curative treatments at early stages.C.The incidence of metastasising PCa is rapidly increasing particularly in younger populations. Exemplified by trends observed in the USA, prognosis is that the annual burden will increase by over 40% in 2025. To this end, one of the evident deficits is the reactive character of medical services currently provided to populations. Innovative screening programmes might be useful to identify persons in suboptimal health conditions before the clinical onset of metastasising PCa. Strong predisposition to systemic hypoxic conditions and ischemic lesions (e.g. characteristic for individuals with Flammer syndrome phenotype) and low-grade inflammation might be indicative for specific phenotyping and genotyping in metastasising PCa screening and disease management. Predictive liquid biopsy tests for CTC enumeration and their molecular characterisation are considered to be useful for secondary prevention of metastatic disease in PCa patients.D.Particular rapidly increasing PCa incidence rates are characteristic for adolescents and young adults aged 15-40 years. Patients with early onset prostate cancer pose unique challenges; multi-factorial risks for these trends are proposed. Consequently, multi-level diagnostics including phenotyping and multi-omics are considered to be the most appropriate tool for the risk assessment, prediction and prognosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that early onset prostate cancer is a distinct phenotype from both aetiological and clinical perspectives deserving particular attention from view point of 3P medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Kucera
- Department of Immunochemistry Diagnostics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Pecen
- Department of Immunochemistry Diagnostics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Topolcan
- Department of Immunochemistry Diagnostics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Anshu Raj Dahal
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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N-Terminal Segment of TvCyP2 Cyclophilin from Trichomonas vaginalis Is Involved in Self-Association, Membrane Interaction, and Subcellular Localization. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091239. [PMID: 32859063 PMCID: PMC7563477 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), cyclophilins play a vital role in dislodging Myb proteins from the membrane compartment and leading them to nuclear translocation. We previously reported that TvCyP1 cyclophilin from T. vaginalis forms a dimer and plays an essential role in moving the Myb1 transcription factor toward the nucleus. In comparison, TvCyP2 containing an extended segment at the N-terminus (N-terminal segment) formed a monomer and showed a different role in regulating protein trafficking. Four X-ray structures of TvCyP2 were determined under various conditions, all showing the N-terminal segment interacting with the active site of a neighboring TvCyP2, an unusual interaction. NMR study revealed that this particular interaction exists in solution as well and also the N-terminal segment seems to interact with the membrane. In vivo study of TvCyP2 and TvCyP2-∆N (TvCyP2 without the N-terminal segment) indicated that both proteins have different subcellular localization. Together, the structural and functional characteristics at the N-terminal segment offer valuable information for insights into the mechanism of how TvCyP2 regulates protein trafficking, which may be applied in drug development to prevent pathogenesis and disease progression in T. vaginalis infection.
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Advancing Prevention of STIs by Developing Specific Serodiagnostic Targets: Trichomonas vginalis as a Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165783. [PMID: 32785073 PMCID: PMC7460209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-Care (POC) serum antibody screening of large cohorts of women and men at risk for the sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Trichomonas vaginalis requires the availability of targets with high specificity. Such targets should comprise epitopes unique to T. vaginalis immunogenic proteins detected by sera of women and men patients with trichomonosis but not uninfected controls. Three enzymes to which patients make serum IgG antibody were identified as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (A), α-enolase (E), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G). Epitopes within these proteins were identified that had no sequence identity to enzymes of humans and other pathogens. Therefore, I constructed a chimeric recombinant String-Of-Epitopes (SOE) protein consisting of 15-mer peptides, within which are the epitopes of A, E, and G. This novel protein of ~36-kD is comprised of two epitopes of A, ten epitopes of E, and seven epitopes of G (AEG::SOE2). The AEG::SOE2 protein was detected both by immunoblot and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using highly reactive sera of women and men but not negative serum unreactive to T. vaginalis proteins. Finally, AEG::SOE2 was found to be immunogenic, as evidenced by serum IgG from immunized mice. I discuss how this approach is important in relation to infectious disease diagnostic targets for detection of serum IgG antibody in exposed and/or infected individuals and how such novel targets may have potential as subunit vaccine candidates against microbial pathogens.
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Margarita V, Fiori PL, Rappelli P. Impact of Symbiosis Between Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis on Vaginal Dysbiosis: A Mini Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:179. [PMID: 32457847 PMCID: PMC7226223 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection associated with an increased risk of HIV infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The protozoon has the surprising ability to establish a symbiotic relationship with other microorganisms. In fact, most T.vaginalis isolates intracellularly host the vaginal bacterium Mycoplasma hominis and can harbor up to four dsRNA viruses. Moreover, a novel Mycoplasma species named Ca. Mycoplasma girerdii has been recently described as associated with trichomonad cells. Trichomonas vaginalis colonizes the human vagina and its presence causes profound alterations of the resident microbiota, leading to dysbiosis. In healthy women, vaginal microbiota is characterized by the presence of a complex population of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms living in a physiologically dynamic system dominated by bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus. The most common microbial vaginal imbalance is bacterial vaginosis, a polymicrobial disease associated with several adverse reproductive outcomes and increased risk of HIV infection. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the interactions between both T.vaginalis and M.hominis and the vaginal microbiota, and we discuss the possibility of a cooperation between T.vaginalis and its symbionts in the development of vaginal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Rappelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
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Pérot P, Falguieres M, Arowas L, Laude H, Foy JP, Goudot P, Corre-Catelin N, Ungeheuer MN, Caro V, Heard I, Eloit M, Gessain A, Bertolus C, Berthet N. Investigation of viral etiology in potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinomas in non-smoking, non-drinking patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232138. [PMID: 32348362 PMCID: PMC7190135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the seventh most frequent cancers. Among HNSCCs, oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) include several anatomical locations of the oral cavity, but exclude the oropharynx. The known risk factors for OSCCs are mainly alcohol consumption and tobacco use for at least 75-80% of cases. In addition to these risk factors, Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18, classified as high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes, are considered as risk factors for oropharyngeal cancers, but their role in the development of OSCC remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis of viral etiology in a series of 68 well-characterized OSCCs and 14 potentially malignant disorders (PMD) in non-smoking, non-drinking (NSND) patients using broad-range, sensitive molecular methodologies. Deep-sequencing of the transcriptome did not reveal any vertebrate virus sequences other than HPV transcripts, detected in only one case. In contrast, HPV DNA was detected in 41.2% (28/68) and 35.7% (5/14) of OSCC and PMD cases, respectively. Importantly, 90.9% (30/33) of these belonged to the Betapapillomavirus genus, but no viral transcripts were detected. Finally, high-throughput sequencing revealed reads corresponding to transcripts of the Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV), which were confirmed by RT-PCR in two OSCCs. Our results strongly suggest that Alphapapillomavirus genotypes classified as HR are not involved in the development of OSCCs in NSND patients and that known oncogenic infectious agents are absent in these specific OSCCs. Any possible direct or indirect role of Betapapillomavirus genus members and TVV in OSCCs remains speculative and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pérot
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Falguieres
- Institut Pasteur, Centre national de référence (CNR) des papillomavirus humains (HPV), Paris, France
| | - Laurence Arowas
- Institut Pasteur, Centre national de référence (CNR) des papillomavirus humains (HPV), Paris, France
| | - Hélène Laude
- Institut Pasteur, Centre national de référence (CNR) des papillomavirus humains (HPV), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Foy
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Goudot
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Corre-Catelin
- Institut Pasteur, Clinical Investigation and Acces to Bioresources Department, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Institut Pasteur, Clinical Investigation and Acces to Bioresources Department, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Caro
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et risques infectieux, Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Heard
- Institut Pasteur, Centre national de référence (CNR) des papillomavirus humains (HPV), Paris, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
- National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Bertolus
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et risques infectieux, Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
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Malli S, Loiseau PM, Bouchemal K. Trichomonas vaginalis Motility Is Blocked by Drug-Free Thermosensitive Hydrogel. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:114-123. [PMID: 31713413 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis motility in biological fluids plays a prominent, but understudied, role in parasite infectivity. In this study, the ability of a thermosensitive hydrogel (pluronic F127) to physically immobilize T. vaginalis was investigated. Blocking parasite motility could prevent its attachment to the mucosa, thus reducing the acquisition of the infection. The trajectory of individual parasites was monitored by multiple particle tracking. Mean square displacement, diffusivity, and velocity were calculated from x, y coordinates during time. Major results are that T. vaginalis exhibited different types of trajectories in a diluted solution composed of lactate buffer similar to "run-and-tumble" motion reported for flagellated bacteria. The fastest T. vaginalis specimen moves with a velocity of 19 μm/s. Observation of T. vaginalis movements showed that the cell body remains rigid during swimming and that the propulsive forces necessary to generate the movement are the result of flagellar beating. Parasite motility was partially slowed down using hydroxyethylcellulose hydrogel, used as a reference for the development of vaginal microbicides, while 100% of T. vaginalis were immobile in F127 hydrogel. Once completed by biological investigations on mice, this report suggests using drug-free formulation composed of F127 as a new strategy to prevent T. vaginalis attachment to the mucosa. The concept will be extended to other flagellated organisms where the motility is driven by cilia and flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Malli
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 5, rue J-B. Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France, UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 5, rue J-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- Antiparasite Chemotherapy PARACHEM, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 5, rue J-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Kawthar Bouchemal
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France, UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 5, rue J-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Khandia R, Munjal A. Interplay between inflammation and cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 119:199-245. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Is there association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate cancer risk?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103752. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aglamis E, Ceylan C, Akin MM. Is there a correlation between the aggressiveness of chronic asymptomatic prostatitis National Institutes of Health category IV and the Gleason score in patients with prostate cancer? Can Urol Assoc J 2019; 14:E568-E573. [PMID: 32520704 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated the correlation between the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grades and the aggressiveness grades of prostate inflammation in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients with chronic asymptomatic prostatitis National Institiutes of Health (NIH) category IV (CAPNIHIV). METHODS The study comprised 357 consecutive patients with prostate cancer in whom a cancer diagnosis had been made via a prostate needle biopsy. Histological sections of the prostate biopsy specimens of the patients were reviewed and scored. Prostatic inflammation was scored using the aggressiveness grade of inflammation. The associations between the ISUP grades and the aggressiveness grades of inflammation were analyzed using logistic regression. The limitations of the study were its retrospective design and the limited number of cases. RESULTS In 110 (31%) patients, CAPNIHIV was detected: 56 (51%) patients had a grade 0 aggressiveness score, 34 (31%) patients had a grade 1 aggressiveness score, and 20 (18%) patients had a grade 2 aggressiveness score. The patients who had prostatic inflammation had 1.65 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-2.61) greater likelihood of a high ISUP grade (grade ≥3) compared with the patients who did not have prostatic inflammation. The association between the ISUP grade and the aggressiveness grade of inflammation was more pronounced for a grade 2 aggressiveness score (n= 20; odds ratio 2.97; 95% CI 1.14-7.71). CONCLUSIONS In prostate cancer patients with CAPNIHIV, there was a positive correlation between the inflammation aggressiveness grade and the ISUP grade. The aggressiveness of intraprostatic inflammation may be an important morphological factor affecting the Gleason score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdogan Aglamis
- Health Sciences University, Elazig City Hospital, Clinics of Urology, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cavit Ceylan
- Health Sciences University, Ankara City Hospital, Clinics of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
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Rai AK, Johnson PJ. Trichomonas vaginalis extracellular vesicles are internalized by host cells using proteoglycans and caveolin-dependent endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21354-21360. [PMID: 31601738 PMCID: PMC6815132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912356116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis, a human-infective parasite, causes the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. This pathogen secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate its interaction with host cells. Here, we have developed assays to study the interface between parasite EVs and mammalian host cells and to quantify EV internalization by mammalian cells. We show that T. vaginalis EVs interact with glycosaminoglycans on the surface of host cells and specifically bind to heparan sulfate (HS) present on host cell surface proteoglycans. Moreover, competition assays using HS or removal of HS from the host cell surface strongly inhibit EV uptake, directly demonstrating that HS proteoglycans facilitate EV internalization. We identified an abundant protein on the surface of T. vaginalis EVs, 4-α-glucanotransferase (Tv4AGT), and show using isothermal titration calorimetry that this protein binds HS. Tv4AGT also competitively inhibits EV uptake, defining it as an EV ligand critical for EV internalization. Finally, we demonstrate that T. vaginalis EV uptake is dependent on host cell cholesterol and caveolin-1 and that internalization proceeds via clathrin-independent, lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. These studies reveal mechanisms used to drive host:pathogen interactions and further our understanding of how EVs are internalized by target cells to allow cross-talk between different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Patricia J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Langston ME, Bhalla A, Alderete JF, Nevin RL, Pakpahan R, Hansen J, Elliott D, De Marzo AM, Gaydos CA, Isaacs WB, Nelson WG, Sokoll LJ, Zenilman JM, Platz EA, Sutcliffe S. Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate-specific antigen concentration: Insights into prostate involvement and prostate disease risk. Prostate 2019; 79:1622-1628. [PMID: 31376187 PMCID: PMC6715535 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protist Trichomonas vaginalis causes a common, sexually transmitted infection and has been proposed to contribute to the development of chronic prostate conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which it involves the prostate in the current antimicrobial era. We addressed this question by investigating the relation between T. vaginalis antibody serostatus and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, a marker of prostate infection, inflammation, and/or cell damage, in young, male, US military members. METHODS We measured T. vaginalis serum IgG antibodies and serum total PSA concentration in a random sample of 732 young, male US active duty military members. Associations between T. vaginalis serostatus and PSA were investigated by linear regression. RESULTS Of the 732 participants, 341 (46.6%) had a low T. vaginalis seropositive score and 198 (27.0%) had a high score, with the remainder seronegative. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of PSA by T. vaginalis serostatus. However, slightly greater, nonsignificant differences were observed when men with high T. vaginalis seropositive scores were compared with seronegative men, and when higher PSA concentrations were examined (≥0.70 ng/mL). Specifically, 42.5% of men with high seropositive scores had a PSA concentration greater than or equal to 0.70 ng/mL compared with 33.2% of seronegative men (adjusted P = .125). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings do not provide strong support for prostate involvement during T. vaginalis infection, although our suggestive positive findings for higher PSA concentrations do not rule out this possibility entirely. These suggestive findings may be relevant for prostate condition development because higher early- to mid-life PSA concentrations have been found to predict greater prostate cancer risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin E. Langston
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ankita Bhalla
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John F. Alderete
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Remington L. Nevin
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- The Quinism Foundation, White River Junction, VT
| | - Ratna Pakpahan
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Johannah Hansen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Debra Elliott
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Charlotte A. Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - William G. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lori J. Sokoll
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan M. Zenilman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth A. Platz
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Zhang N, Zhang H, Yu Y, Gong P, Li J, Li Z, Li T, Cong Z, Tian C, Liu X, Yu X, Zhang X. High prevalence of Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:423. [PMID: 31462294 PMCID: PMC6714378 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentatrichomonas hominis is a flagellated protozoan that inhabits the large intestine of humans. Although several protozoans have been proposed to have a role in cancer progression, little is known about the epidemiology of P. hominis infection in cancer patients. METHODS To determine the prevalence of P. hominis in patients with digestive system malignancies, we collected 195 and 142 fecal samples from gastrointestinal cancer patients and residents without any complaints related to the digestive system, respectively. Each sample was detected for the presence of P. hominis by nested PCR amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and partial 18S rRNA gene. RESULTS A significantly higher prevalence of P. hominis was found in cancer patients than that in the control population (41.54 vs 9.15%, χ2 = 42.84, df = 1, P < 0.001), resulting in a 6.75-fold risk of gastrointestinal cancers (OR: 6.75, 95% CI: 3.55-12.83, P < 0.001). The highest prevalence of P. hominis infection was detected in small intestine cancer patients (60%, OR: 14.88, 95% CI: 0.82-4.58, P = 0.009) followed by liver (57.14%, χ2 = 10.82, df = 1, P = 0.001) and stomach cancer patients (45.1%, χ2 = 31.95, df = 1, P < 0.001). In addition, phylogenetic analysis provided some evidence supporting that human P. hominis infection might derive from animal sources. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first report presenting the high association between P. hominis and gastrointestinal cancers. Nevertheless, whether there is any possible pathological role of P. hominis infection in cancer patients needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- The First Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Yanhui Yu
- Clinical Lab, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Ziyi Li
- The First Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Ting Li
- Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, 130021 China
| | | | | | | | - Xiuyan Yu
- Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
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Adjei C, Boateng R, Dompreh A, Okyere B, Owiredu EW. Prevalence and the evaluation of culture, wet mount, and ELISA methods for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Ghanaian women using urine and vaginal specimens. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:33. [PMID: 31130814 PMCID: PMC6521517 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The services of most clinical laboratories in Africa regarding the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis are largely dependent on the urine direct wet-mount method. However, the exclusive use of urine-based detection may not be appropriate. The culture method is considered the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis. However, this method has a relatively longer turn-around time and is limited by non-viable organisms in the specimen. This study assessed the prevalence of T. vaginalis and its associated risk factors and evaluated its diagnosis using urine and vaginal samples from symptomatic female out-patients by culture, direct wet-mount, and ELISA method respectively. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of the Manhyia District hospital (MDH) and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Ghana. Ghanaian sexually active female adults between the ages of 18 and 50 years old were recruited for this study. Vaginal (HVS) and urine samples were collected from each participant, and T. vaginalis infection was assessed based on culture, direct wet mount, and ELISA methods. RESULTS The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection based on the ELISA method, HVS culture, and HVS wet mount were 7.2%, 5.0%, and 1.7%, respectively. Urine culture presented with a 0.6% prevalence rate while urine direct wet mount detected no positive case. There was no statistically significant association between demographic and clinical characteristics and T. vaginalis infection, except for subjects presenting with abdominal pain [OR = 5.42, 95% CI (1.35-21.73), p = 0.017]. Using HVS culture as the reference, ELISA performed best compared to the other methods assessed in this study, presenting with the highest sensitivity [88.9%, 95% CI (54.0-99.8)], specificity [97.1%, 95% CI (93.1-98.9)], AUC (93.0%), and accuracy (96.7%). CONCLUSION The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection is high among women in Ghana. With the exception of abdominal pain, there is no significant association between demographic and clinical characteristics and T. vaginalis infection. In the event where the culture method is unavailable or when rapid diagnosis is required, antigenic detection using ELISA is the most accurate for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection in women compared to urine wet-mount/culture and the HVS wet-mount method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Adjei
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Boateng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Albert Dompreh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bismark Okyere
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Eddie-Williams Owiredu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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41
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Kim JH, Moon HS, Kim KS, Hwang HS, Ryu JS, Park SY. Comparison of Seropositivity to Trichomonas vaginalis between Men with Prostatic Tumor and Normal Men. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:21-25. [PMID: 30840795 PMCID: PMC6409223 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common curable sexually-transmitted infection. Most Trichomonas vaginalis-infected men are asymptomatic and can remain undiagnosed and untreated, and this has been thought to result in chronic persistent prostatic infection. Chronic inflammation is regarded as the major factor in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic cancer (PCa). The aim of this study is to identify seropositivity to T. vaginalis in men with prostate tumors (BPH or PCa) visited to Hanyang University Hospital. A total of 183 men were enrolled between October 2013 and November 2014. They consisted of 139 with BPH (mean age: 64.0±0.07) and 44 with prostate cancer (mean age: 73.3±0.18). We carried out ELISA to identify the seropositivity to T. vaginalis. Mixed lysate antigen extracted from 8 strains of T. vaginalis was used in the ELISA. Also 58 male outpatients visited to Health Promotion Center in Hanyang University Hospital were evaluated for comparing group. As a results, seropositivity to T. vaginalis in patients with prostatic diseases was 19.7% (BPH: 18.7%, PCa: 22.7%) and it was significantly higher than the 1.7% of the comparing healthy group (P=0.001). Therefore, prostatic tumor showed higher seropositivity against T. vaginalis than normal men. As far as we know, this is the first report about seroprevalence in prostatic tumor in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hong-Sang Moon
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Kim
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hwan-Sik Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sung-Yul Park
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic protist, responsible for the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection in humans. One of the most intriguing aspects of T. vaginalis pathobiology is the complex relationship with intracellular microbial symbionts: a group of dsRNA viruses belonging to family of Totiviridae (T. vaginalis virus), and eubacteria belonging to the Mycoplasma genus, in particular Mycoplasma hominis. Both microorganisms seem to strongly influence the lifestyle of T. vaginalis, suggesting a role of the symbiosis in the high variability of clinical presentation and sequelae during trichomoniasis. In the last few years many aspects of this unique symbiotic relationship have been investigated: M. hominis resides and replicates in the protozoan cell, and T. vaginalis is able to pass the bacterial infection to both mycoplasma-free protozoan isolates and human epithelial cells; M. hominis synergistically upregulates the proinflammatory response of human monocytes to T. vaginalis. Furthermore, the influence of M. hominis over T. vaginalis metabolism and physiology has been characterized. The identification of a novel species belonging to the class of Mollicutes (Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii) exclusively associated to T. vaginalis opens new perspectives in the research of the complex series of events taking place in the multifaceted world of the vaginal microbiota, both under normal and pathological conditions.
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43
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Pinheiro J, Biboy J, Vollmer W, Hirt RP, Keown JR, Artuyants A, Black MM, Goldstone DC, Simoes-Barbosa A. The Protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis Targets Bacteria with Laterally Acquired NlpC/P60 Peptidoglycan Hydrolases. mBio 2018; 9:e01784-18. [PMID: 30538181 PMCID: PMC6299479 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01784-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human eukaryotic pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection. This extracellular protozoan is intimately associated with the human vaginal mucosa and microbiota, but key aspects of the complex interactions between the parasite and the vaginal bacteria remain elusive. We report that T. vaginalis has acquired, by lateral gene transfer from bacteria, genes encoding peptidoglycan hydrolases of the NlpC/P60 family. Two of the T. vaginalis enzymes were active against bacterial peptidoglycan, retaining the active-site fold and specificity as dl-endopeptidases. The endogenous NlpC/P60 genes are transcriptionally upregulated in T. vaginalis in the presence of bacteria. The overexpression of an exogenous copy enables the parasite to outcompete bacteria from mixed cultures, consistent with the biochemical activity of the enzyme. Our study results highlight the relevance of the interactions of this eukaryotic pathogen with bacteria, a poorly understood aspect of the biology of this important human parasite.IMPORTANCETrichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan of the human urogenital tract that causes trichomoniasis, a very common sexually transmitted disease. Despite residing extracellularly and in close association with the vaginal bacteria (i.e., the microbiota), very little is known about the nature of the parasite-bacterium interactions. Our study showed that this parasite had acquired genes from bacteria which retained their original function. They produce active enzymes capable of degrading peptidoglycan, a unique polymer of the bacterial cell envelope, helping the parasite to outcompete bacteria in mixed cultures. This study was the first to show that a laterally acquired group of genes enables a eukaryotic mucosal pathogen to control bacterial population. We highlight the importance of understanding the interactions between pathogens and microbiota, as the outcomes of these interactions are increasingly understood to have important implications on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jully Pinheiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacob Biboy
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Hirt
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy R Keown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Moyra M Black
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David C Goldstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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44
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Tsang SH, Peisch SF, Rowan B, Markt SC, Gonzalez-Feliciano AG, Sutcliffe S, Platz EA, Mucci LA, Ebot EM. Association between Trichomonas vaginalis and prostate cancer mortality. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2377-2380. [PMID: 30242839 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously observed a positive association between seropositivity for the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and risk of clinically significant prostate cancer at diagnosis. Here, we examined whether T. vaginalis seropositivity was associated with increased prostate cancer-specific or all-cause mortality among prostate cancer patients. We studied 736 men with prostate cancer from the Physicians' Health Study (PHS) and 749 men with prostate cancer from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between T. vaginalis serostatus and progression to death from prostate cancer and from all causes. In PHS, 423 men died of any cause during a median follow-up of 13.8 years from the date of cancer diagnosis, among whom 131 died of prostate cancer. In HPFS, there were 287 deaths, including 77 deaths from prostate cancer, during a median follow-up of 12.8 years. We found no association between T. vaginalis serostatus and either prostate cancer mortality or all-cause mortality in either the PHS or HPFS. While previous studies suggest a possible role for T. vaginalis in the development of clinically significant prostate cancer, our findings do not support the hypothesis that T. vaginalis serostatus is associated with mortality among prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H Tsang
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Samuel F Peisch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Brendan Rowan
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin
| | - Sarah C Markt
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ericka M Ebot
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Riestra AM, Valderrama JA, Patras KA, Booth SD, Quek XY, Tsai CM, Nizet V. Trichomonas vaginalis Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Human Macrophages. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:86-98. [PMID: 30391945 DOI: 10.1159/000493585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted, eukaryotic parasite that causes trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral, sexually transmitted disease in the USA and worldwide. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the host immune response to this widespread parasite. Here we report that T. vaginalis induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human macrophages, leading to caspase-1 activation and the processing of pro-IL-1β to the mature and bioactive form of the cytokine. Using inhibitor-based approaches, we show that NLRP3 activation by T. vaginalis involves host cell detection of extracellular ATP via P2X7 receptors and potassium efflux. In addition, our data reveal that T. vaginalis inflammasome activation induces macrophage inflammatory cell death by pyroptosis, known to occur via caspase-1 cleavage of the gasdermin D protein, which assembles to form pores in the host cell membrane. We found that T. vaginalis-induced cytolysis of macrophages is attenuated in gasdermin D knockout cells. Lastly, in a murine challenge model, we detected IL-1β production in vaginal fluids in response to T. vaginalis infection in vivo. Together, our findings mechanistically dissect how T. vaginalis contributes to the production of the proinflammatory IL-1β cytokine and uncover pyroptosis as a mechanism by which the parasite can trigger host macrophage cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Montenegro Riestra
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J Andrés Valderrama
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kathryn A Patras
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sharon D Booth
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xing Yen Quek
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, .,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,
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46
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Kumar S, Bains T, Won Kim AS, Tam C, Kim J, Cheng LW, Land KM, Debnath A, Kumar V. Highly Potent 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole-Tethered Isatin-Metronidazole Conjugates Against Anaerobic Foodborne, Waterborne, and Sexually-Transmitted Protozoal Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:380. [PMID: 30425970 PMCID: PMC6218680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections like amebiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis are major health threats in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the current drug of choice for amebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis but it has several adverse effects and potential resistance is a concern. In order to develop alternative antimicrobials, a library of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered metronidazole-isatin conjugates was synthesized using Huisgen's azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and evaluated for their amebicidal, anti-trichomonal, and anti-giardial potential. Most of the synthesized conjugates exhibited activities against Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia. While activities against T. vaginalis and T. foetus were comparable to that of the standard drug MTZ, better activities were observed against E. histolytica and G. lamblia. Conjugates 9d and 10a were found to be 2–3-folds more potent than MTZ against E. histolytica and 8–16-folds more potent than MTZ against G. lamblia. Further analysis of these compounds on fungi and bacteria did not show inhibitory activity, demonstrating their specific anti-protozoal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Trpta Bains
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ashley Sae Won Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Jong Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Elevated Serum Cytokines and Trichomonas vaginalis Serology at Diagnosis Are Not Associated With Higher Gleason Grade or Lethal Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018; 17:32-37. [PMID: 30348512 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and infections have been associated with prostate cancer progression. We assessed whether elevated serum cytokines or T. vaginalis seropositivity at the time of diagnosis was associated with higher grade or lethal prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Men with localized or metastatic prostate cancer were included in this study. Cytokine serum levels including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (CCL-2), tumor necrosis factor α, and growth-regulated oncogene α (CXCL-1) using a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and T. vaginalis serology were measured in blood samples at diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 324 patients were identified at time of localized disease and 118 at time of metastatic disease. Of the 189 patients with localized disease and clinical follow-up data (median, 73 months), 28 developed lethal disease. There was no association between circulating cytokine levels above median concentrations nor T. vaginalis seropositivity and risk of intermediate- to high-risk or lethal prostate cancer. CONCLUSION Higher levels of serum cytokine levels and T. vaginalis seropositivity at diagnosis are not associated with high-grade or lethal prostate cancer and do not aid risk stratification of localized prostate cancer.
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Aykan S, Temiz MZ, Yilmaz M, Ulus I, Yuruk E, Muslumanoglu AY. Association between male accesory gland infections and prostate cancer in Turkish men: A case-control study. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13038. [PMID: 29740844 DOI: 10.1111/and.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that chronic inflammation contributes to several forms of human cancer. Although several studies have investigated the association between prostatitis and prostate cancer, there is a lack of specifically designed study about male accessory gland infections (MAGI) and prostate cancer co-occurrence. We aimed to investigate this association with a case-control study in Turkish men. A total of 155 patients were enrolled to the study. After the pathological examination of the transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy specimens, patients were divided the two groups as control and prostate cancer and the presence of MAGI was determined. Of 155 patients, 145 met inclusion criteria. In the prostate cancer group, MAGI diagnose was determined in 18 of 31 patients (58.06%), while it was determined in 25 of 114 (21.93%) patients in the control group (p = .001). A significant correlation between MAGI and pathological Gleason score also revealed (p = .0001). We demonstrated that men with MAGI have increased risk for the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, in this population, most of the prostate cancers tend to be clinically significant or high grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aykan
- Department of Urology, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Z Temiz
- Department of Urology, Catalca State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Yilmaz
- Department of Urology, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I Ulus
- Department of Urology, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Yuruk
- Department of Urology, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Y Muslumanoglu
- Department of Urology, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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49
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A Cell Surface Aggregation-Promoting Factor from Lactobacillus gasseri Contributes to Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis Adhesion to Human Vaginal Ectocervical Cells. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00907-17. [PMID: 29784856 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00907-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection, is commonly symptomatic in women. The causative agent is Trichomonas vaginalis, an extracellular protozoan parasite. The host-protective mechanisms and molecules of vaginal lactobacilli that counteract this pathogen are largely unknown. This study examines the inhibition promoted by Lactobacillus gasseri against the adhesion of T. vaginalis to host cells, a critical virulence aspect of this pathogen. We observed that the vaginal strain L. gasseri ATCC 9857 is highly inhibitory by various contact-dependent mechanisms and that surface proteins are largely responsible for this inhibitory phenotype. We found that the aggregation-promoting factor APF-2 from these bacteria significantly contributes to inhibition of the adhesion of T. vaginalis to human vaginal ectocervical cells. Understanding the molecules and mechanisms used by lactobacilli to protect the host against T. vaginalis might help in the development of novel and specific therapeutic strategies that take advantage of the natural microbiota.
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50
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Alam R, Barbarovich AT, Caravan W, Ismail M, Barskaya A, Parkin DW, Stockman BJ. Druggability of the guanosine/adenosine/cytidine nucleoside hydrolase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1736-1742. [PMID: 29808562 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis infects approximately 300 million people worldwide annually. Infected individuals have a higher susceptibility to more serious conditions such as cervical and prostate cancer. The parasite has developed increasing resistance to current drug therapies, with an estimated 5% of clinical cases resulting from resistant strains, creating the need for new therapeutic strategies with novel mechanisms of action. Nucleoside salvage pathway enzymes represent novel drug targets as these pathways are essential for the parasite's survival. The guanosine/adenosine/cytidine nucleoside hydrolase (GACNH) may be particularly important as its expression is upregulated under glucose-limiting conditions mimicking those that occur during infection establishment. GACNH was screened against the NIH Clinical Collection to explore its druggability. Seven compounds were identified with IC50 values <20 μM. Extensive overlap was found between inhibitors of GACNH and the adenosine/guanosine nucleoside hydrolase (AGNH), but no overlap was found with inhibitors of the uridine nucleoside hydrolase. The guanosine analog ribavirin was the only compound found to be specific for GACNH. Compounds that inhibit both AGNH and GACNH purine salvage pathway enzymes may prove critical given the role that GACNH appears to play in the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
| | | | - Wagma Caravan
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
| | - Mirna Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
| | - Angela Barskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
| | - David W Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
| | - Brian J Stockman
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
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