1
|
Walker CH, Bennett T. Cytokinin and reproductive shoot architecture: bigger and better? Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1885-1893. [PMID: 39083016 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) is a key plant hormone, but one whose effects are often misunderstood, partly due to reliance on older data from before the molecular genetic age of plant science. In this mini-review, we examine the role of CK in controlling the reproductive shoot architecture of flowering plants. We begin with a long overdue re-examination of the role of CK in shoot branching, and discuss the relatively paucity of genetic evidence that CK does play a major role in this process. We then examine the role of CK in determining the number of inflorescences, flowers, fruit and seed that plants initiate during reproductive development, and how these are arranged in space and time. The genetic evidence for a major role of CK in controlling these processes is much clearer, and CK has profound effects in boosting the size and number of most reproductive structures. Conversely, the attenuation of CK levels during the reproductive phase likely contributes to reduced organ size seen later in flowering, and the ultimate arrest of inflorescence meristems during end-of-flowering. We finish by discussing how this information can potentially be used to improve crop yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona H Walker
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singhal C, Singh A, Sharma AK, Khurana P. Identification of CKX gene family in Morus indica cv K2 and functional characterization of MiCKX4 during abiotic stress. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:35. [PMID: 39136853 PMCID: PMC11322459 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) is the key enzyme that has been observed to catalyze irreversible inactivation of cytokinins and thus modulate cytokinin levels in plants. CKX gene family is known to have few members which are, expanded in the genome mainly due to duplication events. A total of nine MiCKXs were identified in Morus indica cv K2 with almost similar gene structures and conserved motifs and domains. The cis-elements along with expression analysis of these MiCKXs revealed their contrasting and specific role in plant development across different developmental stages. The localization of these enzymes in ER and Golgi bodies signifies their functional specification and property of getting modified post-translationally to carry out their activities. The overexpression of MiCKX4, an ortholog of AtCKX4, displayed longer primary root and higher number of lateral roots. Under ABA stress also the transgenic lines showed higher number of lateral roots and tolerance against drought stress as compared to wild-type plants. In this study, the CKX gene family members were analyzed bioinformatically for their roles under abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Singhal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Arunima Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma S, Arpita K, Nirgude M, Srivastava H, Kumar K, Sreevathsa R, Bhattacharya R, Gaikwad K. Genomic insights into cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) gene family, identification, phylogeny and synteny analysis for its possible role in regulating seed number in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134194. [PMID: 39097061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) regulates cytokinin levels in plants which are vital for plant growth and development. However, there is a paucity of evidence regarding their role in controlling embryo/seed development in pigeonpea. This comprehensive study provides information on the identification and characterization of CKX genes in pigeonpea. A genome-wide analysis identified 18 CKX genes, each with distinct structure, expression patterns, and possible diverse functions. Domain analysis revealed the presence of the sequences including FAD and CK-Binding domain, and subcellular localization analysis showed that almost 50 % of them reside within the nucleus. They were observed to be located unevenly on chromosome numbers 2, 4, 6, 7, and 11 with a majority of them present on the scaffolds. The 8 homologous pairs and various orthologous gene pairs provided further insights into their evolution pattern. Further, SNP/Indels variation in CKX genes and haplotype groups among contrasting genotypes for SNPP (seed number per pod) were analyzed. Spatiotemporal expression analysis revealed the significant expression pattern of CcCKX15, CcCKX17, and CcCKX2 in genotypes carrying low SNPP reiterating their possible role as negative regulators. These genes can be potential targets to undertake seed and biomass improvement in pigeonpea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Sharma
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Kumari Arpita
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Machindra Nirgude
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Harsha Srivastava
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Kishor Gaikwad
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang W, Tao J, Chang Y, Wang D, Wu Y, Gu C, Tao W, Wang H, Xie X, Zhang Y. Cytokinin catabolism and transport are involved in strigolactone-modulated rice tiller bud elongation fueled by phosphate and nitrogen supply. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:108982. [PMID: 39089046 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Phosphate (P) and nitrogen (N) fertilization affect rice tillering, indicating that P- and N-regulated tiller growth has a crucial effect on grain yield. Cytokinins and strigolactones (SLs) promote and inhibit tiller bud outgrowth, respectively; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, tiller bud outgrowth and cytokinin fractions were evaluated in rice plants fertilized at different levels of P and N. Low phosphate or nitrogen (LP or LN) reduced rice tiller numbers and bud elongation, in line with low cytokinin levels in tiller buds and xylem sap as well as low TCSn:GUS expression, a sensitive cytokinin signal reporter, in the stem base. Furthermore, exogenous cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurin, 6-BA) administration restored bud length and TCSn:GUS activity in LP- and LN-treated plants to similar levels as control plants. The TCSn:GUS activity and tiller bud outgrowth were less affected by LP and LN supplies in SL-synthetic and SL-signaling mutants (d17 and d53) compared to LP- and LN-treated wild-type (WT) plants, indicating that SL modulate tiller bud elongation under LP and LN supplies by reducing the cytokinin levels in tiller buds. OsCKX9 (a cytokinin catabolism gene) transcription in buds and roots was induced by LP, LN supplies and by adding the SL analog GR24. A reduced response of cytokinin fractions to LP and LN supplies was observed in tiller buds and xylem sap of the d53 mutant compared to WT plants. These results suggest that cytokinin catabolism and transport are involved in SL-modulated rice tillering fueled by P and N fertilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinyuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuyao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daojian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yaoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Changxiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenqing Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Weed Science Center, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang H, Huang J, Ye Y, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Chen Z, Li X, Ma Y, Lu T, Rao Y. Research Progress on Mechanical Strength of Rice Stalks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1726. [PMID: 38999566 PMCID: PMC11243543 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most important food crops in the world, rice yield is directly related to national food security. Lodging is one of the most important factors restricting rice production, and the cultivation of rice varieties with lodging resistance is of great significance in rice breeding. The lodging resistance of rice is directly related to the mechanical strength of the stalks. In this paper, we reviewed the cell wall structure, its components, and its genetic regulatory mechanism, which improved the regulatory network of rice stalk mechanical strength. Meanwhile, we analyzed the new progress in genetic breeding and put forward some scientific problems that need to be solved in this field in order to provide theoretical support for the improvement and application of rice breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuhan Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuqing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
You J, Ye L, Wang D, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Wei M, Wu R, Liu J, He G, Zhao F, Zhang T. Mapping and candidate gene analysis of QTLs for grain shape in a rice chromosome segment substitution line Z485 and breeding of SSSLs. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2024; 44:39. [PMID: 38766512 PMCID: PMC11099003 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-024-01480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Grain shape is one of the most important factors that affects rice yield. Cloning novel grain shape genes and analyzing their genetic mechanisms are crucial for high yield breeding. In this study, a slender grain CSSL-Z485 with 3-segments substitution in the genetic background of Nipponbare was constructed in rice. Cytological analysis showed that the longer grain length of Z485 was related to the increase in glume cell numbers, while the narrower grain width was associated with the decrease in cell width. Three grain shape-related quantitative trait locus (QTLs), including qGL12, qGW12, and qRLW12, were identified through the F2 population constructed from a cross between Nipponbare and Z485. Furthermore, four single segment substitution lines (SSSLs, S1-S4) carrying the target QTLs were dissected from Z485 by MAS. Finally, three candidate genes of qGL12 for grain length and qGW12 for grain width located in S3 were confirmed by DNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, and protein structure prediction. Specifically, candidate gene 1 encodes a ubiquitin family protein, while candidate genes 2 and 3 encode zinc finger proteins. The results provide valuable germplasm resources for cloning novel grain shape genes and molecular breeding by design. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01480-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing You
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Li Ye
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Dachuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Wenwen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Mi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Ruhui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Guanghua He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Fangming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Rice Research InstituteAcademy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lian X, Zhong L, Bai Y, Guang X, Tang S, Guo X, Wei T, Yang F, Zhang Y, Huang G, Zhang J, Shao L, Lei G, Li Z, Sahu SK, Zhang S, Liu H, Hu F. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of rhizome formation in Oryza longistaminata. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1652-1668. [PMID: 38345936 PMCID: PMC11123419 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Rhizomes are modified stems that grow underground and produce new individuals genetically identical to the mother plant. Recently, a breakthrough has been made in efforts to convert annual grains into perennial ones by utilizing wild rhizomatous species as donors, yet the developmental biology of this organ is rarely studied. Oryza longistaminata, a wild rice species featuring strong rhizomes, provides a valuable model for exploration of rhizome development. Here, we first assembled a double-haplotype genome of O. longistaminata, which displays a 48-fold improvement in contiguity compared to the previously published assembly. Furthermore, spatiotemporal transcriptomics was performed to obtain the expression profiles of different tissues in O. longistaminata rhizomes and tillers. Two spatially reciprocal cell clusters, the vascular bundle 2 cluster and the parenchyma 2 cluster, were determined to be the primary distinctions between the rhizomes and tillers. We also captured meristem initiation cells in the sunken area of parenchyma located at the base of internodes, which is the starting point for rhizome initiation. Trajectory analysis further indicated that the rhizome is regenerated through de novo generation. Collectively, these analyses revealed a spatiotemporal transcriptional transition underlying the rhizome initiation, providing a valuable resource for future perennial crop breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Lian
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Liyuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yixuan Bai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xuanmin Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Sijia Tang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Tong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Guangfu Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Lin Shao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Guijie Lei
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zheng Li
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Shilai Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Fengyi Hu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Perennial rice (Co‐construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center of Innovation for Perennial Rice Technology in Yunnan, School of AgricultureYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang R, Wu Z, Sun Y, Liu Y, Hang Y, Liu M, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu W, Fu C. miR156-PvSPL2 controls culm development by transcriptional repression of switchgrass CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2055-2067. [PMID: 38507513 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Culm development in grasses can be controlled by both miR156 and cytokinin. However, the crosstalk between the miR156-SPL module and the cytokinin metabolic pathway remains largely unknown. Here, we found CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4 (PvCKX4) plays a negative regulatory role in culm development of the bioenergy grass Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Overexpression of PvCKX4 in switchgrass reduced the internode diameter and length without affecting tiller number. Interestingly, we also found that PvCKX4 was always upregulated in miR156 overexpressing (miR156OE) transgenic switchgrass lines. Additionally, upregulation of either miR156 or PvCKX4 in switchgrass reduced the content of isopentenyl adenine (iP) without affecting trans-zeatin (tZ) accumulation. It is consistent with the evidence that the recombinant PvCKX4 protein exhibited much higher catalytic activity against iP than tZ in vitro. Furthermore, our results showed that miR156-targeted SPL2 bound directly to the promoter of PvCKX4 to repress its expression. Thus, alleviating the SPL2-mediated transcriptional repression of PvCKX4 through miR156 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in cytokinin degradation and impaired culm development in switchgrass. On the contrary, suppressing PvCKX4 in miR156OE transgenic plants restored iP content, internode diameter, and length to wild-type levels. Most strikingly, the double transgenic lines retained the same increased tiller numbers as the miR156OE transgenic line, which yielded more biomass than the wild type. These findings indicate that the miR156-SPL module can control culm development through transcriptional repression of PvCKX4 in switchgrass, which provides a promising target for precise design of shoot architecture to yield more biomass from grasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Zhenying Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yuqing Hang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Min Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Wenwen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou X, Qiang C, Chen L, Qing D, Huang J, Li J, Pan Y. The Landscape of Presence/Absence Variations during the Improvement of Rice. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:645. [PMID: 38790274 PMCID: PMC11120952 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important staple crops in the world; therefore, the improvement of rice holds great significance for enhancing agricultural production and addressing food security challenges. Although there have been numerous studies on the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rice improvement with the development of next-generation sequencing technologies, research on the role of presence/absence variations (PAVs) in the improvement of rice is limited. In particular, there is a scarcity of studies exploring the traits and genes that may be affected by PAVs in rice. Here, we extracted PAVs utilizing resequencing data from 148 improved rice varieties distributed in Asia. We detected a total of 33,220 PAVs and found that the number of variations decreased gradually as the length of the PAVs increased. The number of PAVs was the highest on chromosome 1. Furthermore, we identified a 6 Mb hotspot region on chromosome 11 containing 1091 PAVs in which there were 29 genes related to defense responses. By conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using PAV variation data and phenotypic data for five traits (flowering time, plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and panicle number) across all materials, we identified 186 significantly associated PAVs involving 20 cloned genes. A haplotype analysis and expression analysis of candidate genes revealed that important genes might be affected by PAVs, such as the flowering time gene OsSFL1 and the flag leaf width gene NAL1. Our work investigated the pattern in PAVs and explored important PAV key functional genes associated with agronomic traits. Consequently, these results provide potential and exploitable genetic resources for rice breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Urban Construction School, Beijing City University, Beijing 101300, China;
| | - Chenggen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Dongjin Qing
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Juan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Jilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Yinghua Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang K, Li J, Fan Y, Yang J. Temperature Effect on Rhizome Development in Perennial rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:32. [PMID: 38717687 PMCID: PMC11078906 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Traditional agriculture is becoming increasingly not adapted to global climate change. Compared with annual rice, perennial rice has strong environmental adaptation and needs fewer natural resources and labor inputs. Rhizome, a kind of underground stem for rice to achieve perenniallity, can grow underground horizontally and then bend upward, developing into aerial stems. The temperature has a great influence on plant development. To date, the effect of temperature on rhizome development is still unknown. Fine temperature treatment of Oryza longistaminata (OL) proved that compared with higher temperatures (28-30 ℃), lower temperature (17-19 ℃) could promote the sprouting of axillary buds and enhance negative gravitropism of branches, resulting in shorter rhizomes. The upward growth of branches was earlier at low temperature than that at high temperature, leading to a high frequency of shorter rhizomes and smaller branch angles. Comparative transcriptome showed that plant hormones played an essential role in the response of OL to temperature. The expressions of ARF17, ARF25 and FucT were up-regulated at low temperature, resulting in prospectively asymmetric auxin distribution, which subsequently induced asymmetric expression of IAA20 and WOX11 between the upper and lower side of the rhizome, further leading to upward growth of the rhizome. Cytokinin and auxin are phytohormones that can promote and inhibit bud outgrowth, respectively. The auxin biosynthesis gene YUCCA1 and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene CKX4 and CKX9 were up-regulated, while cytokinin biosynthesis gene IPT4 was down-regulated at high temperature. Moreover, the D3 and D14 in strigolactones pathways, negatively regulating bud outgrowth, were up-regulated at high temperature. These results indicated that cytokinin, auxins, and strigolactones jointly control bud outgrowth at different temperatures. Our research revealed that the outgrowth of axillary bud and the upward growth of OL rhizome were earlier at lower temperature, providing clues for understanding the rhizome growth habit under different temperatures, which would be helpful for cultivating perennial rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yourong Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Jiangyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou Y, Yang H, Liu E, Liu R, Alam M, Gao H, Gao G, Zhang Q, Li Y, Xiong L, He Y. Fine Mapping of Five Grain Size QTLs Which Affect Grain Yield and Quality in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4149. [PMID: 38673733 PMCID: PMC11050437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Grain size is a quantitative trait with a complex genetic mechanism, characterized by the combination of grain length (GL), grain width (GW), length to width ration (LWR), and grain thickness (GT). In this study, we conducted quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to investigate the genetic basis of grain size using BC1F2 and BC1F2:3 populations derived from two indica lines, Guangzhan 63-4S (GZ63-4S) and TGMS29 (core germplasm number W240). A total of twenty-four QTLs for grain size were identified, among which, three QTLs (qGW1, qGW7, and qGW12) controlling GL and two QTLs (qGW5 and qGL9) controlling GW were validated and subsequently fine mapped to regions ranging from 128 kb to 624 kb. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis and expression analysis revealed that qGW7 influences cell expansion, while qGL9 affects cell division. Conversely, qGW1, qGW5, and qGW12 promoted both cell division and expansion. Furthermore, negative correlations were observed between grain yield and quality for both qGW7 and qGW12. Nevertheless, qGW5 exhibited the potential to enhance quality without compromising yield. Importantly, we identified two promising QTLs, qGW1 and qGL9, which simultaneously improved both grain yield and quality. In summary, our results laid the foundation for cloning these five QTLs and provided valuable resources for breeding rice varieties with high yield and superior quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuqing He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (E.L.); (R.L.); (M.A.); (H.G.); (G.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rong C, Zhang R, Liu Y, Chang Z, Liu Z, Ding Y, Ding C. Purine permease (PUP) family gene PUP11 positively regulates the rice seed setting rate by influencing seed development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:112. [PMID: 38568250 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Purine permease PUP11 is essential for rice seed development, regulates the seed setting rate, and influences the cytokinin content, sugar transport, and starch biosynthesis during grain development. The distribution of cytokinins in plant tissues determines plant growth and development and is regulated by several cytokinin transporters, including purine permease (PUP). Thirteen PUP genes have been identified within the rice genome; however, the functions of most of these genes remain poorly understood. We found that pup11 mutants showed extremely low seed setting rates and a unique filled seed distribution. Moreover, seed formation arrest in these mutants was associated with the disappearance of accumulated starch 10 days after flowering. PUP11 has two major transcripts with different expression patterns and subcellular locations, and further studies revealed that they have redundant positive roles in regulating the seed setting rate. We also found that type-A Response Regulator (RR) genes were upregulated in the developing grains of the pup11 mutant compared with those in the wild type. The results also showed that PUP11 altered the expression of several sucrose transporters and significantly upregulated certain starch biosynthesis genes. In summary, our results indicate that PUP11 influences the rice seed setting rate by regulating sucrose transport and starch accumulation during grain filling. This research provides new insights into the relationship between cytokinins and seed development, which may help improve cereal yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Rong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Renren Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Chang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu J, Jiang Z, Chen J, Xie M, Huang W, Li J, Zhuang C, Liu Z, Zheng S. SET DOMAIN GROUP 711-mediated H3K27me3 methylation of cytokinin metabolism genes regulates organ size in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2069-2085. [PMID: 37874747 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Organ size shapes plant architecture during rice (Oryza sativa) growth and development, affecting key factors influencing yield, such as plant height, leaf size, and seed size. Here, we report that the rice Enhancer of Zeste [E(z)] homolog SET DOMAIN GROUP 711 (OsSDG711) regulates organ size in rice. Knockout of OsSDG711 produced shorter plants with smaller leaves, thinner stems, and smaller grains. We demonstrate that OsSDG711 affects organ size by reducing cell length and width and increasing cell number in leaves, stems, and grains. The result of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) using an antitrimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) antibody showed that the levels of H3K27me3 associated with cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase genes (OsCKXs) were lower in the OsSDG711 knockout line Ossdg711. ChIP-qPCR assays indicated that OsSDG711 regulates the expression of OsCKX genes through H3K27me3 histone modification. Importantly, we show that OsSDG711 directly binds to the promoters of these OsCKX genes. Furthermore, we measured significantly lower cytokinin contents in Ossdg711 plants than in wild-type plants. Overall, our results reveal an epigenetic mechanism based on OsSDG711-mediated modulation of H3K27me3 levels to regulate the expression of genes involved in the cytokinin metabolism pathway and control organ development in rice. OsSDG711 may be an untapped epigenetic resource for ideal plant type improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zuojie Jiang
- Pain and Related Disease Research Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenda Huang
- China Water Resources Pearl River Planning, Surveying & Designing Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chuxiong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gong X, Chen J, Chen Y, He Y, Jiang D. Advancements in Rice Leaf Development Research. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:904. [PMID: 38592944 PMCID: PMC10976080 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Rice leaf morphology is a pivotal component of the ideal plant architecture, significantly impacting rice yield. The process of leaf development unfolds through three distinct stages: the initiation of leaf primordia, the establishment and maintenance of polarity, and leaf expansion. Genes regulating leaf morphology encompass transcription factors, hormones, and miRNAs. An in-depth synthesis and categorization of genes associated with leaf development, particularly those successfully cloned, hold paramount importance in unraveling the complexity of rice leaf development. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights into the potential for molecular-level manipulation of rice leaf types. This comprehensive review consolidates the stages of rice leaf development, the genes involved, molecular regulatory pathways, and the influence of plant hormones. Its objective is to establish a foundational understanding of the creation of ideal rice leaf forms and their practical application in molecular breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dagang Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.G.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tian H, Tang B, Fan W, Pan Z, Peng J, Wang Y, Liu F, Liu G. The role of strigolactone analog (GR24) in endogenous hormone metabolism and hormone-related gene expression in tobacco axillary buds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:21. [PMID: 38150090 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Strigolactone has the potential to influence hormone metabolism, in addition to having a role in inhibiting axillary bud elongation, which could be regulated by the expression of phytohormones-related genes. The elongation of axillary buds affects the economic benefits of tobacco. In this study, it was investigated the effect of strigolactone (SL) on the elongation of tobacco axillary buds and its endogenous hormone metabolism and related gene expression by applying the artificial analog of SL, GR24, and an inhibitor of SL synthesis, TIS-108, to the axillary buds. The results showed that the elongation of axillary buds was significantly inhibited by GR24 on day 2 and day 9. Ultra-high-performance liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry results further showed that SL significantly affected the metabolism of endogenous plant hormones, altering both their levels and the ratios between each endogenous hormone. Particularly, the levels of auxin (IAA), trans-zeatin-riboside (tZR), N6-(∆2-isopentenyl) adenine (iP), gibberellin A4 (GA4), jasmonic acid (JA), and jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) were decreased after GR24 treatment on day 9, but the levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and gibberellin A1 (GA1) were significantly increased. Further analysis of endogenous hormonal balance revealed that after the treatment with GR24 on day 9, the ratio of IAA to cytokinin (CTK) was markedly increased, but the ratios of IAA to abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), ACC, JAs, and, GAs were notably decreased. In addition, according to RNA-seq analysis, multiple differentially expressed genes were found, such as GH3.1, AUX/IAA, SUAR20, IPT, CKX1, GA2ox1, ACO3, ERF1, PR1, and HCT, which may play critical roles in the biosynthesis, deactivation, signaling pathway of phytohormones, and the biosynthesis of flavonoids to regulate the elongation of axillary buds in tobacco. This work lays the certain theoretical foundation for the application of SL in regulating the elongation of axillary buds of tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Tian
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University/Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Research, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Boxi Tang
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University/Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Research, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuwei Fan
- Yimen County Branch of Yuxi Tobacco Company, Yimen, 651100, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Pan
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University/Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Research, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantao Peng
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University/Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Research, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxiu Wang
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University/Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Research, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University/Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Research, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University/Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Research, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Qiao L, Wu Q, Yuan L, Huang X, Yang Y, Li Q, Shahzad N, Li H, Li W. SMALL PLANT AND ORGAN 1 ( SPO1) Encoding a Cellulose Synthase-like Protein D4 (OsCSLD4) Is an Important Regulator for Plant Architecture and Organ Size in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16974. [PMID: 38069299 PMCID: PMC10707047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant architecture and organ size are considered as important traits in crop breeding and germplasm improvement. Although several factors affecting plant architecture and organ size have been identified in rice, the genetic and regulatory mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we identified and characterized the small plant and organ 1 (spo1) mutant in rice (Oryza sativa), which exhibits narrow and rolled leaf, reductions in plant height, root length, and grain width, and other morphological defects. Map-based cloning revealed that SPO1 is allelic with OsCSLD4, a gene encoding the cellulose synthase-like protein D4, and is highly expressed in the roots at the seedling and tillering stages. Microscopic observation revealed the spo1 mutant had reduced number and width in leaf veins, smaller size of leaf bulliform cells, reduced cell length and cell area in the culm, and decreased width of epidermal cells in the outer glume of the grain. These results indicate the role of SPO1 in modulating cell division and cell expansion, which modulates plant architecture and organ size. It is showed that the contents of endogenous hormones including auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, and zeatin tested in the spo1 mutant were significantly altered, compared to the wild type. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are significantly enriched in the pathways associated with plant hormone signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and cell wall formation. These results indicated that the loss of SPO1/OsCSLD4 function disrupted cell wall cellulose synthase and hormones homeostasis and signaling, thus leading to smaller plant and organ size in spo1. Taken together, we suggest the functional role of SPO1/OsCSLD4 in the control of rice plant and organ size by modulating cell division and expansion, likely through the effects of multiple hormonal pathways on cell wall formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qilong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Liuzhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Xudong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Yutao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Qinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Nida Shahzad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Haifeng Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yan G, Li S, Ma M, Quan C, Tian X, Tu J, Shen J, Yi B, Fu T, Ma C, Guo L, Dai C. The transcription factor BnaWRKY10 regulates cytokinin dehydrogenase BnaCKX2 to control cytokinin distribution and seed size in Brassica napus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4994-5013. [PMID: 37246599 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones that promote cell division and differentiation. However, the regulation of CK distribution and homeostasis in Brassica napus is poorly understood. Here, the endogenous CKs were first quantified by LC-ESI-MS/MS in rapeseed tissues and visualized by TCSn::GUS reporter lines. Interestingly, the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase BnaCKX2 homologs were mainly expressed in reproductive organs. Subsequently, the quadruple mutants of the four BnaCKX2 homologs were generated. Endogenous CKs were increased in the seeds of the BnaCKX2 quadruple mutants, resulting in a significantly reduced seed size. In contrast, overexpression of BnaA9.CKX2 resulted in larger seeds, probably by delaying endosperm cellularization. Furthermore, the transcription factor BnaC6.WRKY10b, but not BnaC6.WRKY10a, positively regulated BnaA9.CKX2 expression by binding directly to its promoter region. Overexpression of BnaC6.WRKY10b rather than BnaC6.WRKY10a resulted in lower concentration of CKs and larger seeds by activating BnaA9.CKX2 expression, indicating that the functional differentiation of BnaWRKY10 homologs might have occurred during B. napus evolution or domestication. Notably, the haploid types of BnaA9.CKX2 were associated with 1000-seed weight in the natural B. napus population. Overall, the study reveals the distribution of CKs in B. napus tissues, and shows that BnaWRKY10-mediated BnaCKX2 expression is essential for seed size regulation, providing promising targets for oil crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sijia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengya Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengtao Quan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xia Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li T, Luo K, Wang C, Wu L, Pan J, Wang M, Liu J, Li Y, Yao J, Chen W, Zhu S, Zhang Y. GhCKX14 responding to drought stress by modulating antioxi-dative enzyme activity in Gossypium hirsutum compared to CKX family genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:409. [PMID: 37658295 PMCID: PMC10474641 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) plays a vital role in response to abiotic stress through modulating the antioxidant enzyme activities. Nevertheless, the biological function of the CKX gene family has yet to be reported in cotton. RESULT In this study, a total of 27 GhCKXs were identified by the genome-wide investigation and distributed across 18 chromosomes. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that CKX genes were clustered into four clades, and most gene expansions originated from segmental duplications. The CKXs gene structure and motif analysis displayed remarkably well conserved among the four groups. Moreover, the cis-acting elements related to the abiotic stress, hormones, and light response were identified within the promoter regions of GhCKXs. Transcriptome data and RT-qPCR showed that GhCKX genes demonstrated higher expression levels in various tissues and were involved in cotton's abiotic stress and phytohormone response. The protein-protein interaction network indicates that the CKX family probably participated in redox regulation, including oxidoreduction or ATP levels, to mediate plant growth and development. Functionally identified via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) found that the GhCKX14 gene improved drought resistance by modulating the antioxidant-related activitie. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the CKX gene family members were analyzed by bioinformatics, and validates the response of GhCKX gene to various phytohormone treatment and abiotic stresses. Our findings established the foundation of GhCKXs in responding to abiotic stress and GhCKX14 in regulating drought resistance in cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Luo
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jingwen Pan
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shouhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sheikh TMM, Zhou D, Ali H, Hussain S, Wang N, Chen S, Zhao Y, Wen X, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang L, Deng S, Feng H, Raza W, Fu P, Peng H, Wei L, Daly P. Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by the Biocontrol Agent Pythium oligandrum Contribute to Ginger Plant Growth and Disease Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0151023. [PMID: 37534988 PMCID: PMC10433877 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01510-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycete Pythium oligandrum is a potential biocontrol agent to control a wide range of fungal and oomycete-caused diseases, such as Pythium myriotylum-caused rhizome rot in ginger, leading to reduced yields and compromised quality. Previously, P. oligandrum has been studied for its plant growth-promoting potential by auxin production and induction of disease resistance by elicitors such as oligandrin. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play beneficial roles in sustainable agriculture by enhancing plant growth and resistance. We investigated the contribution of P. oligandrum-produced VOCs on plant growth and disease suppression by initially using Nicotiana benthamiana plants for screening. P. oligandrum VOCs significantly enhanced tobacco seedling and plant biomass contents. Screening of the individual VOCs showed that 3-octanone and hexadecane promoted the growth of tobacco seedlings. The total VOCs from P. oligandrum also enhanced the shoot and root growth of ginger plants. Transcriptomic analysis showed a higher expression of genes related to plant growth hormones and stress responses in the leaves of ginger plants exposed to P. oligandrum VOCs. The concentrations of plant growth hormones such as auxin, zeatin, and gibberellic acid were higher in the leaves of ginger plants exposed to P. oligandrum VOCs. In a ginger disease biocontrol assay, the VOC-exposed ginger plants infected with P. myriotylum had lower levels of disease severity. We conclude that this study contributes to understanding the growth-promoting mechanisms of P. oligandrum on ginger and tobacco, priming of ginger plants against various stresses, and the mechanisms of action of P. oligandrum as a biocontrol agent. IMPORTANCE Plant growth promotion plays a vital role in enhancing production of agricultural crops, and Pythium oligandrum is known for its plant growth-promoting potential through production of auxins and induction of resistance by elicitors. This study highlights the significance of P. oligandrum-produced VOCs in plant growth promotion and disease resistance. Transcriptomic analyses of leaves of ginger plants exposed to P. oligandrum VOCs revealed the upregulation of genes involved in plant growth hormone signaling and stress responses. Moreover, the concentration of growth hormones significantly increased in P. oligandrum VOC-exposed ginger plants. Additionally, the disease severity was reduced in P. myriotylum-infected ginger plants exposed to P. oligandrum VOCs. In ginger, P. myriotylum-caused rhizome rot disease results in severe losses, and biocontrol has a role as part of an integrated pest management strategy for rhizome rot disease. Overall, growth enhancement and disease reduction in plants exposed to P. oligandrum-produced VOCs contribute to its role as a biocontrol agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taha Majid Mahmood Sheikh
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Haider Ali
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarfraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqiao Chen
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yishen Zhao
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xian Wen
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lunji Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Waseem Raza
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengxiao Fu
- Jiangsu Coastal Ecological Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Jiangsu Coastal Ecological Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Paul Daly
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cui J, Nishide N, Mashiguchi K, Kuroha K, Miya M, Sugimoto K, Itoh JI, Yamaguchi S, Izawa T. Fertilization controls tiller numbers via transcriptional regulation of a MAX1-like gene in rice cultivation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3191. [PMID: 37291104 PMCID: PMC10250342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertilization controls various aspects of cereal growth such as tiller number, leaf size, and panicle size. However, despite such benefits, global chemical fertilizer use must be reduced to achieve sustainable agriculture. Here, based on field transcriptome data from leaf samples collected during rice cultivation, we identify fertilizer responsive genes and focus on Os1900, a gene orthologous to Arabidopsis thaliana MAX1, which is involved in strigolactone biosynthesis. Elaborate genetic and biochemical analyses using CRISPR/Cas9 mutants reveal that Os1900 together with another MAX1-like gene, Os5100, play a critical role in controlling the conversion of carlactone into carlactonoic acid during strigolactone biosynthesis and tillering in rice. Detailed analyses of a series of Os1900 promoter deletion mutations suggest that fertilization controls tiller number in rice through transcriptional regulation of Os1900, and that a few promoter mutations alone can increase tiller numbers and grain yields even under minor-fertilizer conditions, whereas a single defective os1900 mutation does not increase tillers under normal fertilizer condition. Such Os1900 promoter mutations have potential uses in breeding programs for sustainable rice production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Cui
- Lab. of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nishide
- Lab. of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Mashiguchi
- Chemistry of Molecular Biocatalysts Lab, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kana Kuroha
- Breeding Material Development Unit, Basic Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miya
- Lab. of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sugimoto
- Breeding Material Development Unit, Basic Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Division of Crop Design Research, Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Itoh
- Lab. of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Yamaguchi
- Chemistry of Molecular Biocatalysts Lab, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Lab. of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xun Q, Song Y, Mei M, Ding Y, Ding C. The SMC5/6 complex subunit MMS21 regulates stem cell proliferation in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023:10.1007/s00299-023-03030-9. [PMID: 37178216 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE SMC5/6 complex subunit OsMMS21 is involved in cell cycle and hormone signaling and required for stem cell proliferation during shoot and root development in rice. The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC)5/6 complex is required for nucleolar integrity and DNA metabolism. Moreover, METHYL METHANESULFONATE SENSITIVITY GENE 21 (MMS21), a SUMO E3 ligase that is part of the SMC5/6 complex, is essential for the root stem cell niche and cell cycle transition in Arabidopsis. However, its specific role in rice remains unclear. Here, OsSMC5 and OsSMC6 single heterozygous mutants were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to elucidate the function of SMC5/6 subunits, including OsSMC5, OsSMC6, and OsMMS21, in cell proliferation in rice. ossmc5/ + and ossmc6/ + heterozygous single mutants did not yield homozygous mutants in their progeny, indicating that OsSMC5 and OsSMC6 both play necessary roles during embryo formation. Loss of OsMMS21 caused severe defects in both the shoot and roots in rice. Transcriptome analysis showed a significant decrease in the expression of genes involved in auxin signaling in the roots of osmms21 mutants. Moreover, the expression levels of the cycB2-1 and MCM genes, which are involved the cell cycle, were significantly lower in the shoots of the mutants, indicating that OsMMS21 was involved in both hormone signaling pathways and the cell cycle. Overall, these findings indicate that the SUMO E3 ligase OsMMS21 is required for both shoot and root stem cell niches, improving the understanding of the function of the SMC5/6 complex in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xun
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ye Song
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Mei
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu J, Jie W, Shi X, Ding Y, Ding C. Transcription elongation factors OsSPT4 and OsSPT5 are essential for rice growth and development and act with APO2. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023:10.1007/s00299-023-03025-6. [PMID: 37148321 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The transcription elongation factor SPT4/SPT5 complex is essential for rice vegetative and reproductive growth and that OsSPT5-1, with its interactor APO2, is involved in multiple phytohormone pathways. The SPT4/SPT5 complex is a transcription elongation factor that regulates the processivity of transcription elongation. However, our understanding of the role of SPT4/SPT5 complex in developmental regulation remains limited. Here, we identified three SPT4/SPT5 genes (OsSPT4, OsSPT5-1, and OsSPT5-2) in rice, and investigated their roles in vegetative and reproductive growth. These genes are highly conserved with their orthologs in other species. OsSPT4 and OsSPT5-1 are widely expressed in various tissues. By contrast, OsSPT5-2 is expressed at a relatively low level, which could cause osspt5-2 null mutants have no phenotypes. Loss-of-function mutants of OsSPT4 and OsSPT5-1 could not be obtained; their heterozygotes showed severe reproductive growth defects. An incomplete mutant line (osspt5-1#12) displayed gibberellin-related dwarfed defects and a weak root system at an early vegetative phase, and a short life cycle in different planting environments. Furthermore, OsSPT5-1 interacts with the transcription factor ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 2 (APO2) and plays a similar role in regulating the growth of rice shoots. RNA sequencing analysis verified that OsSPT5-1 is involved in multiple phytohormone pathways, including gibberellin, auxin, and cytokinin. Therefore, the SPT4/SPT5 complex is essential for both vegetative and reproductive growth in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanrong Jie
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi'an Shi
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sheng C, Song S, Zhou W, Dossou SSK, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Li D, You J, Wang L. Integrating transcriptome and phytohormones analysis provided insights into plant height development in sesame. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107695. [PMID: 37058966 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant height is a key agronomic trait influencing crops yield. The height of sesame plants is important for yield performance, lodging resistance and plant architecture. Although plant height is significantly distinct among sesame varieties, the genetic basis of plant height remains largely unknown. In this study, in order to tackle genetic insights into the sesame plant height development, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis was conducted using the stem tips from two sesame varieties with distinct plant height, Zhongzhi13 and ZZM2748, at five time points by BGI MGIseq2000 sequencing platform. A total of 16,952 genes were differentially expressed between Zhongzhi13 and ZZM2748 at five time points. KEGG and MapMan enrichment analyses and quantitative analysis of phytohormones indicated that hormones biosynthesis and signaling pathways were associated with sesame plant height development. Plenty of candidate genes involved in biosynthesis and signaling of brassinosteroid (BR), cytokinin (CK) and gibberellin (GA) which were major differential hormones between two varieties were identified, suggesting their critical roles in plant height regulation. WGCNA revealed a module which was significantly positively associated with the plant height trait and founded SiSCL9 was the hub gene involved in plant height development in our network. Further overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis validated the function of SiSCL9 in the increase of plant height by 26.86%. Collectively, these results increase our understanding of the regulatory network controlling the development of plant height and provide a valuable genetic resource for improvement of plant architecture in sesame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shengnan Song
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wangyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Senouwa Segla Koffi Dossou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Donghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jun You
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Linhai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zheng X, Zhang S, Liang Y, Zhang R, Liu L, Qin P, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhou J, Tang X, Zhang Y. Loss-function mutants of OsCKX gene family based on CRISPR-Cas systems revealed their diversified roles in rice. THE PLANT GENOME 2023:e20283. [PMID: 36660867 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin (CTK) is an important plant hormone that promotes cell division, controls cell differentiation, and regulates a variety of plant growth and development processes. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) is an irreversible cytokinin-degrading enzyme that affects plant growth and development by regulating the dynamic balance of CTKs synthesis and degradation. There are presumed 11 members of the CKX gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.), but limited members have been reported. In this study, based on CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cas12a genome-editing technology, we established a complete set of OsCKX1-OsCKX11 single-gene mutants, as well as double-gene and triple-gene mutants of different OsCKXs gene combinations with high similarity. The results revealed that CRISPR-Cas12a outperformed Cas9 to generate biallelic mutations, multi-gene mutants, and more diverse genotypes. And then, we found, except the reported OsCKX2, OsCKX4, OsCKX9 and OsCKX11, OsCKX5, OsCKX6, OsCKX7, and OsCKX8 also had significant effects on agronomic traits such as plant height, panicle size, grain size, and grain number per panicle in rice. In addition, the different loss-of-function of the OsCKX genes also changed the seed appearance quality and starch composition. Interestingly, by comparing different combinations of multi-gene mutants, we found significant functional redundancy among OsCKX gene members in the same phylogenetic clade. These data collectively reveal the diversified regulating capabilities of OsCKX genes in rice, and also provide the valuable reference for further rice molecular breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zheng
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yanling Liang
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Li Liu
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Pengchen Qin
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Dep. of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Du Y, Zhang Z, Gu Y, Li W, Wang W, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Du J, Zhao Q. Genome-wide identification of the soybean cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene family and its diverse roles in response to multiple abiotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1163219. [PMID: 37139113 PMCID: PMC10149856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1163219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) irreversibly degrades cytokinin, regulates growth and development, and helps plants to respond to environmental stress. Although the CKX gene has been well characterized in various plants, its role in soybean remains elusive. Therefore, in this study, the evolutionary relationship, chromosomal location, gene structure, motifs, cis-regulatory elements, collinearity, and gene expression patterns of GmCKXs were analyzed using RNA-seq, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and bioinformatics. We identified 18 GmCKX genes from the soybean genome and grouped them into five clades, each comprising members with similar gene structures and motifs. Cis-acting elements involved in hormones, resistance, and physiological metabolism were detected in the promoter regions of GmCKXs. Synteny analysis indicated that segmental duplication events contributed to the expansion of the soybean CKX family. The expression profiling of the GmCKXs genes using qRT-PCR showed tissue-specific expression patterns. The RNA-seq analysis also indicated that GmCKXs play an important role in response to salt and drought stresses at the seedling stage. The responses of the genes to salt, drought, synthetic cytokinin 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA), and the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at the germination stage were further evaluated by qRT-PCR. Specifically, the GmCKX14 gene was downregulated in the roots and the radicles at the germination stage. The hormones 6-BA and IAA repressed the expression levels of GmCKX1, GmCKX6, and GmCKX9 genes but upregulated the expression levels of GmCKX10 and GmCKX18 genes. The three abiotic stresses also decreased the zeatin content in soybean radicle but enhanced the activity of the CKX enzymes. Conversely, the 6-BA and IAA treatments enhanced the CKX enzymes' activity but reduced the zeatin content in the radicles. This study, therefore, provides a reference for the functional analysis of GmCKXs in soybean in response to abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Du
- Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- National Cereals Technology Engineering Research Center, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhaoning Zhang
- Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanhua Gu
- Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weijia Li
- Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiankai Yuan
- Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuxian Zhang
- National Cereals Technology Engineering Research Center, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jidao Du
- Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- National Cereals Technology Engineering Research Center, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land Improvement Engineering Technology in Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jidao Du, ; Qiang Zhao,
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land Improvement Engineering Technology in Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jidao Du, ; Qiang Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sharma A, Prakash S, Chattopadhyay D. Killing two birds with a single stone-genetic manipulation of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase ( CKX) genes for enhancing crop productivity and amelioration of drought stress response. Front Genet 2022; 13:941595. [PMID: 35923693 PMCID: PMC9340367 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.941595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-yielding, bio-fortified, stress-tolerant crop cultivars is the need of the hour in the wake of increasing global food insecurity, abrupt climate change, and continuous shrinking of resources and landmass suitable for agriculture. The cytokinin group of phytohormones positively regulates seed yield by simultaneous regulation of source capacity (leaf senescence) and sink strength (grain number and size). Cytokinins also regulate root-shoot architecture by promoting shoot growth and inhibiting root growth. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) are the only enzymes that catalyze the irreversible degradation of active cytokinins and thus negatively regulate the endogenous cytokinin levels. Genetic manipulation of CKX genes is the key to improve seed yield and root-shoot architecture through direct manipulation of endogenous cytokinin levels. Downregulation of CKX genes expressed in sink tissues such as inflorescence meristem and developing seeds, through reverse genetics approaches such as RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in increased yield marked by increased number and size of grains. On the other hand, root-specific expression of CKX genes resulted in decreased endogenous cytokinin levels in roots which in turn resulted in increased root growth indicated by increased root branching, root biomass, and root-shoot biomass ratio. Enhanced root growth provided enhanced tolerance to drought stress and improved micronutrient uptake efficiency. In this review, we have emphasized the role of CKX as a genetic factor determining yield, micronutrient uptake efficiency, and response to drought stress. We have summarised the efforts made to increase crop productivity and drought stress tolerance in different crop species through genetic manipulation of CKX family genes.
Collapse
|