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Töpfer V, Melzer M, Snowdon RJ, Stahl A, Matros A, Wehner G. PEG treatment is unsuitable to study root related traits as it alters root anatomy in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:856. [PMID: 39266950 PMCID: PMC11396634 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency and severity of abiotic stress events, especially drought, are increasing due to climate change. The plant root is the most important organ for water uptake and the first to be affected by water limitation. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to include root traits in studies on drought stress tolerance. However, phenotyping under field conditions remains a challenging task. In this study, plants were grown in a hydroponic system with polyethylene glycol as an osmotic stressor and in sand pots to examine the root system of eleven spring barley genotypes. The root anatomy of two genotypes with different response to drought was investigated microscopically. RESULTS Root diameter increased significantly (p < 0.05) under polyethylene glycol treatment by 54% but decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 12% under drought stress in sand pots. Polyethylene glycol treatment increased root tip diameter (51%) and reduced diameter of the elongation zone (14%) compared to the control. Under drought stress, shoot mass of plants grown in sand pots showed a higher correlation (r = 0.30) with the shoot mass under field condition than polyethylene glycol treated plants (r = -0.22). CONCLUSION These results indicate that barley roots take up polyethylene glycol by the root tip and polyethylene glycol prevents further water uptake. Polyethylene glycol-triggered osmotic stress is therefore unsuitable for investigating root morphology traits in barley. Root architecture of roots grown in sand pots is more comparable to roots grown under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronic Töpfer
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rod J Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Matros
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany.
| | - Gwendolin Wehner
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany
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Protto V, Bauget F, Rishmawi L, Nacry P, Maurel C. Primary, seminal and lateral roots of maize show type-specific growth and hydraulic responses to water deficit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2564-2579. [PMID: 38217868 PMCID: PMC10980523 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The water uptake capacity of a root system is determined by its architecture and hydraulic properties, which together shape the root hydraulic architecture. Here, we investigated root responses to water deficit (WD) in seedlings of a maize (Zea mays) hybrid line (B73H) grown in hydroponic conditions, taking into account the primary root (PR), the seminal roots (SR), and their respective lateral roots. WD was induced by various polyethylene glycol concentrations and resulted in dose-dependent inhibitions of axial and lateral root growth, lateral root formation, and hydraulic conductivity (Lpr), with slightly distinct sensitivities to WD between PR and SR. Inhibition of Lpr by WD showed a half-time of 5 to 6 min and was fully (SR) or partially (PR) reversible within 40 min. In the two root types, WD resulted in reduced aquaporin expression and activity, as monitored by mRNA abundance of 13 plasma membrane intrinsic protein (ZmPIP) isoforms and inhibition of Lpr by sodium azide, respectively. An enhanced suberization/lignification of the epi- and exodermis was observed under WD in axial roots and in lateral roots of the PR but not in those of SR. Inverse modeling revealed a steep increase in axial conductance in root tips of PR and SR grown under WD that may be due to the decreased growth rate of axial roots in these conditions. Overall, our work reveals that these root types show quantitative differences in their anatomical, architectural, and hydraulic responses to WD, in terms of sensitivity, amplitude and reversibility. This distinct functionalization may contribute to integrative acclimation responses of whole root systems to soil WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Protto
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Bauget
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Louai Rishmawi
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Nacry
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
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3
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Licaj I, Felice D, Germinario C, Zanotti C, Fiorillo A, Marra M, Rocco M. An artificial intelligence-integrated analysis of the effect of drought stress on root traits of "modern" and "ancient" wheat varieties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1241281. [PMID: 37900753 PMCID: PMC10613089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1241281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to drought stress, durum wheat production in the Mediterranean basin will be severely affected in the coming years. Durum wheat cultivation relies on a few genetically uniform "modern" varieties, more productive but less tolerant to stresses, and "traditional" varieties, still representing a source of genetic biodiversity for drought tolerance. Root architecture plasticity is crucial for plant adaptation to drought stress and the relationship linking root structures to drought is complex and still largely under-explored. In this study, we examined the effect of drought stress on the roots' characteristics of the "traditional" Saragolla cultivar and the "modern" Svevo. By means of "SmartRoot" software, we demonstrated that drought stress affected primary and lateral roots as well as root hair at different extents in Saragolla and Svevo cultivars. Indeed, we observed that under drought stress Saragolla possibly revamped its root architecture, by significantly increasing the length of lateral roots, and the length/density of root hairs compared to the Svevo cultivar. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of root anatomical traits demonstrated that under drought stress a greater stele area and an increase of the xylem lumen size vessel occurred in Saragolla, indicating that the Saragolla variety had a more efficient adaptive response to osmotic stress than the Svevo. Furthermore, for the analysis of root structural data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms have been used: Their application allowed to predict from root structural traits modified by the osmotic stress the type of cultivar observed and to infer the relationship stress-cultivar type, thus demonstrating that root structural traits are clear and incontrovertible indicators of the higher tolerance to osmotic stress of the Saragolla cultivar. Finally, to obtain an integrated view of root morphogenesis, phytohormone levels were investigated. According to the phenotypic effects, under drought stress,a larger increase in IAA and ABA levels, as well as a more pronounced reduction in GA levels occurred in Saragolla as compared to Svevo. In conclusion, these results show that the root growth and hormonal profile of Saragolla are less affected by osmotic stress than those of Svevo, demonstrating the great potential of ancient varieties as reservoirs of genetic variability for improving crop responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilva Licaj
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Domenico Felice
- Department of Management Engineering, Polytechnic of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Germinario
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Anna Fiorillo
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Marra
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariapina Rocco
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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Narayan JA, Manoj VM, Nerkar G, Chakravarthi M, Dharshini S, Subramonian N, Premachandran MN, Valarmathi R, Kumar RA, Gomathi R, Surendar KK, Hemaprabha G, Appunu C. Transgenic sugarcane with higher levels of BRK1 showed improved drought tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1611-1628. [PMID: 37578541 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transgenic sugarcane overexpressing BRK1 showed improved tolerance to drought stress through modulation of actin polymerization and formation of interlocking marginal lobes in epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression under drought stress. BRICK1 (BRK1) genes promote leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis and division in plants that involves local actin polymerization. Although the changes in actin filament organization during drought have been reported, the role of BRK in stress tolerance remains unknown. In our previous work, the drought-tolerant Erianthus arundinaceus exhibited high levels of the BRK gene expression under drought stress. Therefore, in the present study, the drought-responsive gene, BRK1 from Saccharum spontaneum, was transformed into sugarcane to test if it conferred drought tolerance in the commercial sugarcane cultivar Co 86032. The transgenic lines were subjected to drought stress, and analyzed using physiological parameters for drought stress. The drought-induced BRK1-overexpressing lines of sugarcane exhibited significantly higher transgene expression compared with the wild-type control and also showed improved physiological parameters. In addition, the formation of interlocking marginal lobes in the epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression, was observed in all transgenic BRK1 lines during drought stress. This is the first report to suggest that BRK1 plays a role in sugarcane acclimation to drought stress and may prove to be a potential candidate in genetic engineering of plants for enhanced biomass production under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashwin Narayan
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - V M Manoj
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - Gauri Nerkar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M Chakravarthi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - S Dharshini
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - N Subramonian
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M N Premachandran
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Valarmathi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Arun Kumar
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Gomathi
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - K Krisha Surendar
- Deprtament of Plant Physiology, Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - G Hemaprabha
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - C Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India.
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Mahmud S, Kamruzzaman M, Bhattacharyya S, Alharbi K, Abd El Moneim D, Mostofa MG. Acetic acid positively modulates proline metabolism for mitigating PEG-mediated drought stress in Maize and Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1167238. [PMID: 37538054 PMCID: PMC10394635 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Osmotic imbalance is one of the major consequences of drought stress, negatively affecting plant growth and productivity. Acetic acid has modulatory roles in osmotic balance in plants; however, the mechanistic insights into acetic acid-mediated osmotic adjustment under drought stress remains largely unknown. Methods Here, we investigated how seed priming and seedling root treatment with acetic acid enabled maize plants overcoming polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought effects. Results Maize seeds primed with acetic acid showed better growth performance when compared with unprimed seeds under PEG application. This growth performance was mainly attributed to improved growth traits, such as fresh weight, dry weight, length of shoots and roots, and several leaf spectral indices, including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI). The levels of oxidative stress indicators hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) did not alter significantly among the treatments, but proline content as well as the expression of proline biosynthetic gene, Δ1-PYRROLINE-5-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHETASE 1 (P5CS1) was significantly elevated in plants receiving acetic acid under PEG-treatments. On the other hand, treating the seedlings root with acetic acid led to a significant recovery of maize plants from drought-induced wilting. Although growth traits remained unchanged among the treatments, the enhancement of leaf water content, photosynthetic rate, proline level, expression of P5CS1, and antioxidant enzyme activities along with reduced level of H2O2 and MDA in acetic acid-supplemented drought plants indicated a positive regulatory role of acetic acid in maize tolerance to drought. Moreover, the high expression of P5CS1 and the subsequent elevation of proline level upon acetic acid application were further validated using wild type and proline biosynthetic mutant p5cs1 of Arabidopsis. Results showed that acetic acid application enabled wild type plants to maintain better phenotypic appearance and recovery from drought stress than p5cs1 plants, suggesting a crosstalk between acetic acid and proline metabolism in plants under drought stress. Discussion Our results highlight the molecular and intrinsic mechanisms of acetic acid conferring plant tolerance to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakil Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sabarna Bhattacharyya
- Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Khadiga Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diaa Abd El Moneim
- Department of Plant Production (Genetic Branch), Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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6
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Mira MM, Ibrahim S, So K, Kowatsch R, Duncan RW, Hill RD, Stasolla C. Specificity in root domain accumulation of Phytoglobin1 and nitric oxide (NO) determines meristematic viability in water-stressed Brassica napus roots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:475-490. [PMID: 36571296 PMCID: PMC10072105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Drought reduces plant productivity, especially in the susceptible species Brassica napus. Water stress, mimicked by applications of 10 % polyethylene glycol (PEG), elevates nitric oxide (NO) in root cells after a few hours, contributing to degradation of the root apical meristems (RAMs), the function of which relies on auxin and brassinosteroids (BRs). Phytoglobins (Pgbs) are effective NO scavengers induced by this stress. This study examines the effects of BnPgb1 dysregulation in dehydrating B. napus roots, and the spatiotemporal relationship between Pgb1 and activities of auxin and BRs in the regulation of the RAM. METHODS Brassica napus lines over-expressing [BnPgb1(S)] or down-regulating [BnPgb1(RNAi)] BnPgb1 were exposed to PEG-induced water stress. The localization of BnPgb1, NO, auxin and PIN1 were analysed during the first 48 h, while the expression level of biosynthetic auxin and BR genes was measured during the first 24 h. Pharmacological treatments were conducted to assess the requirement of auxin and BR in dehydrating roots. KEY RESULTS During PEG stress, BnPgb1 protein accumulated preferentially in the peripheral domains of the root elongation zone, exposing the meristem to NO, which inhibits polar auxin transport (PAT), probably by interfering with PIN1 localization and the synthesis of auxin. Diminished auxin at the root tip depressed the synthesis of BR and caused the degradation of the RAMs. The strength of BnPgb1 signal in the elongation zone was increased in BnPgb1(S) roots, where NO was confined to the most apical cells. Consequently, PAT and auxin synthesis were retained, and the definition of RAMs was maintained. Auxin preservation of the RAM required BRs, although BRs alone was not sufficient to fully rescue drought-damaged RAMs in auxin-depleted environments. CONCLUSIONS The tissue-specific localization of BnPgb1 and NO determine B. napus root responses to water stress. A model is proposed in which auxin and BRs act as downstream components of BnPgb1 signalling in the preservation of RAMs in dehydrating roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Mira
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Ibrahim
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Kenny So
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ralph Kowatsch
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robert W Duncan
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robert D Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Sedlacko EM, Heuberger AL, Chaparro JM, Cath TY, Higgins CP. Metabolomics reveals primary response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to irrigation with oilfield produced water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113547. [PMID: 35660401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of oilfield produced water (PW) for agricultural irrigation has received increased attention for utility in drought-stricken regions. It was recently demonstrated that PW irrigation can affect physiological processes in food crops. However, metabolomic evaluations are important to further discern specific mechanisms of how PW may contribute as a plant-environmental stressor. Herein, the primary metabolic responses of wheat irrigated with PW and matching salinity controls were investigated. Non-targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics was combined with multivariate analysis and revealed that PW irrigation altered the primary metabolic profiles of both wheat leaf and grain. Over 600 compounds (183 annotated metabolites) were detected that varied between controls (salinity control and tap water) and PW irrigated plants. While some of these changed metabolites are related to salinity stress, over half were found to be unique to PW. The primary metabolites exhibiting changes in abundance in leaf and grain tissues were amines/amino acids, organic acids, and saccharides. Metabolite pathway analysis revealed that amino acid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and nitrogen remobilization are all impacted by PW irrigation, independent of regular plant responses to salinity stress. These data, when combined with prior physiological studies, support a multi-faceted, physio-metabolic response of wheat to the unique stressor imposed by irrigation with PW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Sedlacko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jaqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Analytical Resources Core - Bioanalysis and Omics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Tzahi Y Cath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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Höftberger M, Althammer M, Foissner I, Tenhaken R. Galactose induces formation of cell wall stubs and cell death in Arabidopsis roots. PLANTA 2022; 256:26. [PMID: 35780431 PMCID: PMC9250921 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis seedlings growing on low concentration of galactose stop regular root growth. Incomplete cell division with cell wall stubs, binuclear and giant cells and lignified root tips are observed. Galactose is a sugar abundant in root cell walls of Arabidopsis. Nevertheless, we found that the germination of Arabidopsis seedlings on galactose containing media causes a strong modification of the root development, as shown by analysing the root with microscopy methods ranging from the bright field over confocal to transmission electron microscopy. At concentrations of about 1 mM, the growth of the primary root stops after a few days though stem cell markers like WOX5 are still expressed. The root tip swells and forms a slightly opaque, partially lignified structure in parts of the cortex and the central cylinder. The formation of the cell plate after mitosis is impaired, often leading to cell wall stubs and binuclear cells. Some cells in the cortex and the central cylinder degenerate, while some rhizodermal and cortical cells increase massively in size. The galactose toxicity phenotype in Arabidopsis depends on the activity of galactokinase and is completely diminished in galactokinase knock-out lines. From the comparison of the galactose toxicity phenotype with those of cytokinesis mutants and plants treated with appropriate inhibitors we speculate that the toxicity syndrome of galactose is caused by interference with intracellular vesicle transport or cell wall biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Höftberger
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Plant Physiology, All Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martina Althammer
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Plant Physiology, All Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ilse Foissner
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Plant Physiology, All Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Plant Physiology, All Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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9
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Domozych DS, Kozel L, Palacio-Lopez K. The effects of osmotic stress on the cell wall-plasma membrane domains of the unicellular streptophyte, Penium margaritaceum. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1231-1249. [PMID: 33928433 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Penium margaritaceum is a unicellular zygnematophyte (basal Streptophyteor Charophyte) that has been used as a model organism for the study of cell walls of Streptophytes and for elucidating organismal adaptations that were key in the evolution of land plants.. When Penium is incubated in sorbitol-enhance medium, i.e., hyperosmotic medium, 1000-1500 Hechtian strands form within minutes and connect the plasma membrane to the cell wall. As cells acclimate to this osmotic stress over time, further significant changes occur at the cell wall and plasma membrane domains. The homogalacturonan lattice of the outer cell wall layer is significantly reduced and is accompanied by the formation of a highly elongate, "filamentous" phenotype. Distinct peripheral thickenings appear between the CW and plasma membrane and contain membranous components and a branched granular matrix. Monoclonal antibody labeling of these thickenings indicates the presence of rhamnogalacturonan-I epitopes. Acclimatization also results in the proliferation of the cell's vacuolar networks and macroautophagy. Penium's ability to acclimatize to osmotic stress offers insight into the transition of ancient zygnematophytes from an aquatic to terrestrial existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Li Kozel
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Kattia Palacio-Lopez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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Zhuang M, Li C, Wang J, Mao X, Li L, Yin J, Du Y, Wang X, Jing R. The wheat SHORT ROOT LENGTH 1 gene TaSRL1 controls root length in an auxin-dependent pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6977-6989. [PMID: 34328188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The root is the main organ for water and nutrient uptake and sensing environmental stimuli in the soil. The optimization of root system architecture contributes to stress tolerance and yield improvement. ERF (ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR) is one of the plant-specific transcription factor families associated with various developmental processes and stress tolerance. We cloned a novel ERF transcription factor gene TaSRL1 (SHORT ROOT LENGTH 1) from wheat (Triticum aestivum) which is mainly expressed in root. Ectopic expression of TaSRL1 in rice resulted in short root length and plant height. TaSRL1 regulated expression of genes related to auxin synthesis, transport, and signaling. Further studies revealed that TaSRL1 induced expression of the auxin transport gene TaPIN2 by directly binding to its promoter, while the interaction of TaSRL1 and TaTIFY9 repressed TaPIN2 expression. Sequence polymorphisms and association analysis showed that TaSRL1-4A was associated with root depth and angle, plant height, and 1000-grain weight of wheat. The haplotype Hap-4A-2 with shallow roots, short plant height, and high 1000-grain weight has been positively selected in the Chinese wheat breeding process. We demonstrated that TaSRL1 functions as a direct regulator of TaPIN2 in the auxin-dependent pathway, and integrates auxin and jasmonate signaling by interacting with TaTIFY9 to repress root growth. Furthermore, the molecular marker of TaSRL1-4A is valuable for the improvement of the root system, plant architecture, and yield in the wheat breeding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Zhuang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinguo Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Long Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Yin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Du
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Plant CDKs-Driving the Cell Cycle through Climate Change. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091804. [PMID: 34579337 PMCID: PMC8468384 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a growing population, producing enough food has become a challenge in the face of the dramatic increase in climate change. Plants, during their evolution as sessile organisms, developed countless mechanisms to better adapt to the environment and its fluctuations. One important way is through the plasticity of their body and their forms, which are modulated during plant growth by accurate control of cell divisions. A family of serine/threonine kinases called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) is a key regulator of cell divisions by controlling cell cycle progression. In this review, we compile information on the primary response of plants in the regulation of the cell cycle in response to environmental stresses and show how the cell cycle proteins (mainly the cyclin-dependent kinases) involved in this regulation can act as components of environmental response signaling cascades, triggering adaptive responses to drive the cycle through climate fluctuations. Understanding the roles of CDKs and their regulators in the face of adversity may be crucial to meeting the challenge of increasing agricultural productivity in a new climate.
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12
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Li C, Li L, Reynolds MP, Wang J, Chang X, Mao X, Jing R. Recognizing the hidden half in wheat: root system attributes associated with drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5117-5133. [PMID: 33783492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Improving drought tolerance in wheat is crucial for maintaining productivity and food security. Roots are responsible for the uptake of water from soil, and a number of root traits are associated with drought tolerance. Studies have revealed many quantitative trait loci and genes controlling root development in plants. However, the genetic dissection of root traits in response to drought in wheat is still unclear. Here, we review crop root traits associated with drought, key genes governing root development in plants, and quantitative trait loci and genes regulating root system architecture under water-limited conditions in wheat. Deep roots, optimal root length density and xylem diameter, and increased root surface area are traits contributing to drought tolerance. In view of the diverse environments in which wheat is grown, the balance among root and shoot traits, as well as individual and population performance, are discussed. The known functions of key genes provide information for the genetic dissection of root development of wheat in a wide range of conditions, and will be beneficial for molecular marker development, marker-assisted selection, and genetic improvement in breeding for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Long Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Jingyi Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoping Chang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinguo Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Ludwig W, Hayes S, Trenner J, Delker C, Quint M. On the evolution of plant thermomorphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021:erab310. [PMID: 34190313 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a remarkable capacity to acclimate to their environment. Acclimation is enabled to a large degree by phenotypic plasticity, the extent of which confers a selective advantage, especially in natural habitats. Certain key events in evolution triggered adaptive bursts necessary to cope with drastic environmental changes. One such event was the colonization of land 400-500 mya. Compared to most aquatic habitats, fluctuations in abiotic parameters became more pronounced, generating significant selection pressure. To endure these harsh conditions, plants needed to adapt their physiology and morphology and to increase the range of phenotypic plasticity. In addition to drought stress and high light, high temperatures and fluctuation thereof were among the biggest challenges faced by terrestrial plants. Thermomorphogenesis research has emerged as a new sub-discipline of the plant sciences and aims to understand how plants acclimate to elevated ambient temperatures through changes in architecture. While we have begun to understand how angiosperms sense and respond to elevated ambient temperature, very little is known about thermomorphogenesis in plant lineages with less complex body plans. It is unclear when thermomorphogenesis initially evolved and how this depended on morphological complexity. In this review, we take an evolutionary-physiological perspective and generate hypotheses about the emergence of thermomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Ludwig
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Scott Hayes
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Trenner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carolin Delker
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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14
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Basu S, Kumari S, Kumar A, Shahid R, Kumar S, Kumar G. Nitro-oxidative stress induces the formation of roots' cortical aerenchyma in rice under osmotic stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:963-975. [PMID: 33826753 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress induces the formation of cortical aerenchyma in roots, providing drought tolerance by reducing respiration. However, unrestricted aerenchyma formation impedes the radial transport of water through the root's central cylinder; thereby decreasing the water uptake under drought stress. Therefore, exploring the root architectural and anatomical alterations in rice under drought is essential for targeting crop improvement. Drought stress-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the lysigenous aerenchyma development. However, the influence of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the development of lysigenous aerenchyma under drought has never been studied in rice. The present study examined the effect of ROS and RNS, generated by progressive drought stress, on the lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the roots of contrasting rice genotypes of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains (EIGP). As expected, the PEG-induced drought stress stimulated the expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX), thereby promoting the ROS generation in roots of the rice seedlings. Excessive ROS and RNS accumulations in roots affected the membrane lipids, promoting the tissue-specific programmed cell death (PCD) in rice. The activation of the antioxidant defense system played a major role in the ROS and RNS detoxification, thereby restricting the root aerenchyma formation in rice under drought stress. The results also displayed that drought tolerance in rice is associated with the formation of the Casparian strip, which limits the apoplastic flow of water in the water-deficient roots. Overall, our study revealed the association of nitro-oxidative metabolism with PCD and lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the cortical cells of root under drought stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Surbhi Kumari
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Rimsha Shahid
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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15
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Robin AHK, Ghosh S, Shahed MA. PEG-Induced Osmotic Stress Alters Root Morphology and Root Hair Traits in Wheat Genotypes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061042. [PMID: 34064258 PMCID: PMC8224394 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wheat crop in drought-prone regions of Bangladesh suffers from osmotic stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of wheat genotypes with respect to root morphology and root hair traits under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress. A total of 22 genotypes of wheat were grown hydroponically and two treatments—0% and 10% PEG—were imposed at 14 days after germination. Plant growth was reduced in terms of plant height, number of live leaves per tiller, shoot dry weight, number of root-bearing phytomers, and roots per tiller. Notably, PEG-induced osmotic stress increased root dry weight per tiller by increasing length of the main axis and lateral roots, as well as the diameter and density of both lateral roots and root hairs of the individual roots. A biplot was drawn after a principal component analysis, taking three less-affected (high-yielding genotypes) and three highly affected (low-yielding genotypes and landrace) genotypes under 10% PEG stress, compared to control. Principal component 1 separated PEG-treated wheat genotypes from control-treated genotypes, with a high and positive coefficient for the density of lateral roots and root hairs, length and diameter of the main axis, and first-order lateral roots and leaf injury scores, indicating that these traits are associated with osmotic stress tolerance. Principal component 2 separated high-yielding and tolerant wheat genotypes from low-yielding and susceptible genotypes, with a high coefficient for root dry weight, density of root hairs and second-order lateral roots, length of the main axis, and first-order lateral roots. An increase in root dry weight in PEG-stress-tolerant wheat genotypes was achieved through an increase in length and diameter of the main axis and lateral roots. The information derived from this research could be exploited for identifying osmotic stress-tolerant QTL and for developing abiotic-tolerant cultivars of wheat.
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16
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Transcriptome analysis of yellow passion fruit in response to cucumber mosaic virus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247127. [PMID: 33626083 PMCID: PMC7904197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation and production of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) are severely affected by viral disease. Yet there have been few studies of the molecular response of passion fruit to virus attack. In the present study, RNA-based transcriptional profiling (RNA-seq) was used to identify the gene expression profiles in yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) leaves following inoculation with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Six RNA-seq libraries were constructed comprising a total of 42.23 Gb clean data. 1,545 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained (701 upregulated and 884 downregulated). Gene annotation analyses revealed that genes associated with plant hormone signal transduction, transcription factors, protein ubiquitination, detoxification, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism were significantly affected by CMV infection. The represented genes activated by CMV infection corresponded to transcription factors WRKY family, NAC family, protein ubiquitination and peroxidase. Several DEGs encoding protein TIFY, pathogenesis-related proteins, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases also were upregualted by CMV infection. Overall, the information obtained in this study enriched the resources available for research into the molecular-genetic mechanisms of the passion fruit/CMV interaction, and might provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and management of passion fruit viral disease in the field.
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17
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Ambrosini S, Sega D, Santi C, Zamboni A, Varanini Z, Pandolfini T. Evaluation of the Potential Use of a Collagen-Based Protein Hydrolysate as a Plant Multi-Stress Protectant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:600623. [PMID: 33633760 PMCID: PMC7899969 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.600623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are a class of plant biostimulants used in the agricultural practice to improve crop performance. In this study, we have assessed the capacity of a commercial PH derived from bovine collagen to mitigate drought, hypoxic, and Fe deficiency stress in Zea mays. As for the drought and hypoxic stresses, hydroponically grown plants treated with the PH exhibited an increased growth and absorption area of the roots compared with those treated with inorganic nitrogen. In the case of Fe deficiency, plants supplied with the PH mixed with FeCl3 showed a faster recovery from deficiency compared to plants supplied with FeCl3 alone or with FeEDTA, resulting in higher SPAD values, a greater concentration of Fe in the leaves and modulation in the expression of genes related to Fe. Moreover, through the analysis of circular dichroism spectra, we assessed that the PH interacts with Fe in a dose-dependent manner. Various hypothesis about the mechanisms of action of the collagen-based PH as stress protectant particularly in Fe-deficiency, are discussed.
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18
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López-Ruiz BA, Zluhan-Martínez E, Sánchez MDLP, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Interplay between Hormones and Several Abiotic Stress Conditions on Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root Development. Cells 2020; 9:E2576. [PMID: 33271980 PMCID: PMC7759812 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants must adjust their growth to withstand several environmental conditions. The root is a crucial organ for plant survival as it is responsible for water and nutrient acquisition from the soil and has high phenotypic plasticity in response to a lack or excess of them. How plants sense and transduce their external conditions to achieve development, is still a matter of investigation and hormones play fundamental roles. Hormones are small molecules essential for plant growth and their function is modulated in response to stress environmental conditions and internal cues to adjust plant development. This review was motivated by the need to explore how Arabidopsis thaliana primary root differentially sense and transduce external conditions to modify its development and how hormone-mediated pathways contribute to achieve it. To accomplish this, we discuss available data of primary root growth phenotype under several hormone loss or gain of function mutants or exogenous application of compounds that affect hormone concentration in several abiotic stress conditions. This review shows how different hormones could promote or inhibit primary root development in A. thaliana depending on their growth in several environmental conditions. Interestingly, the only hormone that always acts as a promoter of primary root development is gibberellins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Anabel López-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (B.A.L.-R.); (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (E.R.Á.-B.)
| | - Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (B.A.L.-R.); (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (E.R.Á.-B.)
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (B.A.L.-R.); (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (E.R.Á.-B.)
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (B.A.L.-R.); (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (E.R.Á.-B.)
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (B.A.L.-R.); (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (E.R.Á.-B.)
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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19
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Fu YF, Zhang ZW, Yang XY, Wang CQ, Lan T, Tang XY, Chen GD, Zeng J, Yuan S. Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme responsible for nitrogen-regulated auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis roots. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:633-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Functional characterization of wheat myo-inositol oxygenase promoter under different abiotic stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2035-2047. [PMID: 32681381 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of wheat is severely affected by abiotic stresses such as cold, drought, salinity, and high temperature. Although constitutive promoters are frequently used to regulate the expression of alien genes, these may lead to undesirable side-effects in transgenic plants. Therefore, identification and characterization of an inducible promoter that can express transgene only when exposed to stresses are of great importance in the genetic engineering of crop plants. Previous studies have indicated the abiotic stress-responsive behavior of myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) gene in different plants. Here, we isolated the MIOX gene promoter from wheat (TaMIOX). The in-silico analysis revealed the presence of various abiotic stress-responsive cis-elements in the promoter region. The TaMIOX promoter was fused with the UidA reporter gene and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The T3 single-copy homozygous lines were analyzed for GUS activity using histochemical and fluorometric assays. Transcript expression of TaMIOX::UidA was significantly up-regulated by heat (five fold), cold (seven fold), and drought (five fold) stresses as compared to transgenic plants grown without stress-induced conditions. The CaMV35S::UidA plants showed very high GUS activity even in normal conditions. In contrast, the TaMIOX::UidA plants showed prominent GUS activity only in stress treatments (cold, heat, and drought), which suggests the inducible behavior of the TaMIOX promoter. The substrate myo-inositol feeding assay of TaMIOX::UidA plants showed lesser GUS activity as compared to plants treated in abiotic stress conditions. Results support that the TaMIOX promoter could be used as a potential candidate for conditional expression of the transgene in abiotic stress conditions.
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21
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Mia MS, Liu H, Wang X, Zhang C, Yan G. Root transcriptome profiling of contrasting wheat genotypes provides an insight to their adaptive strategies to water deficit. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4854. [PMID: 32184417 PMCID: PMC7078264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Water deficit limits plant growth and productivity in wheat. The effect of water deficit varies considerably in the contrasting genotypes. This study attempted comparative transcriptome profiling of the tolerant (Abura) and susceptible (AUS12671) genotypes under PEG-simulated water stress via genome-wide RNA-seq technology to understand the dynamics of tolerance mechanism. Morphological and physiological analyses indicated that the tolerant genotype Abura had a higher root growth and net photosynthesis, which accounted for its higher root biomass than AUS12671 under stress. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a total of 924 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were unique in the contrasting genotypes under stress across time points. The susceptible genotype AUS12671 had slightly more abundant DEGs (505) than the tolerant genotype Abura (419). Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analyses of these DEGs suggested that the two genotypes differed significantly in terms of adaptive mechanism. Predominant upregulation of genes involved in various metabolic pathways was the key adaptive feature of the susceptive genotype AUS12671 indicating its energy-consuming approach in adaptation to water deficit. In contrast, downregulation the expression of genes of key pathways, such as global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism, and genetic information processing was the main strategy for the tolerant genotype Abura. Besides, significantly higher number of genes encoding transcription factors (TF) families like MYB and NAC, which were reported to be associated with stress defense, were differentially expressed in the tolerant genotype Abura. Gene encoding transcription factors TIFY were only differentially expressed between stressed and non-stressed conditions in the sensitive genotype. The identified DEGs and the suggested differential adaptive strategies of the contrasting genotypes provided an insight for improving water deficit tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sultan Mia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Hui Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. .,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Xingyi Wang
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chi Zhang
- Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Guijun Yan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. .,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Natural Root Cellular Variation in Responses to Osmotic Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Accessions. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120983. [PMID: 31795411 PMCID: PMC6969899 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis naturally occurring populations have allowed for the identification of considerable genetic variation remodeled by adaptation to different environments and stress conditions. Water is a key resource that limits plant growth, and its availability is initially sensed by root tissues. The root’s ability to adjust its physiology and morphology under water deficit makes this organ a useful model to understand how plants respond to water stress. Here, we used hyperosmotic shock stress treatments in different Arabidopsis accessions to analyze the root cell morphological responses. We found that osmotic stress conditions reduced root growth and root apical meristem (RAM) size, promoting premature cell differentiation without affecting the stem cell niche morphology. This phenotype was accompanied by a cluster of small epidermal and cortex cells with radial expansion and root hairs at the transition to the elongation zone. We also found this radial expansion with root hairs when plants are grown under hypoosmotic conditions. Finally, root growth was less affected by osmotic stress in the Sg-2 accession followed by Ws, Cvi-0, and Col-0; however, after a strong osmotic stress, Sg-2 and Cvi-0 were the most resilience accessions. The sensitivity differences among these accessions were not explained by stress-related gene expression. This work provides new cellular insights on the Arabidopsis root phenotypic variability and plasticity to osmotic stress.
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23
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Sedlacko EM, Jahn CE, Heuberger AL, Sindt NM, Miller HM, Borch T, Blaine AC, Cath TY, Higgins CP. Potential for Beneficial Reuse of Oil and Gas-Derived Produced Water in Agriculture: Physiological and Morphological Responses in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1756-1769. [PMID: 31017691 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) from oil and gas operations is considered a potential resource for food crop irrigation because of increasing water scarcity in dryland agriculture. However, efforts to employ PW for agriculture have been met with limited success. A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plants were irrigated with water treatments containing 10 and 50% PW (PW10 and PW50, respectively) and compared to a matching 50% salinity (NaCl50) and 100% tap water controls. Compared to controls, plants watered with PW10 and PW50 exhibited developmental arrest and reductions in aboveground and belowground biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive growth. Decreases in grain yield ranged from 70 to 100% in plants irrigated with PW compared to the tap water control. Importantly, the PW10 and NaCl50 treatments were comparable for morphophysiological effects, even though NaCl50 contained 5 times the total dissolved solids, suggesting that constituents other than NaCl in PW contributed to plant stress. These findings indicate that despite discharge and reuse requirements focused on total dissolved solids, salinity stress may not be the primary factor affecting crop health. The results of the present study are informative for developing guidelines for the use of PW in agriculture to ensure minimal effects on crop morphology and physiology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1756-1769. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Sedlacko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Courtney E Jahn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Nathan M Sindt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Hannah M Miller
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrea C Blaine
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Tzahi Y Cath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
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Chai HH, Chen F, Zhang SJ, Li YD, Lu ZS, Kang YJ, Yu L. Multi-chamber petaloid root-growth chip for the non-destructive study of the development and physiology of the fibrous root system of Oryza sativa. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2383-2393. [PMID: 31187104 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The root system of plants is a major component of their bodies in terms of both function and bulk. The investigation of root system development is greatly assisted by microfluidic devices, which improve the spatial and temporal resolution of observations without destroying tissue. In the present study, a multi-chamber petaloid root-growth chip was developed for studying the development and physiology of root systems that have thin branching structures (i.e., fibrous root systems). The petaloid root-growth chip includes a central seed germination chamber and five root-growth chambers for observing the development of fibrous roots. The proposed device was applied for investigating the root system development of Oryza sativa. The phenotype and growth kinetics of O. sativa root systems grown in the proposed device were compared with those obtained during growth in a conventional conical flask with agar-based medium, and the results indicated that cultivation in the miniaturized device did not delay root system growth in the early stage (≤2 weeks). In addition, the transparent device enabled the non-destructive observation of the developmental and microstructural characteristics of the roots, such as the root caps, root border cells, and root hairs. Moreover, the ability to control the microenvironment in each of the five root-growth chambers individually facilitated the investigation of specific adaptations in the fibrous root growth of single O. sativa seedlings to different drought stresses. Accordingly, five polyethylene glycol (PEG)6000-induced drought stress conditions were established in the five root-growth chambers to investigate the root development of a single O. sativa seedling in the central germination chamber. In situ observations demonstrated that the different PEG6000-induced conditions affected the root growth responses and root microstructural adaptations of the single seedlings in each root-growth chamber. Therefore, the petaloid root-growth microfluidic chip can eliminate the effects of variations in different plant seeds to reveal the responses of plants to different environmental conditions more objectively while concurrently allowing for non-destructive observations at very high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hui Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Shu Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Ya Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Zhi Song Lu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Yue Jun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China. and Guangan Changming Research Institute for Advanced Industrial Technology, Guangan 638500, PR China
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25
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Polosoro A, Enggarini W, Ohmido N. Global epigenetic changes of histone modification under environmental stresses in rice root. Chromosome Res 2019; 27:287-298. [PMID: 31280458 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-019-09611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses are non-living factors with negative morphological and physiological effects on living organisms. Substantial evidence exists that gene expression changes during plant cell growth are regulated by chromatin reconfiguration and histone modification. Several types of histone modifications are dramatically transformed in stress-responsive gene regions under drought stress conditions. Environmental stresses also cause the root apical meristem (RAM) region to decelerate root growth. In this study, we investigated how quantitative changes in epigenetic markers in this region influence rice morphology and physiology. Both iron and salinity treatments changed the epigenetic landscape from euchromatic to heterochromatic according to heterochromatin (H3K9me2) and euchromatin (H3K4me) markers, especially in the proximal meristem region. Moreover, supplementation with external abscisic acid (ABA) was able to mimic the effect of environmental stresses on global epigenetic changes. In contrast, the addition of external auxin (IAA) to rice under saline conditions affected heterochromatin formation without influencing euchromatin transformation. Chromatin dynamics is therefore believed to be directly connected to plant growth regulator signaling. We discuss insights into the role of plant growth regulators: ABA and IAA, peroxide signaling, and their effects on the global epigenetic change of histone modification under abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqwin Polosoro
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Research and Development (ICABIOGRD), Bogor, Indonesia.,Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wening Enggarini
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Research and Development (ICABIOGRD), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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26
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Dowd TG, Braun DM, Sharp RE. Maize lateral root developmental plasticity induced by mild water stress. I: Genotypic variation across a high-resolution series of water potentials. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2259-2273. [PMID: 29981147 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root developmental plasticity induced by mild water stress was examined across a high-resolution series of growth media water potentials (Ψw ) in two genotypes of maize. The suitability of several media for imposing near-stable Ψw treatments on transpiring plants over prolonged growth periods was assessed. Genotypic differences specific to responses of lateral root growth from the primary root system occurred between cultivars FR697 and B73 over a narrow series of water stress treatments ranging in Ψw from -0.25 to -0.40 MPa. In FR697, both the average length and number of first-order lateral roots were substantially enhanced at a Ψw of -0.25 MPa compared with well-watered controls. These effects were separated spatially, occurring primarily in the upper and lower regions of the axial root, respectively. Furthermore, first-order lateral roots progressively increased in diameter with increasing water stress, resulting in a maximum 2.3-fold increase in root volume at a Ψw of -0.40 MPa. In B73, in contrast, the length, diameter, nor number of lateral roots was increased in any of the water stress treatments. The genotype-specific responses observed over this narrow range of Ψw demonstrate the necessity of high-resolution studies at mild stress levels for characterization of lateral root developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Dowd
- Divisions of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David M Braun
- Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert E Sharp
- Divisions of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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27
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Couchoud M, Der C, Girodet S, Vernoud V, Prudent M, Leborgne-Castel N. Drought stress stimulates endocytosis and modifies membrane lipid order of rhizodermal cells of Medicago truncatula in a genotype-dependent manner. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:221. [PMID: 31138155 PMCID: PMC6537417 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress negatively affects plant growth and productivity. Plants sense soil drought at the root level but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. At the cell level, we aim to reveal the short-term root perception of drought stress through membrane dynamics. RESULTS In our study, 15 Medicago truncatula accessions were exposed to a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress, leading to contrasted ecophysiological responses, in particular related to root architecture plasticity. In the reference accession Jemalong A17, identified as drought susceptible, we analyzed lateral roots by imaging of membrane-localized fluorescent probes using confocal microscopy. We found that PEG stimulated endocytosis especially in cells belonging to the growth differentiation zone (GDZ). The mapping of membrane lipid order in cells along the root apex showed that membranes of root cap cells were more ordered than those of more differentiated cells. Moreover, PEG triggered a significant increase in membrane lipid order of rhizodermal cells from the GDZ. We initiated the membrane analysis in the drought resistant accession HM298, which did not reveal such membrane modifications in response to PEG. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that the plasma membranes of root cells from a susceptible genotype perceived drought stress by modulating their physical state both via a stimulation of endocytosis and a modification of the degree of lipid order, which could be proposed as mechanisms required for signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Couchoud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Der
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Girodet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa Vernoud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marion Prudent
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nathalie Leborgne-Castel
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
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28
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Khan Z, Karamahmutoğlu H, Elitaş M, Yüce M, Budak H. THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS: Real-Time Imaging in Brachypodium Roots and Osmotic Stress Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E14. [PMID: 30625995 PMCID: PMC6358813 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate dynamic developmental processes in plants, live tissues and organs must be visualised frequently and for extended periods. The development of roots is studied at a cellular resolution not only to comprehend the basic processes fundamental to maintenance and pattern formation but also study stress tolerance adaptation in plants. Despite technological advancements, maintaining continuous access to samples and simultaneously preserving their morphological structures and physiological conditions without causing damage presents hindrances in the measurement, visualisation and analyses of growing organs including plant roots. We propose a preliminary system which integrates the optical real-time visualisation through light microscopy with a liquid culture which enables us to image at the tissue and cellular level horizontally growing Brachypodium roots every few minutes and up to 24 h. We describe a simple setup which can be used to track the growth of the root as it grows including the root tip growth and osmotic stress dynamics. We demonstrate the system's capability to scale down the PEG-mediated osmotic stress analysis and collected data on gene expression under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaeema Khan
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
| | - Hande Karamahmutoğlu
- Mechatronics Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Elitaş
- Mechatronics Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
| | - Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Cereal Genomics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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29
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Osmolovskaya N, Shumilina J, Kim A, Didio A, Grishina T, Bilova T, Keltsieva OA, Zhukov V, Tikhonovich I, Tarakhovskaya E, Frolov A, Wessjohann LA. Methodology of Drought Stress Research: Experimental Setup and Physiological Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4089. [PMID: 30563000 PMCID: PMC6321153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the major stress factors affecting the growth and development of plants. In this context, drought-related losses of crop plant productivity impede sustainable agriculture all over the world. In general, plants respond to water deficits by multiple physiological and metabolic adaptations at the molecular, cellular, and organism levels. To understand the underlying mechanisms of drought tolerance, adequate stress models and arrays of reliable stress markers are required. Therefore, in this review we comprehensively address currently available models of drought stress, based on culturing plants in soil, hydroponically, or in agar culture, and critically discuss advantages and limitations of each design. We also address the methodology of drought stress characterization and discuss it in the context of real experimental approaches. Further, we highlight the trends of methodological developments in drought stress research, i.e., complementing conventional tests with quantification of phytohormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS), measuring antioxidant enzyme activities, and comprehensively profiling transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Osmolovskaya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Julia Shumilina
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199904 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ahyoung Kim
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Anna Didio
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199904 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Tatiana Grishina
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199904 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Bilova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Olga A Keltsieva
- Institute of Analytical Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Science, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Igor Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena Tarakhovskaya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Scientific Information, Russian Academy of Sciences Library, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199904 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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30
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Han TT, Liu WC, Lu YT. General control non-repressible 20 (GCN20) functions in root growth by modulating DNA damage repair in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:274. [PMID: 30419826 PMCID: PMC6233562 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most ABC transporters are engaged in transport of various compounds, but its subfamily F lacks transmembrane domain essential for chemical transportation. Thus the function of subfamily F remains further elusive. RESULTS Here, we identified General Control Non-Repressible 20 (GCN20), a member of subfamily F, as new factor for DNA damage repair in root growth. While gcn20-1 mutant had a short primary root with reduced meristem size and cell number, similar primary root lengths were assayed in both wild-type and GCN20::GCN20 gcn20-1 plants, indicating the involvement of GCN20 in root elongation. Further experiments with EdU incorporation and comet assay demonstrated that gcn20-1 displays increased cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint and accumulates more damaged DNA. This is possible due to impaired ability of DNA repair in gcn20-1 since gcn20-1 seedlings are hypersensitive to DNA damage inducers MMC and MMS compared with the wild type plants. This note was further supported by the observation that gcn20-1 is more sensitive than the wild type when subjected to UV treatment in term of changes of both fresh weight and survival rate. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that GCN20 functions in primary root growth by modulating DNA damage repair in Arabidopsis. Our study will be useful to understand the functions of non-transporter ABC proteins in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
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31
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Chen LJ, Zou WS, Fei CY, Wu G, Li XY, Lin HH, Xi DH. α-Expansin EXPA4 Positively Regulates Abiotic Stress Tolerance but Negatively Regulates Pathogen Resistance in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2317-2330. [PMID: 30124953 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Since they function as cell wall-loosening proteins, expansins can affect plant growth, developmental processes and environmental stress responses. Our previous study demonstrated that changes in Nicotiana tabacum α-expansin 4 (EXPA4) expression affect the sensitivity of tobacco to Tobacco mosaic virus [recombinant TMV encoding green fluorescent protein (TMV-GFP)] infection by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. In this study, to characterize the function of tobacco EXPA4 further, EXPA4 RNA interfernce (RNAi) mutants and overexpression lines were generated and assayed for their tolerance to abiotic stress and resistance to pathogens. First, the differential phenotypes and histomorphology of transgenic plants with altered EXPA4 expression indicated that EXPA4 is essential for normal tobacco growth and development. By utilizing tobacco EXPA4 mutants with abiotic stress, it was demonstrated that RNAi mutants have increased hypersensitivity to salt and drought stress. In contrast, the overexpression of EXPA4 in tobacco conferred greater tolerance to salt and drought stress, as indicated by less cell damage, higher fresh weight, higher soluble sugar and proline accumulation, and higher expression levels of several stress-responsive genes. In addition, the overexpression lines were more susceptible to the viral pathogen TMV-GFP when compared with the wild type or RNAi mutants. The induction of the antioxidant system, several defense-associated phytohormones and gene expression was down-regulated in overexpression lines but up-regulated in RNAi mutants when compared with the wild type following TMV-GFP infection. In addition, EXPA4 overexpression also accelerated the disease development of Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 on tobacco. Taken together, these results suggested that EXPA4 appears to be important in tobacco growth and responses to abiotic and biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wen-Shan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xin-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - De-Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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Chen T, Fluhr R. Singlet Oxygen Plays an Essential Role in the Root's Response to Osmotic Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1717-1727. [PMID: 29954869 PMCID: PMC6084678 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The high osmotic potentials in plants subjected to drought stress can be mimicked by the application of high molecular weight polyethylene glycol. Here, we quantified the effects of exposure to polyethylene glycol on the growth of the main and lateral roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. The effects on root growth were highly correlated with the appearance of singlet oxygen, as visualized using the singlet oxygen-specific probe singlet oxygen sensor green. The production of singlet oxygen was followed by cell death, as indicated by the intracellular accumulation of propidium iodide due to the loss of membrane integrity. Cell death began in the epidermal region of the root tip and spread in a dynamic manner to meristematic sections. In parallel, gene expression changes specific to the presence of singlet oxygen were observed. The accumulation of other reactive oxygen species, namely hydrogen, peroxide, nitric oxide, and superoxide, did not correlate with cell death. In addition, both the singlet oxygen scavenger His and the lipoxygenase inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid specifically inhibited singlet oxygen accumulation and cell death. These results suggest a light-independent, type-I source of singlet oxygen production. Serpin-protease interactions were used as a model to assess the possibility of vacuolar-type cell death. Osmotic stress induced the accumulation of complexes between the cytoplasmic serpin AtSERPIN1 and its cognate vacuolar proteases, indicating that vacuolar integrity was compromised. These findings imply that singlet oxygen plays an essential role in conveying the root response to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Chen
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Robert Fluhr
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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33
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Nguyen HH, Lee MH, Song K, Ahn G, Lee J, Hwang I. The A/ENTH Domain-Containing Protein AtECA4 Is an Adaptor Protein Involved in Cargo Recycling from the trans-Golgi Network/Early Endosome to the Plasma Membrane. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:568-583. [PMID: 29317286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis and subsequent trafficking pathways are crucial for regulating the activity of plasma membrane-localized proteins. Depending on cellular and physiological conditions, the internalized cargoes are sorted at (and transported from) the trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) to the vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. How this occurs at the molecular level remains largely elusive. Here, we provide evidence that the ENTH domain-containing protein AtECA4 plays a crucial role in recycling cargoes from the TGN/EE to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana. AtECA4:sGFP primarily localized to the TGN/EE and plasma membrane (at low levels). Upon NaCl or mannitol treatment, AtECA4:sGFP accumulated at the TGN/EE at an early time point but was released from the TGN/EE to the cytosol at later time points. The ateca4 mutant showed higher resistance to osmotic stress and more sensitive to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) than the wild type, as well as increased expression of ABA-inducible genes RD29A and RD29B. Consistently, ABCG25, a plasma membrane-localized ABA exporter, accumulated at the prevacuolar compartment in ateca4, indicating a defect in recycling to the plasma membrane. However, the role of AtECA4 in cargo recycling is not specific to ABCG25, as it also functions in the recycling of BRI1. These results suggest that AtECA4 plays a crucial role in the recycling of endocytosed cargoes from the TGN/EE to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hanh Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Myoung Hui Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kyungyoung Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Gyeongik Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jihyeong Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
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Trejo C, Else MA, Atkinson CJ. Responses of seminal wheat seedling roots to soil water deficits. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 223:105-114. [PMID: 29567416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this paper are to develop our understanding of the ways by which soil water deficits influence early wheat root growth responses, particularly how seminal roots respond to soil drying and the extent to which information on differences in soil water content are conveyed to the shoot and their impact on shoot behaviour. To achieve this, wheat seedlings have been grown, individually for around 25 days after germination in segmented soil columns within vertical plastic compartments. Roots were exposed to different soil volumetric moisture contents (SVMC) within the two compartments. Experiments where the soil in the lower compartment was allowed to dry to different extents, while the upper was maintained close to field capacity, showed that wheat seedlings allocated proportionally more root dry matter to the lower drier soil compartment. The total production of root, irrespective of the upper or lower SVMC, was similar and there were no detected effects on leaf growth rate or gas exchange. The response of seminal roots to proportionally increase their allocation of dry matter, to the drier soil was unexpected with such plasticity of roots system development traditionally linked to heterogeneous nutrient distribution than accessing soil water. In experiments where the upper soil compartment was allowed to dry, root growth slowed and leaf growth and gas exchange declined. Subsequent experiments used root growth rates to determine when seminal root tips first came into contact with drying soil, with the intentions of determining how the observed root growth rates were maintained as an explanation for the observed changes in root allocation. Measurements of seminal root ABA and ethylene from roots within the drying soil are interpreted with respect to what is known about the physiological control of root growth in drying soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Trejo
- Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de México, CP. 56230, Mexico; University of Greenwich, Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Mark A Else
- NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK.
| | - Christopher J Atkinson
- University of Greenwich, Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK.
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Mira MM, Huang S, Kapoor K, Hammond C, Hill RD, Stasolla C. Expression of Arabidopsis class 1 phytoglobin (AtPgb1) delays death and degradation of the root apical meristem during severe PEG-induced water deficit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5653-5668. [PMID: 29059380 PMCID: PMC5853930 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of a functional root is fundamental to plant survival in response to some abiotic stresses, such as water deficit. In this study, we found that overexpression of Arabidopsis class 1 phytoglobin (AtPgb1) alleviated the growth retardation of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress by reducing programmed cell death (PCD) associated with protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This was in contrast to PEG-stressed roots down-regulating AtPgb1 that exhibited extensive PCD and reduced expression of several attenuators of ER stress, including BAX Inhibitor-1 (BI-1). The death program experienced by the suppression of AtPgb1 in stressed roots was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ethylene. Suppression of ROS synthesis or ethylene perception reduced PCD and partially restored root growth. The PEG-induced cessation of root growth was preceded by structural changes in the root apical meristem (RAM), including the loss of cell and tissue specification, possibly as a result of alterations in PIN1- and PIN4-mediated auxin accumulation at the root pole. These events were attenuated by the overexpression of AtPgb1 and aggravated when AtPgb1 was suppressed. Specifically, suppression of AtPgb1 compromised the functionality of the WOX5-expressing quiescent cells (QCs), leading to the early and premature differentiation of the adjacent columella stem cells and to a rapid reduction in meristem size. The expression and localization of other root domain markers, such as SCARECROW (SCR), which demarks the endodermis and QCs, and WEREWOLF (WER), which specifies the lateral root cap, were also most affected in PEG-treated roots with suppressed AtPgb1. Collectively, the results demonstrate that AtPgb1 exercises a protective role in roots exposed to lethal levels of PEG, and suggest a novel function of this gene in ensuring meristem functionality through the retention of cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Mira
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shuanglong Huang
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karuna Kapoor
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cassandra Hammond
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert D Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Xue W, Yan J, Zhao G, Jiang Y, Cheng J, Cattivelli L, Tondelli A. A major QTL on chromosome 7HS controls the response of barley seedling to salt stress in the Nure × Tremois population. BMC Genet 2017; 18:79. [PMID: 28830338 PMCID: PMC5568257 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seedling establishment is a crucial and vulnerable stage in the crop life cycle which determines further plant growth. While many studies are available on salt tolerance at the vegetative stage, the mechanisms and genetic bases of salt tolerance during seedling establishment have been poorly investigated. Here, a novel and accurate phenotyping protocol was applied to characterize the response of seedlings to salt stress in two barley cultivars (Nure and Tremois) and their double-haploid population. Results The combined phenotypic data and existing genetic map led to the identification of a new major QTL for root elongation under salt stress on chromosome 7HS, with the parent Nure carrying the favourable allele. Gene-based markers were developed from the rice syntenic genomic region to restrict the QTL interval to Bin2.1 of barley chromosome 7HS. Furthermore, doubled haploid lines with contrasting responses to salt stress revealed different root morphological responses to stress, with the susceptible genotypes exhibiting an overall reduction in root length and volume but an increase in root diameter and root hair density. Conclusions Salt tolerance at the seedling stage was studied in barley through a comprehensive phenotyping protocol that allowed the detection of a new major QTL on chromosome 7HS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0545-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Jun Yan
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610106, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610106, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Jianping Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- CREA, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tondelli
- CREA, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy.
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Pérez Koldenkova V, Hatsugai N. Vacuolar convolution: possible mechanisms and role of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:751-760. [PMID: 32480604 DOI: 10.1071/fp16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The central or lytic vacuole is the largest intracellular organelle in plant cells, but we know unacceptably little about the mechanisms regulating its function in vivo. The underlying reasons are related to difficulties in accessing this organelle without disrupting the cellular integrity and to the dynamic morphology of the vacuole, which lacks a defined structure. Among such morphological changes, vacuolar convolution is probably the most commonly observed event, reflected in the (reversible) transformation of a large central vacuole into a structure consisting of interconnected bubbles of a smaller size. Such behaviour is observed in plant cells subjected to hyperosmotic stress but also takes place in physiological conditions (e.g. during stomatal closure). Although vacuolar convolution is a relatively common phenomenon in plants, studies aimed at elucidating its execution mechanisms are rather scarce. In the present review, we analyse the available evidence on the participation of the cellular cytoskeleton and ion transporters in vacuolar morphology dynamics, putting special emphasis on the available evidence of the role played by phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Pérez Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc. 06720, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Chen L, Fei C, Zhu L, Xu Z, Zou W, Yang T, Lin H, Xi D. RNA-seq approach to analysis of gene expression profiles in dark green islands and light green tissues of Cucumber mosaic virus-infected Nicotiana tabacum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175391. [PMID: 28489891 PMCID: PMC5425015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark green islands (DGIs) surrounded by light green tissues (LGTs) are common leaf symptoms of plants that are systemically infected by various viruses that induce leaf mosaic in infected plants. The inoculation of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Nicotiana tabacum produced a commonly occurring sequence of classic patterns of DGIs and LGTs. Previous studies confirmed that there are significant differences between DGIs and LGTs in terms of physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, but the mechanisms by which DGIs form remain unclear. To investigate the global gene expression changes that occur in these special tissues, individual differential gene expression tag libraries were constructed from three total RNA samples isolated from DGIs, LGTs and control plants (CK) and were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeqTM 2000. An analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed. These analyses revealed the differences between DGIs, LGTs and CK. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses suggested that several pathways related to photosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism were enriched in DGIs compared to LGTs and CK. Several pathways related to apoptosis were significantly up-regulated in LGTs compared to DGIs. Additionally, we identified sets of DEGs that may be related to the formation or development of DGIs and LGTs. Our systematic analyses provide comprehensive transcriptomic information regarding DGIs and LGTs in CMV-infected N. tabacum. These data will help characterize the detailed mechanisms of DGI and LGT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Fei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenshan Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Su C, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Ji H, Wang Y, Zhi L, Li X. RUG3 and ATM synergistically regulate the alternative splicing of mitochondrial nad2 and the DNA damage response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43897. [PMID: 28262819 PMCID: PMC5338318 DOI: 10.1038/srep43897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The root apical meristem (RAM) determines both RAM activity and the growth of roots. Plant roots are constantly exposed to adverse environmental stresses that can cause DNA damage or cell cycle arrest in the RAM; however, the mechanism linking root meristematic activity and RAM size to the DNA damage response (DDR) is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a loss of function in RCC1/UVR8/GEF-Like 3 (RUG3) substantially augmented the DDR and produced a cell cycle arrest in the RAM in rug3 mutant, leading to root growth retardation. Furthermore, the mutation of RUG3 caused increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and ROS scavengers improved the observed cell cycle arrest and reduced RAM activity level in rug3 plants. Most importantly, we detected a physical interaction between RUG3 and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a key regulator of the DDR, suggesting that they synergistically modulated the alternative splicing of nad2. Our findings reveal a novel synergistic effect of RUG3 and ATM on the regulation of mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, and the DDR in the RAM, and outline a protective mechanism for DNA damage repair and the restoration of mitochondrial function that involves RUG3-mediated mitochondrial retrograde signaling and the activation of an ATM-mediated DDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 050021, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei 050024, P.R. China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 050021, P.R. China.,Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Youning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhi
- Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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40
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Salazar-Blas A, Noriega-Calixto L, Campos ME, Eapen D, Cruz-Vázquez T, Castillo-Olamendi L, Sepulveda-Jiménez G, Porta H, Dubrovsky JG, Cassab GI. Robust root growth in altered hydrotropic response1 (ahr1) mutant of Arabidopsis is maintained by high rate of cell production at low water potential gradient. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 208:102-114. [PMID: 27912083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrotropism is the directional root growth response determined by water stimulus. In a water potential gradient system (WPGS) the roots of the Arabidopsis wild type have a diminished root growth compared to normal medium (NM). In contrast, the altered hydrotropic response1 (ahr1) mutant roots maintain their robust growth in the same WPGS. The aims of this work were to ascertain how ahr1 roots could sustain growth in the WPGS, with a special focus on the integration of cellular processes involved in the signaling that determines root growth during abiotic stress and their relation to hydrotropism. Cellular analysis of the root apical meristem of ahr1 mutant contrary to the wild type showed an absence of changes in the meristem length, the elongation zone length, the length of fully elongated cells, and the cell cycle duration. The robust and steady root growth of ahr1 seedlings in the WPGS is explained by the mutant capacity to maintain cell production and cell elongation at the same level as in the NM. Analysis of auxin response at a transcriptional level showed that roots of the ahr1 mutant had a lower auxin response when grown in the WPGS, compared to wild type, indicating that auxin signaling participates in attenuation of root growth under water stress conditions. Also, wild type plants exhibited a high increase in proline content while ahr1 mutants showed minimum changes in the Normal Medium→Water Stress Medium (NM→WSM), a lower water potential gradient system than the WPGS. Accordingly, in this condition, gene expression of Δ1-6 Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase1 (P5CS1) involved in proline synthesis strongly increased in wild type but not in ahr1 seedlings. The ahr1 phenotype shows unique features since the mutant root cells continue to proliferate and grow in the presence of a progressively negative water potential gradient at a level comparable to wild type growing in the NM. As such, it represents an exceptional resource for understanding hydrotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amed Salazar-Blas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México
| | - Laura Noriega-Calixto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México
| | - María E Campos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México
| | - Delfeena Eapen
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México
| | - Tania Cruz-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México
| | - Luis Castillo-Olamendi
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México
| | - Gabriela Sepulveda-Jiménez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias UNAM, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos-IPN, Calle CeProBi No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec Morelos 62731, México
| | - Helena Porta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México
| | - Gladys I Cassab
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, México.
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Nelson SK, Oliver MJ. A Soil-Plate Based Pipeline for Assessing Cereal Root Growth in Response to Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Induced Water Deficit Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1272. [PMID: 28785272 PMCID: PMC5515875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a serious problem that causes losses in crop-yield every year, but the mechanisms underlying how roots respond to water deficit are difficult to study under controlled conditions. Methods for assaying root elongation and architecture, especially for seedlings, are commonly achieved on artificial media, such as agar, moistened filter paper, or in hydroponic systems. However, it has been demonstrated that measuring root characteristics under such conditions does not accurately mimic what is observed when plants are grown in soil. Morphological changes in root behavior occur because of differences in solute diffusion, mechanical impedance, exposure to light (in some designs), and gas exchange of roots grown under these conditions. To address such deficiencies, we developed a quantitative method for assaying seedling root lengths and germination in soil using a plate-based approach with wheat as a model crop. We also further developed the method to include defined water deficits stress levels using the osmotic properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Seeds were sown into soil-filled vertical plates and grown in the dark. Root length measurements were collected using digital photography through the transparent lid under green lighting to avoid effects of white light exposure on growth. Photographs were analyzed using the cross-platform ImageJ plugin, SmartRoot, which can detect root edges and partially automate root detection for extraction of lengths. This allowed for quick measurements and straightforward and accurate assessments of non-linear roots. Other measurements, such as root width or angle, can also be collected by this method. An R function was developed to collect exported root length data, process and reformat the data, and output plots depicting root/shoot growth dynamics. For water deficit experiments, seedlings were transplanted side-by-side into well-watered plates and plates containing PEG solutions to simulate precise water deficits.
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Park Y, Xu ZY, Kim SY, Lee J, Choi B, Lee J, Kim H, Sim HJ, Hwang I. Spatial Regulation of ABCG25, an ABA Exporter, Is an Important Component of the Mechanism Controlling Cellular ABA Levels. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2528-2544. [PMID: 27697789 PMCID: PMC5134978 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays crucial roles in various physiological processes, including responses to abiotic stresses, in plants. Recently, multiple ABA transporters were identified. The loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants of these transporters show altered ABA sensitivity and stomata regulation, highlighting the importance of ABA transporters in ABA-mediated processes. However, how the activity of these transporters is regulated remains elusive. Here, we show that spatial regulation of ATP BINDING CASETTE G25 (ABCG25), an ABA exporter, is an important mechanism controlling its activity. ABCG25, as a soluble green fluorescent protein (sGFP) fusion, was subject to posttranslational regulation via clathrin-dependent and adaptor protein complex-2-dependent endocytosis followed by trafficking to the vacuole. The levels of sGFP:ABCG25 at the plasma membrane (PM) were regulated by abiotic stresses and exogenously applied ABA; PM-localized sGFP:ABCG25 decreased under abiotic stress conditions via activation of endocytosis in an ABA-independent manner, but increased upon application of exogenous ABA via activation of recycling from early endosomes in an ABA-dependent manner. Based on these findings, we propose that the spatial regulation of ABCG25 is an important component of the mechanism by which plants fine-tune cellular ABA levels according to cellular and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Zheng-Yi Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Soo Youn Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jihyeong Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Bongsoo Choi
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Juhun Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering Institute for Basic Science, Yuseong-gu 305-811, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Sim
- Center for Genome Engineering Institute for Basic Science, Yuseong-gu 305-811, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Mira M, Hill RD, Stasolla C. Regulation of programmed cell death by phytoglobins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5901-5908. [PMID: 27371712 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental plant process in growth and development and in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Nitric oxide (NO) is a central component in determining whether a cell undergoes PCD, either as a direct elicitor of the response or as a factor in signal transduction from various hormones. Both NO and hormones that use NO as a signal transducer are mobile in the plant. Why do one set of cells die while adjacent cells remain alive, if this is the case? There is evidence to suggest that phytoglobins (Pgbs; previously termed non-symbiotic hemoglobins) may act as binary switches to determine plant cellular responses to perturbations. There are anywhere from one to five Pgb genes in plants that are expressed in response to growth and development and to stress. One of their main functions is to scavenge NO. This review will discuss how Pgb modulates cellular responses to auxin, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid during growth and development and in response to stress. The moderation in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Pgbs and the effects on PCD will also be discussed. An overall mechanism for Pgb involvement will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mira
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Robert D Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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44
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Rowe JH, Topping JF, Liu J, Lindsey K. Abscisic acid regulates root growth under osmotic stress conditions via an interacting hormonal network with cytokinin, ethylene and auxin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:225-39. [PMID: 26889752 PMCID: PMC4982081 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating root development under drought conditions is an important question for plant biology and world agriculture. We examine the effect of osmotic stress on abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin and ethylene responses and how they mediate auxin transport, distribution and root growth through effects on PIN proteins. We integrate experimental data to construct hormonal crosstalk networks to formulate a systems view of root growth regulation by multiple hormones. Experimental analysis shows: that ABA-dependent and ABA-independent stress responses increase under osmotic stress, but cytokinin responses are only slightly reduced; inhibition of root growth under osmotic stress does not require ethylene signalling, but auxin can rescue root growth and meristem size; osmotic stress modulates auxin transporter levels and localization, reducing root auxin concentrations; PIN1 levels are reduced under stress in an ABA-dependent manner, overriding ethylene effects; and the interplay among ABA, ethylene, cytokinin and auxin is tissue-specific, as evidenced by differential responses of PIN1 and PIN2 to osmotic stress. Combining experimental analysis with network construction reveals that ABA regulates root growth under osmotic stress conditions via an interacting hormonal network with cytokinin, ethylene and auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Rowe
- The Integrative Cell Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Jennifer F. Topping
- The Integrative Cell Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Junli Liu
- The Integrative Cell Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Keith Lindsey
- The Integrative Cell Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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Sun Z, Wang Y, Mou F, Tian Y, Chen L, Zhang S, Jiang Q, Li X. Genome-Wide Small RNA Analysis of Soybean Reveals Auxin-Responsive microRNAs that are Differentially Expressed in Response to Salt Stress in Root Apex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1273. [PMID: 26834773 PMCID: PMC4716665 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root growth and the architecture of the root system in Arabidopsis are largely determined by root meristematic activity. Legume roots show strong developmental plasticity in response to both abiotic and biotic stimuli, including symbiotic rhizobia. However, a global analysis of gene regulation in the root meristem of soybean plants is lacking. In this study, we performed a global analysis of the small RNA transcriptome of root tips from soybean seedlings grown under normal and salt stress conditions. In total, 71 miRNA candidates, including known and novel variants of 59 miRNA families, were identified. We found 66 salt-responsive miRNAs in the soybean root meristem; among them, 22 are novel miRNAs. Interestingly, we found auxin-responsive cis-elements in the promoters of many salt-responsive miRNAs, implying that these miRNAs may be regulated by auxin and auxin signaling plays a key role in regulating the plasticity of the miRNAome and root development in soybean. A functional analysis of miR399, a salt-responsive miRNA in the root meristem, indicates the crucial role of this miRNA in modulating soybean root developmental plasticity. Our data provide novel insight into the miRNAome-mediated regulatory mechanism in soybean root growth under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Youning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Fupeng Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Yinping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Senlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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46
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Joshi R, Wani SH, Singh B, Bohra A, Dar ZA, Lone AA, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek SL. Transcription Factors and Plants Response to Drought Stress: Current Understanding and Future Directions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1029. [PMID: 27471513 PMCID: PMC4943945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing vulnerability of plants to a variety of stresses such as drought, salt and extreme temperatures poses a global threat to sustained growth and productivity of major crops. Of these stresses, drought represents a considerable threat to plant growth and development. In view of this, developing staple food cultivars with improved drought tolerance emerges as the most sustainable solution toward improving crop productivity in a scenario of climate change. In parallel, unraveling the genetic architecture and the targeted identification of molecular networks using modern "OMICS" analyses, that can underpin drought tolerance mechanisms, is urgently required. Importantly, integrated studies intending to elucidate complex mechanisms can bridge the gap existing in our current knowledge about drought stress tolerance in plants. It is now well established that drought tolerance is regulated by several genes, including transcription factors (TFs) that enable plants to withstand unfavorable conditions, and these remain potential genomic candidates for their wide application in crop breeding. These TFs represent the key molecular switches orchestrating the regulation of plant developmental processes in response to a variety of stresses. The current review aims to offer a deeper understanding of TFs engaged in regulating plant's response under drought stress and to devise potential strategies to improve plant tolerance against drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Joshi
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Shabir H. Wani
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of KashmirSrinagar, India
| | - Balwant Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Bohra
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Institute of Pulses ResearchKanpur, India
| | - Zahoor A. Dar
- Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of KashmirBudgam, India
| | - Ajaz A. Lone
- Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of KashmirBudgam, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | - Sneh L. Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Sneh L. Singla-Pareek,
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47
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Augustine SM, Cherian AV, Syamaladevi DP, Subramonian N. Erianthus arundinaceus HSP70 (EaHSP70) Acts as a Key Regulator in the Formation of Anisotropic Interdigitation in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) in Response to Drought Stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2368-80. [PMID: 26423958 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth during abiotic stress is a long sought-after trait especially in crop plants in the context of global warming and climate change. Previous studies on leaf epidermal cells have revealed that during normal growth and development, adjacent cells interdigitate anisotropically to form cell morphological patterns known as interlocking marginal lobes (IMLs), involving the cell wall-cell membrane-cortical actin continuum. IMLs are growth-associated cell morphological changes in which auxin-binding protein (ABP), Rho GTPases and actin are known to play important roles. In the present study, we investigated the formation of IMLs under drought stress and found that Erianthus arundinaceus, a drought-tolerant wild relative of sugarcane, develops such growth-related cell morphological patterns under drought stress. Using confocal microscopy, we showed an increasing trend in cortical F-actin intensity in drought-tolerant plants with increasing soil moisture stress. In order to check the role of drought tolerance-related genes in IML formation under soil moisture stress, we adopted a structural data mining strategy and identified indirect connections between the ABPs and heat shock proteins (HSPs). Initial experimental evidence for this connection comes from the high transcript levels of HSP70 observed in drought-stressed Erianthus, which developed anisotropic interdigitation, i.e. IMLs. Subsequently, by overexpressing the E. arundinaceus HSP70 gene (EaHSP70) in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid), we confirm the role of HSP70 in the formation of anisotropic interdigitation under drought stress. Taken together, our results suggest that EaHSP70 acts as a key regulator in the formation of anisotropic interdigitation in drought-tolerant plants (Erianthus and HSP70 transgenic sugarcane) under moisture stress in an actin-mediated pathway. The possible biological significance of the formation of drought-associated interlocking marginal lobes (DaIMLs) in sugarcane plants upon drought stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anoop V Cherian
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lungs Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Divya P Syamaladevi
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, ICAR, Coimbatore 641007, India Present address: Indian Institute of Rice Research, ICAR, Hyderabad, India.
| | - N Subramonian
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, ICAR, Coimbatore 641007, India
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48
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Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Treated Hydroponic Culture Reduces Length and Diameter of Root Hairs of Wheat Varieties. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy5040506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Ji H, Wang S, Li K, Szakonyi D, Koncz C, Li X. PRL1 modulates root stem cell niche activity and meristem size through WOX5 and PLTs in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:399-412. [PMID: 25438658 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The stem cell niche in the root meristem maintains pluripotent stem cells to ensure a constant supply of cells for root growth. Despite extensive progress, the molecular mechanisms through which root stem cell fates and stem cell niche activity are determined remain largely unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Pleiotropic Regulatory Locus 1 (PRL1) encodes a WD40-repeat protein subunit of the spliceosome-activating Nineteen Complex (NTC) that plays a role in multiple stress, hormone and developmental signaling pathways. Here, we show that PRL1 is involved in the control of root meristem size and root stem cell niche activity. PRL1 is strongly expressed in the root meristem and its loss of function mutation results in disorganization of the quiescent center (QC), premature stem cell differentiation, aberrant cell division, and reduced root meristem size. Our genetic studies indicate that PRL1 is required for confined expression of the homeodomain transcription factor WOX5 in the QC and acts upstream of the transcription factor PLETHORA (PLT) in modulating stem cell niche activity and root meristem size. These findings define a role for PRL1 as an important determinant of PLT signaling that modulates maintenance of the stem cell niche and root meristem size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
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50
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Ji H, Li X. ABA mediates PEG-mediated premature differentiation of root apical meristem in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e977720. [PMID: 25517011 PMCID: PMC4622860 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.977720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Root apical meristem (RAM) is central for indeterminate growth of plant roots and in sensing environmental stimuli, such as water status. Recently, we reported that PEG8000-simulated mild and moderate osmotic stress induces premature differentiation of RAM, which is a conserved adaptive mechanism in higher plants to cope with water stress. Microarray data analysis revealed that the ABA signaling pathway may be involved in water stress-induced RAM premature differentiation. Here we showed that in wheat, ABA contents increased under water stress with the highest level of ABA in the RAM. Exogenous ABA also induces RAM premature differentiation in both wheat and Arabidopsis plants. Further genetic analysis revealed that loss of function mutations in ABA2 and ABA receptors significantly reduced the level of root tip swelling and RAM premature differentiation in response to PEG-simulated water stress. Together, the results suggest that ABA participates in regulation of PEG-mediated premature differentiation of RAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering; Center for Agricultural Research Resources; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xia Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Chromosome Engineering; Center for Agricultural Research Resources; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Correspondence to: Xia Li;
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